Document OEbeoyx4BEzznp4B7QVqzr351

------------------------------ ---------- .- --^r-------* ------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- - - - t' v LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 202 MAOtSON AVINUI NEW YORK IT. N. V. 4 J/ February 16, 1961 CHEMICAL BULLETIN NO, 75 SUBJECT! LEAD. ITS ALLOTS AND c o k ?o u :,'d s -r e v iz v /-T9^o To Members of the Leal Industries Association! Attached is a reprint of "Lead, Its Alloys and Compounds," the annual coverage given to lead technical developaents by E. j. Mullarkey, formerly technical director of the Lead Industries Association, appearing In the January, 1961 issue of "Industrial and Engineering Chemistry." Kcprints are also being distributed to our pertinent mail ing lists. Additional copies are available in quantities up to 25 free of charge, and In larger quantities at 6f each. o : LI A24447 ^ iVvitr^--aim m ***=' --1- nr.......... f~n Lead, Its Alloys and Compounds EDWARD l MUUARKEY *. N.r. w m n ii ' iii> [ i ii u i iih iW !<piK)iii >i i n m . im m iy i im p , 11 m /r v t m Rpfint*d torn INDUSTRIAL ini ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Vl. 53. fog* 12, Jnv<y 1*61 *r*m* hiU.iA. i in nrjiifimmn i n irmn a--gywar^l^wrW^'iB.WW1 N 1702.01 <w* ^ti~^nc*K ^mwTiin LIA24448 <>fMiil r s i ' i" ! r w-jr o o IT LIA24449 wnjimiwi ut I/EC Mutt-ruth of C.onstruction Rrciric btfV r Nw rim M1 Lead, Its Alloys and Compounds by Edward J. Mullarkay, Lead Industriet Association, New Yorit, N. Y. Flexible partitions made from nylon-coated lead "fibers" have good acoustical properties Polyethylene-lead sandwiches combine the best advantages of each material for efficient nuclear shielding In a n rra which piicri grrat emphasis on high strength and km bright in its technology, there it understandably some difficulty in promoting lead at a material of conitruelion. However, the current upheaval in matrriah science, which j>lacn emphaiis on manipulative micruquantittes, tends to correct this situation by limiting the parametric importance of tensile and creep strength. Furthermore, the practiced handling of lyp such ntinute quantities ai electrons will, in the future, dominate the applications picture. Current trends in research and development reflect this view more and more. Metallurgy There b a pattern which suggests that significant alloy developments are in the oiling: Favorable sites exist at grain boundaries for solutes of both negative and positive sue deviations (/&4). Consequent improvements could be made tu creep brhavior by* addition of spectral assortments (/J. 17A). A proof of principle for lead has shown it to be a high irm}irrature ma terial subject to the same limitations at ruum temperature as thine impusrd on copper above 405* C. and titanium above 77J* C. Others have since established that various solute additions, singly and in combination, caused improvements ac cording to expectation, with some not raiily attributable to adsoqnion alone tlrad Industries Axiat>on eefiandrd V research). I"he effects if nickel are W particularly important. Several questions have brrn pined, however, regarding tle need fur cor roborating the above remits with creep tests because their engineering impor tance militates against acceptance on the basis of tensile data alone. Anodcr question involves the efficacy of internal friction techniques used to validate Winter and Weinig'i thesis for establish ing with greater surety effect* of various solutes, as what constitutes improvement in one parameter may not in another. Finally, there b Ue relative permanence of selectively ad** bed. assumed bene ficial solutes. Would migration proceed away from the grain boundary at tuo prohibitive a rate, as suggested by Intrata <fM>? Data from research in an area far afield cf alloy ing offered a plausible answer to questions regarding the ana chronistic behavior of nickel. The un usually good strengthening rates ob tained with nickel in votuie adsorption studies might be better explained on the basis or' properties n the liquid slate. This b an interesting aside to die equally interesting fact dial densities of nickellead solutions increased with nickel content. This was determined in ait investigation of factors which control truss transfer in heat exchangers of nuclear reactors employing liquid metals as transfer media (15.1). The disparity in density b c*|4ained no the h*sb of carryover to the solid form of structural character istics pe culiar to the liquid--ie., freezing-in of interstitials which, apart from causing anoinolou* densities, causes dilation of interstitial sites and (elated stress field in>pH.-.r*:- derided ir*etume to nutria strengthening. Because tlc struc ture of a liquid not far from iu fleering (vust b not too different from that of the fc>iid (a.f), beneficial effects of various solute additions might be belter attributed wholly or in part to nutria strengthening, at indicated, considering as a particular ca.se the dujJkity of nkkelvYcr identical com|usitidds. 1 02 INOtmtlAl AW (N9MRMM CHCMOTtV What way be suostantive evidence cf a carryover from a condition in the liquid sutc to the solid state is found in experiments with lead melted and solid ified ta hydrogen and in air. Room temperature aging was encountered which could not be ascribed to oxygen or other impurities. Hooker {10A) sugarsts dial clustering and eventual condensation of quenched-in vacancies were responsible. Aoother important disclosure M ,\Sat metab and alloys with oew structures have been created by a technique called splat cooling, resprewnting a rate uf 2 X 10** F. per second (LM). Cal ifornia Institute of Technology rrsrarch ers shot droplets of hot metal against the copper rim of a rapidly spinning wheel cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures. The drofilcts flattened into pieces of foil 0.5 square inch in area. Several new alloys were created, most of which were of pc-me interest from the semi conductor standpoint. Gold-stlicoe, for example, exhibited a novel and com plex structure 24 hcun after cooling. Limited in its application because of the small sties involved, such a tech nique might nevertheless provide a flake lead suitable for compaction or rolling if there was merit in the resulting c. tniral properties. Such a tech nique might also be of advantage in the synthesis uf mixed metal oxide materials incorporating lead. There b much in terest in the area already. Oilier work in this field is docrilxd in Table I. Stent Molting "Leading** and "getting* are seldom thought of in terms of the same additive in steel making. It b seldom that a development uf significance in the nuclear field, far removed from steel nuking, can be applied lo improving m.uhinability and to removal of dele* trrious hydrogen, oxygen, tuifur, aod certain other impurities in ingot produc tion. When steel makers (Hit lead and lithium together in this sense, they were in effect Jx-rforming two talk* as one with cumuK-nsu-ate cost savings. Lithium Corp. of America u cur* irmly conducting much of the peril* nrnt revearrh with the additional view of }>couK*Ung markets for lithium (2B). lithium is a remarkable element, and its effects on lead are even mure re markable. The shielding alloy, con* tjining 0.69^ (weight) lithium, has a much higher tensile strength than pure lead and lakes advantage of the neutron absorption projjertie* of the isotope lithium-6 in combined thermal neu* iron-gainma shield apjtlicaiions. A gr-at deal is attributed to very little lithium on a weight basis, but, atom* nticaUv, there is ap^trosimaUrly one lithium atom for every five lead atoms; 'n this basis effec ts are more easily un dentood. Also. the generally accepted Irlief that lead is virtually insoluble in liquid iron Iras been sliattcred ctmqdetely by Ixrcd and Parlee OB) and mlx-rs. It has been confirmed that lead has ap preciable Solubility in iron and that the (rue solulalitv lies in tlie following ranger Sei, We % 0M--9J% 0J7--OJi C^4 0.S0 0J7 AU T- ' !'. 1550 1400 1650 1700 Further inquiry- is being made into the mechanism of lead retention in greater quantities. The upjwr limit of le.d con tent has not bren approached tel, according u Inland Steel (IB), and such increases are expected to result in slid better fret-machining character* tstirs (SB). When eurolnning viitually insoluble metal* with lead via the powder or fiber technique it is al limes difficult to determine what is irsjsmsiUe for the resulting properties. `Ihetr is in* Axrnatiort which indicates that diq*r<ul of metal powder in lead imprmrs its tensile pcofwrtie*. This is ar<</<t!{rfid>ed bv stirring in jumdeci of low solubility, such as cupf^r, nickel, and rotwll (6C). On the other hand, theie is the allulion to strength oM.rtnaWe In infiliraiing spherical, cknrly packed, hardphase pneder* with soft matrix maieriai eaiUmyl iron with 4der, anEE23 ***'*"*** Construction Rtriw for example ( 47). In this case, |>r|* ertie* are said to lir in agreement with those predicted by tlwory, but die stiengih dul not reach tl>e strength of hard phase particles Iseeause tdeillv jicifect s|wvimrnf could trot lx* made Contrast with (his (he fact that me chanical ptojirrties erf stre} liUr (lead- tin) annpHites increased almost linearly with increasing strrl filter content liul were relatively unaffected try the tin content of die lead and the situs* lion is thoroughly confusing. To think of betterment in terms of one constituent denies that there is a third material or new class of materials contlwning, it is hof'ed, that w hich is benefic ial in each. Practical interest has bren evinced, for eunt|4r, in crqqieT dead bimetallic strips Ixmded to steel. Tlie material is produced by sintering urwompac ted powder to the steel, compacting by rolling, and rcsintrrtng (fC). AnoUier slant consists erf mm|tacting powders coated with anutlxr material. Suprrkw jroducts are claimed for this technique, as cmn|>ared with techniques Um stand ard jxiwdcr mixtures. Results aie given foe rlevtiic al l^ushe* consisting of t'u-Ph c*sated graphite <*C) There is also some credence given to the rever*,*- i.e . outing lead jmwo, r `.-ilft other uuierUU. such as an alloy, another metal, or oxide. In the case of oxide*, fragmentation occurs which results in a fine, inert diqxfsa! whose influence oo proper lir* mav be likened to inter* frrence Hardening combined with an inhibitory effect on grain growth and boundary movement. la*ad powders were treated by Ru'knwski (5C), wlso (elated elastic jjroprtties to dimrmkirul changes in romfVM ts. Din ensiofui changes are increased by a dmeaw in jsariirle star and an increase in hardness. I.h'erts of different compacting prrssuie* can equalised In toitqiac'ting addition* vnh as solutions rrf camphor and alcoltnl. 7obl L MgtolWroy thihhvt K*f Effect < wlsln * pr(*fi*d erisitt*n Effect *f solutes * grsla (tsvik Trsputw* ((HSfrw* gr*c ad(rsu rfevarfsrg wgrstica rfnriag creep sag grata |r*vtk Cf#s sad** wwHisslal ItltMtl Effect* a# *fcrfa<kAkJ| factors tfp la sarfac* rtlT* asdia Crass st lad aad Uad a07 lataraal frictiaa at Uad Grata toaadtry struct** aad defaraMtUa rfartag /augaa (#4t (J4. r4i <J4> (74) (*4t {HA> </4i <* A t i/iA t Rarin9 NASA1* lewi* Reiearcli tenter ha* doriiqird a |*liO-lu*ed drt hint lulai- cant which |xocide* high teirqa-ratuie T high load, and high {**ed (' UHl to feet jier mimite slide velocities! peifonnance. A aint- jxrtilion contains about Nd >*. Vc Ke,Ot. and tl*e remainder PbO. Thi* and oilier formulation* luxe lieen ap plied to Type 44<*C and cuinleM steels and lne<*nH X as a drx jiowder or water duery and hied at Ia V}' to IWttt* F. (W). Another lieaiing that repnres no external luhrication has been dexelcqied by a Blilich fum, Glour Metal tin. In tended for nawr commeTcial uses, such a auiomotnles, machines, and aircraft, the beating material, railed IK', give* outstanding |rr(irmance over a range of opiating conditions- tit.tw*** hours of coniiniMM* Kr.icf at f p m. and britrr t (aewure* in exe*s erf fMW pi. and trinjeratores rf --450* Ui vVi-* V. (iaikHk. Inc , is lle fuknhf caitlrt in the I'nitrd State* In make up. 01` < on-i>t* of nuxiuir erf le.id powdeT. Vt* i bx wrigl.t. atwl Tellort infiltrating a sieitered laonje nutrix bn led with tin-|4ated steel Die Uronae nrtwcrk and steel hacking pcovidrt lth strength and a heat path which |-*rmiu cuc4er njefation. Lead-Tefloit inqurts low friction and nocxadlieiene r qualities Shlafdiny S>.ne achhtional light was died bv Kar tu and Wrchingv-n > n the undeTStaod'fig erf tfe effects rf bound aries fjrtween rnateruls and of jeneir*- tK*nt in multifile laser* < ' Pols- ethvlene, cm a mas* fuu*. attenuated gamma rax* with energies 2 0.$$ m e v Ijrttrr than lead, and lead at- trnualrs pfatorxs with energies S 0. SS me a tiettrr than jaJxrthx Jene lliew facts, (Jew knowledge tf the C'omptcm aod ph-.torlex trie- cross srete-m erf U>*h materials ( iA'f. suggested that a tom* fanation erf polxethx tene followed bv lead would make i nme efficient shield elun an npnxalent surface denwrv uf each. Mea*'iirnirnls of sliirMing rffwirnrv in broad lieam geometrx indicate (hat (or a surface density greater tliaa I7 grams |k i *q cm. uf polxethxlrne (he attenuation lirxamr less than that uf lead Vo' a turUce density of 5 tu P grama jar sq. cm. erf |a>ltethy(enr fol lowed ly any ansaiitl erf lead, die eons- lieikation gave better attenuations than the same mas* rejuixalenti erf 'idirr ma terial A |utiicuUr (onilanattoii. con taining $ Mt grams (rr *q. cm erf |k Iv - ethylene followrd ly gratiw jrr sq cm. of lead, was related to jacnide a shield containing 1.4'Ki m f p erf poly- t VOt. U. M4. I MNUAtr -l ) LIA24451 KH MalwUla of Construction Rovtow o ethylene and 1.975 m.f.p. <4 Ifad. The dose build-up lor fur this rrjwalcd layei comUnation Has 1 20, which lom|mirs with 3.48 fur Ok * s j -.iw thickness of outer ial in combination with all the polyethylene lollowed by lead. Thu inforuution is ini|xniant, {urticularly is lead is used in imiituie combination with a number of organic uuleriaU (or shielding |h j t poses, either in layen or in mixtures with lead powder or jxlk-ti {IK, 2, 4F., OK, UK), The mriii in such combinations has been discussed in context with the physics and materials engineering of portable reactor types {?). Optics It is jKaUkaJ to consider protrac ted power needs for the next few decades as dejirrding in Urge part upon ex- {doitattou of the solar region. Indeed, for jmrely engineering reasons, mono of energy other than the sun are either too exjwivuve, mmrenewalJe. or both lx*ad compmind*. Isask uilxmate of white lead in particular, are suitable fur the exploitation of lx>th l*eat and light and thereby to inu<!\nnml in a hitutotic {rower outlook. Bask car* la>nau* >f white lead u virtually black thioughooi tlie heat s|*viruin and nearlv o(ui<|ue in the ultraviolet. tJie latter a seemingly incongruous but much de sired projnty. Recently, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration tSASAj be* came awajr of basic, carbonate of white kad as enabling maintenance of Win* prraturrs IcJeraUe Ux lx>ch mail and instrument in sjiace ( //*). A jiayload. heated by solar radiation on the one hand and uulnj by radiation uo the odet. must be protected from widely varying trirjwralciie differentials Constant temperatures are presently maintained by' painting, p>!i*hing, and shuttering In the ultimate, a means is sought bawd solely oo surface ettutUntr and re* flection tliaraclnislk* {lb) Selective nattering may lie feasdde, in addition, by controlling tlw tuiface texture uf crystals otlierwise operating uo alwMfw lion or interference plwnomma or both. With thin, platehke crystals, it it {Bauble to exploit utienUlion, scar, width, and surface wxture. (jHiimmul significance lies im* mediately in the areas of aeronautics, astronautics, solar energy uttli/ation, aw conditioning, and lxiilrr*iypr furnace design among otlierv It is significant that tlw atmcM|4wre is tianqvarrni to radiatxm with wave lengths m Uw range from & to 12 ntic tom, which is enough to cause ulation as to tlw ninita <4 bask carUmate of white lead, whose alwajitivity |wak* at 7.1 microns, as the petfect solar collector. Some ad* judmenl may la* |n h m14c , llietetiy achieving three approximation of tlw elective black for solar heating Multqde dialing systems can tie used in achieve very low alexa ptiv i\-ciuis* utitv rali<a. A but coat might >m* a Im>k caitxmate of white lead a^died at relatively high film thickness llw top coat might consist of a rutile Ti() {Hginrnted, water wliiw vehicle at 2Vc* j*J>(vinyl chloride) with ojitimuin pig* mrnt particle sue disUilmtion Ttw white first coal is netrssaiy to reflect that portion oi* tlw light tianutuiird through tlw rutile juint. Tlw cuating will still possess a high absor|ition in the u.travkMcl. Tlwrrfbre, j|>{iticaiioo of a very thin third coat uf white lead |winl dtould optimise Uw reflection uf jllravxJet while remaining lraiu|sarenl to longer wave* lengths. Ar. ix tension of thi idea to incorjxication of intetfermee |d>enonwna in |Jate* like rrv*tial fix mulxtium might allow <c.m|Jrie cotitr.J over S{xtral admit* lance and irjnlinn Bod {wrha)>t ailtel*. tori/aikm 4 yell iwing I'llrav iolei radiation causes a decrease in the re* fleeted Noe light md, for most {saint vehicles or binders, a significant inueatf in solar alaorptiv ity results ( If) It is otveival4e that a Murano (onreilatson (IwmKalU identical to hasii car* lairvair of white lead can lie made to reflect blue selectively a fourth rival ing dial negates vilaii/ation try virtue <4 eliminating Nue. This would be preferalsle to costly research into svntlie* sizing resistant stive ones and utber polymere Murano colors, marketed by MeaH Cairp, are bask cat bona tr of w hite lead crystals of high index of retrac tion pnrluced in varying intrrfetence width* which allows a two color {day in civs* Lilt devoid iJ jngmrnlalion i.e , colors prrxluced tiy an optical effect ratlwr than bv alwirjaion of a |artitulaf Ivand of wave lengths, as occurs with ordinary {dements and dves; orw ud* is b vi\H by reflected tight, the vrtnnd liv transmitted tight (2K). A i|jetial as sortment c4 dc orativr two c4< jdavs u [ixilk on any curved surface from atiUMiMiUle fendeis to fiirmtuie legs and in flat tran*|u<rni {vlasttc d;rels and films {Bovided that a mottled laietita* tion ic achieved, all mcdified < intenibed 1 w rrwwiirva let varying bac kground colors. A {asiyester xlwet or film .on* taming a Noe pigment, as a jwtiiiwnt rvam|de, a{vj>rais Nue when lieId against while. However, even with a white undercoat the retire (ton color, or t4ne, is still seen at tlw gloss angle or high light wlme lfa-cular trtirrlton occutS dimtly from tlw crvcial layer. (|ianicMh as /eilaut's wiwk (lb) mvoSes liak lead larlam^w ImII* Tobl* It liquid Mtol Proprti#t Scih/eet RW. S*u*4 S(tflsd*a SafubUity *f kryp<o (|*art (avert ElectncaJ rrsisUac* luviits (MDlirfirt < Until Htilbsol" Law tsm^ffstur* cfldU wt setwbilitr r$ latrrvtitialkf Stniclsn ( Usi4 tn4 < IO) (f<7> ('*7) (.SrT) {ISA) (14) milled fi*r 40 hours, a jmxedure tend ing to destroy the |*latelike chararter of crystal*, there U little likelihcKwl that crystal orienlatioi* was a factor in his remit*. Rewarchen at New York I'niversitv -jr determining character* btics of Iwcagotial platelets in nwthvl CeltosolvT, 10 in>CT<*m in diameter and less than C 4 mkrun thkk. If pre liminary work l* promising, a variety of Hirrvnvions will ic invextigated along with otiw furtlwr perfc'ion or smcxithiK W of the hexagonal farts liquid Mttolt A studv ck tlw effects c*f inactivity between li'piid metals and the equip ment tiandlmg tlwm av heat rtnoval media oc ax nuclear power plant work ing fluids is Iwing UjvjMM'ted liy N.VSA at the L'niv-ervitv <4 Mulligan Research Institute. In f.tct, nxHt of tlw inteirrt in liquid lead or lead aliens at (vmrut erm* to Mem from work in this field, a fact made particularly evident bv preurcu{utMn with le.sd-bicrmilh ( 4f, 5f*. Other work in this area is listed in (aide II. T)toemolctrkity All of the earth's tellurium and rlr* nium cncild not together vatisfv material etjutretiwnu for large-scale introduction to cvuisunwr markets of tlwrmoelrxtiic refrvgeralca-free*er apjdiances, a nvatkei (x>'ential now standing at ap|jro\imatrlv S million units j it t vrar r.x|doring the fru 4 lead's use as the heavy nwtal o>tti|iMirni in Peltier devices is liwtefore of n.irsor importance L*nit* that do ap|irar will lie expensive, {wimarily miliUrv, and wiU undoubtedly involve laMiiuth. scarce itself licit Jrfrferalde ftenn tlw itgute of met it staod{>int a* econn.iuc* w ill not forestall itssrlectton. for jBrwer generation, the tci|{dv seem* ade<|uate fm all antkipatrd need* Here. PI1e is mm* efficient io tlw irnt|wiaiure range of interest, as ev* idetwed bv its use in a variety <4 SNAP drvvcei ( cmuuetciallv, forced air fans in home heating units will most cer tainly iwr rlwnncwlect'K jiwer (waste Iwat), ..nd jwrhajis then will lie srlf* j.iojirl|rd sjHii for outdcMir rulisaenes Oilier use it likely in the realm 4 d c { ewer xu{>{>lies h it regions remote w 84 MOVfTftiAl AND IMOMUtlNR CMUUSTtt -u >'" "*WWU ^Miau.J'jp LIA24452 i.iiu n u j.m i 11 iw w i. iiiw iif w ii^ w ^ ^ ^ iB w purchasable jx.wer thn morlrctric Ren* crai.**-* for cai}Hiic protection of pi|elines and bulled utmUirr* of all kinds Jixl for .111 craft and ship beacon*. 1 *r the latter, Marlin C-u ha* a 10dx 4(1 i>t(ojnc unit on the verge of inU'ldiMtion, with a 10-ye.ir anlkqMl-d file. Many of simitar construction arc slated for satellite reconnaissance and pacc pn>tr function and perhaps tic [ uipuvs under the tea*. Studies on srmiroitdurtor projtrrtic* of lead co4ti|xnjndi arc contained in Table fll. $wpf(oi^u<tlvity A IP1/-fold improvemem in acvur.scy in ineavurinq magnetic Orkla associated w.th lead at 4 milligauss Kai been re ported bv the Jet PrupuUioo Laboratory. They have mapped magnetic fields in lead tubes 18 irches kmg by 4 inches in diameter with thickne**et of 10 "* and lt> r meters to determine homogeneity of the firkia ir. large ijiace volumes. Such tulm hate application in furnish ing magnetic Grkit for makers (solid autc amplifiers) a:td foe electron paramagnetic studies. .Mao claimed is a new figure foe rrsisti* ity --d X It# *ohm-meters. Niobium lias all but eclijnrd lead d a high *5red rotor material for "cne cna" bated on tle Meissner etTeec R.th materials, lead and nkb*um. tr miti>m* Al>vr 4' K aid a held strength of at least SOO gauss at 4'i'' K. Oddly enough, in an area wlicre evrrvt/iing is seemingly odd, lead is cun- ndrred least prefrraUe ice a use kiw d**nwrv is 4 desirable pnqjrrty afong Huh high tensile strength, g*d marlunahthty. kiw modulus of elasticity, high hardness, and isotropic thermal rsjtanskurv. Some effort is bring made to investigate clad materials, prrha|* lead on nk/btwu* (//). Work <>n superconductor propet ues is listed in T*t4c IV. Acov&tkt A grar.t from the Ford Foundation led to drvejopmrnl of a new material TobW WL Semiconductor Properties 4ubjet Cias*th i4 Mti4 *Uti*u ia amok sfttseu, 8Tt-ATi Frr*rtts sf th ijrtue A|StTr PST* btr*M(*<Ot< yesparties *f PhT* l<t>M *f Ot with PfcSe MobiLtf f sJectroas ss4 kJ* le PtS, PhS*. i*4 PbTs OjOtal prp*ftles < Phi, PbS*. s*4 PhTe Crystal sit* m ifutni rnpus tieut *f *sfr*4#4 PIT* **4 Phi* ftsUWOity DHs *f PIT* Ref. (iff) (?ff) (iff) (4//) IJ/f) (aff) (iff) <4ff) [J|3>l*ldili of Con.t/ucUon Rntow Table fV. Superconductor Properties Suhjeei |(f. Aaattli&c f thi* 1**4 Bias* M>`` 11 K cwrre* (or 1**4 **4 with TleBl Optica] c o q b < < 1**4 Bias ie sir sa4 vacua* (JJj itJi (4/) k* operable partitioning of vp*.<- in schixils (/A*, JAT)- Growing out of a de*iir fur flexibility in meeting a varirty of itmructHwd requirements, the ma terial is fiaaed on (he principle id achieving great density without pommy in * woven fafwic that retain* the linear qualities of draping and the pleasant visual and tac tile reward* of more tra ditionally woven fabrics. A nvlo- sheathed lead "fiber'* is used to provide adequate sound blocking at efficiencies lirttrr than tfiose predicted on the Kuas of weight al*me. Still ia the deirluji- ment stage*. te*ts at the ftnrrtunk .Acoustical I^ilxiratortr* rate a tingle later at an average 34-decibrl trans- misuon loss Two layer* with a 2-inch air space brtwrrn provided an average transmission km of 4) decibels. A survey on what may bcu be de- cribrd as the internal dampingsharactrr- istici of structural nitems has liren compiled by the American Scirty of NfechanirJ Tr-gineert, k^r tie* puqxtte of gathering information for -- ing design into cue convenient reference. It d>et much to clear away manv mis- Ci mCej/Uons regarding the nature <4 damping and what rnav lx* rvpited frxn difTerrnt dr*ign* using ditfejr.it materials (JAil. A further enlightening article by Hutchison (.*fT) treat* ul trasonic al*oritk*n in k 4mJs . spec ifn ally dehing ir.tu the question of how sound is damped by imperfections. CorrotUii Except U* use in certain environ ment* such as w h Is and highly resistive polluted waters, lead a/vdej seem tintily entrenched as rover-all s.*irer*i4 mttiga- tive current in laifx*!* jitotrctson cir cuits. A repirft |4 Niilniatimitlre T-2E-7 presented at tin- March t7c<> National Awriatinn <4 F.iiginrer* (NAC'.F.) meeting in Oallas served to acquaint corrosxm riRiinrn with Uk * detail* uf lead atwatr use in various elec- tnJytrs, including feaulxlity tn s.ab as well as (lie reUtxmshijii between oicurremc 4 PbOj and i|r rvtianenus Influences uf elettndvtc iruMnitv and ca|u< itativc clfects in tlie devek.|*4t^ film ( fi#/.). It also inv laded a dew 1 i|HKl of cast "shrinkage** rlecti k al c ih u x 'i Imh i* used (o install a string of 12 duct arwte at PurUmouth. NM(. This joint Imkk prnmisr <4 high relulnlity, having resisted boiling seawater for tti nxmtlt* to date ( 1/.). If iirovcd, such a joint w ill go-ails suiij Jify anode fabrication. Example* (4 Rood prartier arc the fender |rotntion system of the Sidney tinier loll Biidge, Bnintwkk, (la.; (he water h.xrs and heal exchange rqui}^ ment in a nnmlxr 4 utilities; tests con ducted at tlie Port of New York Authority's IVr 11; and a number uf other* protecting d.ip hull*--all engineered by the Electro Rust-Pruofing Corp. Ajcan frmn projionenCi in England, k has been the first to introduce lead anode rpirtn* in thu country. Irnportarx among the other successes was die uae <4 lead anodes in handling several re finery problems (SL). Incrrased rurrrnt-carr>ing rapacity has txrrn atfoeded by bimetallic anode*-- i.e., lead anodes with platinized microelectrixie* imbedded ia their surface*. Platinized lead anodes have been used for pruteetkm of seawater foukc* ia Malaya for the past two yean with lOtK'J success. Cable type arxdet with platinum electrodes have also been utilized both in Kuwait and Adan foe prutretkm <4 jetties and have proved highlv satufaitory, although in use for only IS months. Tliey have also been used for jxxMectmg a steel cooler bos-- ZS amjis jxrr sq. ft. in practicaliv boiling seawater. Time anode* are only sat isfactory in salt water, and breakdowns in water with over 100 ohm-< nv re'ioivity tan be expected (f4*. 1 lie -v-x-t mechanum of platinum** brnefKictice tuu V.-- established by Crrnne!! and (Mieeler as enrr.tiau> J.-.i of a meutlic conductor between the lrroxkle (aver and the sulatraie layer (//.'. Additional studies relating to rorrosioii ate found in 1'abfe V Ah Ah Foftslaifl Enomtl*4 Magnttitiai A spex iaJ s>>rfare treatment foe mag nesium developed by Uie fkm Metal PrudiMts (4*. has made possible the use of t'andard lead oxide frits as used <m aluminum (t.M). The enamels provide Tobl# V. Corrosion flulyxet R4. 8*4 <*rr*U f caU* h*aihis* <birs<itn4*4 at atrasa <sns* P***t/*n*a T cshl* sh**S^4 hf art* *rc*l*ai P*4jatmk p**sols ss **A wat*i lakiktstt 0s4*t.*a ia st*r is p>***ac* of stsospharic 0, Aa4k *si4*s f !*! L*s4 aao4 unosisi ia ZaSO* Ph-Sa-B* sUy powUv* gnM for U4-ci4 (*1U Ori*at*t:*a 0*<t* * alagS* trrstil* CkMJ<al (*nstr<tS*o 0X> UL> Ofo (It) (/. IfU ViL) unj (IIL, IHJ 0 V0C M.80,1 4AMUAIT 1HI IS 111 .! --i mmifm 'ewi.yijjP L IA2A45 3 o exirllenl mijiimf to ulHasion and ihemiroJ attack wiihvul permitting undercutting at liare or ex)*>se<i edge*. Magnesium alloy pencil were succcstfully |ruii-ctcd against 20Vc salt spray (or r> xia up to S00 hours. In addition, good tJirrma! shock resistance is pro* vided -i.e, no ijialliiig when water qurtxrhcd (rum 800 F., which promises wider application for such high trm* prraturc ports as jet engine components. Book* A jute of the art ueatbe oo inorganic chemistry it the firit in a series jvrsenting collections of articles written by leading re^cartlK-rt. It includes a treatment of mixed metal oxides (f.Y). A new {^uldication on reactor shielding U an excellent effort aimed at encouraging further investigation into the basic ((htsics <*f shields. It sup|lirs an exposition of the fundamental shielding joic\ which forms the basis of reactor shield design (J). lihratvrt Qftd MeUllurfy (1A) Arckharw, V. I., Vangenfcim, S. D., /;. MrtnJ. MrtatUrJ. , No. A, 4)9 46, (MS"). (2 A) Amt, K. f., Rutter. J. \V , Ttmt. .tn. Ir.st. .tfmtq, .Wrt., Print. F.ngtt. 211, 50 4 (19<4'). ()A) Ihd, 21), 820 31 (1959). (4A) Bernal. J. ()., .twerum 20), 124 34 ( Vik UW 1900). (SA) Hotline. G. F.. Winrgard. W. Q, .F-.'a Strudutfu* 4, 2*8-92 (Aped 1954). (6A) B>4i*ng, G. F., \Vi*v*vatd. \V. G, /*/. *, 2J (Aped l?5J. (7A) (lifiiM, R. C , / iu. .1^ /vif Af* iif. Afrt., Print. *(ti 21), XU5 22 <1vSv| (SA) Hiki, Y, J. rtsr. Sh . J.pm 14, 590 6 (1959). (9A) ll(/tmsnc, \\\, \i<n M lULi, If, Mttall. 11,74? 9 (1959). (10A) Hiptkrr, I.. J , J Inst Mrtalt *4, 44 -5 (1959). (11A) Intrata, j, Material* Research (ixp., Yonkers. ,N. V., private (ummurj- cation (1959) (12.S) lAlilnun, V. I., Ostrovsku, V. S., Mod/W.2Q,M0 4 (195*). U'*4>).(1)\) .Vi. Annvn 20), "2 5 (\igt (14A) Snowden, K. t'., fW. Afaf. 3, 1411 12 (tAai). (15A) Strauss, S. W., others, .Vafin & . *4 Fag. 7, 442 -7 (I960). ()6A) Weertman. J., Ttmt. Am. Inti. Mining. Mm , Print. />r. 211, 207 IS <19<SI). (|.A) Wrinig, S, Marhiin, E, H, J. Atrial* 9. 32 41 (1957). (IS \) Winter, J., Weini*. S, Office of Naval Research Contract None, 244 (22) (1957). Sreet Making (IP) Infard Steef Corp , fSia ago, IU , pri vate lummumeation (I95'l). (2H) l-ttt.ium (rnp. of Amenta, New York. N. Y, private eommomcation (1959). (3B) laxd, A F. . ParVe, N A.. 7>wu. .la. tn<t. Mount, Airi. Print. Fjigtt. 214, 644-4 (I960). (4tl) /latin, N . Could, J. V.. frani. Am. Aw. Si',-k. Fj*grt., -Sty. H 81, 1314 (May 1959). Powders (lO Forrester, P. G., Beddciw, J. K., P-u 4** Afrt. 5, 149 54 (I960). (2(7) lead Industries Association, Armour Research Foundation, 2745-4, March I960. (JO) Kimura, T., Pi*turtb*r. Pmlrtrmrt. ", 50 66 (August 1959). (43iMai'ukawe, T., Suiyl4i'ih* 13, 555 6> (195M). (5C) KutkuM-ski, W.t .\'fw Hum 4, 110 13 (February 1959). (6C) W.Uiarm, D. N.. Moock. J. A., Ja/fre, R. I.. Mnd Pngr. 77, 79 41 (February I960). Bears* gt (ID) 1W24.2 (I960). Shietdiag (IF.) tender, D. IICutuxov, A. .V, otfirrs. Atmynay* fjurg. 7, 313 20 (Octo- twr 1959). (2K) Fla<if, A. H., McQueen, H. S., Trent, C. H , <th Ann. Mt., Ameocan -Astrt^ nautical Society, New York, January 1 'HO (3F.) (ml<Ul.*in. !(..'T'indainenLal .\sjiretl of Rea* t.a- Sineldme." Addis**Wrsley Pub . Reading. M*., 1959. (41.) flullincs. W Q , McDaniel, I. I-, Sc. Automotive Kngrs. Natl. Aero naut a Mtg.. New York. A)>ril I960. (5h) Kar.'m. R_ A. Wcthinffloo, J. A., Am. N'clcsr Sac. Ann. Mtr, F-vn*| and Nuclear Properties, Shielding, Chi- raco. Ill . June I960. (/I.) /a-aa'24, 1 (I960). ("*1.) Mullarkey. F.. J., A/afrnVi iv /Vrtgs f n< 52, No. 4, 107 14 (I960). WH Nrwtard. J. J., Jerm*. M. M., .Y^Jrar -Vi. *nd E*g. 7, 577- 86 (I960). Oytia (IF) (laoss, F. J., "Surface TJTrti oa Spacecraft M.teialSynipo*i,jm,'*\Viiey, New York. 1959. (2F1 Ij U 24, 5 (I960) (51) WippJrr, C., Sutltnnut 18 (August 17/4)) (411 /erlaut. C. A., Prot. Aermpacr l inalunv Symposium, Ft. Wurlh, Tex., Decefrdier 1959. Liquid Mtult (If*) Cicilao, K. B., .4c/ .1frlmllmritt* 7, } 7 (1959). (2C) JiiIiima , (*. W , Shuttleworth, R., />rf M*f 4,957 63(1959). (Ki) Kutatelailre. S. S-, Burishamky, V. M.. Others, Xw-irf J. / At*mU P.wtg 3. Suppf. No. 2 (1958). (R) Sla.le, F. H., Muthsttery U*4 (Onrf- :tmi H ) 31, 70-5 (1959). (5<) Prrst.m. C. T-, Broomfield, fi, H., J. lr.it MftJt 17, 240 (March 1959). (60) Rj 4I, A. I Id. F.., /. Mrtuili M, 159 65 (Match 1959). The rasoeWctrkUy (Iff) Ahtikusov, N. Kh., Symptaium Trudy VnroOeehsk. Otdel- Vsetuyua. Ktum ov-a (m. D. I. Mendeleeva, No. I, ~3 83 (1957). (211) Allaaier, R. S, Scankio. W. W., /`bi Hn ||t, 1029 3? (19S8). (Ml) (ieishtem, K. /... Stivitskata, T. SiiJ'lians. J,, S , /*ar. Ttik. Fi* 27, 2472 63 (1957). (lit) limn, R. H., (etmiN ||t,Aha<r. P004 (Nuvemlier 1959). \ (5H) l^wxm, W. D , Smith, F, A., Young, A. S., J. Flntimkrm. Sat. 107, 206*10 (1900). (6lt) Miller, L.. Komarrk, K.., Cadoff, I., / 'ju. Aw. /nit. Mining, AM., Print. Kngn. 218, 362 3 (I960). (711) lliuruette, Kodot, Canft. rmd. 24f, 1872 (1759). (8H) Scanlon, W. W.% J. AMWy 12, 620-2 (August I960). Supercoaductirttf (IJ) F.lrtifnk S~cttt (June 13, 1960). (2J) Gold, A. V., fhtt. Mag. S, 70-7 (I960). (3J) Grigorovici, R-, Croituru, N., Drvenyl, A.. /. Phynk 154, 160-71 (1959). (4J) Trompeite, i., Campt. rm4. 244, 207-9 (1959). Acoustic* (IK) Chapman. Dave, loc., "Design lor Educational TV," prepared by Dave Chainrum fur Fdocatianal Facilities UM.. New York, 1960. (2K) Hutchison, T. S., Srifnet 132, 645-51 (19(0). (3K) la'ad Industries Assoc.. New York, "Improved Sound Barriers F.mploying Wad" (1969). (4k) kuzirka, J. F... Am. Soc. Mcch. r.nj'f*. Ann. Mtg., Atlantic City, N. December 1959. Corrosion (II.) Hrric, B. S., Sdtar, J., LiniplH. f^ C>rnuiM ri Js/Kriun,i 4, 342 5 ((Xlohcf 1958). (21.) Burlianl. J-, J. Fitdtmhm. 5w. 104, 369-76 (195*>). (31.1 Caldwell. J. w.. The Bunker Hill Co., San francisco. Calif, private cummutiiratKHi (July 20, I960). (4U CrenneH, J., The Admiralty Chemical l>rpt., pnmmiKJth. Fneland, private c<xnmunic4tin (May 5, 19(4J). (51.) lf*-rrard, J. S , Strlal and Pipeline Endurance, Ltd., I^mdon. Fnptaftd, urivale cmnmumcalHNi (March 21, 19(41). (ol.) tto. If.. Siiiftano, T., Siffm KSgy4 Fu h Ki 73, 97-100 (1959). C*i.) Markmic. T.. Scvdie. M.. Pavkovir, N.. ltW(j(*/r t. Furreiu-n 11, 22-7 (Januarv l"H/)). (81.) Molhr. G. F. . Patrick, J. T., Gald- well. J. IV. Smth Central Cam/., Nell. Awe. Gnn<aiun fjigrs.. Tuba. OkJa.. (htidar 19/4). (9t.) Miaykma. A. P., Putduva. I. N-. Fnfllrauyai 13, 52 4 (August 1959), (101.) Natl. .Aa****.. Cuausum Fncrv, Sub- rmmiuttrr Meeting, T-2B-? lead Arx.les. Dallas. Tex.. March I960. (111.) Opcmhaw, J. G., Camtim T.ttumt. i, 381 -3 (Deremlief 1954). (121.) Parr, N. 1-- Muscmi. A., Cmckef, A. J , J. Imt. MmJ, 87, 321 -9 (June 1959). (131.) Rivxjta, R, Peraldo, L, BicetU, SiMaJInffta if/wu 50, 495 -500 (Nuvemlier 1954). (Ml.) 111. 1374-9 (1914)). (151.) Turner, A., W/llrngtaa, 2. R.. Williaim, I,., Cm. J. Ckm. 37, 55 64 (April 1959). Porcelain Emaioekd Mi|sniH (IM) "Magnesium," Beouka It Prrklna* Inc IV'tud, Mah., I960. Books (IN) Cottuo, F. rd., "PmgTes* bi Inotvamr Oieiuistry," Vol. I, Inter- science, New Vurk, 1959. 86 INOtntftlAi ANO iNOINttRINO CWAMCTtf rmi ! 0. ft. A. fiw s y tp u i l pI!) Iit