Document OE212OY4koMOOqgQnYzD5bdxv

FILE NAME Kohler KOH DATE 1934 DOC KOH023 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION NSC Transactions ee ae ee we 1934 TRANSACTIONS National Safety 3 Council Incorporated TWENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS Cleveland Ohio October 1 to October 5 1934 The Cleveland Carter and Statler Hotels ore wey id eae ween td . eet me EO mts ae a oe me ey es Publication Plan THE TRANSACTIONS of the Twenty Annual Safety Con- gress National Safety Council 1934 are published in two volumes The first containing the General Sessions the Special Subject Sessions and the Industrial Section Sessions is presented herewith It is supplemented by a smaller volume containing the sessions of the Street and Highway Traffic Section the Child Education Section and Home . Safety Anr Sub The large volume is being sent automatically to the Industrial mem- smaller volume bers of the Council the is sent automatically to mem- bers who are believed to be chiefly interested in those sessions It may also be secured on request other Council members may For the benefit of many members who have found it advantageous to distribute copies of these TRANSACTIONS to supervisors fore- Foe men and others among their personnel who may keep them for contin- ere uous reference the following quantity prices are quoted 1 to 10 All CUT copies of the large volume 1.50 each 11 copies and over 1.25 each ear Oe Copies of the smaller volume .50 each EL THE PLAN OF PUBLICATION is the same as that followed for PO) the last three years It is a condensed record The papers of each wares session or division of the Congress have been assembled edited with care and discernment to eliminate extraneous matter and abbreviate Pen the less essential portions and the concise remainder is presented for ne study and reference Although not complete in the sense that every word is reproduced it is an interesting and valuable record which em phasizes the memorable parts of each paper or address The original manuscripts are on file in the Council Library available for additional reference as desired Although the National Safety Council endeavors to eliminate from discussion at its conventions matters which are not pertinent to its purposes or which are contrary to its policies the Council cannot ac- cept responsibility for the views expressed either in the papers presented or the discussions thereon NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL INC 20 North Wacker Drive Chicago eee 1122009011 0911 331.82 N215 CONTENTS 1934 PAGE Council Officers and Directors 0000. cecc ces cecee eecene PAGE 4 Council Purposes and Policies 00002... ... ccc cece ecec cece cc ceceee. 9 000. ceeeceeccues Members Annual Meeting of eee eeruetee 11 Con- mes ions supteet Come temtem- _ may HOUS Vis ore- >? a ach ys) Annual Banquet 0.0... c cee cece eee n nee cee te cere ae er vee ecto rece. 21 Subject Sessions - Dust in Industry 2... ee ae eee rere ce cs eec tee tieeee . 23 Industry Fire Prevention in seeee ee ees dene e te eeeeeeeseeeareny 31 ceeew eer ens Cutting Fusion Welding and beta bi eteeures 41 Nursing Industrial ...........cccscssevesscuce ee an e e et enn enns 45 Industry n n eee and Its Motor Vehicle Accident Problem bab eeeeees . 51 Maintaining Interest in Safety beeen seen aeneeeees 59 Mechanical Workers Handling eee ees ceme eee New Methods of Materials eee ee ences wee. ................0. sete een ees hee eeee sees, 67 73 Poisonous Fumes and Vapors deveaeee vb eeeeees se eeeee seeee Safety Equipment ..... ede e nena ene nee Safety nthe ee Organization and P In r do us g tr ry am e Safe Use of Chemicals in nwenesneee te ee eees . teen eece t ae et ete nes reese Safe The Use of Electricity in Industry fee e ee Injured Worker beveeeees bce een eee bet ee rer eeeeeesaee neteveesececs Why People Fall e ccc c chev esecccce cee ees . 79 85 93 99 103 113 121 All Ohio Day .... occ ccc ccc ee ee eee ene e tee rea eeecceses --. Safety Conference FERA . . ees ee eaten etececnrene . Industrial Safety Lectures- 127 131 os riot . Selling the Safety Idea beeen teeta eee tee eveeeeee Senn . The Psychology of the Safety Movement in Changing Times Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Section ceeee fe eeneeeves Aeronautical Section ....,..........,., PRO teen eeea .A S. S. Engineering Section Automotive and Machine Shop Section Cement Section ......, bee e .e Chemical Section 200.0. eee ceeeraens bebe eeeen ce eee e eee cncencee . ev eeaeeelecesecnce .. : eee ieee ees eee! beeen ee eeeee eee Construction Section 0.00... feeb eee newt tact eeer ene Delivery Taxicab and Bus Section beet . Food Section ieeeens 20.0... cece, tenes Cede eee ce ne ren eens Marine Section ......0.. 000 .ee eect etter Meat Packing Tanning and Metals Section .....0 2.0... Section Leather Industries Section ese ee se teeteteter etter RQMPPPPeuueiaofbatpnwrlrerieiirorngrclygeerUPuaSStrtmeeieiclcosittStPnsiieiuooeclSnnsS tepicoS tnS ie one e c c c t t t i i i o o o n n n e tees eee eaeeeenss and .............0 cece cece el, Sete etre e eec ceeet eees . .................. seca beeevas weal tense eaes beet ec te teen et enesenes .. vette ee ee eens bee ee verge .. ........,...... bev eeeeees Vee . etna Debts cece ee eet eee e cece caeceene, 1. 0.2... ee ceteeeeeeee ee Rubber Section ARA Dee Safety Section Steam Railroad NSC Textile Section .......... beeeees Cr erence Section ee EE cnet eet e ene c ee vee . eee c cea Transit Section e n cere es vee es Wood Products ........ bee Section ca ee tterr Neet et e ee tee cun es cceen . 135 140 149 153 159 163 177 187 199 209 219 227 245 255 269 289 307 325 337 349 357 365 383 413 419 435 . 445 National Safety Council Incorporated - . HONORARY MEMBERS ASSOCIATION OF IRON AND STEEL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS Robert W. Campbell ARTHUR WILLIAMS OFFICERS 1934-1935 JOHN E. LONG President ROBERT I. CATLIN President for Public Safety D. D. FENNELL President for Public Relations Lew R. PalmER President for Safety Councils ALBERT S. RECUL President for Engineering C. W. SMITH President for Industrial Safety R. T. SOLENSTEN President for Membership Dr. C. H. WATION President for Health W. WHITNEY President for Education FRANKLIN M. Kke Joux E. Loxes The In Thos H. MacDosato F. J. cre Accide I W. MEHREN MILLARd Porta Porta Accide HAROLD L. MINER E. Pn ARTHUR T. Morey P LEW R. PALmer Post C. E. PETTIBONE Fast I C. E. Ralston Wester ~ n^' Albert S. Regula re LT COL H. A. REN See George E. SANFORD ROBERT L. Schmitt is HARRY A. Schultz U CHARLES B. SCOTT Part LESTER D. Seymour A C. W. Smith Standar WALTER DENT SMITH R. T. SOLENSTEN Ft | CLARENCE P. Taylor W. E. WORTH President for Finance and Treasurer C. P. TOLMAN Past Pr W. H. CAMERON Managing Director and Secretary J. A. Voss Metals St GEORGE H. WARFEL US EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE A. L. ArmistrONG Eastman Kodak C. B. AVEL Past President J. I. BAXASH Past President Company 1934-1935 DR C. H. WATSON A W. WHITNEY Nad W. E. WORTH Intern ARTHUR H. YOUNG P. C. W. BERGQUIST Past President F. W. BRAUN Word Products Section W. H. CAMERON National Safety Council ROBERT W. CAMPBELL Past President T. H. CARROW American Railway Association ROBERT L. CATLIN Aetna Casualty & Surety Company J. E. CULLINEY Bethlehem Steel Company LEWIS A. DEBUG Past President MARCUS A. Dow Past President D D. FENNELL Consulting Engineer D. L. FENNELL Mansas City Safety Council CAPT E. W. Fisxz Ju Marine Section R. B. FORTUIs Lehigh Valley Safety Council HARRY GUILDERT The Pullman Company ji MERLE C. HALE Autoniotive & Machine Shop Section G. T. HELLMUTH Chicago North Shore & Milwaukee Railroad C HON HAROLD G. THOMAS P. Kgasms Hoffman Street & Highway Traffic Section Industrial Commission of Ohio WALTER G. Kist Past President FREDERICK Arches 20 WILLIAM F. ARDERK ear A. L. ARMSTRong Ess WILLIAM H. BAKER C J. I. BANASH H. D. BANTA ERNEST W. B Const Paper & ck Uni W. A. C. W. DAVID BENNett Wert Ver BERGQUist S. Bever Liter E. F. BLANK Jones C F. BORKENHAGEN W. BRAUN Wood COL PHIL H. Block | PRESTON D. Canbush W. CAMErox Nub T. CARNEY Chicato _ SE tro, Aniet EB Fyerncat wa TE . chs im ri 35 Slt. NEERS 35 35 ) ~ Officers and Directors FRANKLIN M. KREML Evanston Safety Council Joux E. LONG The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp. THOS H. MACDONALD United States Department of Agriculture ow E. J. MEHREN Portland Cement Association W. MILLARD Accident Prevention Manufacturers Section HAROLD L. MINER E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Inc. ARTHUR T. MOREY Past President LEW R. PALMER Past President C. E. PETTIBONE Past President C. E. RALSTON Western Pennsylvania Safety Council ALBERT S. REGULA Industrial Relations Counselors Inc. LT COL H. A. RENINGER Past President GEORGE E. SANFORD General Eleteric Company ROBERT L. SCH TT Louisville Safety Council HARRY A. SCHUTZ United States Steel Corporation CHARLES E. Scort Past President Lester D. SEVIOUR Aeronautical Section W. SMITH Standard Oil Company Indiana WALTER DENT Sur Delaware Safety Council R. T. SOLENSTEN Elliott Service Company CLARENCE P. TAYLOR Massachusetts Safety Council C. P. TOLMAN Past President J. A. Voss Metals Section GEORGE H. WAFFEL Union Pacific Railroad Company Dr. C. W. W. E. H. Warson American Telephone & Telegraph Company Whitegy National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters Worth International Harvester Company Arthur H. Yoccse Past President ce DIRECTORS 1934-1935 ng, ew APCHER Child Education Section zzan Safety Div Milwaukee Association of Commerce Eastman Kodak Company WH.KER WH.KER Quarry Section Consulting Consulting Engineer Faper & Pulp Section Laughlin Steel ) rp Company amet 8 gc Ey fo (ae iy =n} Bey pax = 8 EC ETT aSayys BA pe Sk 1 ef < a 4 F d ;, a ; / 3 i ; : 4 ; 4 S i 3 q qi: i 6 Twenty Annual Safety Na ionalSafety Safety Connell RocEar 1. CATLIN Aetna Casualty CARL C. CLEMENTS Refrigeration & Surety Section Co. Roscoe D. CONLIN Rahway Safety Council Safety H. HERBERT Consox Safety Dept Nashville Chanther of Cullin Y Ecthlehem Company J. E. Cullin Y Ecthlehem Steel Company EDWARD DANA Boston Elevated Railway E. A. DAVIDSON Consulting Engineer RICHARD H. DAVIS Blackstone Valley Safety Council CHARLES D. Dawson Grand Rapids Safety Council Lewis A. DEBLors Consulting Engineer JAY E. DECKER Mason City Safety Council Commerce -_ a JAMES B. DOUGLAS The Philadelphia Gas Works Company Louis I. DUBLIN Metropolitan Life Insurance Company CHARLES H. EAMES Textile Section D. D. FENNELL Consulting Engineer D. L. FENNELL Kansas City Safety Council DONALD A. FINKBEINER Toledo Safety Council CAPT E. W. FISKE JR Marine Section HOWARD E. FONDA Burroughs Wellcome & Co. R. E FORTUIN Lehigh Valley Safety Council E. N. GOLDSTINE Construction Section U. 5. A.1 Inc. OTHO M. GRAVES The General Crushed Stone Co. HARRY GUILBERT The Pullman Company ISALAH HALE The Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe Railway MERLE C. HALE Automotive & Machine Shop Section MAJOR BOLLING H. HANDY Richmond Safety Council D. T. HARRINGTON United States Bureau of Mines G. T. HELLMUTE Chicagof North Shore & Milwaukee R. CHAS E. HILL New York Central Lines Co. R. Co. HON HAROLD G. HOFFMAN Street & Highway Traffic Section CLAUDE J. HOLDING Albany Safety Council JULIUS W. HORRE Hudson County Safety Council HARRY D. IMMEL Pennsylvania Dept. of Labor & LEX JENSEN Berkeley Trame Safety Safety Commission Industry EDGAR P. KABLE York County Safety Council THOMAS P. KEARNS Industrial Commission of Ohio K. T. KELLER Detroit Industrial Safety Council IRA V. KEPNER Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. E. J. KREH Public Utilities Section FRANKLIN M. Kresti Evanston Safety Council C. L. LaFount^ INEGreat Northern Railway Co. FRANK J. LANAHAN Fort Pitt Malleable Iron Co. Jonn Lavermax Meat Packing Simon LAZARUS Safety Council JOSEPH LILLICH Rochester Safety Tanning & Leather Industrics Columbus Ohio Chamber of Council Section Cominerce Dr. M. LITTLE New York Department of Education G. O. Lockwood Petroleum Section . J. E. LONG The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp. W. R. Lovo Safety Div Dimmingham Chamber of Commerce A. STEADT STEADT H. MacDes T. McARTITUR McARTITUR MILLE MCCLINTOC MCCLINTOC - H. McKenney D. MCWHORTEI 11. T. Martis Fi O. MartiEnm * F. W. MarSON M E. J. MEHREN Por i T. O. MEISNER PC ~ WM G. Metzger Foo W. MILLARD AC Harold L. MINER HENKY J. Mineur Lang nceM. Moo R. B. MORLEY Indu i JOHN A. OARTEL ( * GEORGE C. A. OPP : Lew R. Palmer E- 6 JOHN C. PARKER 1 b DAVID A. PATTON * t C. E. PETTIBONE A ti GEN GEORGE B. Pr F J. B. POWER Seatth & C. E. RALSTON Hi fi ALBERT S. Regula LT COL Henry A. MARINUS RIter Par cae G. E. SANFORD Ge nd HENRY G. Schafen T. A. SCHENDEL F. * ROBERT L. Schmitt + H. V. SCHREIDer T \. HARRY A. SCHULTZ 3 CHARLES B. Scott J : LESTER D. SESHYARTZEMR OUR e EARL S. S. SHARTZER SHARTZESHARTZRER .- RAY RAY H. SHEETs M. - 1. DR L. A. SHOUDY 1. ERNEST L. SIMONDS LEE E. SKEEL Cleve C. W. SMITH Stam WALTER DENT SMITI ; R. T. SOLENSTEN EI C. SPRING Lansd 1 1 GEORGE R. Stephens _ Lucius S. STORRS I Safety Council Officers and Directors Berce Inc. : Section of Commerce a A. E. LUNDSTEADT Delivery Taxicab & Bus Section Thos H. MacDONALD United States Department of Agriculture L. T. MCARTHUR Peoria Safety Council Miller McClintock Harvard University T. H. McKENNEY Illinois Steel Company South Works A. D. McWHORTER Safety Div Memphis Chamber of Commerce H. T. MARTIN Fisk Rubber Company J. O. Martin Employees Publication Section F. W. MATSox Minnesota Safety Council E. J. Mehres Portland Cement Association Hone?" T. O. MEISNER Power Press Section WM G. Metzger Mining Section 1. W. MILLARD Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Section HAROLD L Mixer E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Inc. HENRY J. MINEUR Elizabeth Safety Council es Lawrence M. MOORE Eastbay Safety Council R. B. MORLEY Industrial Accident Prevention Associations JOHN A. CARTEL Carnegie Steel Company gE GEORGE C. A. Opp The Detroit Edison Company LEW R. PALMER Equitable Life Assurance Society pera JOHN C. PARKER Brooklyn Safety Council ED DAVID A. PATTON Newark Safety Council C. E. PETTIBONE American Mutual Liability Insurance Company GEN GEORGE B. PILLSBURY War Department J. B. POWER Seattle Trame & Safety Council SPEDO C. E. RALSTON Western Pennsylvania Safety Council oad ALBERT S. REGULA Industrial Relations Counselors Inc. is LT COL HENRY A. RENINGER Lehigh Portland Cement Company iaial MARINUS RITER Paterson Safety Council Ac cud, G. E. SANTORD General Eleteric Company HENRY G. SCHAFFNER Eric Safety Council at e T. A. SCHENDEL Food Section TT Kubert L. SCHMITT Louisville Safety Council 11. SCHREIBER Transit Section Pt HARBY A. SCHULTZ United States Steel Corporation Chanles B. SCOTT Bureau of Safety Ine LESTER D. SEYMOUR Aeronautical Section EARL S. SHARTZER Utica Safety Council Ray H. Sheets Madison County Safety Council Dr. A. Sorov Bethlehem Steel Company ERNEST L. SIMONDS New Haven SafetySafety Council Jan E. SKEEL Cleveland Safety Council W. Shiri Shiri Standard O Company ( Indiana WALTER WALTER DENT SMITH Delaware Safety Councii SHENSTEN Service Company Sulety Bureau Duffalo Chamber of Commerce Railways & Electric Co. pee wy Pat Twenty denail Safety Congress National Sajen Da F. M. ScLZMAN Troy Safety Council ALFRED H. Sways General Motors Corporation CLARENCE P. TAYL Massachusetts Safety Commeil Commeil ARTHUR M. Toos Consulting Marine Engineer . W. TRENCir Schenectady Safety Council W. D. TURDEVILLE San Antonio Safety Council J. A. Voss Metals Section H. A. WALKER Rubber Section GEORGE H. WARFEL Union Pacific Railroad Company DR CASSIUS H. Watson American Telephone & Telegraph Company HARRY M. WEBBER Minois Bell Telephone Company Albert C. WHITE Ja Springfield Safety Council S. E. WHITING Liberty Mutual Insurance Company W. WHITNEY National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters W. H. WINANS Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. Dr. C.-E. A. Winslow Yale Medical School HARRY WISE SR Chattanooga Safety Council J. M. Woltz Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company W. E. WORTH International Harvester Company E. J. ZauFt Safety Bureau Duluth Chamber of Commerce EARL W. ZIMMERMAN Safety Div Syracuse Chamber of Commerce J. B. Zoo--"Cement Section : ae , Hy 7 2: - EAS Sas wae Council F ; gual titre applies + Inseparable from accident conditions and preventing w Today there are 4.000 men Provinces includes the Canadian includes industrial corporatie of commerce clubs and civic cerns including the big stori the United States the autem our national industrial field The history of the Comme detailed here Suffice to say undier auspices of the Associ waukee in 1912 and as a York the following year with ship increased to 971 The pioneers of American dents were an unnecessary proper remedial measures the theory and to develop the could be prevented The im convinced that accidents are vented tion Striking examples na Since the National Safety death rate in all fields except motor vehicle accident proble slight decline in fatalities ini ini a slight increase and the rise of 1934 that the year will average results in motor in commercial vehicle fleets laws and in cities wtih 2 spots indicate that the nation cation of the methods which The National Safety Che and the best results are 1 ments have been made The rate among employees 73 : largest steel industries have s scores of industrial establishe abling injury among Along with these reducti Employer and employee bath they did some two decadies a Sgt - REcaS m} Bey agi Bike esria yter = Toe rae TWENTY THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Dust in Industry FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION .. " October 5 1934 The session devoted to a discussion of Dust in Industry was called to order by Dr. E. G. Meiter Director Industrial Hygiene Laboratory Employers Mutual Lia : bility Insurance Co. Milwaukee who presided Dr. Mester briefly welcomed the nie delegates and then introduced the first speaker 38 test Types of Dust That Cause Occupational Diseases ts By LEROY U. GARDNER M.D. Director Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis of the Edward L. - Trudeau Foundation Saranac Lake N. Y. ; The speaker said in part Experience has demonstrated that the lung tissues can tolerate very large amounts of most kinds of foreign dust particles without serious interference with function The lung may be intensely pigmented by colored dusts with _. no evidence that respiration is impaired But dusts composed in whole or in part of silica have been shown to be dangerous because they stimulate the growth of the connective tissues of the lungs and bring about the formation of scar tissue This destroys the normal elasticity of the organ which is necessary for respiration and it thickens the delicate membranes so that a free interchange or gasses is impeded Fortunately these results only follow the prolonged inhalation of very large quantities of silica Experiments have demonstrated that the injection of silica into the tissues of * animals kits the cells where the substance lodges and excites an inflammation When healing takes place a very dense and characteristic kind of scar tissue forms Most siliceous dusts produce no inflammation and very little scar It has been shown that such changes do not follow the injection of silica unless the particles are very fine three microns or less in diameter and unless enough of them localize in one area With larger particles the rate of reaction is so slow that little change cellular occurs within a year As a general rule the finer the particles the more rapid the response The reaction to fine silica begins within four or five hours and it continues for a period of years . lica is combined with bases in the form of silicates it rarely produces active and progressive changes The silicate of magnesium asbestos does most main main silicates oue in experimental animals and in the human lung been claimed is response response is her silicates are not generally recognized as irritating Recently it has claimed that a hydrated silicate of aluminum and potassium called sericite response for most of the cases of silicosis This silicate a transformed feldspar assciated assciated with quartz and it has been identified in the lungs of persons suf . 23 2+ Twenty Annual Safety National Safety Council fering from silicosis However at least two types of sericite have failed to excite significant changes when injected into animals Experiments with this substance are still in progress Kaolin an alumino of potash has also produced quite characteristic changes in the lungs of rabbits But our present knowledge does not permit us to assume that silicates as a class will produce serious tissue damage Most observers now believe that uncombined silica or quartz is poisonous to the tissues because it is slowly dissolved in the fluids of the body Certainly the majority of the experimental observations suggest a chemical injury but it is dim cult to understand how enough of such an insoluble substance as quartz could be e we dissolved within eight hours to produce a well marked acute inflammation If solubility were the only factor one should discover more active response after the injection of the more readily soluble silicates but such is not the case For me merly it was held that silica quartz particles were believed produced its effect to abraid the lung mechanically surfaces and The hard sharp excite the forma tion of scar tissue as a manifestation of healing This theory is no longer tenabie oe for when animals are injected with other hard sharp particles like diamond carbo- ~ aenene rundum or aluminum oxide there is no inflammation and practically no formation oe of scar tissue Ultimately it may be shown that the irritation of silica is due to some unrecognized property possibly related to its atomic structure . When quartz particles are inhaled they produce three specific effects which are ia not excited by any other type of dust yet studied They alter we behavior of the pulmonary phagocytes they stimulate the formation of circumscribed nodules of scar tissue and they subsequently' increase the susceptibility of the lung to infection esper cially tuberculous injection phagocytes Phagocytes that ingest too many quartz particles are killed by this irritating substance As the cells die they liberate their burden and several new come out to take it up again By a repetition of this process enough phagocytes accumulate so that many of them ingest only a few particles Under such circumstances the stimulus is not strong enough to kill but merely accelerates the motility of the cells They naturally tend to leave the air spaces enter tthe he lymphatic vessels and accumulate in the lymph nodes This process becomes more rapid under the influence of the irritating silica and very considerable numbers of particies are consequently localized in the nodes After six or eight years the quartz in the nodes has caused caused a marked overgrowth of the fibrous elements in these structures Ultimately the reaction develops to such an extent that the node is entirely replaced by a mass of coarse glassy scar tissue fibres often several times as large as the original node Such nodules encroach upon and compress the lymphatic vessels The drainage system is choked and effective removal of subsequently inhaled dust is gradually Dust now accumulates around the lymph vessels and sheets of in this location These preliminary changes do not constitute the disease only the lymphatic system The respiratory tissues are not In good stero ray fims these preliminary changes may be visualized siliosis they involveinvolve Peay ening and beading of the shadows cast by the blood vessels water ene ing of the shadow of the root of the lung The blood vessels are the most important lymphatic vessels course through their walls The due to the minute nodules of silicotic scar tissue in the lym beading is nodes within the lung The root shadow is widened because of the silicotic reaction reaction the lymph nodes in this location If still more dust is inhaled it can no longer be effectively the lymph vessels The phagocytes now carry it into the walls Oiten the cells group themselves in nodules but sometimes they these locations the silica again stimulates the formation of scar is a general thickening of the septa between the spaces and the functional of the lung This change seriously interferes as interchange and the tissues love gas cannot take place through the thickened their normal elasticity Lers involved walls stretch patible with producing the condition known as emphysema efective respiration With the formation formation carried on through of the air spaces are scattered f lulation througin function interferes with of the air dilate and Pust in Industry 25 disease silicosis is said to begin On the ray film such modules cast clear cut round shadows As they increase number and size mey biot out the accentuated linear shadows of the blood vessels formerly In a well marked case both lung delis may be thickly sceded with hundreds of such sharply defined rountied nodular asnhdadtohwes filWmhaeprpeeartsherbelaicsk emphysema oitent at the bases no markings are visible - amount The condition of silicosis is a progressive one and as a man has left his dusty occupation continues to develop after Serious results only foiluw however ene leaves with many nodules in the lung tissue itself they replace when he As such nodules increase in size important functional elements Obviously the continued growth ot only a few nodules situated in the lymphatic system could have little effect other oe than to increase the obstruction already present The serious part of silicusis is its frequent complication by tuberculosis This may arise from reactivation of a existant latent infection or it result from a new iniection from without may The danger of infection increases with the of silicosis present The course of the infection in the silicotic is and it often fails to produce characteristic symptoms for months usually chronic onset Many times it is accidentally discovered in routine or years after its ray examination groups of active workmen However evidences of disability are much at isnionsiallilcyotitcubienrdciuvliodsuiasls with infection than in those with uncomplicated dim seoarsee maOrckcead also true in other may run a very acute course in the silicotic subject but this is tuberculosis is persons The cause of the susceptibility of the silicotic lung to silica on the not perfectly tissues understood but it would seem that the action of the The tubercle bacilli creates a medium favorable for the growth of the bacteria the usual clinical multiply and a slowly progressive tissue reaction ensues but symptoms of tuberculosis are often held in abeyance for a long mtiimzeedbebcyausthee thoeliscthraunccteeds for absorption of poisonous products of infection are mini- lymphatic system poisons may be absorbed It is also possible that some of these on the silica particles as Cummins has suggested Chi- mately culosis the infection gains the upper hand symptoms develop and death from tuber- ensues : in The only other type of dust which is pulmonary injury is asbestos a silicate generally of recognized as a cause of severe in character and is magnesium This substance is fibrous upper respiratory more readily soluble than quartz Apparently the protective mechanisms seem inadequate to prevent the inhalation of many such fibres These and even quite long ones may penetrate into the finer bronchial tubes dusts structures have irregularities in their walls which In this location seem to hold the fibrous cytes The cells do the asbestos particles are surrounded and ingested by phagonot seem to he particularly irritated for they are not espe gytescially dneuamlienrgouwsitn hor do they migrate rapidly into clumps as in the case of phago- fragments directly quartz Apparently into the walls most of them carry their burden of asbestos of the tubes in which they c The mildly mildly irri- lating dust sets up a proliferation of the connective tissue colis ing in collar in the walls result- thickening of the tubes Contraction of the new connective tissue narrows or closes the tube and thereby shuts off the ingress of air to the peripheral air spaces These spaces then collapse a condition known more This in itself is a cause of fibrosis or scarring of lung tissue as atelectasis The result is of numerous relatively small areas in the lung due to the a ^-brosis fibrosis about many small terminal bronchial tubes play little part in disposing of asbestos dust and collar constricting The lymuhatic system seems to dust are found in the lymph nodes very insignificant amounts of this Not a few cases of asbestosis die of tuberculosis or prevalence of the former infection is probably much Surveys of large groups of asbestos workers fail bronchopneumonia but the less common than in silicosis tuberculosis as found in similar studies to reveal such a high incidence of silica The inhalation of unusual on workers duce significant amounts alterations of siliceous dusts apparently apparently fails to pro- the lung may ultimately he discovered but It is of course possible that injurious ones particles enter the lung and are inngoesnteed are recognized today The siliceous The cells are not stimulated to move by phagocytes as in the case ni quartz them remain within the air for very rapidly and as a consequence many of spaces a long time Some particularly those con- oe ee yy, AR - iO NE (en lade 19 | ee . marty e sone s 0012 000012 0012 0012 0012 000012 26 Twenty Annual Safety National Safety Council taining relatively few particles make their way into the lymphatic system and act- mulate in the lymph nodes In sufficient concentration or perhaps because they are inixed with small amounts of silica they set up a low grade progressive critic inflammation But this reaction results only in a little thickening in the lym nodes and about the lymphatic vessels The lung tissue may be variously pigmcted black from coal or red from iron but there is no formation of scar tissue that inter feres with function The susceptibility to tuberculosis of the person with such pigmentation is not increased but it is apparently quite definite that pneumonia unduly prevalent in coal miners and that chronic bronchitis results from the inhala tion of cement The ray films of men working in siliceous dusts shows ether nothing at all or a more or less marked accentuation of the linear shadows cast by the blood vessels This of course is due to the chronic inflammatory changes abom the lymphatic trunks in walls of blood vessels clearly The effects of mixtures of free silica and siliceous materials are less defined and should receive more serious attention It would seem unwise to assume as has been done in the past that the siliceous substances serve only as inert diluents and that only the quartz component of a dust is of significance Expert mental and clinical data are accumulating which suggest that at least some obe dusts may materially modify the action of quartz both in its capacity to produce nodular fibrosis in the lungs and to increase the susceptibility to tuberculosis For example animals inhaling heavy concentrations of a mixture of equal parts of pe silica and hematite dust for eight hours a day over a period of 14 months have shown not even the slightest indication of nodule formation in the lung whe pure quartz dust inhaled for only two hours a day produces definite nodulation 15 also seems to be true that animals inhaling such a mixture are much less suscept 10 tuberculosis than those exposed to pure quartz In the case of the human trie miner some lungs show definite silicotic nodulation others only a very few nodals and many no nodules at all All exhibit heavy deposits of iron particles with cellular connective tissue reaction When these findings can be correlated with chemical analysis of the lung tissues and the approximate amount of rock work work which these miners have performed some relationship between the exposure 25 may silica and the fibrous nodule formation be established Tuberculosis in these iron miners is apparently less prevalent and much less severe than in men expossi expossi to pure silica What has been said of iron miners is also probably true of four four workers and coal miners It is generally accepted that men in the latter occupation have less tuberculosis than the average for the age period Cummins believes they have the injection but that it is so atypical and benign in its manifesta that it escapes diagnosis Mention should also be made of mixed dusts like certain slates and granite containing large amounts of free silica in combination with silicates Experimentale these substances behave atypically and do not produce nodular fibrosis unless there is complicating infection The same may also be true in human beings Unques tionably such dusts are capable of producing typical silicotic nodules and they are dispose to tuberculosis From a theoretical standpoint they should receive m more intensive study to clarify our views on the whole subject At the present it appears that the action of their quartz component is modified and partially nex tralized by the other substances which they contain Luideo: a i 7 = 4 Using Exhaust Systems and Respiratory Equipment To Protect Workers Exposed to Dust By STUART W. GURNEY and DAVID S. BEYER ~ Liberty Mutual Insurance Company Boston , in their labor emorced these laws years but ve states which vies should be state has asas we investigate investigate exhausted althoug - amare. Dust in Industry 27 _ ve bate Oe tanzga ka eur, Mewse te ot ' This seems advised Winslow and Greenburg since a study of wet and dry grinding in Connecticut means eliminate Greendbuursgt hhaaszasrhdown that the applicationapplication of water dues not by anbyy It may be remarked that with give a higher velocity at the everything point of else equal a high static suction will One but this alone is origin of the dust iume or gas than a low Wisconsin has not a adopted the measure of the effectiveness of any exhaust system particles of respirable size principle of specifying per cubic foot a limit to the number of dust primarily interested in to keep the dust of air After all this is what we are will not be harmful contamination down to a point where it These variations and conflicting provisions in . . eral lack of authoritative standards It state codes merely reflect the gen are now being taken by the American accordingly Standards fortunate that definite steps basis for such codes There are Association to develop Ventilation Ventilation Code Committee Committee American two committees American working on thisthis problem the sponsored by the Society Society of Heating & Ven nnaitaitoinnagl EAnsgsiocnieaetrison aonfd ItnhdeustErixahlaust Code Committee sponsored by the Inter- arranged to appoint Accident Boards and Commissions It is also committees deaning chromium plating to take up five specific subjects Abrasive granite cutting rock drilling and spray coating If addition a Committee on Fundamental Maintenance of Exitaust Systems will Principles of Design and Operation and be appointed The two most important considerations in an effective 1. Velocity of air how 2. Arrangement of the inlets from exhaust the : system are ress to the dust source shape etc. standpoint of near- installation fullMy amneyrelayn because thetrheatis isnoottheenrowuigseh aalilr rbiegihtngfadirlsawnto remove F. Hatch that were Department of conducted Industrial under actual working conditions by Theodore a machine used in dressing stone Hygiene Harvard School of Public Health fow through the hood of 230 was employed cubic feet and it was noted that with an air million dust particles in the per minute there were one hundred surrounding air a little over 250 cubic feet per minute When the air flow was increased to million a marked improvement As the dust concentration the air had dropped dropped to forty dust concentration was relatively flow slower and it was further increased the drop feet per minute to bring the dust concentration took down a volume of about 380 cubic per cubic foot which was considered to ten or fifteen million particles It is accordingly accordingly reasonably safe for this typetype of dustdust factory and if possible sometimes to take an installation that is not satisthe remainder of the system is well designed up the blower or adding a larger one to bring about the by desired merely speeding Another very as close as possible results ipossimble potrotatnhte csoonusricdeeraotfiotnheis dutostget tThhee inlets of the exhaust system further away from the inlet is really surprising to one drop who in efficiency as we gel ciples involved It should be remembered that if has not studied the prin haust pipe or air duct in operation the air we have the tends open end of an ex- from behind the opening As we move away from tthoe How in from all sides even drops very rapidly so that even at a distance of end of the pipe the velocity five velocity may be less than 10 per cent of that right at inches the from the hood the most important consideration to keep in mind and hood inlet This is the of inches in designing exhaust systems It is one which is frequently lost sight inches in diameter with which the exhaust see not uncommon to to making an inlet a few dust from a distance of several person feet making the installation hoped to draw the entrance to the flow but the air inlet may be negligible even a foot or two away from Still another is the addition important important consideration having to do with the the design of the inlet would flow in fram flange ^ behind behind The effect opening of this flange iiss to cut down the air that Thus the efficiency fram of the the opening thus drawing drawing it nearly all system is substantially increased and the from the front scope of the ahdadusitngextotetnhdeed appreciably without increasing the power consumption or ex- expense expense of keeping considerations the system otherwise air There are other considerations of perhaps lesser air cannot be " the point in question led from a distance by merely importance directing an For example question but it can be rushed or blown exhaust exhaust pipe toward directionally for a consider 000011 000011 000011 000011 28 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council the dust able distance This principle may be used advantageously in directing toward the opening of the exhaust inlet and thus getting the desired results with a lower exhaus velocity and power consumption than would be required if suction alone were depended upon This principle has been applied effectively in drilling material containing asbestos where the exhaust inlet is placed at one side of the of drill and a small air jet at the opposite side the drill blowing across turns the particles that would fly out from this side and directs them the exhaust system It is also being applied foundry shake work the table back into : Other considerations in designing exhaust systems include the elimination oi unnecessary bends or curves the provision of clean doors and the proper construction of joints Where there is a general ventilating installation and one or more exhaust systems care must be taken to see that they do not conflict with each other After an exhaust system has dust counts to see that the dust such counts should be taken at been installed it should be tested by taking acrual is really being cut down to the desired point and intervals after the installation has been made to see that it is still functioning properly they The fact that the dust particles that cause the trouble are so small that are invisible under ordinary conditions less than 10 microns or 2500th of an inch in diameter often makes it hard to convince the practical plant manager that there is any dust present it also makes it impossible to tell without the use of spe- cial instruments whether the completed exhaust system is actually removing the dust L It might seem like an insult to one's intelligence to say that after an exhaust system has once been installed it should be maintained in good operating condition However the numerous cases one encounters in the plants where this obvious sity is not carried out indicates that it is really one of the major considerations connection with the elimination of dust or funies Cases are not unknown where the blower has in some manner become reversed so that the air is being ejected and diffusing the dust rather than drawing it in other instances where the em ciency of the system has been lowered or its value nullified by clogging up disconnection or wearing out of the piping etc. are all too common One concern of which the writers have knowledge has a U installed in one of its main exhaust systems so that the foreman er safety tell at a glance whether there are any changes that would indicate a break the system A such installations should have regular inspections by some compe tent person as a routine part of their upkeep It will be sumcient here to discuss respiratory equipment very briefly The simplest form for this equipment is the filter respirator Such respirators > respirators | definite value temporary use such as sweeping up cleaning set materials etc but they require careful fitting and constant supervision to they are being properly used . yeas It is our opinion after watching the sincere efforts in a munifer enforce the use of these respirators that it is rather impracticable plants of plants plantsplants toto to be used on time operation One notices the men under air etna surreptitiously pushing the respirator aside and gasping in free et of water Certainly if they are to be used any considerable length trae quent rest periods should be allowed where the men can get out 4 for a few minutes refreshment also the large fed helmets with which most of sandblasting etc which have been carried to a high for the purposes to which they are adapted We believe However much more use could be made advantageously type of apparates heimet namely that lies the light midway between the filter respirator ied respirator which covers the nose leaves the rest of the face exposec With a light hose attachment attachment offers considerable freedom of movement and if air outlets were hose could be quickly transferred from one outlet to another it practicable or pure air sumph impo a considerable area They afford excessive weight and without the restrict Alter respirator Dust in industry 29 geott +s 4 4 4 5 eve? sy se! S hg The Medical Supervision of Workers Exposed to Dust By W. J. McCONNELL M.D. Agastant Medical Director Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. New York City The speaker said in part The harmfulness of dusts varies widely in accord- ance with the physical and chemical natures of each individual substance Certain Jums are soluble or slightly soluble in the body fluids and their harmful effects are proportional to the toxicity of the compounds formed Lead mercury and arsenic are examples of poisonous dust Other dusts exert their harmful effects locally ene ene skin and mucous membranes and through irritation to the respiratory passages Car acid and alkalies are examples Attention recently has been called to the pruiably harmful effect of dusts arising from active ores A fourth group dists dists which are insoluble or very dificultly soluble in the body fluids initiate harmful pathological lung conditions may These may be subdivided into fibrosis and abrosis producing dusts The organic dusts mainly the vegetable fibers such as autton jute hemp etc. are fibrosis producing dusts The fibrosis producing duses are limited so far as we have evidence to a few of the inorganic mineral dus sucit as free silica crystalline silicon quartz and certain combined silicates Of e fibrosis producing dusts those having a high percentage of free silica admittedly the most important because exposure over a period of years to are such dess distinctly predisposes the individual to tuberculosis The effectiveness of dust control measures in preventing diseases produced by duss can be determined only by careful physical examination of the workers so exposed under the guidance of competent medical supervision The benefits which accree to the employer and employee alike as a result of the physical examination ci 2] applicants for employment as well as periodical examination of those engaged would indicate very careful consideration by industry of a already for carol of sickness Such a procedure protects the employer from program app^/^/antalready physically or mentally impaired who later engaging an claim for a condition either not associated with employment or may contracted disability nos employment The applicant's physical and mental during a pre- condition is and by keeping record of his subsequent illnesses and accidents the established spasibility for injuries and sickness need never arise question of re- The applicant is protected @ adapted which if from enzaging in work for which he is physically undertaken might easily bring about serious impairment of hwiasrkheianltah cerFtoairn example an applicant with an arrested tuberculosis who seeks convert dusty occupation if allowed to engage in such work might readily an at least inactive Tuberculosis into an active one thereby endangering life or seriously Mereas the impairing the applicant's future efficiency and earning capacity same applicant if assigned to a position that involves no such ex- postre might be expected to continue for years as a useful and productive work- oa The examination of applicants for employment likewise are already employed from the risks of communicable diseases protects such those that ab ndyvanreiw ousapapcluitceanrtespiratory and other infections being introduced inatso ttuhbeeirrcumliodssits Many of the younger individuals who seek employment have never before ceived a thorough physical examination and consequently are unaware of the re- de- fe from which they suffer As a result of physical examinations are located which may be removed or corrected before they have many caused defects damage thereby increasing the efficiency of the worker and often irreparable and finally chronic diseases Furthermore incipient tuberculosis ses of the heart kidneys and referred host of other diseases of averting definite unsuspected dis- discovered and the applicant referred for proper medical care aansdimitlraeratmneantturewhiacrhe otherwise might have been postponed postponed til too late the Of even more importance the periodic examination and than care the initial physical examination of of id employees by an industry applicants is Such a pro- sccreepatisoenravles to check the efficiency of preventive measures designed to prevent discases It offers the most effective way of controlling the health of FAR Yee 30 Twenty Annual Safety National Safety Council large groups of workers by discovering early not only occupational diseases many other conditions that go undiscovered until the worker is acutely ill cr comes disabled If the various contagious conditions go unrecognized others come infected thereby causing serious economic loss as well as endangering health of a group of individuals Seq tex t the The information obtained from physical examinations affords the medical super- visor the opportunity to make certain that employees are engaged in suitable work out of which they are getting maximum results to correct the effects of undue at- posure to harmiul environmental conditions and generally to lessen all occupa tional hazards As a public health measure impossible to estimate e value of periodic examinations in establishing interest in sickness prevention The set of a proper program for medical control of workers exposed to ~ az depends upon the number of employees involved and individual plant conditions A series of articles under the title of The Medical Department Manual by Dr. Hart E. Fisher appearing in current numbers of Industrial Medicine gives a c prehensive account of the organization and operation of a medical department 1. The establishment of a medical department with adequate facilities and med ical personnel who have qualified in the field of industrial medicine A process analysis of all querations in the plant should be made and the medical supervisor should list all possible health hazards and familiarize himself with their physic- logical effects If necessary he should conduct research studies to determine harmful effects of new substances introduced into plant processes about which !: measures is known In cooperation with other departments he should investigate the exte of the hazards and devise of control : 2. The routine examination of all applicants for employment The proced should include a detailed history of the applicant's previous illnesses and accide classified under a diseases of childhood b general infectious diseases 1: respiratory diseases d venereal discases and e accidents and resulting physic defects A detailed history of previous occupations engaged in is very imports A mere statement of the type of industry in which the applicant was engaged =ae slight value if any The exact duties performed in each occupation should noted and information ascertained as to the probable length of exposure to hamri- ous substances After the history has been taken and a photograph for identi tion purposes if part of routine is made the applicant should be directed to be examining room where he is instructed to remove his clothing for physical eramination This examination should be marie as complete as is considered necessa to determine the applicant's physical condition If the applicant has been or will be exposed to dusts which induce lung Es- eases an ray picture of the chest is an important part of the examination This part of the examination may be referred to an experienced roentgenelo~is the value of this method of diagnosis depends upon the type ni pictures taken i+ the experience of the reader who interprets them The examining physician a may need additional information obtained by inboratory analyses of the | contum and the urine These aids to diagnosis should be provided or made able when desirable 3. The rating and placement of applicants In cooperation department the applicant should he rated and placed not only past experiences but also on his physical and mental abilities to ring from time to time The record of his physical and mental be the confidential property of the medical department with the person on his training and fill vacancies oc examination shrek 4. Periodical physical examinations The frequency of periodical examinations should necessarily must defend upon individual circumstances according to the need such examinations as determined he the supervising physician Where r examinations are male male for the first time the employees of long standing should given ampie explanation of the benefits of such examinations and he given as ances that their jobs are secure : 5. Provision for the disabled Employees course of employment sheuil he assigned with or aggravate the disability or they sinaid Employees who develop disabilities during occupations which will not imterize sinaid he provided for in other ways ADJOUPIIM^ NT 86 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council the manufacturer It is not dat the code must be permitted hazard enough to say in specify the actual a code that certain hazards must type of safety device to eliminate . the Specifications for safety devices should be set up by competent and experienced engineers or safety directors pozz^"s it is These specifications should be largely uniform so as tensile possible There is no reason why one state should require 5,000 pozz^"s strength pounds tensile in a window cleaning device and another state should require 60.000 strength If 55,000 pounds tensile strength is safe for a man's he in one state it should be safe for a man's life all states Manufacturers of safety equipment should see to it that the states adopt a uniform standard in safety en ment * ecmopmlpholayirbeeiesetss/-eamMtaleetegieetnn,n 432,000 Safety devices in the shop have an almost incalculable visual value to The very sight of guards brings to their minds the thought of the employer's employees ing and willingness to prevent accidents wherever possible The eniployee see any proof of money spent by his employer when it is expended cazut oral safety directions meetings of committees or engineers but there merely for is a visite presence of the employer's interest shown in every safeguard used in a shop Again there is an added gain in the mental reaction of the employee in a guarded shop To illustrate we are prone to be careless in our personal if we work or frequent a carelessly kept workroom or office We do not min~ throwing a cigaret butt or a paper on the floor of a dirty room or office but we hesitate twice before doing on a floor of a scrupulously clean and kept rOKT I believe that in a well guarded shop the moral and mental stimulant to become a safe worker is greatly accentuated due to guarding and that we can in , workers to react by conducting themselves as safe workmen expect There are plenty of instances where proof can be obtained as to the valse - $ safety devices in accident prevention A short time ago a project was within our own state in the nature of road building lasting only a few weeks and yet during that time thirty pairs of goggles worn by the workmen were broken | Had these goggles not been worn there is no question but that thirty persis would have had eye injuries resulting probably in the loss of eyes to some of the ab At the Greater New York Safety Congress held last winter statistics were the en lated to the effect that the loss of an eye entailed a monetary loss of approximate 12.000 In the instance I speak of the wearing of thirty pairs of goggies approximate sured a possible money saving of some In the olden days the operator of a mill expected accidents just as surely as = fs expected breakdowns in his machinery The situation is different now however fr an accident in a mill means an investigation as to its cause a r^>gid inquiry charce er somebody's carelessness and in most cases a punishment for the man in charce = en the operation because of the accident All we need to do to size up the value = safety devices is to imagine what industry would be like today if all our stig devices and safesafe practices were abolished and manufacturing plants returned stig stig to - former careless state of years ago Ada Protecting the Feet and Legs Hands and Arms Face and Head of Industrial Workers tee By H. BIXLER Industrial Relations and Employment Department Union Carbide Company Company New York City hort speaker said in part In a recent publication of the Industrial Commissi.c ble under the heading The Destructive Big Six I find the following ae analysis of occupations injuries in Ohio in 1933 shows that a large the total of all mishaps in industry are directly traceable to six principa The ah causes The most prolific source of injuries to industrial workers is that of objects ThThiis s is 26 per cent of the total injury claims for cause charged with six causes for the year 1933. Next in accidenta 5. machinery OTe ee ----- hey Safety Equipment Hand tools next 12 per cent Falls of persons while fourth in order of ency with 14 per . lead in severity Stepping upon or striking against ps are fith with rece this is not cent and the operation of industrial motor vehicles related to our subject is sixth with 8 per cent In sum- over up the 1933 totals i:: these six causes it is found that they were accountable doe over 73 per cent of all injury claims filed for over 44 per cent of all fatalities ke approximately 80 per cent of all permanent disability cases and were charged a time less of over 3 per cent of the total for all causes special One of the major considerations in the design of protective clothing for is use in addition to the mechanical features of such clothing and equipment that of me materials with which they are made A specialist in the design of saiety : amarel offers the following comments apsafety manufacture Primarily three types of material are used in the of safety ap- sari, These are leather asbestos and fireproof duck Duck of this kind should ! SE an(. Thediy be called flame Flame duck when exposed to flame or fire oxiation at high temperatures will not ignite There will however be a process of oxiation which will everally consume the cotton in the duck Fireproof duck is three the cheaper of the substances ordinarily used and is suitable where the the Haard encountered does not require impervious protection Asbestos second marial is also commonly used in the manufacture of protective clothing Many + people think that asbestos is a heat insulator while actually it is a heat conductor .. estos can be compared in this relation to any other mineral and while it will not ~ coniect heat as readily as metal it certainly will conduct some heat Such equip- meme therefore should have some heat insulation as for example a cotton lining fireproof commonly az asbestos glove Asbestos of course is absolutely The third material commonly used in the manufacture of protective clothing is leather which for most or stity apparel is horsehife or cowhide Leather can be either grain split er The grain leather is comparable to the tough outer layer of skin while the split leather can be compared to the bottom layer of skin In tanning leather of ir 3s necessary to use of While there must be a certain amount of oil in the Temer the buyer of pretentive pretentive apparel must be careful that there is not too much o im it since such leather when used near hot operations deteriorates rapidly In the estimation of this specialist leather is the best article for round wear and hard usage He believes for example that a leather legging should out- wear at least three frepesof duck leggings and from two and a half to three - asbestos leggings This same comparison applies to leather gloves He recommends '.) purpose leather for all general purposes except those where its weight will defeat its purpose by tiring the mer or making him too hot while working Many types of special designed protective clothing are made of rubber or of a composition of some other material with rubber Such equipment is usually de- in signed for protection innection with operations involving hazards because of 1 as fumes and vapors work in wet areas and those operations involving the J ding of liquids Special rubber protective clothing and equipment has been sized for cicctrical Hazards and include rubber gloves boots overshoes sleeves cas hats and line covering material such as blankets line hose insulator hoods and protectors . Feit is used in some pes of protective clothing as a protection against heat where the use of clothing made from fireproof duck asbestos or leather is not de- sirable One industrial concern having electric furnace operations uses paper- m= pressed feit to make trotective jackets and trousers for its furnace operators tease of its protective stures comfort of the wearer and relatively low cost The material is pure wo felt and offers good protection from radiated heat on act of its low conductivity while it will burn it will do so very y and without flame Referring to the first , me the physical details say that protective clothing dede shoes toe guards operations In protecting tes finger cots arm protectors addition for complete two sections of our subject without attempting to go material requirements and mechanical design let us for the feet and legs of industrial workers would in- ats leggings knee pads thigh guards and aprons for protecting the hands and arms safety gloves hand pads mitprotectors sleeves jackets and the like are commonly used body protection are found protective suits consisting of 88 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council Be a jackets and pants or complete jumper suits Protective ointments are also used for the skin in operations involving acids fumes and vapors industrial The third division of our subject for protecting the face and head of industrial workers one which is receiving increasing attention because of the hazards in- volving the eyes and respiratory organs While eye protection has long been a part of industrial accident prevention work the necessity for the use of goggles is not fully recognized since we learn from the National Safety Council that there were 300.000 industrial injuries to the eyes in the United States last year each re- . 7 FE sulting in at least one day of disability Of this number 70,000 were compensable cases which means seven days or more of lost time for which the average cost was 375 and 125 additional for medical cost In 2,000 cases there was com- plete loss of vision in one eye while 75 persons lost the vision of both eyes The total estimated loss of 3,600.000 days per year from work was attended with a total cost in time lost compensation and medical bills of approximately fity millions of dollars : . Perhaps the most authoritative source of valuable information for safety engi- Te neers at this time concerning the protection of face and head of industrial workers is the head and eye safety code which is now being revised under the supervision of the American Standards Association The title of this code is being changed to the American Standard Safety Code for Protection to Heads Eyes and Respira- * tory Organs A study of the code's revisions even in its present tentative form will be of great value in the individual's consideration of our subject and in iti final form when published will be of inestimable value Of special interest are the following requirements for respirators and gas masks as proposed in the revised code Requirements for Respirators and Gas Masks The respirator gas mask with mechanical filter or hose mask is permissible The respirator shall be so designed and constructed that when it is worn in its proper position it will permit only air which has passed through the filter to enter the mouth or nostrils of the wearer The material used for the body of the respirator shall be such as to combine mechanical strength and lightness of weight The respirator shall be comfortable to wear and shall not impede free action by the wearer The facial contact edge of the respirator body shall not irritate the skin of the wearer and shall not allow leakage of unfiltered air If . -rubber is used the rubber compound shall be free from lead and mineral sulphates If used in work requiring goggles the respirator when in place on the wearer shall permit the use of various types of goggles without impairing the effectiveness of either the goggles or the respirator or the goggles may be permanently attached to the respirator An automatic exhalation valve is optional The gas mask is permissible for limited exposure For higher concentrations and for longer exposures to any gas a hose mask or a hood with positive air supply may be used The hose mask shall be of such design and construction protect the respiratory organs of the wearer from toxic gas and tight fit when in its proper position on the wearer . as to completely dust and make a Fa Canister_type_gas Canister_type_gas Canister_type_gas masks shall be of such design and construction as to protect er the eyes and respiratory organs of the wearer from acid and organic vapori am- @ - : Ere Gas insurea when monia carbon monoxide dust smokes and mists either singly or in combination Sa En where the oxygen content of the surrounding atmosphere is not less than 16 per . cent In places where only irritant gases such as carbon monoxide are preselil the eyes need not be covered fit Gas masks shall be of such such design as to er tight tight fit in in proper position on the wearer Cartridge masks shall meet all requirements aes requiremnts and body for the canister canister type except as so canister connecting tube and body harness ge Among the devices designed Se dusts by far the most impretant positive pressure respirator In particularly dusty operations such as sandblasting grinding where particles ers injure the face the helmet tpe of respirator semne a may may te Safety Equipmen 9 ew isworn it is essential that the apparatus i: provided with an adequate air drawn from a pure dust source authorities recommend as ix cubic feet per minute while others are the opinion that respirators ted on modern principles are efficient when used with but one or two : of air per minute The source of air supply is equially important The is frequently made of taking the air directldyirectly from a compressed air line particles providing the air intake to compressors te dust Sometimes the air of the a filter capable of removing compressed air line is wet and there may be a possibility of carbon monoxide poisoning due to oil being burned in a reciprocating piston compressor The air under these conditions is unsuited for use in the respirator it beconies necessary to install mall rotary compressor blower supplied from a clean source of air This cms method is applicable particularly to plants not equipped with compressed air Lespirators should be selected for their comfort to the wearer and for their ive efficiency The manufacturer should be required to submit a laboratory c of the efficiency of his device for the purpose selected Although respirators shord never be regarded as substitutes for local exhaust ventilation they provide 1 practicable means of protection for workmen engaged in dusty operations carried ecly occasionally or for short periods of time The positive air pressure type of eclyrespurator unfortunately cannot be worn by workers engaged in operations requiring reum to move about unhampered by air hose The only available protection for the worker under these conditions is to wear a respirator with a filtering metim of fibre or tissue Only those types which have been demonstrated to , +. should the necessary filtering medium to give suficient protection against fine s3 should be selected e importance of the use of the positive presure pressure respirator in dusty work itions is illustrated by the results of an analysis conducted by Dr. Leonard of Grburg and Charles Pierce of the Laboratory Hygiene at Yale University subject innection innection with the study of the waeeci of Dust Gases and Fumes of Ventilation and Its Relation to the They found that air drawn from a cabinet mc Samining 61 millions of dust particles per cubic foot retained four and hali mc mc particles per cubic foot when drawn through a respirator respirator two million es were drawn through helmet and respira tenths of one million of tam particles per cubic foot were drawn through helmet with positive air pressure m but tenths of one million were drawn through a respirator and helmet bs positive air pressure This demonstrates conclusively that a respirator alone stations stations in effectiveness when used in heavy lack of satisfaction arises from the fact that the sde by soft rubber which even though the best he wearer is working Where dust exists which concentrations The reason for fit of the respirator to the face available is not air tight when cannot be otherwise controlled protection 12 can be obtained through the use of respirators however if picable a positive pressure helmet system should be installed since it gives st complete protection Accident Safe Protective Equipment as Related to Prevention By R. B. ROAPER Safety Engineer Humble Oil & Refining Company Houston Texas speaker said in part I am convinced tha a combination of education and The , ial y equipment is essential for accident prevent n work The use of protective equipment ra the training of employees prevent accidents . No matter how proficient employees may become in the performance E2 duty they must not lose sight of the fact that certain hazards and conditions e protective equipment . In In order to determine just what equipment must be used it is necessary to study experience in each class of work If it is found that men engaged in certain of work are prone to receive injuries to certain parts of the body even in castre Shame Rae il Safety Council a the vision to avoid exole of human nature and ive to us and we can ds of leaders needed for them TWENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL rata ' Accident Prevention Equipment et Manufacturers Section NeaeAndra} =? tery Officers 1933-34 y- General Chairman W. NUTT Safety Equipment Service Company Cleveland 5 Ohio ne: W. Chairman Millard Industrial Gloves Corporation Danville !. Secretary S. SHULL Safety First Supply Company Pittsburgh Pa .3 Treasurer J. BowKER Mine Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh Pa Executive Committee at Large- E. W. BULLARD E. D. Bullard Company San Francisco Calii FREDERICK WAHLERT Pulimosan Safety Equipment Corporation Brooklyn Charles H. Gallaway American Optical Company Southbridge Mass Y. went meee ore Tere BUSINESS SESSION September 30 1934 fe iy. ze.) oe, one aad Section The turers annual business meeting of the Accident Prevention Equipment Manufac was called to order after a Buell W. Nutt Safety Equipment Service pleasant dinner by General Chairman ports were heard from the General Company Cleveland Chairman and the who presided Re- mittees on activities during the The Chairmen of Standing Com- waas sftohtlheelnnowscalled for and new opfafsitceryseafror the SreectpioornStection ofwetrhee NnoommiinnaatteidnganCodmmeiletctteeed vPililtetsbuCrhagihrmanChairman ; WillWiialmliam St. Brooklyn Irwin W. Millard Secretary Industrial Gloves Corporation Dan- -George Shull President Safety First Supply Co. Brady Bidg WWaahhlleerrtt PuPulmosaln mosan Safety Safety Equipment Corp. 176 Johnson East East Wacker Wacker E. Dickson Drive President Chicago I. Standard Safety Executive Committee Ryan burgh burgh Pres Mine Safety Appliances Co. 201 N. Pa Equipmen 0 Braddock Pitts- R. Davis President Davis Emersonen New York City Hipment C 149 149149 vc sae, in o<i 000022 488,ou Cy 2 ~~ e tat ve, HA 150 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council R. T. Solensten V.Pres Elliott Service Company 242 W. York City B. W. Nutt President Safety Equipment Service Company Ave. NE Cleveland O. 55th 1229 ADJOURNMENT Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Who Made Exhibits at the Twenty Annual Safety and Exposition Statler and Cleveland Hotels Cleveland Ohio October 1-5 1934 Congress American France & Foamite Industries Inc. Elmira Fire protection equipment American Optical Company Southbridge Massachusetts Industrial eye protection service New York Bendix Products Corporation South Bend Indiana Automotive testing equipment Robert A. Bernhard Rochester New York Saf applicator bottles for antiseptics Binney & Smith Company New York City Emulsified carbon black for concrete pavenients Bishinger Manufacturing Company Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Oxygen equipment products Bradley Washfountain Company Milwaukee Wisconsin Group washing equipment Brown Shoe Company St. Louis Missouri Safety Toe Shoes R. H. Buhrke Company Chicago Hinois Safety belts straps buckets and tool guards Bullard E. D. Company San Francisco California Safety equipment for mines and industry Burroughs Wellcome & Company U. S. A. Inc. First aid and medical equipment Godirey L. Cabot Inc Boston Massachusetts Emulsified carbon black for concrete pavements New York City Chicago Eye Shield Company Chicago Illinois Head and eye protection equipment H. Childs & Company Inc. Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Safety footwear Cunningham Aircraft Corporation Rochester New York j Sand blast helmet and suit Davis Emergency Equipment Company Inc New First aid gas masks and safety equipment one enproceen > - I Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Section Eagle Signal Corporation Moline Illinois equipment Traffic signal equipment and industrial timing equipment Elliott Service Company New York City Elimination of waste promotion of efficiency and safety Evans Products Company Detroit Michigan Railroad grade crossing and barrier and traffic signals The Stewart Corporation Cleveland Ohio Soaps disinfectants and cleaners for planned sanitation Davidson Motor Company Milwaukee Wisconsin Special police motorcycles and equipment Hunter Auto Equipment Company Inc. New York City Fleet specialties rubber mirrors stop and lights Hynson Westcott & Dunning Inc. Baltimore Maryland Mercurochrome and Thantis lozenges Ohio Industrial Commission of Ohio Columbus Accident record charts and graphs educational International Shoe Company St. Louis Missouri Safety shoes safety safety literature literature Junkin Safety Appliance Company Louisville Kentucky Saiety guards for punch presses Walter Kidde & Company Inc. New York City Permanently piped fire systems and portable extinguishers extinguishers Lehigh Safety Shoe Company Allentown Pennsylvania Safety shoes and boots Lima Cord Sole & Heel Company Lima Ohio Non soles and heels for wear Liquid Carbonic Corporation Chicago Illinois Fumigant for infestation : contr Macwhyte Company Kenosha Wisconsin Wire rope and braided slings Martindale Electric Company Cleveland Ohio Protective masks safety roadway signals Metropolitan Life Insurance Company New York City Insurance industrial group :: Mine Safety Appliance Company Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Mine and industrial safety equipment National Automatic Safety Signa Company Chicago Illinois Safety flash signal for rear ci trucks National Safety Council Chicago Iunois Divisions Poster Library Research and Education Divisions The Patent Scaffolding Company Chicago Illinois Ladders and scaffolds for industry and construction Portable Lamp & Equipment Company Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Electric mine lamps and safety equipment The Positive Safety Manufacturing Company Cleveland Ohio Power press safety devices Chicago Protectoseal Company Safety cans for washing - storage etc. tank fittings Puimosan Safety Equipment Respiratory protection Coration Coration Brooklyn New York 151 . . . pe : Jot = : wot 152 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Safety Council Pyrene Manufacturing Company Newark New Jersey Hand fire extinguishers and systems Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Company Wooden sole safety footwear Inc. Columbus Nebraska The Safety Clothing Company Cleveland Ohio Safety clothing and equipment The Safety Equipment Service Company Cleveland Ohio Goggles safety clothing and other safety equipment Safety First Shoe Company Holliston Massachusetts Safety shoes Safety Signal Devices Inc. Chicago Illinois Safety light for cars trucks and buses The Service Recorder Company Cleveland Ohio The Servis Recorder for trucks and buses Shepherd Safety Shoe Corporation Chicago Illinois Safety shoes . eNte The Sight Light Corporation New York City Instruments for measuring light in industries etc. A Standard Safety Equipment Company Chicago Illinois ee Dust protective equipment and general safety devices nants Ae Stonehouse Signs Inc Denever Colorado Metal accident prevention signs oe The Surety Rubber Company Carrollton Ohio Rubber safety equipment for linemen and industry Weaver Manufacturing Company Springfield Ill Automotive testing equipment West Disinfecting Company Long Island City New York Disinfectants insecticides and sanitary supplies Willson Products Inc Reading Pennsylvania Eye head and respiratory protective devices Mfg Corporation Brooklyn New York Fire extinguishers and equipment TIMENT Chairman I. Chair York Ci Secretary A Council The Ae the Americ Mr. John * vention Cit The 51 that is ex and a deg sight and learn to fi fact that e pilots who branch of or instru hooded cannot se Proba modern a ines the six weeks trained i > Semi Council I here American carciessly helium indated ship . TWENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL American Society of Safety ~ Engineering Section ' Officers 1933-34 General Chairman E. Wuiting Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Boston Mass Chairman FE. Blank Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp. Pittsburgh Pa Chairman S. RECULA Industrial Relations Counselors Inc New York N. Secretary Dean Keeper National Safety Council Chicago Ill Members at Large CYRIL AINSWORTH American Standards Association New York Y. C. B. Aum Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co East Pittsburgh Pa J. I. Banas~-Consulting Engineer Chicago Ill E. W. Beck United States Rubber Co. New York Y. H. BILER Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. New York N. Metro- politan Chapter C. B. BOULET Wisconsin Public Service Corp. Milwaukee Wis J. E. CULLINEY Bethlehem Steel Co Bethlehem Pa R. E. DoNoVax Standard Oil Company of California San Francisco Calif W. M. Graff National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters New York HARRY GUILBERT Pullman Company Chicago Ill A. P. HUCKESTEIN Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry Pittsburgh Pa Western Pennsylvania Chapter1 R. MCA KEOWN Industrial Commission of Wisconsin Madison Wis G. A. KUECHENMEISTER Dominion Forg&e Stamping Co Limited Walkerville Walkerville Ont Canada M. G. Lloyd United States Eureau of Standards Washington D. John P. McCaxx New England Power Engineering and Service Corp. cester Mass Boston Chapter W. S. FAINE Aetna Life Insurance Co. Hartford Conn G. E. Sanford General Electric Cu Schenectady N. C. W. Smith Standard Oil Co. Ind Chicago !! Wor- 000026 Safety Council is apparent from Uiese or severe or unnatural That the eyes are slow Jusness of the costs of TWENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL that human welfare is sion of the older view gical realm of human 3 human efficiency be- to reduce the costs of red eyesight and bodily nown but the recently activity which affects sms throws new - light as is as well the obvi- goal This means the disorders It means Automotive and Machine Shop | Section + considered the costs -periods hygiene and already added to those developing for a long aspects is now shown len or unobvious As by the social scientist Thus lighting becomes civilization is entering lighting economics no longer be appraised of the employer rather idden costs or savings 1 the world and aded viewpoint of seest of lighting and for of light and lighting tee mmittee the persomnei i E. W. Beck The ounselors Inc New Officers 1933-34 General Chairmon J. McCARTHY Fisher Body Corp. Detroit Mich Chairman A. Callam Detroit Mich Secretary E. SANFORD General Electric Co Schenectady N. Y. News Letter Editor C. WALKER Dodge Brothers Corp. Detroit Mich Engineering Committee Chairman W. JanzER Seaman Body Corp. Milwaukee Health Committee Chairman A. F. LECKLIDER Fisher Body Corp. Detroit Membership Committee Chairman JUELL Hayes Body Corp Grand Rapids Poster Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman A. KROGER Chevrolet Detroit Plants General Motors Corp. Detroit Mich Program Committee Chairman A. CLARK United States Rubber Co. Detroit Publicity Committee Chairman A. Bechill Chrysler Corporation Detroit Statistics Committee Chairman W. BISHOP Lycoming Manufacturing Co Williamsport Pa Members at Large L. E. AVERILL C. H. Dockson Co Detroit Mich HOYT L. FRACHER Detroit Steel Products Co Detroit Mich R. THALNER Buick Motor Co Flint Mich R. A. Straw The Murray Corporation of America Detroit Mich CARL L. STORCK Deico Products Div General Motors Corp. Dayton Ohio rporation Pittsburgh diana Chicago Ill 1380. [ MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION York City urgh Pa October , 1934 gare tford Com ura New York City The opening session of the Automotive and Machine Machine Shop Section was called to order by General Chairman M. J. McCarthy Fisher Body Corporation Detroit presided Chairman McCarthy introduced Mr. Charles H. Hazelton Directing Manager Fonte Co. Cleveland who abril address of welcome on be + / 000007 000007 000007 cmt fe ee ime L ells L ces tetra afety Council its is - its source is not of of safeguarding ma : methods of guarding ponsibility if he fails ven authority to okey ty standards okey p against a state of erential in price for archaser to pay these | TWENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Cement Section sy Officers 1933-34 2 General Chairman B. Zook Great Lakes Portland Cemen Corp. Buffalo N. Y. aed, Chairman W. HAMILTON Alpha Portland Cement Co. Easton Pa Secretary J. R. CURTIS Portland Cement Association Chicago Ill Pheu News Letter Editor DEMPSTER Canada Cement Co. Ltd. Port Colborne Ontario Canada vo Engineering Committee Frederick B. Hunt Nazareth Portland Cement : Co. Nazareth Pa a - Membership Committee Chairman A. Rexinter Lehigh Portland Cement Co. Allentown Pa Poster Committee Chairman P. GREER Marquette Cement Manufacturing Co. Cape Girardeau Mo. Co. Program Committee Chairman D. COLEMAN Missouri Portland Cement Co. , : St. Louis Mo. Members at Large- R. R FORTUIN Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Dixie Cement Corp. Nazareth Pa E. POSSELT International Cement Corp. New York Y. C. E. RALSTON Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Pittsburgh Pa F. E. Tows Manitowoc Portland Cement Co Manitowoc Wis H. VANDERWERP Medusa Portland Cement Co Cleveland Ohio TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 2 1934 The opening session of the Cement Section was called to order by General Chairman J. E. Zook Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp. Buffalo New York who presided Chairman Zook introduced Mr. Edward J. Maguire Vice President and Treasurer Medusa Portland Cement Co Cleveland who made a brief address Today of weicome on behalf of the City of Cleveland The General Chairman then pre- sented under the heading . Our Work and Tomorrow " some brief thoughts on the future activities of the section and followed with brief reports from the chairmen of standing committees He then called for the report of the Nom inating Committee and new officers for the section were nominated and elected as follows TWENTY TWENTY THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS ie NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Mostcrest seing Te . : - merit ade- . . bebeeenn box The : 25 ---- 7: turn oy an bontbhe . s for +. given only . . ients con- | use ~ sub- * the titude oyees : alsdeo- times are arried la Chemical Section : Chemical Section : : Officers 1933-34 . General Chairman Roach Deputy Commissioner of Labor Trenton N. Chairman in Charge of Program L. ARMSTRONG Eastman Kodak J. Co. Rochester Y. Chairman in Charge of Engineering H. MILLER E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co Wilmington Del Secretary O. KEEFER Aluminum Company of America Massena Y. News Letter Editor MOHONEY Aluminum Company of America Massena Y. Occupational Disease Committee Chairman School New Haven Conn LEONARD LEONARD GREENBURG Yale Medical Membership and Publicity Committee Chairman D. KIRKPATRICK Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering New York Y. Statistics Committee Chairman V. KEPNER Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. Menominee Mich Members at Large DR ELIZABETH B. BRICKER Lititz Pa F. E. CLANCY JR Mathieson Alkali Works Inc Niagara Falls Y. F. W. DENNIS Hooker Electrochemical Co Niagara Falls Y. E. F KING Lever BrotherBrotshers Co Cambridge Mass S. F. LARCILAR Thomas A. Edison Industries West Orange N. J. H. L. MINER E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co Wilmington Del E. L. Roor Celluloid Corporation Newark N. J. : C. E. SEVRENS Merrimac Chemical Co. Inc. Boston Mass JOHN JOHN S. Shaw Hercules Powder C. Wilmington Del R. C. Stratton The Travelers Insurance Co Hartford Conn PLUMMER WHEELER Americau Cyanamid Co. Linden X. J. S. E. WHITING Liberty Mutual Insurance Co Boston Mass MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 1 1934 The opening session of the Chemicz Section was called to order by General Chairman : Roach Deputy Commissner Commissner of Labor State of New Jersey Tren- of : ton N. Chairman Roach introduce Dr. W.OR. Head A the Chentical Te veneny pe, os ee: F . ' National Safety Council ks Inc Niagara Falls Y. Co Niagara Falls N. Y. acturing Co. Menamince M ch ridge Mass & Co. Wilmington Dei abor Trenton N. J. . Inc. Boston Mass Vilmington Del Co. Linden X. ) .ce Co. Boston Mass Discussion program was a general Round Table to the Hands and Fee i Workers A. L. Armstrong General Supervisor Tak Company Rochester Y. This and although interesting and of value ENT TIVENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Wie Construction Section | Officers 1933-34 General Chairman RUSSELL JR Newark N. J. United Engineers & Constructors Inc Chairman G. Wheeler Building Trades Employers Association New York Y. . Chairman f^r Engineering Projects R. Masetta Js Thompson Starrett Co. New York N. Chairman for Utility Construction H. Black Stone & Webster Engineer ing Corp. Boston Mass Vice Chairman for U. S. Emnineer Department Elliott VANDEVANTER C. OL E. Office of the Chief of Engineers Washington D. Secretary MCKINLEY General Accident Fire & Life Assurance Corp De- troit Mich News Letter Editor N. GOLDSTINE State Compensation Insurance Fund of Calif San Francisco Calif Engineering Committee Chairman C. FORESTER The L. E. Myers Co Chicago Membership mmittee Chairman Wellises Booth & Flinn Ltd. Pitts- hurgh Pa Poster Committee Chairman N. Doyle James N. Doyiz Adjustment Bureau Doyiz Reg'd Montreal Quebec Can Program Committee Haven Con Renzluti C. W. Blakesice & Sons New Publicity Comelice adelphia , Pa Pa Chairman Thomas W. Watton Henk Statistics Commence ome America America Ine Washington A. Sxow Arneinted Graon Graon W - 100 000 000000 me coy 8, As oe TWENTY THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS sats - NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Marine Section Section Marine Section -. } . Officers 1933-34 General Chairman H. Cocax Railroad Marine Service New York Y. Chairman in Charge of Posters and ping Co New York Y. ROBERF.THand Standard Ship- Chairman in Charge of ARTHUMR . Tope Consulting Marine Engineer New York N. Chairman for the Paci^-e Coast O. WOLL General Petroleum Corp. of Calif Terminal Island Calif . : Sterotary C. Holden Jr. United States P. & I. Agency Inc. New York News Letter Henny Blackstone United States P. & 1. Agency Inc. San Francisco Calif . Engineering Committee Chairman C. Edwards Consulting Engineer New York . Y. Membership Committee Chairman E. STEWARDSON Colombian Steamship ' New York 17 Program Cosomittee Chairman S. HUNTER The Atlantic Refining ... Philadelphia Pt Statistics Committee Stevedoring OC mmittee Chairman C. GREGORY United States Employees Compensation mission Washington D. C. Members at pre- . FRANK AMES Lykes Ripley Steamship Co. New Orleans La W. Es Navy Departinent Safety Engineer Washington D. C. C. F. ELKTON Eric Railroad Co. Jersey City N. L. A. International Signal Co New York, Y. W. CHARLES . Ja Standard Transportation New York Y. PLATHERS Eastern Steamship Lines Inc Ship ing Shipping Federation of the State of Washington Doston Mass Washington Seattle Wash Alabama Dry Dock & Shipbuilding Shipbuilding C Mobile Ala Oil Co. Calif Los Argies Argies Calii Retining Co. New York N. : K. ; Surveyor New York XI N. Water Oil Co. New York : 227 i : 3 of wna: Aneto Sh one ead oe *Cep stand. > itye G 7F n%eg es ewe ne tae oo 228 Third Third Annual Safety Congress SafetySafety Cornell L. Luckenbach Luckenbach Luckenbach American Bureau of Shipping New York York Y. DANIEL J. Musvity Murphy Cook & Co. Philadelphia Pa BYRBOYNRON O. PICKARD Pacific American Steamship Assn San : Francison E. J. Roa sonJa Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Cum News Va Francison Calif Newport J. K. Robisonx Sinclair Navigation Co. New York X. - J. C. Rollers Standard Oil Company of Calif San Francisco Calif H. Seward Yale University New Haven Coms ArthArthur ur R. Savage Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co .. Purt Tampa Fla A. J. Smiti Marine Office of America New York N. Y. J. H. Toms New York State Merchant Marine Academy New York Y. Elliott Vandevanter Capt Office of the Chief of Engineers Munitions Washington C. . Elde Jous Watcht American Export Line New York N. G. D. Zait Associated Oil Co San Francisco Calif TUESDAY MORNING SESSION . October 2 1934 The opening session Chairman of the Marine Section was called to order by General Frank H. Cogan the Delaware Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co. Hoboken N. I who presided of Chairman Cogan introduced Mr. Herbert C. Jack- son the Interiako Steam~-ship Co Cleveland who cordially welcomed the dele- gates in the name of the City of Cleveland Chairman Cogan then presented a brief review and preview of Marine Section activities of during the past year including the work of sectional officers and chair- The chairman then introduced the first speaker . The Economics of Accident Prevention in Handling Marine Cargo By H. W. HEINRICH Asstistant Superintendent Engineering and Inspection Division The Travelers Insurance Co. Hartford Conn 188.000.000 Estimated for The speaker said in part According to data provided by the U. S. Depart- ment of Commerce 342,489 tons of cargo valued at 10.910429.000 were handled for export and import in the United States in 1932. This inci handled un the rivers and lakes as well as at ocean ports cargo The payroll required was payments and for medical and compensation and employers liability claims hospital services amounted to 14,000,000 14,000,000 In addition to times this the indirect costs of accidents in approximately steverwering mately four times as much as the direct costs or 56,000,000 steverwering work is approxi From as follows data accident costs may be expressed in terms of tons and payroll : Total Total est per ton Part of total cost 20c Total ton cost per 100 of ruil 37 per not covered by insurance 1c Part of total cust 100fair per payzr^l payzr^l not covered by insurance 29.60 It is fair compare accident costs with other called overhead in hans dling cars Stevedoring in order erators that true in the Port picture of of its relative importance urk provide the orsts importance may be Sllowing had : Overhead rats 88 labor costs 28 estimates a From the a's vei profiprofit t a an nd d aammoonngg t profit as labor much ahile the A way iswh To the further ance rates which ting higher Fran 12 per cent relation of The relation of known however the Case No. 1. A hatch The boom raised clear vi the smashing the front placed from the the ship a bangsho to the ground The direct injur insurance company Property damaget 300 The total in viously however 1 Case No. 2. O man a hatch tende man to hoist started giving The job was being ing clear of the di he was thrown int and various other the accident partial disability There was NO 5 additional cost rate of 50 tons po and immediately a goods skid to ii the ambulance par got the under way tas 4 next hou work there 60 tons and the was paid by the e It has been p and medical and dent The remain other heads or mechanicnt e are to be proven The mate and therefore be determine Once it has at must be made : te a he sgtamiete neo daha enn ok ve he Some Color atjogans which news through mental Luse the irresistible sing media is it not with all accidents snstcatin deat snhetache n _vawe senther senther senther of of the things things Marine influence the workmen which he has been noticed somewhere make him more he attribute of Tosses which folow the Standard Shiping re in operation * are ever conspicuous ot to see these boards adequately illuminated eat and clean lacking are naturally for speak on. By oards immore the almost 2 " eet ee eee Marine Section Some men's minds of course are more sluggish than others in absorbing ideas of this nature but safety can be visualized and is being visualized every day in almost every shop plant deck ship and quarry in the country It is being old the workmen through the medium of posters as certainly as hy verbal instruc to tion and every other means such as the Safety Instruction Cards obtainable through the National Safety Council It must be borne in mind however that the posters 7 should not be allowed to become common Report of the Nominating Committee At this point Chairman Cogan called for the report of the Nominating Con- mittee and new officers for the Section for the ensuing year were nominated and elected as follows General Chairman W. Fiske Jr. Scony Vacuum Co. Inc. New York X. Y. Chairman tin Charge of Posters and -Robert F. Hand Standard Shipping Co. New York N. Chairman in Charge of ArthuMr . Tode Consulting Marine Engineer New York N. Chairman for the Pacific Coast O. Wull General Petruicum Corp. of Calii Terminal Island Calii Secretary S. Hunter The Atlantic Refining Co. Philadelphia Pa News Letter Editor Blackstone United States P. & 1. Agency Inc. San Francisco Calif Engineering Committee Chairman C. Edwards Consulting Engineer Now York N. Y. : Membership Committee Chairman C. Holden Jr. United State P. & I. Agency New York Y. Program Committee Chairman E. Ames Lykes Ripley Steam- ship Co New Orleans La Statistics Committee Cenjamin H. Self Travelers Insurance Com- . pany New York N. 17 Stevedoring Committee Chairman C. Gregory Wateriront Employers Union San Francisco Calif . Members at Large W. P. Biggs Navy Department Safety Engineer Washington C. F. Blackton Eric Railroad Co. Jersey City N. J. Frank H. Cogan The Delaware Lackawanna and Western D. C. Railroad Co. Hoboken N. J. F. P. Foisie Shipping Federation of the State of Washington Seattle J. M. Griser Alabama Dry Dock & Shipbuilding Co. Mobile Ala Wm Groundwater Union Oil Co. of Calif Los Angeles Calif Henry J. Heidorn Standard Shipping Company New York N. Willard F. Jones Guli Refining Co. New York X. W. P. Kain Marine Surveyor New York N. Wash T. F. Kavanagh Grace Lines Inc. New York N. R. K. Kelly Tide Water Oil Co. New York N. Stewart Lee Jr. New York Shipbuilding Co Camden N. J. J. L. Luckenbach American Bureau of Shipping New York Y. Daniel J. Murphy Murphy Cook & Co. Philadelphia Pa Carl E. Petersen Newport News S. B. & D. D. Company Newport News Byron O. Pickard Pacific American Steamship Assn San Francisco W. Procm Black Diamond Lines New York N. . J. K. Robison Sinclair Navigation Co. New York N. C. Rohlis Standard Oil Company of Calif San Francisco Calif Arthur R. Savage Peninsular Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co Port Tampa Calif H. L. Seward Yale University New Haven Conn A. 1. Smith Marine Office of America New York N. H. Tomb Capt LEN Rtd New York State Merchant Marine . * Acadeniy New York N. N. E. Storm Trosda Jr. South Atlantic 5. Line Trosda South Atlantic S. Atlantic S. Line Savanna = Savan a b Savanna 30 e nea ne og mR eeBes gs Se emt llaS otal aan orem a OM es . = ee, . "he SafetySafety of these treated from a zween the doctor it E suspicion of dis- _ receive compensation ary human nature into ton is bound to occur any unfair favors from o caroration physician a compensation cases he is patients simply be id eee timism Exaggeration d due the patient's tentional exaggeration oer tion or prolonging the Pie ext those patients who mos difficult and trymuch is expected of us : time for a thorough ague and obscure com- never seeCS In many e family doctor before cult for us to tell the re develop t A few of ut their various aches a patient resignation to and expect something le and cast away the or even tragic mistake ial part of our e^-orts are really ill or about . To an extent neces- examine these patients ppearance and human ter we can be of some see information and company busi- concerning not only * relatives and friends annot afford the neces e child into the tonsil sician to care for his call rk and asks us to 1 operated upon The ing at times to act this comes to us is usually not un The door is open a OD ee . TWENTY THIRD ANNANNUUALAL SAFETY CONGRECONGRESSSS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL COUNCIL Metals Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman F. Blank Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. Pittsburgh Pa Chairman A. Voss Republic Steel Corporation Youngstown Ohio Chairman W. DARR Bethlehem Steel Company Johnstown Pa Secretary and News Letter Editor BERQUIST The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company East Chicago Ind Engineering Committee Chairman- E. CULLINEY Bethlehem Steel Company Bethelehem Pa Health Committee Chairman R. C. ENGEL The Corrigan McKinney Steel Company Cleveland Ohio . Membership Committee Chairman A. Charris Continental Steel Corp Ko. komo Ind Poster Committee Chairman D. Spright Keystone Steel & Wire Co Peoria Ill Program Committee Chairman M. Allex The American Rolling Mill Co Middletown Ohio Publicity Committee Chairmon M. LYTLE The Newton Steel Company New- ton Falls O. Statistics Committee Chairman E. RALSTON Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. Pittsburgh Pa Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman pany Pittsburgh Pa A. OartEL Carnegie Steel Com- Foundry Committee Chairman G. Bennett The Buckeye Steel Castings Com- pany Columbus Ohio Railway Car Builders Committee Chairman J. Brand Pullman Car & Manu- facturing Corporation Pullman Chicago Ill : Members at Lorge L. S. Adam Hubbard Steel Foundry East Chicago Ind J. A. COLTRIN National Radiato Corporation Johnstown Pa H. M. CROGHAN Inland Steel Company East Chicago Ind G. ~ Davis Allinois Steel Company Chicago Ill JOHN P. E Illinois Steel Company Joliet III E. A. ELLs Wheeling Steel ... Wheeling W. Va W. T. Filmer The Youngstown Steet and Tube Co. Youngs A. C. Gibson Spang Chaltant & Company Inc Pittsburgin 255 255 ee 256 Tenty third third Annual Safery Congress Congress Congress National Safery e CHARLES W. HANKO Pittsburgh Steel G. Monessen Pa O. F. Harvey American Car and Foundry Co. New York Y. E. Hawkes MacWhyte Company Kenosha Wis HARVEY G. HENSEL The Youngstown Sheet W. IRELAND Kohler Co K^hler W W. A. Jarvis The Chase Companies Waterbury Conn ems F. A. LAUERMAN Republic Steel Corporation South Chicago Ill T. H. McKENNEY Illinois Stee Company South Chicago II D. V. Medalie Interlake Iron Corp Chicago 111 W. E. MEGRAW H. H. Robertson Company Pittsburgh Pa ROBERT L. SCHMITT Louisville Ky Louisville Car Wheel and Railway . Supply Company| J. K. STAFFORD Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co. Decatur III MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 1 1934 bs The opening session of the Metals Section was called to order by General Chair man E. Blank Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation Pittsburgh Pa who presided Chairman Blank introduced Mr. Donald D. Gillies President Corrigan McKinney Steel Co Cleveland who made a brief address of welcome on behalf of the Convention City General Chairman Blank then presented a brief Resum^'of the Year's Activities of the Metals Section giving in some rictail the activities of officers and chairman of standing committees whose work for the Section was highly valued Chairman Blank then introduced the first speaker Practical Safety from an Operating Standpoint By G. D. TRANTER General Superintendent Middletown Division The American Rolling Mill Co. Middletown Ohio The speaker said in part If we seek the solution of the accident problem by the same methods used for operating control we will plant safety record For example safety rules must more quickly improve the be regarded in the same manner as operating rules and practice Some years ago saiety gates had been installed in the rear of open hearth furnaces for the protection of men working on ap holes and runners in a certain plant The safety appliance was not accepted wholeheartedly by the furnace men until a helper fell off the backstanding and was fatally injured But after this accident the gates were always in place Here is another case A gas maker was seriously injured during the buru vi a gas producer Investigation of the accident disclosed that the man had previ- received a number of minor injuries while working on this particular jub It further developed that he was unsuited to this type of work because of age and previous training If this man's fureman had considered these minor injuries light of danger signal and transferred the man to a less hazardous would have been prevented Discipline in accident prevention as well as in operation should be resorted to means fail Men usually el In case of a violation person who committed the resing safety Killingly Killingly to proper inspiration a word from imperille imperille In going about imperille fed attention ppoorr por the i of the i allowed to ecurs due to un atter an accident vie Industry no reperienced worki kill through mon has On the other mai any previous car's work throug personal injury to We cannot sin Suction and exper superintendent an training not from the standpoi are closely relate more experienced The question . vidual instruction the hazards comm instruction by the si his long experi set by the forema have a great ind groups of new n he new employer addressed by the tive In addition for advancement give the new men When the new as to the hazards a printed slip or properly instructe med to the Sai tions Training an & are required to di training be accom expectation of stor and direct appeal earn to work in or other piece of safety problems part and ask que Safety campai movement it is sien is over dent record trai First aid trai fi the patient taught to every gently orrier al training pros Health plays par in this r which can be tonditions which Council -Group B es Division_ TWENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Hrady Ma ps Division Your Hour sc Co. South : characteristic in by all the record of it is +Se a rgal See . awed My ee &. at Mining Section om Officers 1933-34 General Chairman M. ARTITUR American Zinc Company of Tennessee Mascot Tenn Chairman in Charge of Membership Coal Frank B. Dunbar Pickands Mather & Co. Mather Pa Chairman in Charge of Membership Metal Mines W. ALT Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co. Calumet Mich Chairman in Charge of Engineering G. Metzger Hudson Coal Co. Scranton Pa Secretary and News Letter DANIEL HARRINGTON United States Bureau of Mines Washingten D. C. . Entertainment Committee Chairman T. Ryas Mine Safety Appliances Co. Pittsburgh Pa Poster and Slide Committee Chairman J. FORBES United States Burcau of Mines Pittsburgh Pa Program Committee Compensation Rating Chairman N HOSLER Coal Mine Section Rating & Inspection Bureau Harrisburg Pa Pennsylvania Publicity Committee Chairman R. BUDD Explosives Engineer Wilmington Del Statistics Committee Chairman W. ADAMS United States Bureau of Mines Washington D. C. Members at Large W. H. COMINE National Lead Co. St. M. F. FAIRLIE The Mining Corporation Francois Mo. of Canada Ltd. Toronto Ont Can- ada C. W. GiBos Harwick Coal and Coke Co. Pittsburgh Pa H. C. HENRIE Phelps Dodge Corp. Bisbee Ariz THOMAS E. LIGHTFOOT Koppers Coal Co Pittsburgh Pa LONG Clinchfield Coal Corp. Dante Va GEORGE MARTISON Pickands Mather & Co. Hibbing Minn D. D. MOFFATT Utah Copper Co Salt Lake City Utah M. W. PRICE Highland Coal Co Jeddo Pa L. T. SICKA E. Joseph Lead Co Bonne Terre Mo. eer -Howe V 269  Ary) dn . same suepet its . Mining Section 281 is also to be realized that a safety program or method that is suitable for one company or location may not be desirable for another company For example in our two New York state mines which have the same regulations regarding safety hats shoes goggles etc. and where the primary ruie is also enforced that each and every man responsible for his own saiety and for the safety of his fellow worker great emphasis is placed on housekeeping or cleanliness about the mines and mills Each department of the two divisions has a metal sign ruled in three columns one being for the month of the year while the other two are for the housekeeping rating and time accidents If the conditions are good a gold star is Sver e placed on the sign if only fair a green star is awarded while for poor cleanliness a red star is given A gold star counts ten a green five and no score is given for red These scores are posted monthly on the bulletin board and the basis of com- cfnm, parison between the two mines is thereby made possible If a score is not perfect or at a reasonably high figure the department which is negligent receives considerable adverse publicity If there are no time accidents a gold star is placed in the accident column The results of our New York safety program are reflected by the achievement of operating 162.912 hours with only one time accident which incapacitated a worker for two days and this record resulted in the 1932 award of the Sentinels : of Safety Trophy THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 4 1934 The Dust Problem in Mining Operations By D. E. CUMMINGS Assistant Director The Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis Michigamme Michigan The speaker said in part ignorance ignorance that the prolonged Refuge can no longer be taken under the shelter of inhalation of dust may lead to serious disease for the medical technical and lay press is filled with accounts describing the dangers associated with breathing certain dusty atmospheres What then could be the proper course to pursue in meeting this problem and dealing with it in a satisfactory manner Both industrial and laboratory studies prove that only certain dusts are danger- cus when inhaled and that quartz or other forms of pure crystalline silica are most dangerous constituting a specific tissue poison Where men are exposed to a sufh- cient quantity of very fine pure crystalline silica dust only a true hazard always exists The dusts of silica in combination with other elements generally give rise to pulmonary reactions which differ in many respects from those caused by pure silica and which vary rather widely among themselves in their harmfulness As a class and with the notable exception of asbestos silicates are less dangerous than pure crystalline silica Not only are certain dusts apparently incapable of producing a specific harmful reaction when inhaled by themselves but when asso- ciated with silica favorably modify the usual response to this dangerous dust The effective size range of particles causing disease is now regarded as three microus and smaller while the qualities of hardness and sharpness are no longer regarded as of significance The term pneumonokoniasis is intended to describe the changes arising out of the prolonged inhalation of any dust harmful or otherwise and does . not necessarily imply the presence of disability nor a predisposition to pulmonary injections The term silicosis refers specifically to the disease which results f-rom cy. the prolonged inhalation of harmful silica dust and is characterized by Seven: momen et sy nodular fibrosis in the lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes and increased to pulmonary infections Pure silicosis should be regarded as a crs BB faa e. S8 rvs a: nae Ie tebeirl. Abt i NED SE oo we otwar aT ete E xm wor. pose wears oor 282 Twenty Annual Safety National Safety Council tional condition but it should also be understood that uncomplicated silicosis pulmonary seldom disabling to any significant degree Disability usually results from pulmonary . 2% infections generally tuberculous which the silicotic contracts or reactivates mort , readily and handles less successfully than the normal person Every effort should be made to prevent silicotics from contracting infections which will later prove disabling and to protect those who have pulmonary inie- tions from being dangerously exposed to harmful dusts * In order to determine whic workmen in a hazardous industry have silicosis or pulmonary infections all eo ployees should have a thorough physical examination including the taking of a complete chest occupational history and satisfactory stereoscopic roentgenogranis of the depends depends Since the rate at which silicosis develops upon individual susceptibili susceptibili and the degree of exposure it follows that these factors should be determined is accurately as possible Individual susceptibility to a dust hazard can be estimate fairly accurately from a single examination and can be defined quite exactly + repeating these examinations at regular intervals The degree of exposure for eac individual should be evaluated by determining the length of service and the comcentration size distribution and composition of the dust suspended in each working place during each operation The method generally used to enumerate dos particles is that accepted as standard practice by the U. S. P. H. S. with the addtion of dark field illumination as suggested by Fehnel and Cummings Size dir tribution studies can be made by any of the several satisfactory techniques The come position of the dust can be studied by the usual quantitative analysis supplemented by petrographic and rational chemical analysis to determine the amounts of fre and combined silica and the other minerals A medical and technical survey should be supplemented by an analysis of the nortality records in and about the locality under study and by the informatio obtained from carefully performed mortem examinations on employees wh have been exposed in the industry and who have died from any cause If these pricedures for recognizing and defining a hazard are carried out under the supervision of an organization competent to deal with the many complex and confusing aspect of the problem the investigation will be worth while regardless of the conditions which are discovered Where the findings of such a study fail to disclose a sipnificant hazard both the employer and employees will gain the protection whic this knowledge affords and if a health hazard is discovered the original investigztion will serve as a guide to the program which should be inaugurated to wrecome the dangers disclosed : The most severe dust hazards in mines or in plants can be reduced as success . a an fully as were accidents by the Safety First program and the chief requisite 1 success lies in establishing adequate control procedures The physical condition ar . all the employees must be determined at regular intervals and weil interpretai roentgenograms provide a most satisfactory control procedure Men applying fr work should not be hired until they have passed a thorough physical examination including chest roentgenograms Reliable records should be established to show t plam exact time place and duration of employment for each person working in hazardou positions Policies of employment should be worked out for each mine or based upon an accurate knowledge of the physical condition of each employee si that all of the workmen may be protected from contracting occupatial disabilities Occupations should be selected which are compatible with the physical condition a : the employee Care should be taken to protect the silicotic from infection or tr : case of infection from harmful exposure to silica ur the normal individual irun contracting either silicosis or pulnionary injections Engineers should be especially trained to recognize and deal with dust hazar~- in mines or plants and it should become accepted practice where a hazard exista to maintain a constant phere The method should be adopted by of dust in the air check on the amount of dust present in the working aim of dust counting accepted as standard by the U. E. P. H. ali industries having a hazard not only to determine the amwamu more particularly to maintain a control over the effect we ness of the procedures adopted to reduce the dust igiis should kept . piace be will disclose the amount amount of dust present in each & ami the prevent measures which are in use ; 4 Mining Section 283 Shortly after the inauguration of a program designed to control a known cust hazard it will become evident that marked improvements can be effected without incurring an impractical expenditure Personnel problems will arise due to the reluctance of labor to accept new procedures and in the end these problems must be dealt with by educating workmen to recognize the necessity for introducing meth- ods to control dust hazards The question of what men should be told regarding their physical examinations should follow the practice adopted by any reputable physician in dealing with individual cases As industry becomes more with this problem it will discover the serious need for further research familiar Since silicosis is a true occupational disease disability resulting from or attributable to it should be compensable in the same manner as other injuries sustained as the result of employment Only the intelligent cooperation of industry will bring about the formulation of reasonable occupational disease legislation and its fair administration : . - Silicosis from the Operators Standpoint By G. C. BATEMAN Secretary Ontario Mining Association Toronto Ont Canada The speaker said in part It is important to know what causes silicosis but uniess a knowledge of the cause leads to a cure it is not nearly as important from the operators viewpoint as the knowledge of how to reduce the incidence With all the research work that has been going on throughout the world for many years we still do not know the cause and we still have no cure but we have learned a lot " about how to reduce the incidence The silicosis provisions of the Ontario Mines Act and the Compensation Act were passed in 1926. These provided for the examination of all men employed in positions in mines where they were exposed to silica dust for all such workers to be the holders of medical certificates certifying as to freedom from tuberculosis of the respiratory organs and also for compensation to men affected by silicosis This legislation was mining camps which introduced as a result of a survey in Northern Ontario indicated that silicosis had made alarming progress among the miners There being me reason at that time to question the results of this sur- vey the operators agreed to do all that was asked of them and cooperated fully with the Government in the steps considered necessary in meet the situation When this legislation was first introduced in Ontario we were advised that men with a moderate degree of silicosis while not physically disabled were better out the hustry and that they should be paid a lump sum which would assist them in rehabilitating themselves in some other occupation We were further advised pension advised that if we took active steps to clean up the situation situation then existing more serious cases and remove men in the early stages isiliensis isiliensis from underground the situation would be well in hand the first ex- would be the heaviest and that from then our liability would be practically limited to the anteprimary cases as they developed When the 1979 standing men in the sapacity and that the iation and not for men however our Amendments were approved by the mines it was our underanteprimary stage had suffered no impairment of working Si4l payment was a compassionate allowance for rehabili of disability We further understand that with the responsibility in respect to them would be practically that the legal position was different The award except for disability and where disability ena come back for review on evrience silicosis predisposes predisposes by tuberculosis conspired be the result ability compensatioconmpensation at at 284284 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council When therefore an award of 500 was made the Compensation Coard imme to kn diately set up a prospective reserve for progression of an additional S11.500 with the result that we had an estimated liability to the end of 1932 of several million preve 28 dollars most of which was outstanding S7.yn With the passage of time it also became apparent that the removal of the men ye from underground employment in the early stages of silicosis did not have the physic results anticipated The payment of a lump sum award did not in most cases serve 3 the end expected As a general rule this money was expended for other things and with the men made little effort to rehabilitate themselves A certain number of men It classified as silicotic continued in their underground employment and we found -- ---- -- -- practically no difference in the rate of progression in those who continued as con- pared with those who were taken out of the mines Some of this may have been due to the altered economic status but even if the economic status had remained cmitany. where sourc P Glen the same we were forced to the conclusion that there was little if any benefit to the men by removing them from underground work unless of course there was MV the v evidence of an onset of tuberculosis . . halia It should of course be understood that during this time active efforts were made by the mines to improve ventilation and to allay dust Without this the above statement would not hold true Steps were also taken by the mines to provide that men in the early stages of silicosis were placed where the conditions underground were most favorable Our experience also indicated that the early stages of siliensis do not necessarily mean an impairment of working capacity This is all the more important on account of the difficulty of diagnosing silicosis in its early stages as there is no sharp line of demarcation between the anteprimary and the anteprimary or between anteprimary and primary stages and as a matter of fact we believe that there is a great deal more uncertainty in the diagnosis of silicosis than the merical men are willing to admit The determination is largely a matter of personal julgmem and therefore subject to error . A great deal of what may be read into an ray flin depends upon the technique in taking the film Certain other diseases and citest conditions will also give in the an appearance simulating that of silicosis and we believe it is safe to say that without a definite knowledge of occupational history the diagnosis of silicosis in its earlier stages would he practically impossible In view of these conditions it was felt that the industry was carrying an unfair burden and in 1933 the Act was amended The antenrimary and primary classifica tions were deleted compensation was made payable only for disability which means actual impairment of working capacity men with a moderate degree of silicosis were allowed to continue underground work and the industry was relieved from unlimited liability in respect progression hy providing that the claimant must make and establish his claim for disability within two years of leaving the employe ment at which he was exposed to dust to entitle him to compensation As I said before silicosis is essentially an employer's problem It is in many places an important item in his cost of production and to a considerable degree it is a controllable item of expense If the employer simply leaves the matter in the hands of the docters he will have no one to blame it himself over what roent- it costs him The opinion of the ordinary practitioner and even of the genezist and expert chest and lung man may be a little value Only the opinion i those doctors who have had special training 2 the diagnosis of silicosis from ah clinical and ray examinations should be accepted and even those opinious cannot be accepted in all cases : a - * ' 4 . 2 4 . tity + 11 or th in S. in thi ne d the a car high using show care quire tion their Phys U bined are with the . tune We do not say this with any intention of criticizing the members of the medical profession but where the malter is so important little is actually known about the disease and and costly to industry where where there is still an element uncertainty in the diagnosis of silicosis in its earfur stages too much care cammi he exercised and the closest scrutiny by industry which has to pay the bills is must necessary The best results can only he obtained by the employers and the dic it tors working together but the employer must emailer as one of his particular particular problems : , JY nena ae emameres: I have also stated that in the absence of any much more important iimme iimme 4:00 with 1 million the men have the es serve ings and - of men ve found as com- ave been remained enefit to ere was rts were this the s to proConditions ecessarily it on ac- no sharp hetween there is Real men judgment technique -a give in fe to say i silicosis an unfair lassifica th means silicosis ved from ant must employ- in many degree Matter m77 ver what he rent- a opinion sis from opinions medical where * ment of co Ca Mining Section 285 to know how to reduce the incidence titan to know the cause We believe the chief preventive measures are as follows in ventila- 1. Improvement in fundamental working conditions in the matter of ventila- tion and allaying dust 2 A rigid initial examination to keep out of the industry those men whose physical_condition physical_condition would indicate a type most susceptible to silicosis and tuberculosis 3. Control of tuberculosis not only among employees but also among those = with whom they come in contact It goes without saying that if silicosis is caused by the inhalation of dust the - removal of dust will remove the cause This means ventilation and lots of it and where possible the wetting down of dusty places In mining operations the chief source of dust is believed to be from blasting therefore the time interval before men return to a blasted face is important Ventilation and water will remove the visible dust from the air but it is not the visible dust that causes the damage It is the dust that ranges between onehalf and five microns that is dangerous and so difficult to remove and the quan- , tity in the air can only be determined by some method of sampling We would consider it a mistake to have either the type of sampling apparatus or the permissible dust count defined by law This may be all right on the Rand in South Africa where conditions are more or less standard but it is not advisable in the United States or Canada where conditions vary so greatly For one thing we do not know what constitutes harmiul dust and there is no standard practice for the treatment of dust sample slides The untreated slide of a sample taken near a carbide lamp in an otherwise dust atmosphere would show an apparent very high dust count Dust sampling however should be a part of the regular routine using the type of apparatus best suited to the particular conditions and this will show whether the atmosphere is good fair or poor Next to ventilation and the laying of dust the most important measure is to carefully select the type of men to be allowed to work in the industry This requires a rigid initial examination which should include a complete physical examina- and ray By this means men with the type of chest which would indicate susceptibility to tuberculosis and silicosis can be eliminated The complete physical examination should also have a beneficial effect on the accident rate Uncomplicated silicosis is not big problem but silicosis and tuberculosis com- bined represent a very real problem The measures for the control of tuberculosis are well known Particular care should be taken that men with tuberculosis be withdrawn from the industry and given proper care and treatinent Places where the employees live should also be supervised to see that they are not exposed to tubereziar contacts tebe Some Aspects of the Silicosis Problem By DR H. H. MOORE and DR M. J. KELLY Medical Staff Hollinger Consolidated Gold Mines Ltd. Timmins Ontario Canada speaker said in part In 1923 the Ontario Mining Act was amended to physical examination on empigment and yearly thereafter or twice yearly all underground men The The employed the workman must hold an certificate good for twelve months months stating that he is free from disease of respiratory respiratory organs This certificate the In the meantime an amendment must be renewed at each amual examina- +: Act pro- for appointment of medical working of the aminations Cases silicosis arising Workmen's Compensation | years in Ontario mines there is ci 12 check kept on the Compensation verified possible Board ga I unde H t ' 000004000141 oe 8 Bi Saye YAL Ceme 2S st meweneAGS camerne we ee - ote ER : R TPT -286 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council The act in its present form was passed in 1933 and served to clear the situation which had become involved by the up of large sums of money in reserve against possible future claims by men adjudged silicotic previously but who had since been lost sight of or who were carrying on at work showing a minimum er na > disability - From the workman's point of view the new act is a great step forward it allows a man to continue at his usual duties underground as long as he is able to work without any serious degree of discomfort Previously a workman was vised to quit underground work when a certain stage of fibrosis had been reacted regardless of his ability to carry on and sacrificed his rights to compensation if he continued to work . : In the ray examination of the chests of the 2007 men employed at the Hollinger mines during 1933 determinations are graded as follows Normal is a chest show show ing little or no fibrosis where the condition of the lung is better than the average for the age M. F. or More Fibrosis is a chest which is normally found in the average adult at the age of the miner under consideration M. F. P More Fibrosis Plus is a chest showing slightly more fibrosis than normal for the particular age M. P. P. or More Fibrosis Plus Plus is a chest showing considerably more fibrosis than normal and is a silicotic stage Silicotics are that group which show a great deal of fibrosis and taking into consideration the mining history and consequent exposure to silica are thus termed Admittedly disability may or may not be present This last group ranges from the early silicotics with a minimum of disability disability to the late complicated or secondary cases with marked and tuberculosis It must be added that a large number of men at the commentement of employment at the Hollinger and without previous mining experience or tact with silica show chests of M. rating Following are the results of this exam- ination : . Normal 33 1.490 Average Next is M.P. Silicotics contact with an analysis of P. 0.2.2.2... silica of men the changes voce eteee . bere eeee 24 working and in chest rating cscs ceseceees 4.3 +) 1.1 M. F. P. 18 Silicmi0c... eee wee 18 in 1933 years years Normal M. F. be eeeeeee li Normal M. P. wo... sevens 3 M. F. M. F. P. M. M. P. F. ee .207 occ BL VY oo... seeeee M. P. to T. B. e ec ce eer ee 1 . M. F. P. P. A. P. A. ere .231 M. F. M. Normal veee 11 M. F. .231.231 M. P. P. --. to M. P. whee tet ee eens 20 M. ee | - A. P. to M. F. P. P. | P. A. P. eae eae.266 Total 497 in These figures cover approximately 500 men in whom there was some in chest rating during the 1500 men show no change car in and the the direction of the change The previous year It will be observed change remaining men showed an increase its rosis rating while 26 show chests we sluzys___improvement proved The explanation given for the groun aay sluzys___improvement sluzys___improvement respiratory infeesan in the first place that some concurrent broncisial - gitimation had so m",, complicated the picture at the previous annual gitimation and caused a adva adva ra It alde pre rated figure and I Ty dust - work dust + 2 air 11 realiz lent + object unde it in th quan Kotz Afric eight 1 1 duce 2 cars are 3 3 are to whi drift tiou Wor thro this pro 3 with rais + kep of - con mo che is : tro tre ali ing 1151 WC ouncil - the situation reserve funds but who had umimunt or no forward as it he is able to man was ad been reached ensation if he the Hollinger a chest show- at the average found in the More Fibrosis articular age siderably more group which g history and may or may a minimum of disability and commencement nce or contact of this exam- Sn ae yO were Lees 12 15 years years Mining Section ' 287 advanced rating to be given The second explanation is that coconstant nstant improvement in radiological technic is making diagnosis more accurate It would seem therefore that on the whole the situation is showing consider from this viewpoint During 1933 no case progressed from the able improvement the silicotic stage In the years up to 1933 120 men had been silicotic to silicotic and the total cost to the Hollinger involved a sum of 915.950 which rfiagtuerde includes the progressive and contingent funds set aside to cover future costs and possible future claims Two objects have been kept in mind during the many years of study of the = dust problem at the Hollinger Mine 1. The collection of complete data regarding the nature of air breathed by workmen in different occupations its chemical composition temperature humidity dust content and rate of flow . 2. Working tests of all practical methods of improving the condition of such . air In searching to adapt a method for the determination of air dustiness it was realized that no instrument has been devised which would measure the dust con- of the air with scientific precision Furthermore it was felt that the principal tent of making determinations was to ascertain if the dust count of the air was object undesirably high and if such a condition was found to devise a method of reducing it Hence for practical purposes the instrument which possesses a high efficiency in the range of desirable concentrations and gives a quick indication of dangerous quantities of dust is most desirable The circular Konimeter invented by Sir Robert Kotze and introduced to the Miners Phthisis Prevention Committee of South Africa in 1916 has therefore been used in the Porcupine District for the past eigin A 1. years summary of our investigations along this line may be given as follows About 900 of the underground force are engaged in work which will pro- duce dangerous dust if measures of 2. Of this number a little over cars and the average dust exposure control are not applied 400 are engaged in shoveling broken ore does not exceed 300 particles if the muck into piles particles are kept thoroughly wet and blasting carefully restricted 3. The remaining 500 men are engaged in drilling and blasting operations and are subjected to severe potential hazard Men engaged in stopes who do not have to return to the working faces have an average exposure of about 1200 while using the ordinary type drills It is felt that the use of the dustless type of drifter will reduce the concentration of dust to somewhere near 300 particies 4. The men engaged in development drifts are exposed to the same concentra- tions ni worked through dust namely 1200 particles Where possible two development driits are simultaneously by the one crew so that the men do not have to go back the dense dust after Masting the cut There are only a few exceptions to this rule and when necessary to go back to load the remaining holes the men are provided with the special respirator 5. The high dust concentrations in the with by the use vi compressed air masks vicinity of stopers we hope Also the practice of driving to deal adjacent raises simultaneously has reduced the hazard after blasting : With the constant improvement and maintenance of general health conditions kept always to the fore as most desirable and necessary in aiding in the solution of the silicosis problem the men at the Hollinger Mine are cared for under a medical The facilities and service at mine office and hospital are efficient and in combination with the annual or semi staff of the Compensation Board health of the workers conditions as herculous or non silicotic in teeth tonsils sinuses etc. are singled witere necessary changes in occupation are made chest coming off duit removes of hooks attached to of 15 to 20 20 feet and home eee wen ere OP Never agen apnea rena, a aes ae 2SS Tecenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council atmosphere for 14 to 15 hours during which they are thoroughly dried After undressing the miner passes through a series of shower baths of temperatures vary- ery = ing from hot to cold After drying he proceeds to his locker where he has placed his street clothes before the beginning of the shift . on. With a view to reducing the infection of silicotics with tuberculosis a clinic has been established in Timmins An experienced public health nurse is employied full time and it is her duty to visit all tuberculosis suspects and patients all con- tacts with these cases and contacts with silicotics to arrange for their examination and supervision and if necessary for treatment Weekly clinics are held at which such patients are examined clinically radiologically and by bacteriological and bio- logical tests Since January of 1933 approximately 30 dangerous cases of tuberculosis have I been removed from the district to a sanitarium and many more less severe cases placed on bed rest at home or on restricted activity It is felt that by removing these cases from contact with silicotics that within a comparatively short time tuberuclosis will be moderately well controlled and since tuberculous infection is necessary to precipitate secondary silicosis this movement it will be appreciated is an excellent one ADJOURNMENT er eeewel we amnAsrten Sa Ser tee Fee = a pens + i Sprenavhe Pr General Chic Chairm Co. Green Secretary a Maine Program C. Ohio Engineering York N. Statistics C Cornell A Health Com Co. Ham Poster Con Carroliter Contest Co Members a ERNEST W. Purti WM KENNE IV A. ncil rkers both item to aid y or nonty commitaty if the es the past urance preve on paper to criticize may still be d there are actions and in recognizes eration with ngineer has to analyze of the oper ei operating TIFENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL (ewe. ein, Petroleum Section = Officers 1933-34 General Chairman W. BLACK Standard Oil Co. of N. J. Elizabetli Chairman W. BREELAND Lone Star Gas Co Dallas Texas Chairman Atlantic Division H. BROWN Tide Water Oil Co New York Chairman Great Lakes Division H. HERBERT Standard Oil Co. Ohio N. J. ; N. Cleve- land Ohio Chairman Continent Division A. ODELL Barnsdall Refineries Inc. Tulsa Okla Chairman Gulf Division P. REYMOND JR Standard Oil Co. of Louisiana Baton Rouge La Chairman Rocky Mountain Division V. OSBORN Standard Oil Co. Inc. Casper Wyo Chairman Pacific Division K. R. BERTS The Texas Co Los Angeles Calif Netes Letter Editor O. Lockwood The Empire Companies Bartlesville Okla Engineering Committee Chairman B. ROAPER Humble Oil and Reining , Co. Houston Texas Health Committee Chairman R. A. JEWETT General Petroleum Corporation of California Los Angeles Calif Paster Committee Chairman J. Programi Committee Chairman Wilson Wilson Associated Oil _ HIGHTower United Co Gas San Francisco Company Houston Texas Publicity Committee Chairman - RISINGER Magnolia Petroleum Co Dallas Texas Statistics Committee Chairman W. MyeRE Standard Oil Co. X. J. New York Past General General ChairmenS. Boxstu Standard Oil Co. N. Jo New York N. R. CURRIE The Texas Co. Euston Texas od R. E. DoNoVax Standard Oil Impany of Cali San Francisco Calif a C. L. HIGHTOWER United Cas Impany Impany Houston Texas et Gen. F Prussixe Union Oil Company of Calif Los Angeles Calif Y. mevi CE.. Ss . Vacuum p New York Y. C Ind Chigan H. Suity Council Tulsa Okla Ante Petroleum Institute Dallas T 307 oe ee ee TWENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL ts Public Utilities Section . Officers 1933-34 General Chairman M. PerPER Illinois Bell Telephone Co. Chicaso Ill Chairman for Telegraph and Telephone Interests W. WAIT The Bell Tele- phone Co. of Pennsylvania Pittsburgh Pa Chairman for Gus Interests J. Kr it Philadelphia Company Pittsburgh Pa Chairman for Electric Interests and Program M. GODWIN Electric Co. Philadelphia Pa Secretary J. BARANA Laclede Gas Light Co St. Louis Mo. News Letter Editor A. EbWARDS San Diego Consolidated Gas Philadelphia and Electric Co San Diego Cali^> . Engineering Committee Chairman H. Mulligan Electric Power Commission Toronto Ont Canada Health Committer Chairman HART E. FIsner Chicago Rapid Transit Cu Chicago Ill Membership Committee Chairman A. Kuange Public Service Co. of Coturado Denver Colo Poster and Film Strip Committee Chairman W. Lu Co Chicago Ill ckComumonwealth Edison Publicity Committee Chairman I. SHEdo Appalachian Electric Power Co. Blue^-eld W. Statistics and Contest Committee ChairunWn H. Brown Northern States Cs Minneapolis Minn Special Representatives M. Buswell San Joaquin Light & Power Corp Fresno Calif S. C. Dickinson Pacific Gas anri Electric Co. San Francisco Calif Power PAUL R. Kens Penn Central Light and Power Co Altoona Pa W. Loyn Alahama Power Co Birmingham Ala H. A. PROLEN Public Service Co. of Northern Illionis Chicago III Join Stilwell Consolidated Gas Cn of New York New York Y. ee A. Erenaxas Appalachian Electric Power Co Welch Va 8 F. Dosa Niagara Hurbon Power Corporation Syracuse X. cee Concors Concors ne Darnost The Peonies Gas Light & Coke Co. Chicago Ill D. Bot Wisconsin Die Survire Corp. Milwaukee Wi Are Cites. Meduncu Meduncu AX . t Meduncu Bureau ec. fa pag wey = : re zit PTE Safety Council Visconsin no disabling gon no disabling in Ne Missouri no dis- B. no disabling in- g injuries while work- ig injuries while workno disabling injuries Annesota no disabling Isabling injuries while no disabling injuries Michigan no disabling bec Canada no dis- no disabling injuries three disabling injuries sabling injuries while mjuries while working ' TIPENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL PIL 2. (i pli ame Quarry Section Officers 1933-34 General ChairmaOntto M. Chairman H. Secretary and NewsNews Letter GRAVES The General Crashed Stone Co. LAAKER J. E. Baker Co York Pa Editor P. AHEARN National Sand Association Washintgon D. C. Poster Committee Chairman F. YotteR The General Crushed Stone Easton Pa and Gravel Co. Easton Pa Publicity Committee Chairman R. Boyn National Crushed Washington D. C. Statistics Committee Chairman W. Anams United States Washington D. C. Stone Association Cureau of Mines Members at Lage NORMAN G. Hough The National Lime Association Association Washington D. H. V. JOHN A. L. Owens Eastern Rock lucts Inc. Utica N. PRINCE Stewart Sand and Material ... Kansas City Mo. Worthes The Connecticut Quarries Co. Inc. New Haven Conn WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3 1934 | session of the Quarry Section was called to order by by John Camp- The opening Pensylvania 1 artment of Labor and Industry Tell Director Burea of Inspection scheme to be a joint session with Harrisburg Pa who presided This P. A. Mori Werks Manager Cement Section Chairman Campi Company Amherst Disi wit brief address vf weicume ! Cleveland Quarries part : 1 the delegates on the the city of Clevelan general who was In lieu of the annual report of the mable to be present a lengthy wire read first es m him expr 3 Chairman Chairman Campbeli then introduced ty oe epee sem 350 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council The Dust Hazards in Industry By DR R. R. SAYERS Medical Officer in Charge Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation United States Public Health Service Washington C. The speaker said in part Realizing the importance of the dust problem in industry the United States Public Health Service in cooperation with the Bureau of Mines began its first study of the health of workers in dusty trades in 1914 in the mines of Joplin Missouri and later in 1923 the Public Health Service inaugurated a series of dust studies These later studies were all conducted in the same manner in order to permit as detailed a comparison as possible between the different investigations . Briefly these methods of study may be divided as follows 1 examination to determine the general physical condition of the workers under observation 2 special physical examination to determine the prevalence of specific diseases of the respiratory system and the lung pathology resulting from exposure to the particular dust hazard 3 record of the nature and severity of the disabling illnesses 4 analysis and detailed study of the occupational environment 5 occupational mortality statistics relating to the specific dust and 6 autopsies The first six intensive investigations carried out by the Service dealt with the health of workers exposed to dusts in a cement plant granite cutting industry anthracite and bituminous coal mining silverware manufacturing plant cotton cloth manufacturing and in municipal street sweeping Brief studies were later conducted in certain slate granite marble and talc quarries while more recently a rather extensive study of the health of anthracite coal miners was completed These six dust studies showed that the workers in the granite cutting plants who were exposed to the highest dust concentrations were found to suffer from an excess of pulmonary tuberculosis after 15 years or more of exposure and developed silicosis m 2 to 10 years In the group exposed to a lesser amount of dust silicosis developed only after prolonged exposure with no excess of tuberculosis It was found that a close relationship existed between the degree of dust exposure and the extent and severity of the pulmonary damage Anthracite coal miners suffered from dyspnoea and other signs of pneumoconiosis and experienced a high rate of respiratory sickness in addition an excessive mortality from influenza- pneumonia and possibly tuberculosis was found Bituminous coal miners experi- enced a generalized fibrosis of the lungs and an excess mortality from influenza and pneumonia Cement workers showed some signs ci early pneumoconiosis with an excess diseases of the upper respiratory tract On the other hand workers in the coma cloth and silverware manufacturing plants and municipal street sweepers were negative for respiratory conditions and other illnesses when compared with the general industrial population . Rock Crilling For five years the United States Bureau of Mines studied lead and zinc miners in the State District Oklahoma The pre here is high in free silica Of the 7.722 men examined a group of 1,047 or 21.3 per cent was definitely diagnosed as having silicosis not including those diagnosed as having tuberculosis All the men diagnosed as having stage silicosis had worked an average of 13 years But those men starting in the mines after <) years of age worked an average <? only 8 years . The work of rock drilling in subway and tunnel City is in some respects similar to that of some of mines ist in so far as the manner in which dust and resultant hazard Recently the result blasters excavators was reported by the New York of construction in New York activities in the hard rock ss: is evolved the type of a study of rock drillers Tuberculosis and Health Associa that 118.57 . An examination 20s rock drillers blasters and excavators showed 118.57 per cent of the men had silicosis in various stages of progression of The exposure of most these men 75 per cent had een for 20 years or more Sending No study of the health of sandblasters nogmbaen Esported in thc States however a study of the dust exposure ci s~ Lisa the United States Public Health Sertic ration recently with the Natic of th This safet D from silicz potte Exist Santa silica silica ampl All deter ust featu . Eigh At Toode amor D grani shed much pneu nuar quar radic Riso dri ::: stud zha Irod exan the The inter I indus abe, t,ia, Anede Soados> f SE RFE: Quarry Section 351 National Safety Council This investigation indicated that judged by the mature of the dust and degree of the exposure a real hazard exists in this occupation This study also brought out the fact that it is possible to conduct sandblasting with safety provided properly designed and well maintained equipment is used Diatomaceous Silica Workers Most of the data on silicosis have been gathered from studies made both in industry and experimentally on dusts containing free silica in the form of quartz Such studies have pottery trades hard rock drilling etc. There existence that are not crystalline in nature but been made in the granite industry are other free silica minerals in of an amorphous composition I Santa Barbara County California there exists the largest and purest diatomaceous silica deposit in the world This substance consists of about 85 per cent free silica Recently an examination was made of 108 workers selected among those employed less than 1 year 1 to 2 years 2 to 5 years and more than 5 years All of the workers were Mexican laborers and the examinations consisted of ray determinations social and medical histories and clinical examinations of the chests Dust determinations were also made but these were not reported The outstanding icature revealed by the examination was the splendid physical condition of the men .. Eighty per cent of the workers were reported in excellent physical condition It was found that 60 men showed signs of early pneumoconiosis 15 were in the moderately advanced stage and 6 in the advanced stage This latter finding was among workers with a history of exposure of more than 5 years Dust Hazard in the Granite Quarry Industry It is a common belief that granite quarrying is not so dangerous an industry as granite cutting in enclosed shedis quarry work is done outdoors and hence may not be attended with very much dust exposure However certain quarry operations require the use of of pneumatic tools which are usually associated with the formation , considerable quantities of dust It was thought that a study made in a representative granite quarry might cast some light on our problem Accordingly a study of a clinico- radiographic nature of 53 quarriers was made and occupational dust exposures were also obtained The dust determinations show that nearly 35 per cent of the workers drillers were exposed to many times the amount of dust considered safe at the present time Drillers were the only persons showing pathologic lung changes Half of these workers with an exposure of 5 to 19 years had silicosis and 4 of men with more than 20 years of such trade life showed this condition study suggests that quarry drillers may experience as high a death rate pulmonary tuberculosis as do pneumatic workers in granite cutting sheds Efect of Inhaled Marble Dust The pulmonary fibrotic changes due to the inhalation of marble dust appear to be slight in comparison with those caused by stone dust containing a high percentage of silica in the form of quartz A recent study made by us among marble workers showed that although marble dust witen inhaled in concentrations averaging about 25 million particles per cubic foot of air produced a mild bilateral lincar fibrosis in a certain number of the 80 men examined no serious lung changes were noted and there was no disability due to even after many years of exposure more than 40 years in some cases , marble dust under consideration consisted of 98 per cent calcite and 2 per cent , with no silica present . Dust industry Hazard and for of in Abrasive Industry Artificial abrasives are widely used in this reason the effect of the inhalation of dusts produced in the manufacture or preparation of these products is of great importance In 1925 1929 and again in 1931. Dr. Clark of the Norton Company at Worcester Mass made investigations of workers exposed to aluminium oxide and silicon carbide dust produced in the manufacture of grinding wheels which showed that during a period of 13 years there were proportionately twice as many cases of pulmonary tuber- culosis among those working in the abrasive dust departments as in departments where no abrasive dust recurred In 1931. Kessier of New Jersey reported the recurrence of over 100 cases of alleged silicosis in the abrasive powder industryindustry in which the dust consisted of 99 per cent free silica Exposure composed of the form of to Silicate Dust It has been silicates combined silica in quartz was innocuous Of the belief that the inhalation of dusts comparison with silica free silica in rece many investigators have dusterxpos become cognizant of the hazards of silicate dusterxposdusterxpos Asbestosis fibrosis : aemats, ot ea 0049 000049 000049 EE OeL Ne LE a ee a mn ene 352 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Safety Safety Council of the lungs caused by the inhalation of asbestos dust has already been described both in its clinical and roentgenographic manifestations by investigators in the countries but to date no studies have been reported in the United States Cemem dust which contains about 22 per cent combined silica has been studied and the effects the inhalation by workers has been discussed here In March 1933 Dreessen of the United States Public Health Service reported the results of a consisted study conducted among tremolite tale and slate workers The slate dust to which these workers were exposed mainly of silicates there being less than 3 per cent of quartz in the dust The tale was a hydrous magnesium silicate being 45 per cent tale and 45 per cent tremolite with no quartz p,, esent The results of the study seemed to indicate a relationship between the amount of cust inhaled and the effect of this dust on the lungs of workers Statistical Studies Recently Lanza and Vane estimated that there are some 500,000 workers engaged in the mining quarrying and manufacturing industries in this country in which an exposure to silica dust to a harmful degree is -- tailed Their analysis of mortality experience of twelve life insurance compazies for the period 1915-1926 showed that the actual mortality from respiratory taber culosis among the silica exposed persons was about three times that of a 0- silica dust group If one considers their data for certain occupations in metal mines and granite and sandstone quarries occupations known to be exposed to high concentrations of hazardous dusts then the comparison is more striking since the actual deaths among these workers was found to be ten times that of the ex- pected deaths More detailed statistics on occupational mortality as reported by the Registrar of England and Wales 1921-1923 and summarized by Brine show the high rate of 1.886 per 100.000 for tin and copper miners while the rate for all occupied and retired males was only 150. Other occupations with s exposure showed an excess . From the evidence just presented concerning the injurious effects produced by the inhalation of certain dusts it is apparent that a knowledge of the properties of a given dust which determine its capacity to produce pulmonary pathology is essential Numerous investigations of the industrial dust problem indicate st these properties are the chemical and mineralogical composition of the dust concentration in the industrial atmosphere and its particle size In an earlier portion of this discussion evidence was presented which indicated that a close relation existed between morbidity and mortality rates from varicos suppression respiratory diseases and the exposure to certain dusts in industry In the sm of the dust hazard in the granite cutting industry it was definitely proved az there is a direct relation between the magnitude of the dust exposure and sickness and death resulting from tuberculosis It is quite evident as a result of these studies that the remedy of the dust evil lies in the effective removal or supresion of the dust to concentration considered safe However no set rules may be es lished for the mechanical protection to be instituted in an attempt to control inc trial dust Specific conditions encountered in a plant will determine the type ow protection to be employed The protection of workers against certain dusts known to be toxic may 2 times be accomplished by the substitution of a toxic material for the toxic cca One example of such a procedure is the possible use of a metallic or other inge of artificial abrasive for sand in the sandblasting process in these operations inge which it is not essential to use sand a substance high in quartz content Agaz~- the mechanical enclosure of the creating process also serves in protect Se worker An excellent illustration of this type of protection is afforded by -modern sandblast barre used in the cleaning of small objects Sometimes is using possible to protect the worker by the substitution of wet for dry processes as 75 drilling instead of dry In one instance in the granite cutting dy previouzs` mentioned an operate a diamond point tool worked the stone wet <o2 resulting dust amounted to 22 million particies per cubic funt was then requested work the stone dry as a result the the high figure of 45 million particles per cubic cloth it has been possible to reduce the amount to fourth of the amount present when foot presediun rallaeying 170 Ties Quarry Section 333 steel in leyner and hammer drilling in hard rock although the new type of Kelly dust trap is now finding much favor fur this kind of work The Kelly trap consists of a metal chamber designed to enclose the drill at the ruck suriace No attempt is made to secure a mechanical seal with the rock or between the trap and the drill steel The dust is removed by an air stream and is carried into an exhaust system connected to the trap Escape of dust particles through openings between the uneven rock surfaces and the trap is prevented by the air seal produced by the inflowing air Tests made on this > trap under actual working conditions show that the dust concentration at the worker's breathing zone may be kept down to less than 10 million particles_per particles_per cubic foot with a 60 cubic foot per minute rate of air flow through the hood This trap is a step forward in the program of dust removal however in underground work such as in mines and subways there is still the need to solve the problem of compact dust disposal equipment In certain cases such as in the sandblasting of large castings in sandblast rooms the practical safeguard to the worker is to provide him with a mask or helmet of the positive air pressure type In the sandblast investigation previously mentioned it was found that when from 5 to 6 cubic feet of practically dust air per minute are supplied to the helmer the worker receives ideal protection However one must always bear in mind that the ultimate criterion of protection should be the dust determination of the air within the helmet during blasting and not the quantity of the air supply itself In most dusty processes however the most effective means of dust elimination are by the use of properly designed exhaust ventilation systems Since in many instances is difficult costly and at times an unnecessary procedure to remove all the dust in the vicinity of a worker we need first to determine the minimu amount of a certain dust which the worker can apparently tolerate with impunity Such information can be made available by the type of studies carried out by the Public Health Service For example in the granite study already referred to it dust at the breathing level of about 10 million particles per cubic foot 35 per cent free silica Studies of dust removal devices used in granite cutting plants at the time this work was conducted showed that a linear velocity of 1.500 feet per minute as measured by an anemometer at the face of the removal hood would keep the dust at the breathing level to an amount less than 10 million particles per cubic foot A word should be said concerning personal respiratory protection against dusts It has already been shown that in the use of positive pressure respiratory devices in sandblasting it is important to have a designed device supplied with about 6 cubic feet of dust air per minute to give full protection to the worker With reference to respirators of the filter type there is still much to be accomplished in the design of an ef^-cient and comfortable mask for continuous use Of great value are standard methods for the testing of the efficiency of respiratory pro- tection devices Drinker advocates testing a device against the particular lust which the respirator is to encounter these tests to be made both in the laboratory and under actual industrial conditions He further suggested that some impartial agency should conduct such tests work being done on a cost basis and certify the devices for immustrial use the The U. S. Bureau of Mines has prepared such a schedule for testing and approving respirators I wish to stress the importance of good housekeeping in the effort to combat the dust hazard Good housekeeping should not only imply the removal of accumu- lated dust about a workroom but should also embrace eficient maintenance of dust removal devices and respiratory protective equipment Systematic inspection of all dust suppression equipment should be an axiomatic princiule in every dusty industry rather than the casual attention which which it now receives in many instances Report of the Nominating Committee The chairman called the report of and new officers for the and elected as follows Nominating Commik y point this |, re nominated nominated | - . : + ; i :- re 5 5: a: 4 BI z : : iF: . : t 3 Ni na : mA : : i 7 pS aot i oP : : Loe . : ,; Eb os a it hs Zr. : i i { 354 third Annual Safety Congress Safety Council 1 General Chairman Vice Chairman William E. Conn H. Baker J. E. Baker Co York Pe Hilliard New Haven Trap Rock Co. New Haven , Poster Committee Chairman F. Youer The General Crushed Stone Co. Easton Pa Publicity Publicity Committee Chairman- R. Boyd National Crushed Stone Assn Washington D. of Statistics Committee Chairman W Adams U. S. Dureau of Mines Wash- ington ington D. C. Members a Large V. P. Ahern National Sand and Gravel Assn Washington Norman G. Hough The National Lime Assn Washington C. O. M. Graves The General Crushed Stone Co. Easton Pa A. L. Worthen The Connecticut Quarries Co. Inc. New Haven Conn Responsibilities Preventing The Foreman's Duties and Responsibilities in Preventing . Accidents By GLENN GARDINER : Foremen t Failure to creases foreman's a 4 foreman's ar af af enforcing enforcing 1. Are one of my 2. Do whom par . : 3. Dn workers wi 4. Hav their pride 5. Do accident n In the be traced traced ' foreman cr managemen function Forstmann Woolen Company Passaic New Jersey The speaker said in part On my first job in the clay pit of a brick works I witnessed a disastrous cave which so injured one of my fellow workers that he was totally disabled for life The accident was so plainly the fault of the foreman in charge that he was discharged for his carelessness That accicient made an indelible impression upon my mind and let me understand as nothing else could what the responsibility of the foreman is in accident prevention The foreman who is responsible for getting out the work for is also responsible for the control of those conditions immediately surrounding the He has an unexcelled opportunity to observe his workers and a competent foreman he can detect those working habits which worker on his job their habits If he is may result in acci- dents girl come to know his workers so well that he will understand when worries and outside problems are taxing their minds and powers of concentration He may not be in a position always to do much about the side problems but he can at least govern conditions on the job The foreman is the one who is most likely to set up conditions on the job which cause job anxieties for the worker He can do much to os-z the worker's mind by keeping him informed about conditions which affect his experience and the steadiness of employment He can help to reduce the fatigue his men experience and in so doing directly influence accidents which are related to fatigue Every intelligent foreman realizes the importance of the safety functions and that safety should be put upon the same plane of importance as the other duties his job includes If the worker is indifferent to safety it is usually merely a reflection of the foreman's attitude On the other hand if the foreman will stand for nothing but safe working habits the worker will proceed very reply to develop safe working habits Of course I recognize that certain workers have an attitude of recklesseness and bravado about them which makes them slightly contemptuous of foreman the dangers of the job But it is up to the and bring such workers down to earth to juncture this attitude A recent study of a company employing 6.600 workers indicated that 48 out of the 6.600 had had 10 per cent of all the time accidents is entire organiza- tion The accident frequency among these 48 men was fifty times as great as that - of the average for all workers The record also indicated that those men having the accidents were also the same men having the larges Tlius minor accidents are of real significance to they point out to him the men who will most probai largest number of minor i time accidents 7 juzeung because the time accidents : E , an - ; 4 aa The si Cross Firs given in a be secured ever that further stu any thoug jjust ust as n Remien with his but busy busy with baffling ca ffaatatlalfatal resu immediate secured : the lifeles : but ononlly y herself There throughou taught Fi tcaachught der gency fr able WWHHEE physician physician pwhhyastician you tell li that ta tell y advise y itional Safety Council ommittee in called for and it was pre- Repartiment of Insurance and mington N. erican Railway Association in . Oltio October 2 to 4 1934 jed to The Equitable Life Assurance road employee casualty statis- UNE came Oe a : . ; . fa i. a TWENTY THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL SE Ri"i : Interstate Safety Conditions and Commerce Practices In- reau of Safety also for his cooperation of the Bureau of n on the American Railways c General Safery Supervisor of the Section during his term A and energetic services during Northern Pacific Railway for e Program Committee thereby Annual Convention such a commendable cause as their contribution to the well be spread upon the records of all acepted those and passed herein y by .bs ot : ; _ . : Fellers election encers rs is on election by encers Corbin Corbin - as as follows sty Pennsylvania Railroad torney Central Railroad Com\ dient of Safety Missouri Pa- President 2 President tral Lines Eric Eric Railroad Railroad and Tent of Safety Chicago Rock dent dent of of Safety Safety : and Sanitation Sanitation ; Superintendent 1. Blakemore Superintendent Spetem AtchiSuperintendent of ah Supervisor Safety and { C. Murphy Sun erintendent oi C. Yicum Manager Safety Manager , Safety maha Railway wee Section Textile ; Textile Section : Officers 1933-34 Institute General Chairman H. EAMES Lowell Textile Chairman in Charge of Program MACNULTY Lowell Mass 81 Wallace St Malden Mass Chairman W. Herss Proximity Manufacturing Co. Chicago Chairman R. BROWx Columbia Mills Inc. Secretary and News Letter Editor E. PLACE American Greenshiro N. C. Ill Liability Mutual Liability In- surance Co. Boston Engineering Committee Plymouth Mass Membership Committee Mass Chairman Chairman G. W. VIETS Plymouth Corrlage Co. North North PADGETT North Carolina Industrial Com- mission Raleigh N. C. Poster Committee Chairman W. SEIL Actna Life Insurance Co. Hartford Conn Statistics Committee Chair T. TROLINGER American Glanzsto Corp Elizabethton Tenn American ; Bemberg Corp. and Members at LargeARTHUR BARLOW Armstrong Cork RUSSELL T. FISHER The National Co Lancaster Association of Pa Cotton Manuia turers Dos- ton Mass WALTER HUMPHREYS National Association of Wool Manufacturers Boston Mass Mass TUESDAY MORNING SESSION , October 2. 1934 session of opening Section The opening session of the Insurance Boston man E. E. Place American Textile Textile Mutual Section was Liability called to order by Co Acting Acting Chair- Chair- Mass who Richman Secretary presided Chairman ers Company Place introduced George Richman Broth- Cleveland Ohio who made a brief welcoming address to the delegates un behalf of the Convention Cipe . : 4 ; - aa, ey, ve > CII siplbe pes spaaIOhl- ereS.eet + ene espe ay pa Lag : Hh 7 SE a ESS Rien a8 o oe THE THE THE PUBLIC LIBRARY AG SE Sa Lt vem, hv.