Document OERQ33NrwEdkrgXmLywXmdLzX

FILE NAME: Oil Industry and American Petroleum Institute (API) DATE: 1936 Nov DOC#: API179 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Federal Government's Response on Respiratory Protection yv-- \ i' `o ~\ '^ wvlIsi Department of the Interior united states bureau o f minfr *=. e. ^ Nov^Muc?t 1935 - INFORMATION. CIRCULAR* ; ' ............... I I ^ P ^ b l e m s o p RSSP1r a t o r y p r o t e c t io n in t h e ;..y u v i-^ M n w o LE U M !NDUSTRT,;.W1TH SUGGESTIONS -''':' , . 'S'.rC. *'w \ `.i .: ",<" ,?. ; V ' ;.... ^OR THEIR SOLUTION i\ ' j .*i a . v' LIEO.ARY LOUISIANA S'lAti UNiVEIISITY BY M' K>STZ AN0 H` C` IW s* DEC 1 4 )9.-,s nvtnbor -2.536' 0? Jilliss 5CtS PROBLEMS 0? GSPIRATOBT PSCZSCTICM I); EE3 . KSTSOLETOli IKTOSIRY, T7ITH SUGGESTICKS FOR 5*3121 SCLWfIOK/ Sy, G.M. KiutcS/ and E.C, F o rie ri/ , .. Proper re s p ira to ry p rotectio n of worlaon, reg ard less of the indue t r y ;r the individual/occupation, is fundamental f e r th eir h ea lth , n a fe ty , and c f- `ieiemoy.'f/.Eha.probleng involved in providing th is p rotection have v ir t u a lly . .hi sane,'elemental although It is unlikely that two obs, even on the saao type f rorhj-'irill have'exactly the cans hazards* S atisfactory solution of problems rented.hyjataospheric condition that are unarfe or detrimaatal to the health m4 '(efficiency; of ..worksre can he reached only a fte r careful anolyois of ind.ivid->' 1 oiruun^tances,' . 'dhs cpecifio .irpnivity-in th e 'a ir to VhTch each worker on iach*j-oh is exposed cruet he determined, it s dangers recognised, and e ffe c tiv e protective nearureg taken EeaEures that not only protect hut o ffe r a oininua- - f inconvenience to the worker* Health nnd safety studio of respiratory haz- 'j-hjhroad knowledge of the physiological effects produced by various u s tt, .mistsj, fuses, &nd gases and of the physical and chemical reaction that . em it <pianti.ta.tivi detection and eiinina-Uon ,o f .these rubetinceu fro the a i r "*'' reathad'by Iwoxkaim*' ' ' ... V ''"O'1'-'!.'. /1.' "> ' . ; h pertaining to protectirn against toxic gases in the itro l^ ;^ to \ry ;i.*' x t tu iY e, hut writing* dealing with dusts and other ctr-answiiiy eJcr-horas 'a.teriel peculiar to that industry nr r e la tiv e ly fen ic.ordinglyy^-^t;paper deal* nainly y ith hazards of the la tte r typo and makes r n t.-tu g g e r tip n i.tt protection against them, , By drawing on the experience vc- ^ .^ ;Y d^ 'i't{r.is .it^ i i herpai that tha inforaatiftn w ill help to promote greater slth.and aafety among verkien and a s sist safety, personnel, and compensation partaents inkthe petroleua industry to meet th eir individual problems, whether ey pertain to burning lead, spraying paint, ' sand-bla.sting, cleaning and repair- 5 oanrs and s t i l l s , or Other occrunations in which nan are exposed to respira-* ry. hazards. ,,V.V ' k :' " - in preparing the following discussion of dust and related hazards . k"petroleum' Industry, Material has been dram fre e ly iron and froquet* ertnee is node to 'a ceries of publications prepared recently by the Heslth .nc ru rtsu of kinaa w i l l welcoc re p rin tin g of t h is paper, `provided the ^ fo llo w in g , footnote acknowledgment i s used: ''Reprintod fro a U .S. Sure.m 1 <o f Kines..Information C ircu lar 65I 5 . 11 '' ` Rrasented,`a t.th e 'I n te rn a tio n a l Petroleun Exposition and Conrrdse, Sulea, ,:..'0k la .,. May,21 ^ 1536. , ' sc oiat o p in in g 'en g in e er; U.S, Bureau of Mines I ' ` " Staler petroleum engineer, U.S. Bureau'of Minos. ' le.*/, k ^ |. .TV...U- . TiU'-UL: : . c , 6913 *. . ,.t*'A and Safety 3rcu Vj . .* .he U nited State Bureau of Mines, 'c n titl d \ ?E*V.ie'^'u^_ Literateare 0: T-Ttocta of Breathing B usts, p ith Special Reference to 'S lic ilta c * , . ~ I,-* Some idoa of the importance of the problem of re s p ira to ry protection, and the tremendous cost in cid en t to th is type of hazard may he gained from At following figures \ : , ' '}fS;;y.m. ' ' ` South A fric a has p aid over $65,000,000 'La eompeneation-'ior, c l l i c o j d i ^ alone and has an a d d itio n al outstanding l i a b i l i t y of $34, 000, 000; in 1932 e l* ^ to ta lin g $6, 000,000 were allow ed, In itconin during 1932 approx $207,000 >ras p aid in compensation 1932, in c lu siv e , tho indemnity cost creased over SO p ercen t, w h ile accit than 30 p e rce n ts/ Oho erg>erietnce qi . . p u n t y ? w - iji c ite d , but"in th is d ie c u ciio ii i t Trill r u ff ico to obsarrio courts of the United S tates a t present in volve tltJLau- \ci fo r s i li c o s i s , and Sappingtoc/ estimate th at these cln *n C T ^ 200 percent over these in the .previous yoax* Although 'boehP net be allowed and other case w i ll bo thrown out r f court 'lit'ig .tio n ''i s iv e , and judgment of the order of $1^,000 and $21,000 aro not uncccaon*., ScapA reds of case* are being s e t t le d fo r e n a lle r mo.un.ts*. ". ' h ' 'h''.^--.V( i^fLi r An in cre a sin g in te r e s t ^in s o c ia l o cu rity i Tiiiee'i'by lir f jj x w u bein g considerad and passed in many S tates r e la t in g to a r rd 5ccuaod cup&tional diaeaaeo end to compensation fo r people affected 'by-krtii6W' dissf^ ^ Bhe in terest o f in d u stries a ls o is in creasin g in th is v i t a l probloa,'. ifeidhL not net;, However, because in d u stry g e n e ra lly hoe not token _s 'g r e a te r , int^ ^^ ^' in preventive measures in the p a s t, much fu tu re trouble may b e je x a c t e d , la rg e suae of money rrob&bly w i l l be uaid & ^coaroenea*tiic,n,* A,rv^.vLk';; >+ . An in d ica tio n of th e growing r e a liz a t io n c f 't h e 1i^ c r t a n w j- o f '.p r ^ ^ ^ ' atmospheric con d ition s is found in the annual expenditure's tzott.being ;naAa( tp.-s^i a ir-co n d itio n o f f ic e b u ild in g s, fa c t o r ie s , and many' roricing niees' b y mean* ' - .; .. *. ' Vv 7 Harrington, B . , and Bovcnport, Sara J . , Review of L ite ra tu re on E ffe c ts cf Breathing B u st;, with S p ecial Reference to S i l i c o s i s . Part 1* Chapter l* ' B cfir.lt ion and Class i f i cation c f Busts, Chapter 2*. Source o f Exposure to Baste. Charter P h ysiological Effect" of Breathing Basts r ' Infcrus-. tion C ircu la r 6S35, Bureau of Mines, 1935 68 p p,. P art 11- 1 , Chapter h, '.. Brevention of lu s t D iseases (Sections 1 and 2 ), Information C ircu la r 6S-C, 3urtpu of Mines, 193$ 117 pp. Part 12- 3 . Chapter U. Prevention of Dust Bioeaoee (Sectiono 3 ~ $): Information C ircu la r 6shS, Bureau, o f Mines,....; 19p5 210 pp. P art III-A * Chapter 5. Economic and Legal A spects of Bosty, r-ceaoe in Industry (S ection s 1 and 2); Information C ircular 6S57, Butseu i f liir.ee, 1935 266 pp. '' ' 1/ G riff, Uhe R e sp o n sib ility cf the Health B ep artn eh t'for Occupational'^.'''.' Disease Control: S a fe ty Engineer!:-.-, V ol, 6 3 , September I93U, p p , 'lz y i ^ S 126, ; . .'/ / Sappingtonu C .o ., Biscusoion of papor by B ick, P .O ,, Role of X-2 ry in In- d u ctrisl Hygiene; Ind, Med,, v o i. h, 1935, p. 161, ` h 50 _o- P . 11 ,0 t5,M'XSf? z' ai*w(`trr'jii > r* v e n tila tin g r.ystenj of prope: deoign to keep the a ir froc of hazardous cub bt a n a i Although '.he r.ccp-e of th is prper confined to d iscussions of in d iv id u a lprcteetion againBt restk rto ry h o a r d s , the importance. of a p o s it iv e .system f o r propar ly v e n tila tin g b u ild in g s, sp e c ifio wor'k, or wor'k'ing p`l a c 6 a ^ h ^ , ^ t i_ce);inr^^^ looked* " ' 1 _ -tf:! Kany people b e lie v e th at s i l i c a dut lungs adversely and that s i l i c o s i s is a dicea* _____ _^ , .. . comparatively recent year a* N either idea i s co rrect t nor i t r to ry p rotective equipment ne'e* H ippocrates, bom about h6**'$ .Jf^*pdke-j C,' an'\C\-/p metal digger as a non "who breathed w ith d i f f i c u l t y and hod othr ..cryrptona i i s i i a i J,f-'" to those found in s i l i c o s i s . C elsus, a Honan m edical w rite r rho .lived in the ' f4.iVrs t century, wrote I 53y Greeks ca lle d phthisie for t the ao$t spreads terrible fora to 'the lu n gs, .oOf n,etmocpia t.ioo nj C,.!*. utlcheants'./y'tkici'a ;cur . . . . . . . ..;v'Vfcfc',p' hic'4 'ftV 'vitfwW' is'^ '^if# ''atixi' aV btaJ\ According to E arrirg to n and D avenport^/, P ro b a b ly .th e olds -pubiiahed--int^yra-y'' garding the harafulneoi of exposure to dtiBt i s the tatea en t in P lin y * N a tu ra l H istory that ftkiniua (red oxide of lead) re fin e rs in the factory, envelop,.their faos* with I oob blp.ddirrs, which enable then to see pithout;,kin h e h in ^ th e ,fa te d ? , JVca about 155^> when Anatus l u j i t a r u s re p o rte d t h a t f . t i p k ^ fcupied v ith the preparation of gypsum and lime died, of lu n ^ j^ th iiiiV ^ of the disease end various steps of u ro te c tio a ag ain st it'have^beci'.-^o-.!*0^*!**'. continuous. P h th isis now is'c o n sid e re d g e n erally &* being:yn.oriya''OTuhTiiih;drabe>- , e u lo sis, and although a any naopla use the word "B ilicoaia* as a general tern , a c tu a lly the a p p lica tio n is only to disease caused by s i l ic a &rst-'.,,,`?ncuiaoconi" 08ie (from the G-reek pncarton, lung, and k o n ls, d u st) is the general',term now being applied to a ll dust diseases of the lungs, whether caused.by fibrous or.aonfibreus eubetencss, and i t is lik e ly th a t th is word w ill be hsard more. and more1. -'Other naves given special dust diseases are s i l i c a t o s i s , an th rsco sis, sid e ro sis, and Aakrudna i , which- are c^uoes, reo peotively, by the fin e particles-' of various s i'c tt F , coals, Iron or iron ores, And .-toWs^o ' VoO,. vk- -ir- ** .k-ipit.'f *i?h:.VH*-'`TS" To. f a c i l i t a t e the follow ing discussion the subject h&V&e'eb'divided ,o iO'Ur subheadings , /"f4 * ** M Wh&t -s a dangerous 11atmos_pheren? f ;.r^ur.if.uu!!*Aq "'".CUW Detectors for testin g possible hazardous ataoepheres. Equipment fo r p ro te ctio n , Use of equipment by workers. >4 -. Jj ^ e c c r t i n g to Business V t t k , Mny 2, l ? 3 o , p, 1$, 163,000,000 waa spent, for.-. i*,. air conditioning in the United States in 1935. '' ` y fork cited, Ir.f 1 Ciro, 6335, p, 9. -Vi; ' .* , * ** 7Z V h*.l x*o* 6915" v, v- - \ . .... iY,v'r;v* *-; <5^ >-:>/ 'A3? IS ' A DANGSROUS SMOSPEKKE? ' 'v' K. .'i'K ; * . .' A' safe &tsosphere' Is more e a s i l y ' defined with accuracy than- &' oue one, A p c sc ib le d e fin itio n for a dangerous atmosphere i s ! - An ataesphe?^ is Lang0roue when i t contains one or more foreig n substances, each as gsjs,\ fcist, or fuaeo, i$ sufficient) quantity to bi> k&raful or e x p lo s iv e ,; o r vhsA^.t does not contain'enough oxygen, to olierr working with a a x is n a ^ e f iic ie a c ^ 'o ^ ^ support l i f e , or rhea the temperature and humidity are too| high; f o r hxaftS;^^ durance,' . ' ' , ` " > -*v !,*:! ^ Jteeeorch Jnua' ascertained that under eoo* c i r c ^ s i a a c e i ^ e r t a ; . ( such' as hydrt! certa in fuzaqs aiets(sunh aa` __author iti.$BL bftXisTo `that breathing..any kind o f' V ;yiungi i f ' i t i s in s u f f ic i e n t concent r a t i on and broathsdvi'cig^ encu^ r':S^^r i .- i f - to date this theory has not been accept#! s<werally Soae';?er&pC8-'.cXaia''yflfrys ust need nob be v isib le to be dangarou&i in fa c t , .v irtu a lly &ll''dyy experts bl?8Y&~that: the sost br^ercrua d u stp art id e a cannot be'seen by tfe fffi. .She, is* of p a rtic le # in prolonged cuspids l onr iir :.the1a i r/us soro.-f; lik e ly to be under 5 microns than over; p ro b a b ly `thaVncsV^dnS^fbu^'d a fi^ is that ranging f r a a .2 microns to 0*5 micron or palpable p a rt i d e a re a d ily remain",'in suspension i n 1tbV eclrf fo ^ o n g tp e r ^ d ^ >of tin e , 2ha sine of fume p a r tic le s ranges i r o s r l to 0*2 W c r c n 'in 'd ia to ^ ^ In other words, i t ia thought that the sm aller the p a r t i c l e s thy g re a te r'tM g danger, although there nay be a lo ver lim itin g s in e w s w e ll as a higher ereij,;: undoes e s p e c ia lly warned, employers and vorlaocn are prono to regard impel-' pnble nonvisible dust as a lto g e th er harm less, !>ust p a r t ic le s under 5 hicrenir. in olz$ re a d ily pass through the couth and nose, tra v e rs e the' bronchial' 'y'v y passages, .and lodg? in the a lv e o la r tis s u e , fre o which remote c a r ts of the '\-t -ung structure, they u su a lly cannot be dislodged hy hawking or coughing, ' , >t>^ ' * " *]'jV' , _.^ ^p^_illgl-tb--be...hble to sta te with exactness; thd^c'af* gire. rad innl_ A n T n i r a t i o n ' c i r c u l a r ^ k"%>, props.a on by the Health and1Safety Branch of 'ths bureau c f Mines include3-/e !i^ B.a.cnent that mountain a ir contains 2 la rg e p a r t ic le s per, cubi'cYccatlnsteTl@i.5 W-.*^.o c^ty a ir contains I 5 to 100 such p a r tie le e per truhio .ce n tia et'e r, _ 2/ Work c i t e d C i r c * bSboT p 00* ^505 _ lu following regniamo . u s t r i a l Commission of kiscc:cniwk/...3 an e r r a y l * of the dust stancar s that are being set up f o r in d u stry by ccce of the S t a t o s i ; "ho ;.v,^r s ilic a - c u s t concentration ccr.eid.ercd perm issible in;"'.'' t f ; cir t r e n t i1i by a workman at nay point Id thu n o m a i "breathing: s e n > arc net teen d e fin ite ly , esta b lish ed . The ccm oissicn, J.tg' a d v is o ry .ccn-Tk-v n itte t,.e m p lo y e rs, end s c ie n tis t s have agreed on a te n ta tiv o t igurec-cf HOy1 t . Ip m ilia ri couxtat le dust p a r tic le a under 10 microns irrlon g-eit' dimension'. " ` v f t fr i'- c ilic e , content of 55 '"Srcent in a c u tis fo o t Of. the. a ir as de termined by tht United S tates M o llo Health Service technique* V ariatio n s in fr e e - a il Lea. content; tr ill r,ak proportional in verse changes .in t h is , standard* la the case of p r a c t ic a lly nur s i l i c a the p e r s i esibite dust court rould bo ?,pl,COi X"nuaUlb'phMh'cihd,'''"ly countntie p o r t ic ie a L scant those mart id e a within the range of s ir e from 2 to 10 microns in tue-1 : longest intension, Pont p a r t ia l its .Porger than 11 r.i ero n i -in the lon gest crnfOGion do net o rd in a rily reach porto cf the body trhor 'they can produce injury* I r e n th e i o r e g o i n c d i s c u s s i o n i t ta n "be seen th&t>depite.Jtk.9..txierded_ fctudy civan to the ha.sard of dust d e f i n i t e and e x a c t i n f o n a e - t i c a f i a ma age r^ oo Ham to the r e s p ir a to r y system caused hy dust, l i k a that;, ca$4dUhyJsytae^haists, and fumes, depends upon the c o n c e n t r a t i o n and the l e n g t h ' o f e x p o s u r e ; ,h u t ; . m l i k e these su bstances, the ei:ft of th e d u s t p a r t i c l e s e n t e r * i n t o - tke.'k&z&rdv'j 3e--" cause of the very, na ture of t h i s problem, which p e r t a i n * t o 1c e r t a i n ' c a n s $ - a n d '. t h e i r effect?) uuon the human body under va ri c u o end v a r y i n g c ir c um st an c e e', -end because tha r e q u i r e d techn iqu e of c e l l i n g with tha s u b j e c t cann ot 1 reduced, to the ex%o:neao of a mathem ati cal e q u a t i o n , s a f e t y e n g i n e e r end a l l o t h e r s concerned with du s t hazards t r i l l do we ll to ^play a f e n hy p r o t e c t i n g , , i n s o f a r as feasible, against any atmosphere th a t is not normal* , Cone of - tha noro comr.cn oocunationa in the pet-rolfcum Industrie whers respiratory protection may ho needed are cleaning t a n k s ,, gaging, ^end-blasting, handling coke, cleaning coke out of s t i l l s , cleaning b r ic k , handling dusty no- t e r ia ls (such ao f i l l e r s earth, cement, lime, gypsum, clays,.; md;; dry c a u s tic s ), certain welding operations, burning lend, burning o f f p a in t , p ain t-sp ray work, truck pointing in closu c.ucrtera, and the a m y operations in which worxnea are imposed to dust and hydrogen sulnhida gas- 1 . About 10 years ago hydrogen c u lp h ld s p o i s o n i n g vro c c c E i d e r s i en cu t-- eter.dong hazard of the p e tr o le u m i n d u s t r y , f i e l d end p l a n t workmen know l i t t l e or r.otnir.j about t i e to x ic e f f e c t s of hydra or. s u l p h i d e , and even s a f e t y eng ir.ecrj were a t e, lose r e g a r d i n g the a p p l i c a t i o n of tncre and p r a c t i c a l methods cf p r o t e c t i o n . That c o n d it io n has beer, charged r a d i c a l l y , and through p e r s i s t e n t education the i n d u s t r y in General knows about hydrogen s u l a h i d e gas, workmen, resp act i t s t o x i c q u a l i t i e s , and most companies a r e f a i r l y r e 11 equipped to ccor- i - t h i s houard. 10/ Scu Harrington, 1< , n i D av cnn ort , 3ora pp S6 nei P.c. 5 TTork C i t e d l 'I n f , C i r o . -6840, 91 2 - T H U I T 5 0 p. 1 :*C, DPIXChOPf ?03 tSC TIX ro$3L :JiZA?JJDUS ATpIOKPKESSS _ The development and commercial manufacture of e f fic ie n t and, detectors ig r nesting the percentages cf poisonous, ir r ita tin g ,', tad dufl goaso er.d vapors that any ho present in the atuoschare har been'great those engaged on health and safety wc Only r it h in recan t -years baa condition been brought about, and the netroLtum in d ustry, has,hade,vd da ,^any 0f that devices as they have become a v a ila b le in helping; iolY*;i' aeins nf p ro tectin g the liv e # end.health of i t s erp lo ysesv iHany.-iiafetbt neera require on ,or sore of then as an e s s e n tia l' p o r t . oigbheicpja^o.ty,, ,, and are thoroughly fa m ilia r u ith t h e ir co n stru ctio n onidnoperatioh^\hXVfer^l^^M & dJuaf resumo of th operatin g p r in c ip le s of s e v e r a l1 detectorsdi^ ' t'^pognitipn of .tba.f.'vtt that--th lie i t Pay to ' o h ^ iS -'d af^ te-fecn ileJir^ ^ R .^ uoocrtj toed and to gain p r o fic ie n c y in th e ir cparatioa.<i*`-tb in spect ;tieci!" tbeaj under pest co n d itio n s, . ` 1 : 'C't:'r!$`r'r?'-&rV; D etectors fo r Inflfunn id le &as ,r**.y ' ' t i ' r, ' H otectcrc fo r inflnrw&bl fa th at w # in mot; on'.1U*4*.* . the g , tu , l!S*A.t and tiC*0 !Tho fliv s ra l d etecto r* d i f f e r 'in 'co n stru ct! ^ operate on e s s e n tia lly the sane p r in c ip le , namely, th a t vsh ea-en 'electricsllyj heated filam ent in introduced into, an atmosphere con tain in g inflammable C*5f e le c tric a l resistance nf the fil&Bsnt v i l l vary in d irect' proportionbto^/ eno^-Uv of in f laircaable gas p ria a a t* \ the v a r ia tio n o f that resia ik n 'catis^siw^? & neter graduated in percentage of n.s or percentage, o f 'ejp lbfiibiliiy ^ ; :ot:recants hr reasonably accurate fo r percentages fre e 'se ro o t<i'thf^erp" M,< +** ' . , - . . - . . . 1 ) ` V' *' .`jJln*"*. 1\ _ * 1 , B u rre ll d e te c to r f o r inflammable e,$ has aot'beeab^ ed; ai-jgthe?; ~y as those that have been mentioned The operation o f t h is dtctof is;baB<^_ on the p rin cip le that the products of ooaVuetion of*OBt in fis s a tb le 2.3es`.ldtf? i t s s volume at the sreae t cecreOfie in voluag la in -_atura and n rbecurs than the gas theart is ,,obumrneeod^p r e s t proonrtion to the amount or gae turned. A nurber of continuous inilruma' ble gas detectors^'are-cn .the. narhmtj but they art) not untended to be used as nortable instruments and''are1'not/idie^ cribed In th is paper. ' -. : .* ., ' D e te c to rs f o r Toxic Gases Carbon-llonoxide detectors ' ' v;' Woo > .a..o..o..l.a..n...i.t..'.i.....ete: -..W - "bcr. carbon monoxide (Co) is pressi through^*, ground punxce saturated v?itb iodine pentexide in the p r e s e n s e ic f .is.r:ingTv'''!---'G P-.^ric r.cid ,`free iodine is lib e r a t e d , rhich ctaino the pumice.' a greenish 00^0. . y cccperir^ toe shade of green obtained by a measured*volva. cini,t& a ccd*' o calef the amount of carbon monoxide era be determined* ' ihe b"" _ n^8 i r-3trUT,ent is O.Op to 1 percent* I t s accuracy depcod* cenerh-ot os thb Xbi a v , u t y of the ii'.dividuol to estimate tho true nh^doc* This.devic is uoed. a tten tiv ely by the rurecu of r.inco, n\tnufnct\med-n.s companies', and others spring to ascertain the presence cf carbon monoxide. . V& y . ofcnt ;.^_-i: .till ^ Tyrotannic acid, d e t e c t o r This device io corrpecthbnt req u ires a r >p . l i t t l e technique In it e operation &nd i s used p rim a rily f or 'detecting :the presence^ oi carbon monoxide in tho blood I t i s Tory accurate end w ill,' detect from -seror/* to 0*2 percent of tba gas in the a ir* I t operates on the p rin c ip le ;th a V 'th e af~ :V.' U n i t y of carbon, monoxide.f o r the hemoglobin of the blood; ia -abeu&JOO times thaV t of oxygen, To t e 3t the atmosphere f o r carbon monoxide * E s a l l f 'b o t t l e 'f i s ,f i l l e d [ wi ^<itsht i the lled air to water, be is examined, placed in and the 0.1 bo cm3 ttle . of blood, which A fte r about 15 is dilute minutes d.t of. o a 2 git cm3 atio v n i t h th is blood solution is- tre a te d with & compound of p yro tan n io -p yxo g sllic a c id and thi re su ltin g color compared, with & standard co lo r s c a le .: i.Tv r . , , < j jT-icvvif f`i\*iv* unuix Continuous carbon monoxide d e te c to r s . - These d etectors'' are susjis 'rin X ' tta tio n a ry and p ortab le m o d e l s A l l 'toodeia"requira, &. supply^of; electric,.crurr_en.t. ... (D ry-o ell or s to r a g e ;b * tttr ie e may_bjjjuc.ed,) he.ssdpc^-Vne- -`apt that when c'earh'oa..Jaoncxide.pasoei- tfcrougb. thi trade acme of f'E cp ca lite11 i t is converted to carbon dioxide sndi.tbatc'^unsra.t*sd. hat, The amount of heat generated i s . in d irs e t prop ortion 'p p l.th it^ o-dn t Cfc ahyyD; monoxide present 3y means of thermocouples the anoxxn^^f a so lu tio n of palladium , ch lo rid e in acetone-w ater, which is .sealed' dnrA'-'iaalh'h glass v i a l surrounded by absorbent Cotton, tPhen the v i a l isrcxuBKedbthel^.bl'nb'lcri Saturates the cotton. Tho rrapoule ia then hung in the atnosphra''to'b6't&etijci'' fo r approximately 10 minutes I f oaxbou monoxide i s p re se n t'th e so lu tion 'on ''th e cotton w i ll become gray to g ra y is h , depending on the concentrationVfD'f'^-'*-^-''*^ Hydrogen Sulphide Detectors _^ n t tan-egg' 1?. Earning; &' person exposed _ , ___ __ k f j j q ggh sulphide d e te c __ ,______ _______ , _ . .. rece n tly have p erfected a p o rtab le means of d e tectin g hydrogen sulphide. The de- - te to r de*pends uwpo- n the --------- u--se- o- - f s i l v1 e~ r cyanide on w * n a c ( . w t^ i4,v a t e d alumina. c*--. ***** -- ^*0 . * VTnaa * * ac t s*e>a: ired volu<m . e of the J . L . a. ij r. . co nitai inj in g .hyd. rogen su,,lph. i!d,, e i. a f_o rce d. . t. hrough> a t. u b.. e o c n - jning tnis m aterial i t turns b la c k , and the length of tho d isco lo ra tio n in the ,v*'h 1 6- measure of the percentage of the gas p resen t, , ^ c f ' c h c e -* >rV;. , ./iVv /aHi-rh: .'bhyr, .ip; Lead acetate p aper. - This method has been used to detect hydrogen. wU2~ it ie not p o s itiv e and i t s accuracy is lim ite d , The method co n sists saturating a piece of absorbent paper with lead a c e ta te and .placin g the paper y. '-.tbs atmosphere to be te s te d . D isco lo ra tio n ,.in d ica tes .the.t"'hydrpg8n snilphi.de'i-'b *G present. . .. ................i.r ' . K. f'>v.. . >>5 -7 - V -' 1--0.-i<t, i C-;j - tj? v*- 1t>'*;. t-E ' >>.p'.*ii' >;. - *., >v11., ^ t '.. mr . >. Hh ^ ifT - IS[' :7A\nt-z*t >iiK>..V-"d\ f U- -<Uds-r h H u I i B l M B L q s * ere D e f i c i e n t In Oxygen1' -io Safety 1* ' W f `" 8 -";f causa dea' th a-- sw r e v w v a- t d i l w . ^ ^ .yy . .-as ;C't V tt tVori V -- *-,o^ g ^brt 1* d e ficit ( Ho in ugh ro oxygen t i t s - l nn to y et ooft h e s a f'e s t )` rajs to.'teU v-niietha^S uMV.J-'* e s__a_S: xpl lo c_ c 1to iVi tu-) A'i . cr' en fas. flare ,"fo^r*- r.M-- e i f a fla r e viiX^Vurcn'ih(lit purpoue boenufie cefythe ( p o r s i b i o - i ^ s i r is cemin -S * r j ? r C 8 e n t t ba f l a r e s a f e t y lasrp i*-. th A .'b ' e g t f p c r t f t l a ^ ' f ^ lano ot K ^ 00i : : l e5 f ^ a ia P ^ ^ - t to r ^ p e r t M i f ^ a o ^ ^ "^ 1 1 'f'*A. V> t **. p lo s io n * rith- h e a ^ l ^ SO* o r o M - b i t ^ f ^ V / ^ '* ~j "~' ' *" ''' " J J* Lr O r ^ . U. Ir h i a (?; ; i ' ' f-i r< V -a , l a r g e !p.t , i _ -.. . i" _ _ i ' ^ "' ^ ' ',, ? ^ u>s*'e--'s---u7d>^f-'uUy t l i j,. i , . 7- i i blcy?H&lceerra"oa7 wcho haa..b'h^eea t n * r ^ . ` *' ' ' ` ' c 't-fioards ( c o r s t r a c t i o u , and p r o p e r ; a c s e u l l y * - of . . ...................... ' -- ---- --1 k a-uati imra tha ind uto--t of dust ^ d : i n 'u u 'f c r f d | | btr- :ea t s t recjiir^s pro;tics puid'elri l l -- -'e i`-nn- ta-hh--on -ii* la genorol, Va*>-'--i^>*- f*oW ^oypae-rtaiitseo t(h-e0i(s3^^u-fa a t a r p l*o of" the usstt--'.'''jpa'r"<^ , o r & t o r / c r " s i i ^ 81* t Y ii 2*5ft KTrir'v 4 .>.+V. *1 t,QB0- ffUC+' i a - c tr-^-h'xtKLtsLn-l'X^hji*-0/lit_XV*Wi Scab *" * ^ ^ s i c r y f e ^ t ^ S K i ba v6 p e e r e d oa the u a r k S ^ ^ ! } , dB ^ - n w t g t , r e c e n t l y ' i o t l a ^ i n e i r c a ^ urofsaaor Drirlce- " d ^ h a 'r'diilhr ^onticuoujs UBtaroccrdsivintfTente^ - --u jna r _ n c ie n -c tt dust e&uera*':. .- j, ^ 1 ' ,!,'' 'k/f', >.! Kba :he- <f f t 4 "T " t!lf 1* *f * * . 'of k u i h l ' h l l f " f i-f--.'---.e-.-n- T . ' aa if fir wi~zr911v*vf-*, ` ^"-v. ^Q i, nd, .ioata " fhetne^ * " - o - - t t . u o r . 1 3 pt ) o0 3ooao ss an ee dd poisoooira Wby bjasn vb_c* i ^ s ______ * ___ r. i* t , e. ven t. n e r rc a n n e d >e-'erro-undins atroaoh ~ " Eithe ra gases c^eaictl d u s t , f u r s o , or r i s t a r t -ore-sent':in^2u^ anolysia , r the .p ro p e rly te c to i n d i c a-t-e- vr*n^.aw p>f*rcWcen c* s-ry other hut: ssnse'in en f'sc ) rr, ^s t , V w` w fune, tD ^^rraune tie presence of a 'ociionc'i i * is t daugercras p earned tr,:r Ceell ect: cf bv rerkl or set or< l. se IQUIPmT EM PSOtSCriCK Ad r\ f-\`Ve\ ? r ? i rJ a&iTid^ - 80- - ? = t *-4on41 'of. e a potential r e ir o ir A to B y r h ^ W .e lV ^ ^ '000 of the f o Hi l erring q^aocticn' trcuiiEhfl^ ' -- -1A' r'^''krv1;sV1'.-i>v:-U1e>f s..w; tyc0^' 0 i ^ e**ougn onygen to su pport l i f e 1? " " -* i ' '' , < r. r, ' c e r . t r a t i o n e --au,d c h^'` aa-wtKei rAvji!uC" S?f a>' ir'" 6ac3a ^ 0 p r e s e n t rlB_yr` fThtei ouats, * tye, at oonc entral ion ? 13 cip^cjoabinr. t i on s of Hon i o ^ f n i n the p t r i o d of evpOEvnre hs? and r h a t ar.e t.hye.-Aibl 'yf the 3a ar e c .rt s0 77-, vL: A V-. .a ; l.'cr-esiS'V'. ' Ih rt ie the tociperature and humidity w ill he vc-rhing? 6 Unde? 'rhz.t conditions Trill r.on he working? % w ^ they he in crpcrced cniariere end is the crooning small through Tdoieli./they nunt/v y/.i1;' or or leave?' ' ' . ' % :'??. v*& 74 1711,1 rv continuous current of a ir he v e n t i l a t i n g the/ enoloartmreslV',''^'^ , 8* V i l l turlo he .routine or emergency? r , `r .*: $ * i l l rorl: cover a large or Knell area? '' "* .- 10 Eo .much of the head end "body should he protected?-.". That. is , j v-/j / W ill i t ho s u ffic ie n t to ccvsr ju st tho nose end mouth or., should th e.ey e s ' or even tha en tire heed he prototed? n. fe c ia l charectt ' o te ctiv e equipment oouaist# of & f u l l or h a lf fa ce p ie ce , aouthpitca and hoc c lip , nrhich ia attached "by means of a f l e x i b l e 'ruVbcr.1tub e. . to n can ister hung in fro n t of or on the hade t>i the wearer* . ir-'.. * . Ct-' :"L ' . AQvjihtpfsSi, The Hack Is l i g h t in w eight, occupies . l i t t l e sp ace, i s ansy to transport, and f i l t e r s out most duEta and t ia t i f the gases c r n is ta are present in lim ited percentages or qu an tities* class of gas fo r which tho can ister 1b designed ~ the typo U ( a l l --se rv ic e ) *Cahi&-* '< tex pi ro te c ts against lim ite d ,percenTM t agw%>{3 e^ sV ofw*> a' " l^l gasos* Q t A w W J I JI> n 6f A porduand 11 ** r w 4 * humid *** uni.. " ^ abr - .csc.^re or during hard fork: the face nerepires, the resistan ce of the c a n iste r ^.creases rapidly, and the mack heccnos urccnf or table to uearj sometimes, too, woe rubber nay ir r it a t e the akin. The ta c k c&n. he wern in `afetyyd n ly fo r 'th e .1 i e t e r gas masks and s t i p u l a t e thf,t emergency r e s p i r a t o r y ' p r o t e c f i o d "muctq`be''oV-Ict:;' ta i n e d hy u s in g t. s u i t a b l e f r e s h air-h Oe e mack, bupt F.oguiratore ;.* 1 /h lr d'/ y/h 'v ;7v . v i l J"~ - ' V , *>.( **. * , kv-d V . *> > , . < - , v j ^u a" ro sy irato ra gen erally c o n sist-o f h a lf facepiece's 'to ' w hich'iari y*\c J? ^ txh&uet valve and a f i l t e r i n g mediun that renoveb i^hp dust frcb*'tHo; i&l.-' r c\ome f'^riCB. 6033 nr6 ^I'utpped p ith a f i l t e r medium th at renoves pr a in t fcicts end ' t I V *i S315 _ . Advantage e.< ** They are lig h t in freight and in exp en sive; those'ap??A hy the United States Bureau oi Ulne* are e ffe c t iv e . ' h' r*!*3ir/' * * * > UisHdTantfl^egt *- They cannot be v o w in an rtabsp.he^e^ks.t^coa^ to x ic gases or fumea or that is d e fic ie n t in oxygen*' f i l t e r ' p a d s3r u s i^ ^ ` at certain in te r v a le , depending on the con cen tratio n oigdti8.tro r d i s t i " jpiece oust f i t tig h t ly to the face end has thei me dis^^ia^Qi,`a5tr.t3ae^ "type sa&sk in from, bunid ataoaoherec* Sene type r e s tr ic t-.th e i f i e l d o f . ; Selfon^i.a,cd_Oxygen.Breathing ' ' ' N '-f hXtrK' In is apparatus consists c h ie fly of a mouthpiece fw ten ed /by hose sa d x ^ o A it.sed u n in s- va lve s -to--a toil: of "oxygen und** h d ^ ' prestriirej, ' rather complicated machine. and veigha 12 to 21 pounds f o r the h alf-h ou r .Vype .bout hO pound fo r tho 2" hour type, ' / .. cJT r .- ,, ^ -Vf Advnnt^oeq. - The machine can be ir r it a t e or poison the akin, shen properly rubber part in good condition* ' . ' r ' yi 'fev' . w r a in any atmospheric that assembled and equipped frith;the.p^ . ,, : ,' , : ' : ' r. Uisadrantfengee, - I t is -b u lk y , heavy, 'and ra th e r e^endiv^'foj^ur^- Soae Masks and Air-Line H esn lrators' ` t ,iV , { f *4 * 1 , Eos Kasha end S eo p irato rs frith P o s itiv e Air*.? ..rv'.'-utsrSS . .* * * ' .. These masks have e s s e n t ia l l y the same type of fa c e p ie c e as described fo r the c a n iste r mack, but instead of being fasten ed to .ai, canister-, it-1,1ia.'.<5f)25K ^ ed to a supply o f fre sh , pure air* The supply rjay.be jfurni`*hed-!by V, bloirer cr e l e c t r i c a l l y operated, or by' an a i r compressor) " - - ' - ` ` ` ' " J '* m pure air* implicitly* , ; .vi ' jv'tfSSBS ' B.lst'-dv.nntaces. - The mask and Hover cost ora than a canister cask*,?'! T-tS area of tra vel is lim ited to the length c f the hose, rad neveoents &r* hanii*^ capoed to sima extent by the hor.e* M anifestly, the a ir f o r the hose and tbo n&dc, cueuld bo ir s t h and pure, but unfortunr.toly th is ie net nlfraye so. . . - /c - ,,. L-f-.*f-i*-* p. 1 V SI f A1 Hoce knsk Without P o s itiv e A ir Supoly. . . ..'A '*'' 'A , This'mask is essen tia lly the c&ne as the hose nasi' 'uetude's.ori'be4 '' fcxccpt that it is not connected to ft blower The intake ofHhefch ^ s^ ^ 'piacv i- fresh s ir , and the wearer pulls or sucks the a ir through the hoao;v' w`,,',vdv'-,'~' . Advantages, The naek can he worn in any tim esphere th & V w ill aot,,,^. ur-'- 17 poison or i r r i t a t e toxic gases, the ekin, although it is not recommended fo r usve'^xln">*M: g,vhlyh*N, PisedvantggaB * I t must f i t t ig h t ly to -the face The diotance the. 1* . *y"ur i .'`7ggr7'Cil H j'','ii''h'- 'V .' I-h '.,lo o s e,,iy This p ro te ctiv e equipment co n sists of a hood cvee_r t_h_e_b_e_a_d_a_n_d_s_h_o_u_ld_e_r_s},, &__s_u_p_ply,, of__fr_e_sh_ v_ . ,, ' ------ - v f &* +' SafficS i*et per ainutti iit .bl.o.i.m,--in to th.e hoo. d* :n'.' A''7*"JSsfe. 11\ e "Yvft: J^yaPtages, The head and shoulders' are eovered^ipro. 7. against abrasives The incoming a ir cool* the head. I t i *'irel^ t'^ e^ riafe^t0^[- . : j, wear in dusty atmospheres but i* not ennroved fo r use in poiibncnii^sVatrcr^m oii '' A in whlrk i t a *.efa wa * Armbfc-fS^ , ? ` ' '' . . **u- ixsd% *:' Tlie Bureau of Wines w i l l approve.equipment o f any>off such equipment meet* the Bureau1i t e s t requirements* "a market. As su ggested ,'w ith referen ce to d etect or ^ `^ tit^ ^ a rd o u B atmospheres, d e fin ite knowledge of the con struoti'cn 'J^ 'd*?T O exatlo^ ^ ^ ir': _ f g f e j r o u c t i TM quipw at M l to t o t Vjr t o ^ e t i o a . t ''' V,, '5sr>.' . A; ' - US3 0? SQUlrOiT 3T WHEELS , / t . 't S electin g the equipment is simple compared w ith gottinglmea. i o riW &r; i t a fte r i t 1 b supplied, Gsner&lly workmen w ill wear mftsk* r e a d ily la,'p iacee where ' ' tney h&va seen ethers asphyxiated, or in boob sim ila r tro u b le , but they are l i k e --', ly to r e s is t wearing p ro te ctiv e equipment where the dust cannot be Been cr where tha fumes end m ist have no o bjection able odor. There are three' main reasons fo r 7y resistance? F ir s t, inbred objection to any hew id ea; se c o n d ,,the f e e lin g '. - i-'o l*4"* *"0 individual ie a superman and can Hake it" without p ro te c tio n ; a n d , j ; '' u-n '-bird, the inconvenience of wearing the equipment, :.' "< '*, * . /.;; '". *, < , ksny plans that look workable on paper could bo suggested f o r eatab- ' .'Jyu- '* 'H roopiratory p rotectio n , but in p r a c tic a l operation d iffic u ltiO B u s u a lly *9 experienced, ?rooably the sim plest plan is f i r s t to ,ls e l l n the supervising' .' ' > * I V '. r .............. .-- - - i v - . - - c - f i , y?hifh houli not ba r1'roirM- * / j t - r i c t erd erj irca hi^her o ' r ^ l i a ~~y te / ** ca* e t^ BS^ ^ i ctbonrise,- 'i jy./cNy ha 8old" bv e-u^* <a* * , * , a" a t 5 `*9~:cory, Then tbs *or>c d i s c i p l i n e / * " "* p0osi3^ occosrpaiiied by s t r i c i end f a i r rro er ure ; c i ^ ? b e w e r , i 8 c a r d i a ** ^ e&rrjBu acotit in d u s t r io s i., ' " 1;*"s is ry e a e a tic a * 0? kije` Q - 5 & tiiry d a f ia it e wt.acea.i?^ c c ip e s ta tic a coste at `th alnlisua^em ,??'"^68 M faty eagiadera Sdsh'to'iV/ . . . r e y , t * y * i u l o ao haGlt21 i z ^ ^ l- lo c k x j; ertployer *n S k" ^ ^ a T r d i r 'tS t~ h ? r5 iv ^ A ? ! '^ o < ^ 6 ad equipssnt H k e ly ^ t^ i i^fort to bara >eV ]. S *' *-'-./ e v e n/ CTr.r- b.--?* 40 =ad, . - U ^ S S b * M r ; : ou tc * 6riof* thio tro?k and to v" '-*rpr protaotiv eq u ip e e d u e ^ 0 ''* - 604 duca,* voncoea in th nece-:,-itv ^ n :r & & *% . * J;^ $ *** --s aut.-.org ore indebted ta r> j?v _ < . , . ; '. o ^ t 'f'-!lsto r, realth'oT d S ^ i - t * ' ' ->*- ii.aac, a s irc p -!^ t h / ^ i " rg ? ' . V....!. :`-<.fhr * -Ou?* -'.* *J-.'j-.,<'*?i`5 )vf