Document OD3jnokkKLr41EwgLpBn38n1

Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL - daciaioaa aad ttaad* OCTOBER. 19S9 (Vol. 23. No. 10T INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH la, PA. 01 132 0730 Industrial Hygiene Foundation assumes no responsibility for statements In articles abstracted tn this Digest or for material from other organizations which may be sent to members from time to time. The Digest s condensation of articles as well as literature not originating within the Foundation, are made available to our members solely for their Information, by way of keeping them posted on developments. 01 132 0731 FINDUSTRIAL Hygiene eatures Litigation breeders in industrial medi cine are discussed in Abst. No. 990. The disease concept of alcoholism is the subject of Abst. No. 993. The topic of Abst. No. 997 is the treat ment of low back pain. For a series of papers concerned with epilepsy Abst. Nos. 998, 999, and 1000. See Abet. No. 1005 for changes in the ten commonest dermatoses in private practice. A discussion on gamma-globulin thera py in chronic staphylococcic dermato ses is presented in Abst. No. 1007. For hasards in the manufacture and use of plastics see Abst. No. 1010. The subject of Abst. No. 1011 is the toxicity of boron oxide. Abst. No. 1015 is concerned with ex perimental cancers in rats produced by chromium compounds. Information on the biochemical mech anisms in chronic carbon disulfide poisoning is contained in Abst. No. 1024. Farmer's lung in mushroom workers is As objective of Abst. No. 1028. See Abst. No. 1040 for details on the medical problems of shift-work. Data on an improved cascade impactor measuring aerosol particle sixes are given in Abst. No. 1060. Considered in Abst. No. 1064 are the veterinary aspects of air pollution. The theme of Abet. No. 1072 is hew to improve safety through organisation. Details an laboratory hoods are given in Abet. Nos. 1076 and 1077. FFoundation acts NEW TRUSTEE ELECTED TO t-H-F BOARD. Mr. Newell R. Johnson. General Manager of the American Mutual Insurance Alliance, has boon elected to the Beard of Trustees of the talgghM Hygiene Foundation. THRESHOLD The Threshold Limit Values for 1959, adopted by the AmoricathfnafOToace od Gove rnmental Industrial Hygienists, appear in this issue of the DigtdPL IBd limit value for bromine was changes from 1.0 to 0. 1 ppm, chloroform from lOKai 50 ppm, and cbloropicrin from 1. 0 to 0.1 ppm. The list now contains 250 compounds plus '25 tentative valaes. 24th ANNUAL MEETING THIS MONTH. The program and registration cards for the 24th Annual Meeting were mailed on September 17, and the number of registration cards returned has been most gratifying. Vo hope that the broad scope of subject matter and the distinguished roster of speakers will appoal to representatives of all of our member companies. We look forward to a profitable and intoresting meeting. The officers of the Foundation also have a full program, with mootings scheduled for the Executive Committee and two meetings for the Board ef Trustees. > t i 01 132 0732 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Threshold Limit Values for 1959 ................................................................................................I - IV News Items............................................................................................... 1 Coming Events ................................................. Occupational Disease Statistics................................................................. 2 3 Legal Developments ............................................................................................................................... 4 Books, Pamphlets and Notices...................................................................................................... 4 Industrial Medical Practice......................... 5 Skin Diseases and Burns ................................................................................ 9 Chemical Hazards........................................................................... 11 Industrial Dusts................................................................................................................................................15 Physical Aspects of the Environment..................................................................................................18 Radioactivity and X-Radiation.................................................................................................................20 Environmental Measurements.................................................................................................................23 Preventive Engineering ...........................................................................................................................25 Community Air Hygiene ............................................................ 28 Management Aspects ................................................................................ 28 Accidents and Prevention ....................................................... 29 Miscellaneous............................................................................................................... 31 Index.............................. 32 01 132 0733 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR 1959* Adopted at the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Chicago, April 25-28, 1959 Threshold limits should be used as guides in the control of health hazards and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They represent conditions under which it is be lieved that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day aiter day, without adverse eifect. The values listed refer to time weighted average concentrations for a normal work-day. The amount by v-ich these figures may be exceeded for short periods without injury to health depends upon a number of factors such as the nature of the contaminant, whether very high concentrations even for short penccs c-ocuce acute poisoning, whether the effects are cumulative, the frequency with which high concer.traticr. and me duration of such periods. Ail must be taken into consideration m arriving at a decision as to whether a hazarcous situation exists. Special consideration snouic be given to the application of these values m the evaluation of the health hazarcs which may be associated with exposure to combi nations of two or more substances. Threshold limits are basea on the oest available information from industrial experience, from experi mental studies, and, when poss.bie. :rom a comoir.ation of me two. These values are bases or. various criteria of toxic effects or on marked discomfort: thus, they should not oe used as a common denomina tor ox toxicity, nor should mey be considered as me sole criterion m proving or cisprovir.g diagnosis of suspected occupational diseases. These limits are intended for use in me field ox industrial hygiene and should be employed bv persons trained in this field. They are not intended for use, or tor modification for use, m the evaluation or control of community air pollution or air-pollution nuisances. These values are reviewed annually by the Committee on Threshold Limits for changes, revisions, or additions as further information becomes available. The Committee welcomes the suggestion a: sub stances to be added to the list ar.c also comments, references, or reports of experience with these materials. Recommended Values Gases and Vapors Substance Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetylene tetrabromide Acrolein Acrylonitrile Allyl alcohol Allyl chloride Allyl propyl disulfide Ammonia Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol (isoamyl alcohol) Aniline Arsine Benzene (benzol) Benzyl chloride Bromine B utadiene (1,5 -butadiene) Bu tan one (methyl ethyl ketone) PPM Approx. Mg. per Cu. M. Substance 200 10 5 iCCO l 0.5 20 5 3 2 100 200 100 3 0. 05 25 1 0. 1 1000 250 360 25 20 2400 14 1.2 45 12 15 12 70 1050 360 13 '} 80 5 0.7 2200 740 Butyl acetate (n-butyl acetate) Butyl aicoboi (n-butanol) Butyl amine Butyl cellosolve (2-outoxyetbanol) Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide .Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Cellosolve (2-ethoxyethanol) Cellosolve acetate (2-ethoxyethyl acetate) Chlorine Chlorine crifluonde Chlorobenzene (monochlorobenzene) * Chloroform (tnchloromethane) 1 -Chloro-1 -nitr opropane * Chloropicrm PPM Aoprox. .V per Z 1.. oo M 100 5 50 5000 20 100 25 200 100 l 0.1 75 50 20 0. 1 3o: .i 240 3000 oO no loO 40 540 3 3. 4 350 240 100 0. * l. Copied from A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Health, September 1959, Change in value previously listed I. 01 132 0731 G*e *ad Vapor (coat.) ' Approx. Mg. Substance PPM per Cu.M. Substance Chioroprene !2-ehioro-l, 3-butadiene) 25 Cresol (all isomers) 5 Dvciohexane 400 .100 Cyclohexansne 100 Cvclchexene 400 Cyclopropane 400 Decaborar.e 0.05 Diacetone alcohol (4-hyaroxy- 4-methyl-2-pentanone) 50 Dibcrane i-Dichiorobenzene 0. 1 50 DichiorodiCuorome thane 1000 i, 1 -Dichloroethauae 100 l, 2-Dichloroethaae (ethvlene bichloride) 1. 2-Dichioroethylene 100 200 Dichioroethyl ether 15 Dichioromonofluoromethane 1000 i, 1-Dichioro-i-mtroethane 10 Dichio rote trafluoroe thane 1000 Diethylamide 25 Dicluorodibromome thane 100 Diisobutyl ketone 50 Dimetbyianlline (N -dim e thy1aniline) 5 Dimethyl suliate i Sioxane (diethyiene dioxide) 100 thvi acetate 400 :hyl a-.ryiate 25 thyl alcahol (ethanoi) :ogo :hyLarr.uie 25 :hy'.'oenaene 200 thvl bromide 200 :hyl chloride 1000 thyi ether 400 :hy. iorrr.ate ICO :r.yl i;.;cate 100 Cthyler.e caiorahycrsa 5 thyleneciam.ine 10 thviene aioromide (1,2-dibromoethane) 25 :hyiene mine 5 thyleae oxide 50 riuorir.e 0. i Fluorotnchloromethane 1000 F ormaldehyde 5 Furfural 5 Gasoline 50C Heptane 'r.-heptane) 500 Hexane (n-hexane) 500 Hexacone* 1 (methyl butyl ketone) 100 Hydrazine 1 Hydrogen bromide 5 Hydrogen chloride 3 Hydrogen cyanide 10 Hydrogen fluoride 3 Hydrogen peroxide, 30 0 1 Hydrogen selenide 0. 05 90 22 1400 410 400 1350 690 0.3 240 0. 1 300 4=50 400 400 790 40 4200 oO 7000 T5 360 290 25 3 3o0 1400 100 1900 45 370 3= 0 2o00 1200 300 330 ip 30 1=0 3 =0 0. 2 5600 *3 20 2000 2000 1300 410 l. 3 17 7 ii 2 1.4 0.2 Hydrogen suicide Iodine Isophorone Isopropviamine Mesityl oxide Methyl acetate Methvl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl alcohol (methanol) Methyl bromide Methyl cellosolve f 2 -me thoxve tnano 1) Methvl celloscive acetate lethyiene glycol mono methvl ether acetate) Methyl chloride Methylal (dimethoxymethane) Methyl chicrcform (1,1, 1 -trichlcroethane) Methylcyclohexane Methylc yc lohexar.oi Methylcyc.ohexanone Methyl formate Methyl isobutyl carbinol (methyl amyl alcohol) (-Methyl stvrer.e Methylene chloride (dicr_ororr.ecitane > Monomethvi aniline Naphtha (coa. tar) N'apntha (petroleum.! Nickel carbor.yL Nitric acid p-Nitroanilme Nitrobenzene Nttroethane Nitrogen dioxice Nitroglycerin Nitromethar.e 2-Ni:ropropane Nitrotoiuene Octane Ozone Paracichlorobenzene Per.tane Pentar.one (methvl propyl ketone) Per chi or ethylene '.tetracnloroethyler.e) Phenol Phenylhydrazme Phosgene (carbonyl chloride) Phosphine Phosphorus trichloride Propyi acetate Propyl aicohoi (isopropyl alcohol) Propyl ether (isopropyl ether) PPM a> rw 0.1 25 5 200 1000 *; 2CC Approx. per Cu. 30 :*c ^ - * e 5 35 Zc * 2? ,, - 25 . zz cc Z 1 Z 1 DOC 5CC 500 100 100 100 3: oc > * 20CC 4?" 4o0 250 25 ICO ICO 480 5 -C > > V' 500 a 1V * ICO 5 0. 5 100 5C 5 500 C. i *5 1000 1*50 - : ;: ZZ . __ 25 5 310 5 253 130 30 2350 > 450 2 = 50 200 200 5 3 1350 1= i 0.05 0.5 200 4 0.0* 3 340 400 = 30 5C0 2 IOC 01 132 0735 Substance Propylene dichloride (1, 2-dichioropropane) Propylene imine Propylene oxide Pvridine Quir.one Stibrne Stoddard solvent Styrene monomer 1 phenyl ethylene) Sulfur hexafluoride Suiter mcnochlonde Sulfur pentafluonde Tertiary butyl alcohol ?-Tertiary butyltoluene Gases and Vapors (eont. ) PPM Approx. Mg. per Cu. M. Substance PPM 75 25 100 10 0. 1 0. 1 500 350 60 240 30 0.4 0.5 2900 100 5 1000 1 0.025 100 10 420 13 oOOO 6 0.25 300 60 1, 1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrahydrofuran Tetramtromethane Toluene (toluol) o- Toiuidine Tolylene-2, 4-diisocvanate Trichioroethv.ene T r ietr.ylarr.me Triiluoromonobromo- methane Turpentine Vinyl chloride chloroethvlene) V:r.y. toluene Xylene (xylol) Xyiidme OO 3 2C0 i 200 5 A *> * n 25 10C0 SCO t r, 5. Aoorcx. per C - 35 3 -: : ; 22 -* ::?: 1 ** 611! 1311 %j1 r: 2: Toxic Zlusts, Fumes, and Mists Substance Mg. per Cu. M. Alarm (1,2, 3, 4, 10,10-hexachioro- 1,4, 4a, 5,8, 3a-hexahydro-l, 4,5,3- dime thanonaphthalene) 0.25 A mm ate (ammonium sulfamate) 15 Antimony 0. 5 AN TV (aloha-naphthyl-thiourea) 0.3 Arsenic 0. 5 Barium (soluble compounds) 0.5 Be ry.lium 2r/mi Cacrr.:um. axide fume 0. 1 Calcium arsenate Chlordane (1,2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8- 0.1 octachloro-3a, 4, 7, 7a-tetrahydro- 4, "-methanoindane) 2 C.-ilormated campheoe. 60% 0.5 Chlorinated diphenyl oxide 0.5 Chiorodip.nenyl (42% chlorine) 1 Chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) 0.5 Chromic acid and chromates (as CrOj) 0.1 Crag herbicide (sodium 2-(2, 4-dichloro- phenoxy) ethanol hydrogen suliate) 15 Cyanide (as CN) 5 2,4-0(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 10 DDT (2,2-bis(p-chlorophsnyl)-l, 1,1- tr ichlor oetbane) l Dieldrin (1,2, 3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6, 7. epoxy*1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro- 1,4, 5, 8-dimethano-naphthalene) 0.25 Dinitrobenzene l Dimtrotoluene 1.5 Dinitro-o-cresol 0.2 EPN (O-echyl O-p-nitrophenyl thionobenzenephospbonate) 0.5 Feroam (ferric dimethyl dithiocarbamate) 15 Ferrovanadium dust 1 Fluoride 2.5 Hydroquinone 2 Iron oxide fume 15 Lead 0.2 in. Substance Mg. oe r Cu Lead arsenate Lindane (hexaehlorocyclohexane, gamma isomer) Magnesium oxide fume Malathion (0,0-dimethyl dithiophos- phate of diethyl mereaptosuccinace) Manganese Mercury Mercury (organic compounds) Methoxychior (2,2-di-p-methoxv- phenyl-1, 1,1,1 - tr ic hi 0 roe thane) Molybdenum (soluble compounds) (insoluble compounds) Nicotine Parathion (O,O-diethyl-O-p-mtrophenyl thiophosphate) Pentachloronaphthalene Pentachlorophenol Phosphorus (yellow) Phosphorus pentachloride Phosphorus pentasullide Picric acid Pyrethrum R otenone Selenium compounds (as Se) Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) Sodium hydroxide Strychnine Sulfuric acid TEDP (tetraethyl dithionopyrophosphate 1 TEPP (tetraethyl pyrophosphate) Tellurium Tetryl (2,4, 6-trinitrophenylmethylnitr amine) Thallium (soluble compounds) Thiram (tetramethyl thiuram disulfide) Titanium dioxide T r ic hlor onaphthalene .5 0.5 15 15 6 I. 1 !. ! 1 13 5 15 0. 5 0. 1 0. 5 0.5 1 l [ 1 0.1 5 0.1 *1 * Z, 15 1 0.2 Z. ! 5 * 4 1.5 !. 1 5 15 5 1 132 0738 Toxic Dusts. f'jati, and Mists leant.) Sub i ease e Mg. per Cu. M. Substance .v.g per Trinitrotoluene Uranium "soluble compounds) (insoluble compounds) Warfarin ! 3-(Cf-aeet3nylbenzyi)dydroxvc oumarm) Zinc oxide fumes Zirconium compounds ias Zr) ust) me) ? aoiuaciiv.:-.-: Tzr permissible concentrations o: ncioisctopes in nr, see Maximum Permusic Amounts it 3aciu.sotspes in the Human 3ocy and Masocun Permissible Concentrations ir. Air m Water. Hancboox 52, U. 5. Department o; Commerce. Nations. 3ureau o: Stannards. Marcr., . r 3. Ir. accititr., see Permissible Dose irom external Sources of Ionizing Saeiatior.. Hancboox Department c: Commerce, Natior.a. Bureau c: Stancarcs, September 2-i, 1354. C. 5. Department of Commerce Har.cbook 52 has oeer. superseced oy Handbook or. Maximum. ?e missibie Body Burcer.s and Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Hadionuc.ices ir. Air me ur. tor Occupational Dxposure, subsequent to the presentation ot tms report. Hancbook 55, U. S. Deoartment of Commerce, r.as beer, revised bv addition oi aedendum. Aor. Substance Aluminum oxide Asbestos Dust (nuisance, no tree siiica) Mica (below 5"r free silica) Portland cement Tc Mineral Dusts lw??CF 5: 5 5C ID 50 "> n Substance Silica high (above 50 r: free SiOj) medium. :5 to rOC free SiOj) low (below jT: free SiOj) Silicon carbide Soapstone (below 5 ' free SiC:) M?? C T 5 ID 50 50 Substance PPM AUyl g.ycicyi ether (AGE) Boror. trifluonde .-.-Butyl giycidyi ether (BCD) Chorine dioxide Ch.oroacetaicehyde Chiorobromom ethane (C1B rC Hj) Diglycicyl ether (DGE) Dimethyl formamide 1, 1-Dimethyl hydrazine Dipropylene-glycolmethyi- ether Ethyl mercaptan Glvcidol 10 1. 50 10 0. 1 1 400 10 20 0. 5 100 250 50 50 Tentative Values Approx. Mg per C M. Substance PPM oo *- 43 3 2*0 35 0. 3 3 55 oO sOG o4 D ICO 150 sec-Hexyl acetate . DC Isopropyl giyeidvl ether; ICE) = ; Lithium hydride Methvl mercaptan 5Z Perch.orometr.yL mercaptan D Phenyl giycidyi ether (PCE) 5 0 Phosphoric acid r.-Propyl nitrate 1,2, J-Tr:chloropropane 25 50 Tnorthocresyl phosphate Yttrium ii inorganic compounds Teflon decomposition products m Pentaborane (BjHq) m App :x Mg. ter i 310 100 " Until more data are forthcoming, it is important that amosphenc concentrations of these materials to which workers are exposed must be kept as near 0 as possible. (Signed): William L. Ball W. Clark Cooper H. E. Stokinger Keith H. Jacobson Hervey B. Elkins W. H. Semhar Allan L. Coleman, Chairman nnn IV 01 132 0737 October, 1959 Volume XXIII No. 10 Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh 11, Pennsylvania INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENE DIGEST Literature and News NEWS ITEMS 976 National Fire Protection Association Conference. Topics ranging from school and hospital fire safety to rural protection problems will be covered at the forthcoming Annual Fall Conference of the National Fire Protection Association. The meeting, to be held in Dee Moines, Iowa, November 11-11, will bring to gether several hundred fire safety experts from the United States and Canada. Morning and afternoon sessions of Che 3-day conference will treat a wide variety of subjects m the tire prevention and protection field. Among them are safe handling of flammable anesthetics in hospital operating rooms, fire alarm systems and extinguishers, electrical fire safety, and successful community fire prevention campaigns. Arrangements for the conference are being handled by a sponsoring committee made up of Iowa members of the National Fire Protection Association. Chairman is Ed. J. Herron, Iowa State Fire Marshal, with George C. Whitner. manager of the Iowa Inspection Bureau, Des Moines, serving as co-chairman. 977 Industrial Nurses Conference. The New York State Association of Industrial Nurses will hold its Eighth Annual Health Conference in New York City, November 6-8, 1959, at the Commodore Hotel. The Greater New York Association of Industrial Nurses will be the hostess group with Miss Eliza beth Van Steenburgh of Johns-Manville, Inc., as the Conference Chairman. Educational pro grams are being arranged for Friday and Saturday. The annual business meeting will be held Saturday afternoon and new officers will be announced. At the banquet that evening Miss Fannie Hurst, noted author and lecturer, will be the speaker. At the Sunday breakfast meeting the speaker will be Miss Caroline Simon, Secretary of State for the State of New York. -- Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 978 Emergency Methods to Handle Victims of Radiation Accidents. A special emergency procedure to handle srictims of radiation accidents is being established at the University of Michigan Medical Center. A team of specialists, including physicians, surgeons, nurses, medical technicians and health physicists will work together to provide prompt diagnosis and treatment for patients exposed to extensive radiation. Dr. W. H. Beierwaltes, chief of the U-M clinical radioisotope unit and tea.--, coordinator, said the new plan was developed in light of the growing use of radioactive s.cstances by industries and research laboratories throughout Michigan and northern Ohio. As now envisioned, radia tion emergencies will be handled separate from the U-M's regular Emergency Service because of the different apparatus required and the expected nature of the injury. The victim of a radia tion accident will be monitored for radioactivity by a Geiger counter at the emergency entrance of the medical center. If the patient is wounded, a surgeon and anesthetist will be on hand to treat him. For several days, samples of the patient's blood, sputum and urine will be checked for evidence of radiation effects. Doctors will also check for radioactivity in the victim's thyroid, the creases of his skin, his clothing and the vehicle which brought him to the hospital. At the accident scene physicists will calculate the amount of radiation which the victim might have received. These calculations will be given to attending physicians to help them decide the appropriate type of treaaaent. 1. 01 132 073S Industrial Hygiene Digeit October. l5a 979 "Our Nuclear Future1'. Top spokesmen in the field of nuclear acience from all parts of the United Statej ! will gather in Jackson, Miaa., October 21-11 ior a aeriea of presentations on induatriai and commercial use a of nuclear power. Induatrialiata and buaineaamen from every aection of the country are expected to attend the sessions, jointly sponsored by ten Mississippi institu tions with "Our Nuclear Future" as the theme. Although all the sponsors are Mississippi ' institutions, the subject matter to be presented is nationwide in scope. This is the first pro gram of its kind to be held in Mississippi and one of the first in this category to be held in the South. Attendance will be limited to 350--400. A registration fee of S25 per person will cover ; the cost of attendance at all sessions, plus an informal gathering on the evening of October 23. luncheon, reception and dinner on October 21, and luncheon on October 22. Reservations are to be mailed to "Our Nuclear Future", care of the Mississippi Induatriai Research Center, | P. O. Box 1037, Jackson, Miss. 980 Action of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. At the Federation of American Societies tor Experimental Biology, O. N. Calvert and T. M. Brody, of the University of Michigan Medical Center reported a 2 1/2 year study of , the toxic effects of carbon tetrachloride. They reported that this compound and probably other chlorinated hydrocarbons are not poisonous but that they trigger a massive and prolonged dis charge of adrenalin within the body. The resulting overload of adrenalin can severely damage the liver and prove fatal. The wholesale discharge of adrenalin somehow breaks down the body's stored fat and fills the bloodstream with fatty acids. At the same time, it impairs the flow of I blood to the liver so that the organ cannot function normally. This chain reaction can be inter- < rupted by blocking the signals irom the brain and test animals show no -.11 effects from other wise near-fatal doses of carbon tetrachloride. ' - Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 981 Medical Documentation in Germany. The Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Dokumentation has established a sub -unit for medical j sciences headed by Dr. O. Naike, Stapenhorstrasse 62, Bielefeld, Germany. This mecical section is primarily concerned with the organization of published information in the medical sciences, but is also interested in the organization of medical and hospital records and medical , statistics. In the latter fields, members of the section have explored a number of new possi- : bilities of deriving information from patients' records. The section publishes a quarterly journal, Dokumentation in Medizin und Biologle, now in its third volume. The journal is avail able on application to Dr. Nacke. -- Science Information News COMING EVENTS 982; Nov. 1-5 Nov. 2-4 Nov. 4-6 Nov. 4-6 1 Nov. 4-6 Nov. 8-10 ! Nov. 8-11 Nov. 9-11 Nov. 12-13 ; Nov. 12-14 Nov. 15-20 American Fracture Association, New Orleans, La. Atomic Industrial Forum, Annual Conference, Washington, D.C. American Nuclear Society, Washington, D.C. Industrial Management Society, 23rd Annual Industrial Engineering and Management Clinic, Chicago, 111. Seventh Annual Symposium on Antibiotics, Washington. D.C. National Fertilizer Solutions Association, St. Louis, Mo. Association of Military Surgeons of the United States, Washington, D.C. American Petroleum Institute, 36th Annual Meeting, Chicago, 111. National Industrial Research Conference, Chicago, HI. Gerontological Society, Inc., Detroit, Mich. Radiological Society of North America, Inc., Chicago, HI. 2, 01 132 0739 Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1 a;o Nov. 16 -13 Nov. 16-20 Nov. 16 -20 Nov. 19 Nov. 24 Nov. 29 -30 Dec. 5- 10 Dec. 6- 10 Dec. 7- 9 Dec. 7- 10 Dec. i- 12 Dec. 11 -12 Dec. 11 -12 Dec. 28 -29 International College of Surgeons, Mid-Atlantic Meeting of the C. S. Sec Hot Springs, Va. American Socket Society, 14th Annual Meeting, Washington, O.C. Fifth International Automation Congress and exposition. New York, N. Y Society of Plastics Engineers, San Francisco, Calif. Manufacturing Chemists' Assn., 9th Semiannual Mid-Winter Meeting, New York, N.Y. American College of Chest Physicians, Dallas, Texas. American Academy of Dermatology and Syphilology, Chicago, 111. American Inst, of Chemical Engrs., Annual Meeting, San Francisco, Ca Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Assn., Annual Meeting, Washington American Medical Association, Clinical Meeting, Dallas, Texas. New York State Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc., Postgraduate Assemb in Anesthesiology, New York, N.Y. Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease, Inc., New Yor New York Heart Assn., Symposium on Salt and Water Metabolism, New American Chemical Society, Division of Industrial and Engineering Chem Christmas Symposium, Baltimore, Md. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE STATISTICS 933 Occupational Disease Statistics. (Cases reported to the respective Health Departments.) Colo. June-July Pa. Aug -Sept. Anthraco-silicosis B ror.cr.iectaais Bronchopulmonary Carbon monoxide Cement poisoning Chlorine C yanide Dermatitis Fibrosis Fumes (unidentified) Lead poisoning Oxides of nitrogen Parathion Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis (suspected) Pneumonitis (in mushroom workers) Respiratory irritation Silicosis Silicosis (suspected) Silico-TB Silico-TB (suspected) Weed spray (unidentified) Miscellaneous l l 23 39 33 I 1 S3 11 1 3 1 73 21 21 13 13 * 93 101 15 Total 42 270 13 325 3. 01 132 074 Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 195? LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS 984 Registration Required by Radiological Health Service Act. The General Assembly of the State of Tennessee passed during its last session an act designated as the Radiological Health Service Act to regulate the manufacture, use, re* ceipt, possession, storage, and disposal of radiation sources. The Act provides for establish ment of a Radiological Health Service within the Department of Health, the functions of which 1 include: (1) collection and dissemination of information relative to radiological health; (i) ' encouragement, participation in, and the conducting of studies, training, research, ana de monstrations relating to the control of radiation hazards and related research or studies as may be deemed advisable; (3) the application of controls necessary for protection of the health and well-being of people; (4) authority to require reporting of unexpected or unplanned incidents of excessive exposure and to take such action as necessary to cope with the resultant hazard; (5) adopcion of rules and regulations pertaining to the manufacture, use, receipt, possession, storage, and disposal of radiation sources; and (6) inspection and examination of premises ana operations involving radiation. The Act aiso requires that every person wao owns or pos sesses one or more radiation sources on or after Juiy l, 195? register with the Radiological Health Service. The Act provides for possession without registration of certain sources of radiation believed to be without undue risk such as naturally occurring radioactive material of very low activity; electrical equipment designed to produce radiation, but which may pro- > duce very low levels of radiation; self-luminous elements in such items as timepieces, instru- 1 ments, and novelty items, but not exempting the manufacture of such; and radiation sources being transported m conformity with regulations of a Federal Agency having jurisdiction over such transport. -- Tennessee Ind. Hyg. News 985 Occupational Disease--Common-Law Action--Compensation Act Exclusive Remedy. The employer's motion for summary judgment was granted because the claimant's petition spelled out facts which entitled her to a recovery for an occupational disease and not for damages in a common-law suit. The court noted that the claimant sought to recover for injuries which occurred over a period of time; that she alleged that these injuries were caused by her working m close proximity to certain baking ovens which sent forth large quantities of noxious and harmful paint and enamel fumes; that she breathed and inhaled these fumes many times each day and absorbed them constantly each day. The court ru.sd that the claimant's petition read in conjunction with the pertinent sections of the Occupational Diseases Act indi cated an attempted recovery for an occupational disease. Motion for summary judgement i granted. Oggesen v. General Cable Corporation. United States District Court, Eastern Dis; tnct of Missouri, Eastern Division. No. 53 c7Q(3). June 19, 1959. -- Reproduced by permission from Workmen's Compensation Law Reports, published by and Copyright 1959, Commerce Clearing House, Inc., 4025 W. Peterson Ave., Chicago 46, 111. BOOKS. PAMPHLETS AND NOTICES 986 Pneumoconiosis Abstracts. Volume 3--1951 to 1955. Anon. Pitman Medical Publishing Co., Ltd., 39 Parker St., London, W.C. 2, England. >76 pp. (1959). 65/-net. This volume is a sequel to the two preceding volumes which were published in 1953 and 1954. These volumes contain abstracts which first appeared in the Bulletin of Hygiene; 4. 01 132 0741 Industrial Hyg ne Digest October, ;a;a the first volume covered the years 1926 to 1938, the second 1939 to 1930, and the present volume covers the years 1951 to 1955 inclusive. The set of three volumes therefore con tains a comprehensive collection of abstracts of the important papers published in this field during a period of 30 years. In addition to abstracts on the various forms of pneumoconiosis, abstracts of articles are included which deal with standards of air dustiness; with concen trations of dust from various processes; with technical methods of measurement of dust; and with the study of the physical properties of dusts and of their chemical and mmerological characters. All persons concerned with the study and control of dust diseases will find these volumes an invaluable source of information. -- J>.1 987 Manual of Industrial Radiation Protection. Part 2. Model Code of Safety Regulations (Ionising Radiations), Anon. International Labor Office, Washington Branch 91'-15th 5:., N. W., Washington 5, D.C. 54 pp. (Geneva 1959) 75 cents. This booklet contains the text of Chapter 3Q, Section 2, of the Model Code o: Safety Regulations for Industrial Establishments for the Guidance of Governments and L-.custrv puo- lished by the International Labour Office m 1949) as amended in 1957. 1: a.so constitutes Part 2 of the Manual of Industrial Radiation Protection which the international Labour Cilice is in the course of publishing. The provisions in the present booklet incorporate the most recent knowledge on industrial radiation protection. They are of great value at the present tune when radiation techniques are spreading very fast throughout industry --taster probably than the spread of knowledge of the precautions that they require. However, they impose no obligations on anyone. These provisions, like all the other provisions of the Model Code, are designed as an aid to governments and industry when drafting or revising their own regulations and safety codes. - JM 988 Wortanen's Compensation Problems. Proceedings--44th Annual Convention of the Internationa'. Association of industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Seattle, Wasnington, September 711, 1938. U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards. Bulletin 201. 212 pp. (1958). For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash ington 25, D.C. 60 cents. The proceedings of this convention were prepared for publication by the staff of the Bureau of Labor Standards. Some of the papers in the proceedings, selected at random, are on The Evaluation of the Cardiacs' Work Potential, The Need for Wortanen's Compensation Statistics, a panel discussion on Back Injuries, Management's Viewpoints on the Present Status and the Future of Worlonen's Compensation Laws, Workmen's Compensation in Review, and similar important and interesting topics of current significance. -- JM INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL PRACTICE 989 Pathological Reports for Mortality Statistics. C. L. Erhardt, L. Weiner and Grace McAvoy. J. Am. Med. Assn. 171, 33-36 (Sept. 5, 1959). It has been supposed that the accuracy of mortality statistics could be improved by requiring that statements of the cause of death, as originally reported on the death certificate, be subsequently revised in the light of the autopsy report. This hypothesis was tested in a study of 5,217 autopsy reports in the year 1956. Of this number, only 794 (15.2%) indicated changes in the stated cause of death. The impact on the final statistics was practically negli gible, and the gain in accuracy did not seem sufficient to justify the labor expended m making the proposed changes. Improvements in procedure are still possible, especially in some localities. Physicians should be encouraged to review gross autopsy findings before comple ting death certificates, but the proposed requirement that the pathologist submit a later report --01itorl*3& Off 4 2has evident disadvantages. m 5. Industrial Hygiene Duett October, 19$ 9 990 Litigation Breeder* in Industrial Practice. J. L. Barritt. ind. Med. & Surg. Z3, 333-397 ISept. 1959). Once the regular routine progression o: an industrial case from injury- to recovery or settlement is interfered with. the door is open tor litigation. The injuries described are sources of controversy out of proportion to their numerical frequency. Some of these "liti gation breeders" simulate other concitions. Some tend to merge with and overlap aomndustnal ailments so that segregation of the disability resulting from each is almost imoossio.e. The fact that many ot these conditions flourish only in a climate ot emotional instability coes not lessen the surgeon's responsibility m many of these cases, and early diagnosis and a I realization it me dangers involved will minimize controversy and litigation. -- A .-dor's summary 391 1 Pulmonary Infiltration with Eosmcpdilia. LoefiTer's Syndrome, Sue to Smoke Inhalation: 3eport of a Case and Comment on Patzogenesis. '*V. Tscaumy. Ann. Internal Med. 49, ooo-oTZ iSept. 1953). A fireman had complained of chest tightness, weakness, shortness of breath, and increasing unproductive cough for a period of two weeks after having been overcome by smoke at the scene of a fire in a fabric and upholstery store, two weeks prior to the onset of me symp toms. Originally the x-ray findings were negati . but later a widespread acc patcdy infiltra tion was indicated throughout both lungs except for the apices. This transitory pulmonary in filtration and an eoiinophilia, Loeffler's syndrome, quickly cleared and returned to normal following administration of Prednisone. The clinica* course of the illness suggested as the pathogenesis for this syndrome a delayed type of allergic response in the lungs to an unknown antigen in the smoke. -- A?CA Absts. 992 Evaluation of Disability in Coai Miners with Chronic Pulmonary Disease. 'A'.H. Anderson and W. F. Schmidt. J. Am. Med. Assn. 1T1. 145-150 iSept. 12, i:59). i At the present time the maximum breathing capacity test provides the most signifi cant correlation between symptoms ar.d history o: ability to work without pulmonary symptoms, as compared with the vital capacity- or three-second timed vital capacity tests. As a stucv that can be readily performed m the general hospital or phvsician s office, it offers the most practicable objective guide to evaluation of cvspnea m relation to hard manual .abor m coal mining. This conclusion is based on stucies carried out in 432 persons, most of whom were sort-coal miners, divided into seven groups by varying degrees of breathlessness in associa tion with physical activity, similar studies should be done to serve as disability guides for other groups of workers. -- Editor's summary 993 The Disease-Concept of Alcoholism. D, Parr. Trans. Assn. Ind. Med. Officers 9, o5-bd (July logo),' In diagnosing chronic alcoholism in individuals, doctors should keep firmly to clinical criteria, and avoid being lured into the indiscriminate application of this term to all who, by social or moral standards abuse aicohol. To limit the medical :ncepc of alcoholism :in this way is m no sense reactionary, for it leaves physicians with the iirtsidable tasks of treating those alcoholics who ask for treatment and of persuading the others to ask for it. 'As doctors, the main concern with prooiem drinkers who are not alcoholics u to recognize the incipient addicts amongst them, and at the least to tell them something of the risks they run. -- Cond. from author's ccnciusions 994 A Small Outbreak of Eoedemic Keratoconjunctivitis. M. Perna. Igiene Moderna 51. ?s2-?69 (Sept.-Oct. 1953). Italian. 1 The author reports a small outbreak of epedemic keratoconjunctivitis which occurrec in the summer of 155 at Genoa. In all, b3 cases were detected, including 52 among the cleri cal staff of an insurance office and a navigation society, with lb secondary cases m the families 01 132 0743 Industrial Hyg ene Digest October. of some of the patients. The outbreak started in mid-July and cases followed at the rare of 1 to 2 per day until September 9. Clinically there were c6njunctival hyperemia; hyper trophy of the lower fornix, preauricular lymphadenitis, and nummular keratitis on the 3rd to 4th day. Both eyes were affected in about 70% o: the patients. Forty-seven patients re covered completely in 15 to 30 days without any sequelae, but in the remainder corneal ir ritation lasted for nearly one year. Although the insurance society had an eye clinic, the author considers that having regard to the great care taken at the clinic in the sterilization of instruments, etc., the only possible method of infection from one person to another was through the papers, files and even the typewriters and calculating machines passed or used by one clerk after another. -- Bull. Hyg. 995 Routine Chest X-Ray m Industry. D. L. Caldwell. Trans. Assn. Ind. Med. Officers 76 (July 1959). If a routine yearly x-ray could be instituted on a wide scale, particularly concen trating on the older male age group, then there should be an increasing number of early car cinomata diagnosed, and cases of chronic infectious pulmonary tuberculosis would also be discovered and treated and m many cases rendered non-infectious. It is suggestea that u such examination could be made compulsory, there could be an agreement between the Trade Unions and the employers that any disease discovered in this way could be treated while the employee is given a long period of sick leave on full pay. This would enable employers to retain the services of their employees and would in the long run probably reduce penocs lost from work by siclmess because of early detection. This could perhaps be arranged either locally with individual firms, or even on a national scale. 996 Living and Working with Heart Disease. L. J. Goldwater. Ind. Hyg. Rev. 2, 10-15 (Mayl95). (The original paper appeared in J. Maine Med. Assn. 50, 78-50 (Mar. 1959). The purpose of this article is to summarize the results of a series of studies which were started in 1941 and have been continued up to the present time. All of these studies deal with the occupational potentialities of persons who have heart disease. The term "cardiac rehabilitation 1 has been applied to this work although this may be something of a misnomer. For the cardiac who wants to work, the outlook today is far brighter than it was a decade ago. Strong evidence is now available that most persons with heart disease who are intelligently placed and who remain under medical supervision can look forward to many years of gainful employment. The outlook for them is certainly no worse, and is probably better than it would be if employment were to be terminated. Medical research is constantly adding to the know ledge available to physicians and at the same time forcing the modification or rejection of older beliefs. It is now definitely know a that the time-honored advice to cardiacs to "take it easy'" may do more barm than good. 997 Low Back Pain. G. S. Hackett. Ind. Med. It Surg.- 28, 416-419 (Sept. 1959). Ligament and tendon relaxation (incompetency) is the cause of more low back dis ability than any other entity and is the cause of more referred pain as far as the toes and more sciatica than from all other conditions combined. Dermatomes of referred pain areas from specific disabled ligaments and tendons have been constructed from observations while giving approximately 18,000 injections (intraligamentous) m the diagnosis and treaonent of 1, 70b patients over a period of 19 years. The dermatomes are valuable in diagnosis by directing attention to the ligament as the origin of pain. Treatment by prolotherapy has been successful in 82% of the patients treated. -- Author's summary 998 Epilepsy and the Employers Liability. C. Beaumont. Trans. Assn. Ind. Med. Officers 9, 53-56 (July 1959). The author is an English attorney. He discusses epilepsy and employer's liability as this applied to British law. The question of employer's liability is divided into three dis tinct but related parts: (1) His liability to the servant himself. (2) His liability to fellow 7. 01 132 0744 Hygiene 3:gea aer, 1-? servants *.-.o rr.:*::: se bv a Jervar.: s r.e^.:^er.;e. t'3) H;s ,:ab'..;:v ;o --:ri par:.-1 a ho rr.ijr.s be ;r.;:re: by a jervar.: s r.e*l;g2r.ce. V- rr-3 an: terras are ceiir.e: ar.: cases ^ivolvir.j -.;-r:es :: zirr.ages res-.::r.g :rrrr. a::a:ki o; epil-pjy are cite:. O 7 r ar. s. Mar.ajerr.er.: :: :r.e Zr:.ec::c. *s a arcs. :ha: :r.e -roritv :: :r.e J:::erer$ :r:rr. -pd-psv ar.r :: ar. average r.e:r:'.::;:al c.ir.::. are pjv- rr. re^cr.s it:, ar. aa s-rrptirr. :: piv- i5 zzzr.z :: :a;.. 2::a:.v *e a:rr. :a :: jic'ij.i:: :--s* r.ie/ es, 37 :; str.ers, ji the:: attic>3. I: is t:.s ,:s ::r.sci:.sr.esj :3 t: e\p:ie .r. -r/. He : ir.r.:: .v:rk a: -eights. he v:r.< 5. r.ichtr.ery, ar.c. r. ?ar::c-lar. :r. cv.r.g r.acr.ir.e- ir.c he :ar.r.:t ho rr.ar.y o:her sbv-.o'-j.y nr.jer::J csj. , ar.h zo as a ell as tr.e next man, b*a: ;r:r. he is jutersiitior. and fear. The fear other people eg a fit 13 .*:: vanaole out it is verv ccnsicerab.* ir. :.-.a: reason tr.ose who are suo.ec: to frequent epi- s : instantly meet:.-., tr.e pub-ic. It -.5 trie tr.at -- ar. - :o t.-.at .3 oeuause --.ar.v peop.e have attaokj vh::.t occur t rr.crniotg. Cr.e o: the prmoipa. aims is to achieve regularity u rr.ore irr.portar.t to them tr.ar. to moat or eo.leone patients. tr.at is s.nft-w or.< which changes . .5 also very irr.portar.t tor the epi.eptic, ar.c it ii for more t.-.ar. live e: his waking hours, at most, with-* i . r cr. s. .-i a s r.. .-.e great --.a t: pat.e-.ti epi.eosv are pivc.-.o.ojioally r.ormal people ar.c i:h euceptior. u: t.-.e a- oicar.ie i: obvious hacaroj such as working at heights, r.ear .raw mac.-.tr.ery or ir. ir.ter.se r.eat. or or. mg vshic.es, there should be r.o re strict.or.s p.aceb cr. tr.eir lives, '`her. tr.e .r' o: epi.eptics a r.o cave personality disorners are oon- sicered, n is oour.o that the majority c: i.-.ese are sufferers from temporal lobe epilepsy. ' These patier.ts have suffered brair. carnage, usually early m liie, but a proportion, particu- .arly those m whom the tits start in acolescer.ce or later, have small focal lesions in the temporal Itbe a.-.icr. may be operable. Ir. these cases it is the Level of intelligence and ir. i particular :.-.e severity of the personality disorder -.vouch determines their social adjustment. The need for a comprehensive study o: the epileptic paner.t whose work record is failing or who has cevelcped personality disorder is apparent. ouch a study not only includes the phy siological, clinical and pathological aspects o: his disorder but also involves an assessment of the personality disorder, the intelligence Level and the social relationships of the patient. This sort of work involves a team of people having different techniques and disciplines. The Cohen Report on the Medical Care of epileptics (L^oo) recommended the establishment in england of a number of such investigatory units which would ha-.-, ust this function. The ' number of patients for whom such units would cater may not be . -eat--there are probably about 30,000 temporal lobe epileptics in 5main--but there can oe no doubt that their exist* ence constitutes a considerable medico-social problem. --Cond. from author's conclusions 1001 Occupational Lung Cancer: A Review. S. Doll. Brit. J. Ir.d. Med. id, 131-1(July l^o9). The history of industrial Tur.g cancer has shown that a specific industrial hazard may be overlooked for many years by both management and employees. The first indication of a risk has usually been an acute medical observation that a disproportionate number of the patients presenting with lung cancer have been employed in a particular industry; alternatively 3 01 132 0745 Industrial Hygiene Digest October, ;i;t evidence has been provided by the occupational mor-ility statistics for the whole country or by an analysis of the occupations recorded on the reatn certificates in the locality it. which the industry was situatec. oorr.etimes this evidence has been cver-vielsting. as in the ease of the Schneeoer; miners; but usually, to ootatn proof of the existence o: a risk, it'nas been necessarv ta carry cut a cetai.ed study a: :.te fate a: se.eatec workers over a number a: years ir.c ta umpire t.te mcrtaiitv imong tnem with that reccrned for ctaer oooulatiar.s, Icr.j cancer is a rapidly fatal nisease anc ilthougo ;t is now- a common cause ai death, its prevalence is so .0" that, even in the presence a: a major risk, t.-.e examination a: as manv as fill cr.<er mi" .'ail ta revea. any cases a: all on a smg.e occasion. In re cent years, t.-.e mrrti.itv from .mg cancer cue ta r.anmdustnal causes r.as mcreasec er.ar- maus.y; r.c-.v m Britain. cancer accounts far more than 11" at all seams among men aged from 45 ta o4 rears, the ages at which a risk of industrial cancer may most reaa.lv be detected. In these circumstances, the discovery of a new risk by simple almica. obser vation is difficult and if any acsitior.ai risks remain to be discovered it is probable that they will be revealed by planned prospective studies, undertaken with the special object of finding out whether any risks exist. lr. this respect, detailed studies o: the relationship between ex posure, incidence, and duration of latent period may be of particular value. -- Cand. tram a .t.-.cr s car.a.istans 1002 evaluation of an Oxygen Therapy Unit. R. C. Balagot and M. S. Sadove. I. Am. Med. .issn. 1 ~ 1. 3o-4C Sept. 5, 1359). A portable'tank with a capacity of 56 liters of compressed oxvgen is equipped with control valves, pressure gauge, plastic bag, and mask for use in short-perioc oxygen therapy. A unit of this sort was tested on a subjects under conditions permitting continuous determina tions of oxygen concentration of the air of the oropharyngeal passage and of oxygen saturation in the blood of the ear, lr. addition, biocd samples were obtained for ceterminations of arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in 4 subjects asleep under thiopental. The flow from the tank was initially about 6 liters per minute and declined as the pressure fell. 1: gave satis factory oxygen and carbon dioxide values in unconscious persons for about 12 minutes, `.'.'hen the rate of flow declined below 4 liters per minute the elimination of carbon dioxide from under the mask was inadequate, so that after the 12th minute there was a significant degree a: hyper cardia. -- Editor's summerv 5KIN DISEASES AND B UR NS 1003 A Contribution to the Study of Deiaved injury bv Pneumatic Tools. C. Brehm and H. Holxtr.an. Berufsdermatosen a_, 309-31o (Dec. 1958). German. A case is described of a man of 47 who in 1958 presented sclerodermatic changes in the palmar aspects of all fingers, shrinkage of the terminal phalanges of both index and little fingers and the middle finger of the right hand associated with attacks of acroasphyxia provoked by exposure to cold. Although the face, the rest of the skin and the cardiovascu.ar system appeared to be normal it was possible to demonstrate some delay in the recover-.- of normal surface temperature, after chilling, on the distal part of tha .eft upper extremity. The question had arisen as to how far this man's condition, which interfered with his manipula tion of tools and prevented his riding a motorcycle, could be attributed to military service. He had evidently not himself attributed it to vibration because be did not disclose that he had ever worked with a pneumatic drill until he was asked specifically about it. During his service, however, he had had several severe attacks of tonsillitis one of them associated with arthro pathy. The case was not typical of constitutional sclerodermia or of Raynaud's disease ar.d yet at least 7 years had elapsed between the employment and the development of any symptoms and the characteristic predilection for the left hand was Lacking. In giving their opinion toe authors seem to have accepted the possibility that the vibration which, by the way, precedes the tonsillitis, might have combined m some way with the latter to produce the clinical picture they describe. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 9 01 132 0716 Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1959 100,4 Dermatitis in the South Wales Mining Industry: A Report of . Survey of Two Collieries. B. F. Matthews. Brit. J. Inc. Med. 200-207 (July 1959). A survey to determine the prevalence of dermatitis in collieries and to investigate the etiology of the condition has been carried out in South Wales. Two collieries were chosen because of a marked variation between them in the incidence of claims for dermatitis compen sation. The method was to examine the entire colliery populations and to submit the cases found to detailed study. The cases were classified as occupational and non-occupational, and a third group was reserved for doubtful cases possibly related to occupation. The prevalence of occupational dermatitis was almost the same m the two collieries. The incidence of claims for benefit does not therefore appear to reflect the true prevalence of the disease. A correla tion between the contrasting claim rates and variation m the seventy of occupational dermatitis in the two collieries was established. Occupational dermatitis most commonly developed on the lower limbs; this tendency was greatest in coal face workers. The special distribution of the rash corresponded to the areas most exposed to frictional damage at work. -- Cond. from author's abstract 1005 Changes in the Ten Commonest Dermatoses m Private Practice. E. F. Corson, H. A. Lus:air.be and J. K. Corson. A.M.A. Arch. Dermatol. 7^, 179 (Feb. 1959). The authors compare the diagnosis of the 10 most commonly encountered skin dis eases in private practice circa 1930 with an equal number of dermatosis seen m 1955. The trend is of general interest. For example, contact dermatitis advanced from 3. 1 " to 11. I r, i in the 1955 series. The reason for its advance was twofold, according to the authors: (1) in creased diagnostic ability, and (2) the many new allergies m industry and everyday use. Im petigo, 4. 7f., and scabies, 3.2T1 in the 1930 study, did not qualify in 1955 as among the top 10. Better personal and public hygiene was said to accout for the latter findings. The Tineas (all types) dropped from about l3To, first place in 1930, to 6.1r,, sixth place in 1955. There is considerable doubt as to what may have produced this decrease. The authors suggest that perhaps the well-advertised proprietary preparations sold over the counter have allowed more j patients to treat themselves successfully. - J. Occ. Med. Absts. 1006 The Growth of Aerobic Bacteria m Metal-Cutting Fluids. C. O. Tant and E. O. Bennett. Appi. Microbiol, js, 333-391 (Nov. .953). A variety of bacteria that had been isolated from industrial machine cooling fluids were grown m artificial media, suspended m saline and inoculated into freshly prepared coolants, h6id st room temperature. Pseudomonads grew m all products and Proteus vulgaris in all but one. The growth of other coliform organisms was variable, depending on the stram and coolant. In most cases Staphylococcus aureus ar.d Streptococcus pyogenes failed to grow, or to survive for more than a few days. -- Bull. Hyg. 1007 Gamma-Globulin Therapy in Chronic Staphylococcic Dermatoses. W. J. Morginsoa, D. C. Wood and L. Burgess. A.M.A. Arch. Dermatol. 7^, 305 (Mar. 1959). _ Chronic staphylococcic infection associated with eezematoid dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, intertrigo, pyoderma, folliculitis, furunculosis, and acne vulgaris were studied in a aeries of patients to determine whether the list showed a lowered antibacterial titer or a low ered gamma-globulin level, and to determine patient response to treaaneat with gamma-globulin. The majority of pationts studied revealed that they had a marked hypogammaglobulinemia and a , .owered serum antibacterial titer. This latter finding was further subdivided into a complementdepending factor (properdin) and a non-complement-doponding factor or factors--both wore found to bo lower. Not all cases fitted this general pattern; hence a diagnostic generalisation must not be made at this time. Most patients with low gamma-globulin levels were helped by treatment with gamma-globulin intragluteally in 20 ml. doses at 3 to 4 week intervals. -- J. Occ. Med. Absts. 10. 01 132 074" Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1Q5Q 1008 A Hand Cleanser Derived from Soybean. C. Stritzler. Ind. Med. U Surg. 28. 420-421 (Sept. 1959). A cleansing agent m the form of a cream made up of colloidal lipid materials derived from soybean in an acid mantle base was used as a cleansing agent in 134 patients with, contact dermatitis of the hands. In 75 of these, it proved an adequate cleansing agent while the patient was undergoing investigation and treatment to determine the cause of the dermatitis, with little or no interference with the healing of the eruption; m 21 T, there was Little interference with the dermatitis, but the patients did not consider the cream to he an adequate cleanser for the paints, inks and greases with which they were in contact; while ir. 4T,, the patients could not tolerate the cleanser (seven of 134 patients). Two groups of -C workers in an industrial plant were studied! one used the soybean cleanser, the other an abrasive cleanser; there were 2.2f, (two) cases of dermatitis of the hands due to turpentine in the first group; while in the second, there were '.S'** (seven) cases of hand dermatitis, two due to turpentine, two due to cutting oils and three due to chromates. The belief is that che use of this skin cleanser during episodes of dermatitis in wmch the workers contmuec a: work contributed to the tact that they were able to remain at their work posts. -- Author's summarv 1009 Occupational Dermatoses Produced by Formaldehyde and Its Industrial Derivatives. J. Bourret, F. Tolot, M. I_. Pollet and M. Cenevois. Arch, maladies proiess. 19. 611-615 (Nov.-Dec. 1958). French. Attention is drawn to the extensive industrial use of formaldehyde m the processing of plastics, glues, leather, rubber and crease-resisting textiles. A useful clinical description is based on che detailed observation of 13 cases of dermatitis. French law which works on a system of limiting indexes does not at present envisage compensation for the results of allergy to forme ind it is therefore urged that there is a strong case for adding this allergen, for so long notorious in the pathological laboratory, to the schedule. -- Bull. Hvg. CHEMICAL HAZARDS 1010 Some Hazards in the Manufacture and Use of Plastics. D. K. Harris. Brit. J. Ind. Med. Us, 221-22? (Juiy 1959). The expansion of the plastics industry during the last few years has introduced the possibility of hazards from new polymers and from modifications to old products. The first two sections of this paper deal with the diminishing incidence of dermatitis in synthetic resin plants using formaldehyde and with the toxic properties of some chemicals added during the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride compositions. After a brief reference to the hazards of catalysts used in the manufacture of new polymers in the polythene series, an account is given of the dangers of polytetrafluoroethylene. At high temperatures this important new polymer gives rise to decomposition products that may be harmful when inhaled, and smoking con taminated tobacco is one of the commonest ways in practice by which workmen may be affected. There is an increasing demand for the use of plastics by the general public and in specialized fields. They are widely used in the food industry and for domestic articles so that it is im portant that both the raw materials and the final article will not contaminate food or beverages. The most difficult application m which to ensure freedom from danger is probably in the surgi cal use of plastics. Surgeons already have wide experience of the technique of handling ar.c using plastics. Although the effects of a few selected plastics have been investigated and des cribed, the response of living tissue to these materials is often unpredictable. The results of implantation in many patients will not be available for several years and it is suggested that rne misuse of plastics in this field presents dangers that may not always be appreciated. -- Cond. from author's abstract 11. 01 132 0745 Industrial Hygiene Digest October 1 35a 1011 The Toxicity of Boron Oxide. J. L. Wilding, W. J. Smith XI, P. Yevieh, Mary E. Sick*, j Stella G. Byan and C. L. Punte. Am. Ind. Hyg. Ann. J. 20, ^84-239 (Aug. 159). Bats have been exposed to aerosols of boron oxide in dynamic exposure chambers \ for as long as 24 weeks. The highest concentration was 470 mg/m3 for a period of 1C weeks. Dogs have been exposed to a concentration of 57 mg/m1 for 23 weeks. No toxic signs have been shown in any of the animals. Chemical analyses of dog blood and rat blood and urine have shown no changes from control values, except for an increased urinary excretion of creatinine in rats, lower pH, increased volume, and increased boron content of rat urine. No changes have been found as a result of aerosol exposures in the following: rat tissues and organs, bone fragility, roentgenograms of rat bones, hematology of dog blood, sulio, bromophihalein retention, and rat organ weights. Bats refused to drink water containing ' 1.0 or 1.5f boron oxide and, therefore, lost weight. Intragastric intubation of a 1:" s.urry of boron oxide into rats did not retard their growth rate nor cause any noticeable effect. - - Authors summarv 1012; The Laboratory Detection of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. L. S. Letourneau. i Am. J. Med. Technol. 25, 173-173 (May-June 1959). The chemistry of carbon monoxide poisoning is primarily the chemistry of the combination of carbon monoxide gas with the respiratory pigment, hemoglobin. Belattvelv low concentrations of this gas inhibit the oxygen uptake in the lungs. However, carboxyhemo- i glob in must reach rather high concentrations--generally in the order of 50' or more :: Che total hemoglobin in non-anemic persons, in order to cause death. The author discusses some of the physical chemistry of carbon monoxide poisoning and presents some simple chemical and spectroscopic methods for the detection of carboxyhemoglobin. -- APCA Absts. 1013 Effects on Crowing Animals of a Continuous Exposure to Experienced Concentrations of N'itro, gen Dioxide. L. A. Ripper ton and D. R. Johnston. 1 Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 20. 324-326 (Aug. 1959). Weanling rats were exposed to 0.5 ppm of nitrogen dioxide m air. Suitable controls ' were maintained. There was no significant difference m the microscopic appearance of lung . or liver tissue. Statistical significance can be attached to differences between :he experimen tal and control groups m blood catalase values. The fact that at five weeks the experimental group was higher and at six weeks the control group wai higher, however, makes interpreta tion speculative at this time. Glutamic and aspartic acid excretion increased in the animals exposed to nitrogen dioxide. The aspartic acid increase was significant at the 5 7, level; the glutamic acid increase wai not. Aside from conclusions regarding specific respur.iei, it is I the opinion of the autnors that this study has demonstrated observable effects on experimental ; animals caused by an exposure to experienced concentrations of an air pollutant. -- Authors' summary 1014 A Case of Cirrhosis and Primary Carcinoma of the Liver in Chronic Industrial Arsenical Intoxication. S. S. Jhaven. Brit. J. Ind. Med. _L_6, 248-250 (July 1959). A cate of primary liver carcinoma associated with liver cirrhosis in a man who had ; handled arsenious oxide and sodium arsenite for over 20 years is described with reference to ! his occupational history, clinical condition, and with details of pathological findings. -- Author's Abst. 1015 Experimental Cancers in Bats Produced by Chromium Compounds and Their Significance to Industry and Public Health. W. C. Hueper and W. W. Payne. ;Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 20, 274-280 (Aug. 1959). I | Calcium chromate, sintered calcium chromate and sintered chromium trioxide when introduced in pellet form into the muscle tissue of Che thigh and into the pleural cavity of rats 12. 01 132 0749 Industrial Hvgiene Digest October. psa produce cancers, mainly sarcomas, m the majority of animals at the site of implanaiior. within 14 m-rr.ths. They made their first appearance as early as 5 months after implanation. T.iis effect .a related to the degree of solubility of these compounds in a witerv medium since rats treated under identical conditions with barium chromate, which has a low degree of solubility, did not develop during the same period any tumors. These observations lend support to the concept, tha: the degree of biologic availability as determined by the solubility of a chromium compound and the amount present controls largely the carcinogenicity of these compounds 'under the experimental conditions used. The results reported establish the tact that chromium as such is a carcinogenic agent since it is capable of producing carcinomas o: the lung and sarcomas of the soft tissues of the mediastinum and thigh. The observations re ported make it likely that zinc chromate which is widely used as an anticorrosive paint pig ment, also possesses carcinogenic properties because it is slightly more soluble than the car cinogenic strontium chromate. The application of these data will help industry to assess mm intelligently potential carcinogenic properties of chromium compounds and to apply proper pro tective and preventive technologic and sanitary measures. -- Authors conclusions 1016 Accidental Iron Poisoning m Children. American Medical Association, Committee on Toxicology. J. Am. Med. Assn. 170. 676*677 (June 6, 1459). The approach often recommended to correct most poisoning hazards is to substitute less noxious agents or to restrict use so that the hazards are reduced or eliminated. Iron sulfate and other iron salts, which have produced injury, may ultimately he replaced by safer iron compounds, provided the substitutes are equally effective and not too expensive. Re strictions on use, although theoretically attractive, are not always feasible in practice, es pecially for a valued and time-tested medicinal agent. A requirement that ferrous sulfate and similar hazardous iron salts be labeled with a caution statement about the hazards of excessive doses, especially to children, seems to best serve the public interest at this time. -- Committee's conclusions 1017 Biochemical Studies on the Toxicity of Tetraethyl Lead and Other Organo-Lead Compounds. Jill . Cremer. Brit. J. ind. Med. l_6, 191-199 (July 1959). The actions of purified tetra-, tri-, and di-ethyl lead on rats and rat brain slices and brain brei have been examined. A method based on a reaction with dithizone and capable of estimating tri- and di-ethyl an in rat tissues has been developed. After injection into rats tetraethyl lead is converted into triethyl lead and this is responsible for the toxic effects. Diethyl lead is much less toxic and the effects are different. The utilization of lactate and the oxidation of glucose by brain brei and slices respectively are inhibited by triethyl lead. A similar effect is seen in slices taken from rats poisoned with tetra- or tri-ethyl lead. Rat liver microsomes readily convert tetraethyl to trietbyl lead and the latter is stable and re mains in the animal tissues for several days. The concentration of trietbyl lead in the brain is not high in comparison with other tissues but brain tissue appears to be unduly sensitive to its toxic action. Neither tetra- nor tri-ethyl lend reacts with BAL or EDTA. Diethyl lead reacts with BAL but not with EDTA. -- Author's Abst. 1013 Vanadium Poisoning. S. Hickimg. New Zealand Med. J. 57, 322, 607-608 (Dec. 1958), This paper contains a report of a probable case of vanadium poisoning in a man engaged in cleaning the boiler of a small oil burning ship. A great deal of dust was produced in this work, but the man had decided to carry on the task without a respirator because stocks of respirator pads had run out. Within two hours of beginning his work he had symptoms of severe coryza and headache for which he attended the Wellington Industrial Health Clinic. He was taken off work and the symptoms disappeared in a day or two. When first seen his tongue had a dense black coating with a greenish tinge but in a few days the color turned deep green and then yellowish green before disappearing. Samples of soot collected from the boilers were analyzed and the aeh waa found to contain 20% of vanadium. The fuel oil used in these boilers which is of Middle Eastern origin is quoted in the literature as containing an average of 16% of vanadium. -- Bull. Hyg. 13. 01 132 0750 Industrial Hraiene Digest Cctobe is i 101? The Determination or Zirconium in Air. E. E. Campbell. Am. lad. Kyg. Assn. J. IS. 231-233 (Aug. 1959). ^ The purpose oi this study was to apply tie Bricker and "<Vaterburv method to ie analysis oi air samples of zirconium, which in industrial plants is predominantly an an in soluble iorm from machining or powder metallurgical operations. Tie Hygienic Guide for zirconium suggests tils me mod as a means of evaluating possible zircar.ium exposure. Tie tiresiold limit of 5 mg/cu.m, makes an ultramicro met.-.ad unnecessary; however, because atmospheric contamination during some operations is of snort duration, levels below the milligram level are of interest. The range of 1 to 10 micrtgrams a: zirconium per samp.e was chosen for this study, which for a IC-liter air sample means mat tram 1. . to 1 mg. o: zirconium per cubic meter may be determined. 1020 Tie Toxicology of Some Aliphatic Aldehydes. E. V. Henson, j. Occ. Med. 1, 457-4o2 (Aug. i?5-l. Ibis third m a series of reviews on the several homologous series of aliphatic chemicals deals with the aidebvdes. In the stepwise reduction oi acids, which were c.scussec previously, to alcohols, alde.-.yces are intermediates. The properties, uses anc toxicity of the following are briefly described: acetaldehyde, paraldehyde, acrolein, cratar.alaenvce, and glyaxal. In the present review the actions of the aldehyces m relation to one another and the actions of representative members have been summarized. Local irritation by all the aldehydes seems to prevent dangerous exposures, particularly to the more toxic unsaturatec compounds, and the absence of clinical reports would indicate that chronic intoxication does not occur. 1021 Tie Maximum Permissible Concentration of Formaldehyde in the Atmospheric Air. V. ?. Meiekhma. Gigcena i oar.it. 10-14 (1953). Russian. Tie author studied formaldehyde as an atmospheric pollutant. The effect of small doses on health in man was also determined. Investigation of a cnemical plant producing for maldehyde showed that the atmospheric air in its vicinity was polluted with formaldehyde up to a distance of 1000 meters. Motorcar exhaust gases also contain formaldehyde. The author determined that the threshold for formaldehyde smell for the majority o: peop.e is C. IT mg cu.m. The threshold for reflex action, as determined by the method oi optic chronaxy, is 0.03 mg cu.m. . ar.c by the method of adaptometry--0. 03 mg/cu.m. Consequently the maximum permissible concentration of formaldehyde in air, considering the coefficient of reserve, may be taken to be not more than 0.035 mg/'cu. m. at any time. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 1022 Determination of DichlorodiHuoromethane in Fumigation Mixtures with Ethvlene Oxide by Measurement of Thermal Conductivity. W. A. Aliens, E. O. Haenm and S. A. Euiton. Anal. Cbem. 3JL, 1565-1563 (Sept. 195?). A practical procedure for field use has been developed for the sampling and deter mination of dichlorotrifluoromethane and ethylene oxide in fumigation and sterilization atmos pheres. The dichlorodifluoromethane is determined by a thermal-conductivity method, and the ethylene oxide is determined as described by Lubatti. A commercially available instru ment is used for the thermal conductivity measurements. It can be used for laboratory appli cations . greater sensitivity by modification of the instrument. -- Editor s abst. 1023 The Value and Vse of Exposure Test 5. Determination of Trichloroethvl Alcohol (Crochlorallc Ac:.-si as an Exposure Test on '.Vorkers witn Trichloroethylene. Z. Bardoae; and Marie Knvucova. Ceskoslov. hyg. 3_, No. 5, 2o3-272 (1953). Czech. The authors have investigated the method of Kubis and Liskova (Bratislav. lekarske listy 36, 153, 1956) for determining urochloralic acid (trichioroethanol vapor glucuronide) in the urine as an index of exposure to trichloroethylene vapor m industrial workers. The 14 01 132 075i Ir.dustT.ai Hygiene Duett October, 135a method is based on the oxidation of urochloralie acide with chromic acid to trichloroacetic acid, which is determined by a color reaction with alkali antf pyridine. The average ratio of urochloralie acid to trichloroacetic acid in the urine of persons breathing trieh-sroethylene in the maximum permissible concentration of 0.4 mg. per liter was 2:1. With a maximum permissible limit of trichloroacetic acid in the urine of 160 mg. per liter the limit for tn- chloroethanol would therefore be 320 mg. per liter, or TOO mg. per Liter con;ugated as uro- chioralic acid. -- Bull. Kyg. LC24 Biochemical Mechanisms in Chronic Carbon Disulfide Poisoning. A. E. Cohen, et al. Am. lad. Kyg. Assn. J. 20. 303-323 (Aug. I95a). The threshold exposure concentration which will injure rabbits maintained or. a good diet has been shown to be between 500 and 750 ppm when administered b hours per cay. 5 days a week. Eariy evidence that carbon disulfide combines with tree ammo groups in :he body is presented. The earliest toxic sign observed was loss of body weight which was :ollowed in a to 14 weeks by loss of muscular control over voluntary movement of the .ower oack and rear quarters of the animal. Based upon evidence presented, the biochemical mechanism far the injury caused by these exposures to carbon disulfide are as follows: (1) Reaction of carbon disulfide with ammo groups of amino acids and protein to form thiocarbamate which eye.ices to thiazolidone. (2) Chelation of polyvalent inorganic ions by the newly formed compiexing groups to such an extent that cellular metabolism is disturbed. (3) The Interference with metabolism causes a stress response and shift in metabolism which results in Loss of body weight and indications that the fat stores of the body are being utilized. (4) Ultimately cell death and loss of associated function produce signs of injury. -- Cond. from authors' summary INDUSTRIAL DUSTS .1025 Phvsico-Chemical Studies on Dusts. 10. A Comparative Study of the Solubility and Adsorptive Properties of Finely Divided Silica and Titama. J. Brown, *.V. J. Jaap and P. D. Ritchie. J. Aopl. Chem. 9, 153-159 (Mar. 1959). Titania (crystalline or amorphous) has a negligibly small wacer-solubilitv over the pH range of approximately 3 to 12; silica (crystalline or amorphous) has a low but quite mea surable solubility, with a minimum at pH about 2.5 to 3. Rutile, lightly etched with hydro fluoric acid, shows an enhanced solubility, but quartz, similarly treated, shows a reduced solubility. The rate of solution m aqueous media provides no evidence on rutile of a highiysoluble disturbed surface layer such as exists on quartz. Adsorption of basic dyestuffs by mania broadly resembles that shown by silica, although the extent of adsorption is greater. -- Public Health Eng. Abate. 1026 Aerosol Filtration with Fibrous Media. R. B. Evans. Am.~Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 2, 327-331 (Aug. 1959). The author believes that a realistically usable fibrous media can be developed for every aerosol filtering requirement. He discusses sprayed plastic web. wet accreted pads, and air layed filters. Efficiency and performance characteristics of these filter media are illustrated by graphs. The filters are available commercially. 1027 Dust Separation with Ultrasonic Vibrations. E. Zedet. Genie chim. 8U 33-43 (Feb. 1959). French. Old techniques for dust separation were unsatisfactory only for fairly large-sized particles. The use of electrostatic precipitation and the aerosol method brought about 15. 01 132 0752 Indmtrill Hygiene Digest October considenble improvement, but the -ne of ultrasonic vibnttoaa hive gives still better re sult*. Ultrasonic vibrations have a characteristic frequency, acoustical intensity, ar.d travel at a definite speed in a given medium. These three factors can be varied for the type of activity desired. Various formulas to explain the working of this type of dust sepa ration, as well as some of the earlier ones, are given. -- APCA Absts. 1028 Respiratory Disease of Mushroom 'Workers. Farmer * Lur.g. 1_. S. Brir.ghurst, ?. N. Byrne and J. Gersnon-Cohen. Am. Med. Assn. 15-13 (Sept. 5, 1*59). Clinical observations of lb patients were collected to exemplify a possible new disease entity. Each was a Puerto Ricar. migratory worker engaged in the handling of com post used as soil for growing mushrooms in Pennsylvania. The disease has not. as yet, 1 been observed or identified m other persons. Immunity was not conferred bv a single epi sode or successive episodes. The disease recurred with re-exposure. Treatment was non specific and supportive. Removal of contact from the compost was necessary for cure. The consistent findings were respiratory signs and symptoms, characteristic roentgenographic appearance of lung field*, eosinophil count elevation, nationality of patient, and contact with the compost. The natural pattern of the disease resembles that of "farmer's lung" and ''ailo-filler's disease'. The etiology remains undetermined. -- Editor s summary 1029 Changes in the Collagen Proteins m the Course of Ageing and in Experimental Silicosis. I V. Kobrle and M. Chvapii. Arch. Cewerbepathol. Gewerbehvg. _1^, 526-533 (l353j. German. There are two mam types of collagens, insoluble and solubla. The soluble colla gens are divided into three groups: !1) The alkali-soluble collagens. (2) The citrate- or acid-soluble collagens. (3) The phosphate-soluble collagens, which produce under the elec tron microscope a very characteristic picture. All these three collagens have a: one time or another been thought to oe the precursor of the true insoluble collagen, but recent work suggests that the soluble collagens are actually part of the insoluble collagen, which is not a uniform single protein but is composed of a number of different components. When the lungs of rats were examined tor the different types of collagens, it was seen that with in creasing age the soluble types fell and the proportion of msoLuble collagens increased. When rats were treated by intratracheal dusting with silicon dioxide it was seen that within two weeks (and more definitely within one month) changes in the composition of the collagens appeared. There was no rise in insoluble collagen, but there was a rise in alkali-soluble collagen. With progressive disease the concentration of alkali-soluble collagen fell again to normal, hut there was a corresponding increase in non-soluble collagen which coincided with the first histological changes in the lungs. -- Bull. Hyg. 1030 Value of Histopathological Information for Diagnosis of Silicosis; Critical Study of Pulmonary Biopsy. J. Vidal and J. J. Gum. Poumon k coeur (Paris) _1_4, 993-998 (Dec. 1953). French. The authors discuss two cases of pulmonary pathology, one in an agricultural worker and the other in a worker m a pharmacy, in which the radiological findings and other- information indicated a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. However, the preeene* of silica and of silicotic leeiona were reported following pulmonary biopsy. The authors discuss thss* casts in terms of their criticism of the pulmonary biopsy as a means of diagnosis of silicosis since such lesions may wall be found among people who have not had any radiological or clinical symptom* of silicosis and who have never been exposed to tho occupational risk of inhaling ailiea dusts. Thsy feel that histological findings should not prevail over radiological onas because of the lack of specificity in diagnosis of the former findings. -- APCA Absts. 1031 The Penvaecular Space* in the Lung. P. Gross. Arch. Pathology bb, 605-609 (Nov. 1958). From studies of many tissue sections of animals' lungs tho author suspected that the perivascular spaces seen around the pulmonary vesaels were in the main not true lympha tic space* a* has been assumed hitherto. Rata and guinoa pigs were given quartz duet by 16. 01 132 0753 Industrial Hygiene Digest October, ia;o inhalation and intratracheal injection and were killed at various intervals. The lungs of these animals were compared vyith those of rats and guinea igs raised under germ-free conditions. The author was able to distinguish between spaces formed by splitting of pen* adventitial fibers of the vessels and true lymph spaces which had a definite endothelial lining. Perivascular spaces were very common in the animals given quartz and were most likely caused by edema but such spaces were rarely seen in control animals. - Bull. Hyg. 1032 Silica Metabolism in Guinea Pigs. F. Sauer. D. H. Laughiand and W. M. Davidson. Can. J. Biochem. and Physiol. 37, 133-191 (Feb. 1959). The excretion of silica in urine and feces was determined following the oral and intraperitoneal administration of silica to guinea pigs. The urinary excretion o: silica after oral administration generally reached a maximum value that was not exceeded by increasing the dose. The urinary excretion after intraperitoneal administration was considerably greater than after oral administration. The results of these experiments suggested that orally and intraperitoneally administered silica is depolymenzed to the soluble form prior to excretion in the urine. -- Bull. Hyg. 1033 The Action Exerted by Certain Pneumoconiotic Factors Coon the Acid Mucopolysaccharide Contents Pulmonary Macrophages. N. Gh. i-upu. Doina Veiican, C. Velican and V. Olinescu. Brit. J. Ind. Med. _i_6, 244-247 (July 1959). Experimental inhalations of silicon dioxide and tobacco smoke cause a gradual in crease in the number of pulmonary macrophages containing metachromatic material within the nucleus and cytoplasm, and they may assume the appearance of mast cells. Many pul monary macrophages containing metachromatic material were found in anthracotic human lungs. Histochemical techniques identify this material as acid mucopolysaccharides. After a more prolonged action of pneumoconiotic substances, mucopolysaccharides disappear after hyaluronidase extraction. On the basis of these findings the increased amount of acid muco polysaccharides in the connective interstices of the lung during the phase preceding the onset of fibrous lesions is explained by the prolonged irritative action of pneumoconiotic substances, which are believed to determine hypersecretion of acid mucopolysaccharides by the pulmonary macrophages. -- Authors' Abst. 1034 Difficulties of Diagnosis of Silicotic Tumoral Masses with Super-Imposed Tuberculosis or Cancer. R. Amsler and R. Bonhomme. Poumon b coeur (Paris) 14, 677-686 (July-Aug. 1958). French. The authors discuss some of the difficulties involved when the tuberculosis special ist or the expert on pneumoconiosis must decide on an immediate diagnosis and the necessary treatment of a possible silicosis in cases where the condition is complicated by the presence of other pathology. The situation is less complicated if, without endangering the life of the patient, a study of his condition can be made over a period of time. Two case histories are presented in detail. In one case the early diagnosis of silicosis, with a later decision that a bronchopulmonary cancer was present, was confirmed by the autopsy findings of silicosis and cancer at the same lung level. In the second case there had been hesitancy about making a diagnosis because of a suspected neoplasm or possibly the presence of tuberculosis, although the tubercle bacilli could not be demonstrated in samples of the expectorated material. A silico-tuberculosis was found at autopsy. -- APCA Absts. 1035 The Possible Role of an Atypical Acid-Fast Non-Pathogenic Bacilli in the Fatal Development tff a Pulmonary Silicosis. G. Despierres, P. Gaby, J. Viallier and P. A. Bonnet. Lyon med. (Lyon) No. IS, 659-663 (Apr. 12, 1959). French. A detailed case history is given of a patient with a pulmonary lesion from'whose sputum acid-fast bacilli were cultured. Further studies during the illness, together with autopsy findings, indicated both a pulmonary lesion and a dense infiltration. The x-ray findings 17. 01 132 0754 Industrial Hygiene uilil Ocrobe r. together with a history of employment a* a quarry worker had led to the early diagnosis of silicosis. The bacilli isolated were found to be resistant to all, of the antibiotics which had beer, used in the treatment of the patient. In addition, they were not typical of the Koch or tubercle bacilli other than in being acid-fast; they procured a yellow pigment; and were r.or.-pathogenic for laboratory animals. Many questions are raised as to the relation, if any, o: this baci.lis--which has been mentioned at other times m the literature --to the fatal sili cosis. -- A PC A Abets. L13o Treatment cf Miner's Tuberculosis. J. Prignot. Phum.cr.ii cae.c ipir.il 14, J53-3-2 \Nov. 1^551. rrench. The treatment of a group of 52 cases of tuberculosis in miners is discussed '-= ce- tail. in 30 of the group there was a cor.iuent and massive pneumoconiosis. In 4" o: the mer. there was a bacilliary pulmonary tuberculosis; in 3 the Tuberculosis was merely p.eura. in tvpe. Medical treatment, surgical treatment with excision of lung areas, and bee rest vere used. Consicerable detail is giver, on the effects of various treatments on the bacteno.cgical anc radiological findings and on is blood sedimentation rate. Of :he 52 cases. 2~ were s:a- bi.iced, o were impreved. and in .5 the concunor. became worse. Surgical exr.sior.s m 14 cases brought about stabCi cation m 12 cases, ..r.provemer.t in l, and in l the . icitior. cecame worse. -- APCA Abst*. 103* L-~.ph Node Biopsies (Daniels' Method) in Silicosis, L. Norvut and W. DiBiasi. , Aren. Gew .-pathol. Geweroehvg. Io, 503-510 (1953). German. This article refers to the work of Daniels who showed that it is possible to do lymph node biopsies by using the easy access to glands lying in the tngonum omoclaviculare (Brit. J. Dis. Chest 16. 360, 194). In 21 miners where there was a suspicion of silicosis, biopsy was performed. X-ray changes in the appearance of the lung were seen m all except one. In 13, silicosis had been suspected either with or w .-r.out simultaneous tuberculosis, but in none of these had tubercle bacilli been found. In one c -ie where the x-ray had not shown anv changes in the lung picture, the histological findings were negative also. In one other it was poss-.b.e to confirm the clinical diagnosis of sarcoidosis. In another patient in whom, clinical.v, sar, coicosu and silicosis had been suspected, it was possible :s show that the disease was pure silicosis. In another case it was possible to confirm the c.ir.ical diagnosis of tuberculosis. The conclusion is reached that the lymph node biopsies would form a valuable investigation m diagnosis of lung disease, particularly when the suspicion of silicosis is entertained. -- Cons, from Bc.1. Kyg. PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT 1C3S Noise and Hearing Lois--Part 3. N. E. Rosenwmkel, K. C. Stewart and L. C. Doerfler. J. Occ. Med. L 396-400 (July 1039). This is the third of a series of six reviews dealing with noise end its effect upon ;hearing. Subsequent installments are scheduled to appear at intervals of three months. (See IKD Abst. 307, Mar. 1959 and IHD Abst. SIS. Aug. 1959). In this installment the authors dis cuss the techniques and problems involved m industrial audiometry and specifically, the pure- tone air-conduction audiogram. Also described are tbe testing room, the tester, the subject, and conduct of the examination. The problem of selecting the person to conduct the audio metric examinations is deserving of close attention. The importance of the audiogram as a medicolegal document is such that extreme caution should be exercised in selecting a technician. The conduct of audiography requires the services of a person capable of performing an exacting cask which may, however, become repetitive and tempt the tester into taking the audiograms in 13. 01 132 075 Industrial Hygiene Digest October, : an unobservant, routine manner. In performing the test the technician should be certain that (1) the correct phone is over the proper ear; (2) the cushions are snug.v fittee to :r: head; (3) the headband is adjusted to the correct head size; (4) eye glasses anc jewe.rv are removed; (5) the pinna is not folded: and (6) the receiver is directly aligns? t:\zr. the external meatus. Probably one of the most important aspects of the test is the pre sentation of the test tone. The tone should be first presented at a level about 1? cb. above the estimated threshold of the subject at the frequency being tested. The presentation j.-.:_i be made in short bursts of one or two seconds or less. Moreover, t.-.e presentation s.-.c --d be random and avoid any systematic rhythm to afford the subject any extraneous c.ue as to when to expect the tone. 1039 Hearing Loss Related to Xon-3tead%~ Noise Exposures. S'. E. 3oser.w-.nke'. and X. C. Stewart. Am. Ind. Hvg. Assn. J. 10. 250-293 (Aug. 195?). Thu study was the first investigation into the possible existence of a re.atior.ship between noise as measured with an integrating type meter and hearing loss. The r.oise to which the persons were exposed was widely fluctuating and not sensibly measurab.e v;:r. :-.e conventional types of noise measuring equipment. As a first approximation, tr.e existence :: the relationship has been investigated on a linear basis. The relationship describes the cis- tribution of hearing loss m a population and must not be applied as a predictor of hearing loss in individuals. The true nature of the relationship between hearing loss ar.d noise exposure cannot be discerned from these data, however, it appears to be some function of time, rate, and an interaction between the two. -- Authors' summary 1040 Medical Problems of Shift-Work. A. Aanonsen. Ind. Med. itSurg. 23. 422-42" (5e?t. la5al. These investigations were made at two electrometallurgical works and an electro chemical factory, ail of them situated m the small industrial community o: Cdda in -.vejtern Norway. Two groups of industrial laborers, the one consisting of 345 dav-iaborers ar.e the second consisting of 380 regular shift-laborers, were followed up and subjected to medical evaluation. The age distributions were about the same m both groups. There us r.o in creased morbidity with regard to disorders of the nervous or alimentary systems or -v;t.-. regard to the heart among regular shift-laborers. This group also showed a lower irecuer.cv of absence from work (SO*7;) and medical consultations as compared with the day-laborers. In the author's opinion the explanation of this is that the 380 regular shift-laborers represer.: a selected material because 3S0 previous regular shift-laborers have been transferred to cav- work. Of these, 128 were removed for medical reasons. Within this group there is a marked increase in the frequency of nervous and alimentary diseases. There was, however, r.o tncreas in heart diseases in this group as compared with those day-laborers who had never beer, sub jected to regular shift-work. The study clearly shows that the reason some people vere r.o: able to go on with shift-work was lack of sleep. There are two possible reasonable ways to fight sleep disturbances among regular shift-laborers. Such laborers who do not nave the ability to change their 24-hour's rhythm should not continue as regular shift-laborers. Even good housing conditions will fail to cure their sleep difficulties. Those who are able to con tinue as regular shift-laborers will be Less apt to develop sleep disturbances if their housing conditions are good. -- Author's summary 19. 01 132 0756 Industrial Hygiene Digest < RADIOACTIVITY AND X-T ADLATION October. a 1041 A Venturi Scrubber Installation for the Removal of ~isston Products from Air. H. 3.Jordan a.-.c C. G. Welty. Ar., Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 2, 332-336 (Aug. 1-39). A local exr.acit collector, system and a venturi scrubber installation for the clean ing of exhaust air contaminated * ith acta mists ar.c mixed fission procucts are described in detail. It was determined that 2- cfm exhausted by a local slot exhaust hood wou.d control the maximum evolution of gases from a 150C ml. beaker. Features of the exhaust svstem that were designed to offset tee hazard of perchloric acid condensation m the svstem includec welded stainless steel construction, sloping horizontal runs, regulating valves or..y or. vertical sections, and adaptability to cleaning by simple washdown. The feasibility of a venturi scrucber with a caustic solution as the scrubbing medium for low loadings of iodine vapors wa's in dicated by an average removal efficiency si 55'). Air-cleaning efficiencies for acid mists were dependent on the type of acic suspended in the air stream. Removal efficiencies of and 95% were obtained with nitric acid and oxide of nitrogen loadings of 2 grams/cu.m. . res pectively. Total fission product loadings ranging from Z. 01 to 0.4 mc/cu.m. were removed from the contaminated air with an average efficiency of 94%. - Cond. from authors summary 1042 Administrative Experience with Occupational Over-Exposure to Radiation. M. zGsinfeld and A. P. Abrahams. Am. Ind. Xyg. Assn. J. 20. 294-298 (Aug. 19;'). Nineteen instances of radiation over-exposure in excess of the limits prescribed by Industrial Code Rule 35 have been reported to the New York State Department of Labor since December 1055. In 5 instances, the reported excessive readings were found to be in valid and may be ascribed, on the whole, to faulty dosimetry technique. There were 11 in stances of actual over-exposure; 4 were chronic in nature, 4 were acute external over-ex posures, and 3 were acute internal over-exposures. The acute over-exposures resulted from accidents; the chronic over-exposures were associated with routine everyday operations. Ten employees showed positive biological effects such as radiation burns or abnormal retention of radioactive material. Injury to the hands was the effect most frequently observed among the chronically as well as the acutely exposed. Those accounted for T of the 10 reported instances, i 'The causal factors most frequently involved m the over-exposures were lack of supervision, lack of awareness of the hazard, and failure to provide or maintain appropriate protective de vices. In general, the data indicates that the incidence of radiation over-exposure (1.4%) and injury (0.3%) in New York State is extremely low when compared to other major industrial hazards. . -- Authors' summary 1043 Strontium-90 in Man. (3).J. L. Kulp, A. R. Schulbert and Elizabeth J. Hodges. Science .129, 1249-1253 (May 3, 1959). In January 1955 the average burden of strontium-90 in the skeletons of adults throughout the world was 0. 19 micromicrocuries of strontium-90 per gram of calcium. This burden is independent of age above the age of 20. The concentrations of strontium-90 in bone differ less than the total fall-out, as between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. This is attributable largely to the movement of food, particularly of powdered milk and wheat from the Northern Hemisphere into the Southern Hemisphere. The average concentration of strontium-90 m the skeleton for all people in the world as of January l58 was about 0.32 micromicrocuries of strontium-90 per gram of oa.cium. Or. the basis of data on the strotitium-90 in diet and bone, the world deposition, ar.d the level of strontium-90 in the stratosphere at the end of 1953, curves have been drawn to show the ar.ti::pated concentrations of strontium-90 in the diet of individuals in the area of Western culture of 21* to ;9*N ar.d in newly depositea bone to the year 21CT A.D. 01 132 0757 Industrial Hygicae Digest October. l5a It is estimated on the basis of theae data.that the maximum concentration in young children will occur in about 1966. A histogram representing 836 samples .indicates the present dis tribution of strontium-90 in the adult population of the world. It is assumed that this reflects the actual spread of all age groups as a result of dietary variations throughout the world. -- Cond. from Nuclear Set. Absts. 1044 Determination of Radioactive Strontium. A. S. Goldin, R.J. Velten and G. W. Frishkorn. Anal. Chem. 3W 1490-1492 (Sept. 1959). The radioactive isotopes of strontium-89 and strontium-90 are determined tn a wide variety of environmental samples. Strontium-90 is determined by beta-counting the daughter activity, yttrium-90, after extraction into 2-thenoyl:riiluoroacetone reagent. Total radioactive strontium is determined by beta-counting a strontium carbonate precipitate. The method includes procedures for treating different types of material and removing common in terferences. -- Heitor's Abst. 1045 Measurements with a Whole Body Counter. K. G. McNeill and R. M. Green. Can. J. Phys. IT, 683-689 (June 1959). An account is given of work on the measurement of the gamma radioactivity of humans. A steel room has been constructed, in which this gamma activity may be measured to a statistical accuracy of a few per cent in 30 minutes using a 5-inch sodium iodide cryscal as a detector. -- Cond. from Nuclear Sci. Absts. 1046 Biological Decomposition of Radioactive Laundry Waste. . W. Wiederhold. MLM-948. Mound Dab., Miamisburg, Ohio. 18 pp. Available at 75 cents from Office of Technical Services, U. S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington 25, D.C. A series of tests was conductedlon a laundry waste containing radioactive materials, using an activated sludge process, to determine whether the organic materials which would interfere with a process of flocculation and adsorption could be removed along with a sub stantial quantity of the radioactive material. A trickling filter was used to treat the wafte over a long period of time. The filter removed nearly all of the activity and most of the: or ganic compounds. However, sufficient residual activity remained in the effluent to require either two-stage operation or final processing by flocculation and adsorption. Recirculation was beneficial. A supplementary bacteria feed of ammonium nitrate was necessary. -- Nuclear Sci. Absts. 1047 The Effects of Radiation on Populations. Anon. OEG-78. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. Evaluation Group, Washington, D.C. 85 pp. (July 17, 1958). The possible effects on present and future generations of the exposure of human populations to penetrating radiations are discussed. This subject is widely associated with the effects of nuclear weapons and has been the subject of much public discussion and opinion, not all of it accurate. Although the more severe local effects of a nuclear detonation, such as radiation death or radiation sickness are comparatively well known, the use of nuclear weapons may also result in widespread and prolonged exposure of whole populations to radia tion. The effects of very high radiation levels are not treated because they are considered to be widely known. It is shown that even very low levels of radiation can cause discrete heredi tary units called genes to change, or mutate, and that eventually such mutated units will cause a death in a future generation. These genetic effects are unimportant if all those exposed to radiation are killed as a result of the exposure. But if those exposed survive, the less-than- lethal exposure may result in the serious impairment or-death of some of their descendants for many generations. An example cited shows that so far the very small increase in back ground radiation due to fallout from present weapons testing may, very roughly, result in an ultimate total of 60,000 embryonic, infant and childhood deaths in the United States in fu ture generations. -- Cond. from Nuclear Sci. Absts. 21 01 132 0755 Industrial Hygiene Digest October, l3:3 1048 A Granular Collector for Sampling Fallout Debris from Nuclear Detonations. E. M. 5jr.nv, J. W. Neel, G.M. LeRoy, A. J. Steer, end K. H. Larson. Am* ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 2C. 267-273 (Aug. 195). A granular collector tor sampling fallout debris from nuclear detonations >as developed which consists of a shallow, metal tray and a removable mylar plastic .ir.er itl.ec with 1/3 inch diameter polyethylene plastic pellets. Fallout debris impinging upon the ex posed collector tray during fallout is physically entrapped within the granular matrix ar.c later separated from the matrix by wet sieving in isopropyl alcohol. The fallout ceons mav be fractionated into different particle size ranges bv cry sieving with star.darc testing s.eves. An operational procedure for recovering the primary fallout debris from the grar.u.ar matrix is described. The efficiency of the recovery procedure was tested using p re - s.tec g.ass oeacs, soil samples and fallout debris, %'irtually all particulate material smaller than the grar.u.ar matrix could be removed by wet sieving in isopropyl alcohol. Less than 2 r- of the samp.e m lost during a dry sieving process of fractionating the particulate material into 11 oifierer.t particle size ranges. A recovery of more than 35 r, of the samples processed tr.ro-g-. operational procedure was consistently obtained. -- Cond. from authors' summarv 1049 Investigating Inhalation Hazard Using Synthetic Radioactive Fallout. W. B. Lane. J. Air Pollution Control Assn. 9, 102-104 (Aug. i359). An experimental program has been undertaken at the L*. S. Naval Radiological de fense Laboratory in which engineers, chemists, and biologists design exposure chambers, formulate radioactive aerosols, and assess the biological hazard by sacrificing expose: ani mals and analyzing organs and tissues for internally deposited radionuclides. This paper des cribes certain chemical and physical aspects of this program. 1050 Radioactive Fallout Measurements in Air and in People. C. W. Mays. A EC U-4112. Utah Univ., Salt Lake City. Radiobiology Lab. 13 pp. (1953). Photostat available at S3. 33 from Office of Technical Services, U. S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington 25, D.C. Whole-body gamma measurements were made on 38 persons. The amount of potassium in a person is approximately proportional to body weight and tends to be greater m men than in women. The average cesium content measured in people iivmg m Salt Lake City, Utah, is greater than average values reported for people living m other parts of the United States. This difference may be due to the proximity of Salt Lake City to the atomic bomb site in Nevada. Information is also included on air sampling during the Pacific tests (1936) and fallout cesium-137 in Utah residents (1953). -- Nuclear Sci. Absts. 1051 Evaluation of Fallout Data. A. A. Jarrett. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 2, 299-302 (Aug. 1959). An essential part of the safety program in a laboratory manipulating radioactive materials is the routine determination of air-borne activity if operations are compatible with < the production of an inhalation hazard. Laboratory air and air discharged from the laboratory should be monitored for radioactivity if there is any possibility of air-borne contamination at hazardous levels. When contamination of the air in the vicinity of a laboratory is a possibility, air surveys should be made to determine background levels of radioactivity before extensive operations are begun. The purposes of routine air sampling are thus threefold: (1) Protect employees. (2) Public safety. (3) Establish background information with respect to varia tions of radioactive concentrations in the environment unrelated to laboratory operations. The National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurement has established levels of maxi mum permissible concentrations to serve as guides to safe operations and upper levels o: ex posures. The author: (1) Describes currently used methods to evaluate radioactivity which may be a result of nuclear detonations. (2) Proposes a very simple method utilizing a speci ally prepared graph paper to characterize the activity from nuclear detonations. (3) Presents a method which can verify radioactivity from nuclear detonations without the extended time delay required for taking decay curves and minimizing the interference of other radioactive species. 22. 01 132 0759 Industrial Hygiene Digest c^coer. ::?c 1052 AEG A tm osone rid 5 tune> Z. Holland. IV^ah-lClo. Div. oi 3iology and Medicine. Environmental 5erv-.ce* Branch. AEG. 37 pp. 2', i -5- >. Available at 50 cent* irom Office oi Technical Service*. II. 3. Dept, a: Commerce, '''ii'aingtcn 25.D.C. Specie* o: radioactivity m the atmosphere are conducted by the II. 3. Atomic energy Commission prirr.anlv tor the purpose of evaluating hazards to man arising from uses a: atont;c energy. In :t* icr.jAi: terms, the problem ts to determine the dosages to which people are likely to be exposed as the resu-t of various uses oi atomic energy and to compare suer, dosages with either maximum permissible or . irural background leve.s. The atmospheric monitoring activities ct the AEG range from local programs asicciatec with m- dustriai operations to wor.d-wiee monitoring pra;eccs associatec -with the testing oi nuclear weapons. Research projects involving measurement* oi atmospheric radioactiv.tv are re viewed. The radionuclides stucied m the various project -.elude strontium--! ar.c ot.-.er tis- sion products, carbon-14, tritium, and racor.. -- Nuclear 3ci. Aosts. CNT.1ENTA1. MEASUREMENTS 1 053 Detection of Trace Constituents bv Gas Chromatography, Analysis of Polluted Atmosphere. ?. S. Farrington, R. Pecsoic. 3. Meeker and T. I. Clson. Anal. Chern. 1512-loio 'Sept. ls3 9). Apparatus and techniques are described which are applicable to the detailed analysts oi polluted atmospheres, mc.udmg the detection and determination oi components present m the range oi a tew parts per hundred million. Important feature* are the sample handling technique and the ion gage detector. Darge amounts oi water have been removed under con ditions shown, to be inert toward oxygenated organic compounds. The method is generally applicable to trace constituents. -. Editor s Abst. 1034 Atmospheric Pollution bv Solid Particles. 2. H. Grindeil. Engineering . , 330-3: 1 -Mar. .3, i-55). In the study ot industrial togs, the number, total surface area, and chemical com. position o air-'oorne particu.ates are important, especially for the diameter range 0.2 to 2.0 microns. Apparatus is. thereiore. necessary which will respond to partic.es as small as I. 1 micron in diameter and which will measure enher the number or the total surtace area oi the aerosol. Research is in progress to explore an electrostatic method oi measuring total parti culate surface area. The technique being considered employs apparatus very similar to a twostage electrostatic precipitator. An aerosol sample is passed through a high voltage charging section and thence to a measuring section. Here the charged particles are impelled by an eltctrie field to a collecting electrode. The current flowing from the collecting electrode as a result oi particle deposition is amplified and recorded and is a measure oi particle surtace area since the charge carried by each particle is roughly proportional to its area. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. IC55 The Acute Toxic Effects oi Slack Smoke. 3. E. Pattle, G. D. 'A'edd and F. Burgess. Brit. J. Ind. Med, lb, 213-220 (July l^pO). Few experiments have beer, conducted on the toxicity of solid carbonaceous com bustion products. In order to obtain an estimate oi the toxicity oi black smoke which could be compared with similar estimates for other pollutants, the median dosage to death, has been determined for smoke from burning tetrahydronaphthalene administered to guinea pigs and mice. Values ranging from 147,000 mg. mm./cu.m, to 351,000 mg. mm,/cu.m, were obtained at concentrations between 714 mg./cu.m, and 1, 140 mg./cu.m. Animals allowed to associate protected one another to some extent, probably owing to their fur acting as a 23 01 132 0760 Industn- Hygiene Oigest O etc per. 53 filter. In mice the cause of death appears to be blockage o: the atr passages; heaths after removal from the smoke are'unusual. In guinea z . hemorrhagii lesions are caused, ar.d delayed deaths are commoner. The action of jm:. an rats resembles :ts action an mice. It is pointed out that tetraiin smoke is considerably more toxic to animals than is sulfur di oxide in the same concentration. This finding is discussec re.atiar. :a armcsp'neric pollu- i tion. -- Aether's .Vast. 1056 Lang Range Claud Diffusion in the Lower Atmosphere. 3. ?. Leonarc, St. S. Air Pollution Control Assn. ".j' (Aug. l-5:i. This is largely a realise involving complex mathematics. Cr. tr.e oasis o: -he cata presented the following cor.c.usions may be drawn: (1) Long range cloud oiifusitr. ;s ar.isctro- pic regardless of weather conditions, due to suppression large scale turbu.ene tv tr.e grt^id. (0) Anisotropic diffusion is greatly magnified ur.eer scab.e atmospheric ccr.citior.s cue tc ,r.- creasec suppression of large scale turou-ence. ;3) Clo-i : ir.ter.trancr.s a: large cisiar.ces ' are roughly inversely proportional to the ciff-sior. cistar.ce with a major portion oi the ci:i_- sior. occurring m the horizontal plane. This effect is re.atively insensitive tc ustr.j: tcr.ci- tior.s. (4) Cloud dimensions ar.c, therefore, cor.centrittir.s infer significant!" with leather conditions. This is due airoost entirely to differences m diffusion rates m the tirst '. to J miles oi diffusion distance. The results presented m tr.is caper are based an very limited aata. They should, taereiore, be considereo tentative until more data ar.c analyses are avail able. -- Ccr.d. ir.m aul.-.or s cor.c.usions 105" Ozone Cracking of Rubber m the Los Ar.geies Area. A. Haagen-omit, M. ". 3rur.r.eile ar.d S. 'A". Haagen-omit. Rubber Age ola {,'uly l1?1'. Investigations on the smog conditions in Los Angeles have substantiated claims of 1 rapid deterioration of rubber goods m this area. Results obtained over a 3-year test period : are presented, as well as a comparison with oxidant and ozor.e values measured in the same area. The cumulative rubber test is useful in the correct interpretation of outdoor exposure tests of rubber goods, since it integrates the variable action o: ozone due to large fluctuations m its concentration and the reaction rate, which is affected by climatological factors. 'A'her. temperature and flow rate of the air are kept constant, the test offers an -..-.expensive and con venient way of area surveys in air pollution studies. -- APCA Absts. 1053' An Air Dilution Olfactometer suitable for Group Tr.resholc Measuremer,:. G. H. Cheeiman and H. M. Kurkby. Quart. J. Exptl. Psychol. ^. 115-113 'May 1 -53). In contrast to earlier olfactometer models, m which the apparatus was arranged to deliver the various concentrations of an odorant to the observer at a fixed point, such as ; a nosepiece or similar device, the apparatus described delivers constant, controlled con centrations of odorous material to a senes of smelling.pbir.ts. The prototype apparatus des cribed is provided with 12 testing points, so that each of a group of observers can sniff at each pc.r.t in turn during a test. Provision for changing the distribution o: concentrations among the var.ous smelling points eliminates any possibility of the subjects associating particular con clusions with particular Locations. Five full olfactory tests were made with the apparatus; involving about 50 subjects; but the results noted show a disappointing range of variation. Because of the necessity to dismantle the equipment, lurt.-.er tests were not possible. How ever, the working of the apparatus was sufficiently smooth to encourage confidence ui the ! belief that it can prove a valuable instrument tor future work. -- Cond. from APCA Absts. 1053, Notes on Interferences bv Oxides of Nitrogen with Estimations of Carbon Mmoxi.. m Air by the NBS Indicating Tubes. H. E. Ayer and B. E. Saitzmar.. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 2, 33T-339 (Aug. l35). Nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide interference with carbon monoxide estimations by the NBS indicating tube were investigated. Both oxides were found to interfere seriously, the nitrogen dioxide to a greater extent. Nitrogen dioxide interference can be eliminated and meric 24 01 132 0761 Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1959 oxide interference considerably reduced by using * U-tube with solid potassium permanganate in the upstream leg sad Ascsrite tn tbe downstream leg. The U-tube is flushed with the concamlasted air, using the rubber bulb, and then connected ahead of the indicating tube. Toe field determination of carbon monoxide is then made ia the usual way. No interference may be expected from concentrations of nitrogen oxides up to 15'*, of that of carbon monoxide. If aa NB5 tube estimation without the U-tube does not give a color lighter than one made with the tube, then nitrogen dioxide can be presumed to be within its threshold limit o: 5 ppm. The degree of interference eliminated by the tentative method reported was sufficient for the immediate aeeds of the authors. Since a more extensive study is not planned at this time, this note is offered for the information of those who use the X55 carbon monoxide tubes. -- Authors1 summary 1060 Improved Cascade Impactor for Measuring Aerosol Particle Sires m Air Pollutants, Com mercial Aerosols and Cigarette Smoke. R. 1. Mitchell and J. M. Pilcher. Ind. Eng. Chem. 5_1_, 1039-1342 (Sept. 1959). Various parameters affect the impaction process in a cascade impactor for deter mining the particle-size distribution of aerosols and sprays. Studies on the jet-to-alide dis tance which affects the sharpness of classification, and on wall-to-slide distance which affects the loss of particles on the wall were emphasized particularly. An improved cascade impactor containing round jets and slides was designed and calibrated. Problems encountered in the calibration process were studied and solved. Studies of the wall loss that may be expected for each stage of the impactor were made. This improved impactor and modified versions have been used to determine the particle size distribution of air pollutants, therapeutic and biological aerosols, and cigarette smoke. -. 1EC Brief PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING 1061 Moral Responsibility and Dangerous Chemicals. The Wyers Memorial Lecture 1958. T. S. Scott. Trans. Assn. Ind. Med. Oificers 57-65 (July 1959). With regard to standards of safety the author states that even with modern safe plant and processes, assurance must be made doubly sure and a high margin of safety must be sought to make absolutely certain that the plant and operating precautions are completely safe. Contamination can still occur during maintenance operations and through accidental breakage or failure of equipment. The human element may fail if supervision allows men to relax from the strict standards laid down in operating the plant and handling the material. The minimum dose of a carcinogen required to produce a tumor in man under industrial con ditions is not known and it is not always possible'to measure the amount of a toxic agent in the atmosphere or in body fluids. In such cases standards far more stringent than are usually required for most acutely toxic chemicals must be imposed. With carcinogens many years may elapse before they are manifest. Even under the strictest conditions in the modem plant it cannot be known with absolute certainty that the risk is completely obviated until a whole generation of workmen has been unaffected. To ensure the adequacy and the effectiveness of any prophylactic program, medical supervision must, therefore, be continued indefinitely in the case of carcinogens and many serious toxic hazards. The industrial medical officer must do more than figure simply as a general practitioner inside the factory. He must be able to utilize and coordinate the skill and experience of scientists and technologists in many different specialties and he must continue to function as a doctor in his own right. 25 01 132 0762 Industrial Hygiene Digest October i-?9 COMMUNITY AI? HYGIENE 10621 Leaf Injury Symptoms in Grace Due to Air Pollution. S. L. Richards, I. I. Middleton : and W. B. Hewitt. Agron. J. 50. 559-561 (1953). Leaf leeians occurring on grape Leaves in areas po.lutec ov air-borne oxidants are described. The lesions have a stippled appearance and can oe distinguished iron-, ot.-.er grape disorders. The disease occurred when the plants -vers fumigated with ocor.e. Toxic ozone levels occur in only some of the grape-producing areas o: California. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 1063 Effect of Salinity on Susceptibility of Sunflower Plants to Smog. I. J. Oertli. Sou Sci. 37. 249-351 (1959). Sunflower plants were grown in nutrient solutions of different osmotic concentra tions and in sands of different moisture stress. Some of the plants were exposed to local ! smog atmospheres in the fall of 1957 and the spring of 1953; other plants were exposed to fumes of sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, or to hydrochloric acid gas. From earlier work it was reasonable to assume that the extent of smog damage to plants is related to the degree of opening of the stomata. Conditions of moisture play an important role m the clo sure and opening of the stomata. In the current experiments it was observed that high mois ture stress, whether osmotic or nor.-osmotic, produced plants which were more resistant to smog injury. A theory is presented by which the entry of smog into plants is impeded by the more closed stomata at high moisture stress, thus increasing the resistance of the plants to injury. -- APCA Absts. 1064 Veterinary Aspects of Air Pollution Research. E. J. Catcott. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn. 134, 434-436 (May 15, 1959). Interest in the effects of air pollution on animals has generally developed as a corollary to concern about its influence on human health. During the Donora air pollution episode in 1948, U. S. Public Health Survey disclosed that appreciable numbers o: animals iwere reported to have become ill and that some died during the period of intense pollution. While dogs were allegedly affected m greater numbers than other species, illnesses and deaths Iwere reported by owners of cats, rabbits, calves, and poultry. Symptoms of illness included those of respiratory distress, retching and emesis, coughing, sneezing, and dyspnea; pneumonia was reported for calves. Studies by the author during 1957 of animal mortality and production records failed to reveal any apparent relation with the occurrence of smog in areas in and near |Los Angeles which experienced severe air pollution. The unwillingness of veterinarians and animal breeders to indict smog as a serious influence on animal health may reflect the diffi- . culty of assigning clinical reactions to the subtle influences which produce their effects only after prolonged periods. Gross and microscopic examination of tissue from the respiratory itract of 31 dogs from smog and non-smog areas failed to show any of the pathological changes which had bean seen in animals exposed to synthetic smogs. Examination of tissues of the res piratory tract of a group of Leghorn chickens living in a smog area and of another living m a smog-free area were also negative; in both groups the birds remained healthy, and their growth, vigor, and appearance were considered to be normal. -- Cond. from APCA Absts. 1065 Air Pollution Control is Good Business. W. K. Bradley. J. Air Pollution Control Assn. US-119 (Aug. 1959). The author suggests 10 steps in a positive approach to air pollution control based on realistic control measures and public relations practices as follows: (1) Determine by sampling 26 01 132 0763 industrial r-.aiene Digest ctioer. and study if a pollution proo-em exists, in this connection work close./ ar.c confiier.tlv wits, official pollution control agencies. (Z) If there is a prjdieir., recognize it. :rr so...- tion cannot be easily concea.ec. (3) Begin control measures through stack iarr.p.mg. s.-.c general air and water sampling. (4) Begin a public relations program advising the com munity of such work. (31 using the data obtained, begin research or. metnods for cor.tro. through pilot studies, lo) Apply the results of research to engineering development of con trol facilities. (7) install proves and testes control equipment. Keep the plant neigh bors informed of progress. - i invite the public to inspect t-.e acccm.p.isnment ans to ce.e- brate the success. (1C) inform companion industries of pollution control teor.nis.ues mat mav be useful to them. 1066 Engineering and Maintaining In-Plant Air Pollution Control. O. C. Thompson. Air Pollution Control Assn. 34-?5, .Zi lAug. 1;5-). The organisation and programming for air pollution control begins with a understood company policy. Written policy statements seem me exception ramer than tr.e rule. The author describes a five-step written policy of union Carbine Chemioa-s. spec. covering process wastes and related community relations, as follows: ill Ces.gr. Engineer..-. Departments are responsible for incorporating into the design of ar.y new installations me mes.-.s for disposal of all process wastes with a minimum disturbance to me plant communitv. Z Each operating plant will assign to some individual the responsibility for proper dispcsa. r: process wastes. (3) Each operating p.ar.t will assign engineering and laboratory ta.er.t for continuing studies of waste disposa.. (4) Each operating plant w ill taxe ar. active part m ar.v local committee groups or brancr.es of agencies or trade associations interested m uicustr.a. waste disposal. (5) Eacr. operating p.ar.t will assign to some individual me responsibility of representing the company to me public or. ail matters pertaining to air cr water waste disposa.. This written policy has proved to be of great va.ue. it puts the responsibi.itv for p.ant wastes control scuarely where it beior.gs--on the plant management. 1: makes c.ear that control of wastes oegms with product research and cevelapmen: ir. the laboratories, and that this control is extended through engineering, and the design and construction of each plant unit. 10o" Stainless Steel Anti-Smog Mufflers --Cut Air Pollution. Industrial Publicity Department. Communications Counselors. Ir.c. J. Air Pollution Control Assn. 13-34 ,A_g. . ;i ' The muffler is almost entirely fabricated from chromium-nickei stair..ess s:ee.. .r. order to resist oxidation and corrosion at me high operating temperatures. 1: is designer to dispose of the unburnec fuels present to the exhaust svstem o: a gasoline engine. The muffler consists of a primary burning tube ipilot tube) through which the ou.k of the exhaust gases pass during operations of low exr.aust volume. Air is introduced through an adjustable opening mto thus tube and the resulting mixture is ignited by a long-reach spark plug. As the volume :nireases, the excess exnaust gases are carried through an area surrounding the pilot tube ar.c receive air from an adjustable rectangular opening in the muffler shell. Thu portion o: the exhaust mixture is burned in the same combustion area as that of the pilot tubes. The exit tube of the muffler is baffled to prevent the flame-from protrucmg at the tail pipe. Eaooratory tests, made with a gasoline-powered bus produced a satisfactory over-all removal of the smog forming hydrocarbons. 1063 Enzyme Poisons of Auto Exhaust Gases. T. Benin. Vitaistoffe i_, (12) 160-163 (1469). German. Tetraethyl lead and inorganic lead are known to have an inhibiting effect on enzyme actions. The unconsumed gasoline in auto exhausts contains unsaturated hydrocarbons tending to produce smoke and aerosols of lead compounds. The question is raised whether the absence of an increase in reports of toxic effects from lead compounds, while traffic density continues to increase, may be due to unsuitable diagnostic procedures. Central nervous system damages after exposure to tetraethyl lead have been reported to appear 14 years after the original acci dent. Other known toxic substances found in exhaust gases are carbon monoxide and 3, 4-oer.zpyrene. Cartoon monoxide is known to block iron-containing enzymes and produce a decline in 27 01 132 0764 Industrial .-iygiene Digest October, 1Q5Q performance. Among the unsaturated hydrocarbons in unburned gasoline are the oiefins which, under specific amoo spheric conditions react with the ozong of the air to produce the olefin osonides, which are said to block enzymatic action because of the deflection of the active group. Technical measures are needed to control air pollution, including better utilization of gasoline to leave less unbumed fuel, and the use of catalysts to combat pollu tion with olefins. -- Cond. from APCA Abtts 1069 The Toxicity of Ozone. A Constituent of Smog. H. T. Freebairn. J. Appl. Nutrition 11, 2-13 (1959). In Los Angeles, concentrations of ozone are present, during repeated attacks of air pollution which, under controlled laboratory experiments, have been shown to affect ani mals and damage plants. These concentrations are presently at the border line of man's sus ceptibility and certainly an increased concentration or duration of exposure to ozone m the Los Angeles atmosphere could cause injury to human beings. Czor.e is an extreme! v toxic material to many types of organisms, and, because it is also toxic to man, its use is inad visable as an aerial disinfectant in hospitals. Ozone can be classified as a specific inhibitor and it possesses a toxic activity which indicates that it is more active than hydrogen cyanide as a poison. Ozone not only destroys the outer cell membranes of living organisms, but a.10 reversibly and irreversibly inhibits mitochondral oxygen uptake. There is a suggestion that the reversible inhibition is enzymatic and that the natural resistance of a cell is related to the size of the metabolic pool of reducing substances capable of countering the oxidizing effects of ozone. -- APCA Absts. MANAGEMENT ASPECTS 1070 Patterns of Sickness Absence in a Railway Population. C. Gordon, A. R. Emerson and : D. S. Pugh. Brit. J. Ind. Med. To, 230-243 (July 1959). This investigation was carried out in order to obtain morbidity statistics in a large industrial population with special reference to the effects of aging. The population chosen, the railway research population", consisted of a sample of Scottish railwaymen, drawn from 5 of the 3 areas m the Scottish Region of British Railways. Only certain occupational grades were studied. Information was obtained over a period oi one year by means of a detailed mon thly return of (1) sickness absence data and (2) job changes. The nature of sickness absence within the railway research population was then studied. It was shown in all but one measure used that sickness tends to increase with age,the most important factor being the increase of long episodes. Examination of the frequency distribution of the duration of sickness episodes j revealed that sickness absence tends to be taken in terms of weeks off rather than days off. * Analysis of the daily variation in siclmess absence showed that the total absence rate increased from Monday to Friday. There was a well-defined tendency for siclmess to start on Mondays, and in longer episodes an additional tendency t. u:: on Fridays. This was interpreted in terms of morale, both positive and negative. The re. ir.i :or job changes were analyzed and the grades j to which men were transferred were identified. The choice of suitable grades for older workers was discussed. It was concluded that working conditions might be important factors in the type of sickness absence experienced and that comparisons with other populations might be helpful in this context. -- Cond. from authors' abst. 1071; Two Schools of Thought About Executive Development. E. E. Jennings. Personnel J. 37, 370 (Mar. 1959). This article points out that there are two commonly held theories of executive develop ment. The first, the author has called the-life-process theory, andthesecond, the skilled insight | theory. In essence, the former theory holds that executives or executive performance are the 28. 01 132 0765 Industrial Hygiene Digest October. (950 end-result of many years of experience with the executive role and that brief training periods cannot essentially contribute anything to the executive's performance. On the other hand, the skilled insight theory argues that particular skills can be taught to the executive in the course of training and educational programs, so that the executive may greatly improve his performance. The author indicates that the organizational climate vanes from one type o: industry to another concerning adherence to these schools of thought. He does not indicate which school he favors. -- J. Occ. Med. Absts. - 1072 How to Improve Safety Through Organization. R. Reed, Jr. Eng. Progress, Univ. Florida ^_3. 5-7 (June 1959). Wholehearted support of a safety program by management is a basic requirement for success. The program, in turn, will give generous returns to management :o compensate for the time, effort and expense incurred in its operation. Many of these returns are diiiicu.i to evaluate. In computing the reduction in the overhead of the firm derived from a lowered accident rate, it is easy to determine the medical and compensation payments incurred from an injury. But other expenses, such as time lost by foremen and fellow workers, by reason of accidents and the reduction of the productive capacity of the injured workers after their re turn to the job are more difficult to evaluate since they are hidden m the labor and overheat: costs which are assigned to production under customary accounting systems. These hidden or indirect safety costs have been studied extensively and a consensus of this research shows, conservatively, that the indirect cost of accidents is four times as great as the direct costs represented by medical and compensation expense. The cost of industrial accidents in 1955 is estimated by the National Safety Council as 53,500,000,000, equivalent to SS0 per worker. The author describes three basic methods for developing a safety organization and illustrates two setups by means of organization charts. If proper efforts are made to remove potential accident causes, and to correct conditions which have caused accidents, the injury rates will be reduced. These reduced rates in turn bring both direct and indirect savings, which, with the improved confidence of the personnel, will much more than pay for the coat and effort ex pended in operating the program and be reflected in lowered unit cost of the product. ACCIDENTS AND PREVENTION 1073 Barrelmakers1 Work Injuries Surveyed. Anon. Safety Standards , 16 (Sept.-Oct. 1959). Except for furniture, cooperage manufacture had a more favorable work-injury re cord in 1957 than any other manufacturing operation in the lumber and wood products group of industries, according to a recent survey made by the U. S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics. But the cooperage manufacturing frequency rate of 34.0 disabling injuries and its severity rate of 2,393 man-days per million man-hours worked compared very unfavor ably with the all-manufacturing rates of 11.4 and 754 respectively. The heaviest incidence of injuries occurred in the stave mills; commonest variety consisted of bruises and contusions, cuts or lacerations, strains or sprains. Interestingly, the highest frequency and severity rates were suffered by firms employing 20 to 49 employees, lowest by those employing 50 to 99. The highest average number of days lost or charged per disabling injury, however, occur red among the smallest firms, those employing from 1 to 19 employees. These and other findings are published under the title of "Work Injuries and Injury Rates in the Manufacture of Cooperage", BLS Report No. 14S, conducted in response to a request of the Associated Cooper age Industries of America, Inc. The results are based on reports from 137 cooperage estab lishments employing more than 4,500 worlonen. 29. 01 132 0761> Ir-cus trill Hraicne Digest October, 107* Accidents in a. Naval Dockyard. C. ?. Collins. Brit. I. Inc. Med. ^o, 203-215 (-civ i?59). t The high, incidence of accidents in H.M. Dockyard, Singapore, during 1354 led to a more detailed recording and analysis m 1.355-1956. fee departmental accident rates per 1C00 workers were recorded, together with the ctrccmstances of ail injuries resulting m the loss o: more than one shift (two per working day, lasting 4 1/2 hours m the mornings and 3 3/4 hours in the afternoons). In the successive quarters o: 1-55, the number o: accidents of all degrees of severity dropped steadily, but bv l-5a thev hau leveled cut at figures rang ing from l.'o to 1, 4 of the original numbers. In i ?5o tne numbers a: minor accider..s reported were 4471 of those for 1355, while cases requiring hospital treatment had fallen to 53.5". This was balanced to some extent by an increase of trivial cases treated without lass of time by first aid in the workshops, tut the total numbers still showed a reduction in the accicent rate per 100C workers of 26.2'. fee ethnic groups employed all sr.owec a similar decrease in accident rates, but the reduction was noticeably greater among the Ma.ays than the Chinese or Indians. Analysis by category of causation showed that the lower mtidence was largelv due to improvement in the categories of handling stores, using hand toels and power-driven machinery, but attention to the causes of eye injuries occasioned a reduction of only 5.1 r-. 1075 Crane Booms vs. Power Lines. S. S. Elkina. Natl. Safety News 30, 74, 76, 113-121 (Sept. 1959). Each year, many deaths and serious injuries and much property damage result from crane boom contacts with power lines. In a 9-year period California reported 160 fatalities and 300 injuries due to crane boom contacts. Statistics show that death results in one out of every three injuries caused by accidental contact with high-voltage lines. The electrical nature of the problem suggests that safety groups in the electrical industry should assume leadership in any safety drive reaching across industry lines. Officials of the crane operators' union have offered cooperation, and help from the construction industry and ini surance groups is anticipated. The utility industry's stake in reducing crane contact is a major one. In addition to the personal hazard, cranes cause extensive damage to lines and serious interruptions to service. The author discusses equipment involved, electric shock, basic precautions, location of lines, location of equipment, protective devices, and the sel ection of operators and ground crew. 1076 Laboratory Ventilation. J. C. Ba.-reti.* i Natl. Safety News 30, 26-27, 113-113 (Sept. 1959). The author considers laboratory hood design, hood location, exhaust ductwork, air supply, and air conservation. Certain velocities for laboratory bench-type hoods are recom mended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. For chemical and moderate toxicity material, average face velocity should be a minimum of 100 fpm through the open door area, with an SO fpm minimum at any point. For high toxicity and radioactive material this should be raised to an average of 125 to`200 fpm with an absolute minimum of 100 fpm. Some authorities claim certain laboratories (as in schools and universities) do not use high-toxicity materials regularly, and individual exposure may not be for a full working day. However, there is no guarantee that a material used in a hood on any given day for a particular project may not be succeeded by a material of high hazard--flammable or toxic. It is also known that with many materials the problem is not merely one of exposure for long periods; serious illness or death can occur from even one short exposure. With such materials as oxides of nitrogen, a single exposure may oiten be sufficient to kill an individual or impair i his health seriously. The glove box hood is another common type of laboratory hood used for ' work with radioisotopes, with tuberculosis germs, and in many standard chemical laboratories. ! Here the chemist is entirely outside the hood, and his only contact with the interior is through the glove ports. Exhaust volumes for this hood are based on maintaining SO fpm in velocity draft at any opening; usually this means an exhaust of 20 to 30 cfm of air for each glove box. 01 132 0767 30. Industrial Hygiene Digest October, 3 1077 An Approach to a. Rational Method for Recommendmg Face Velocities for Laboratory Hoods, J. E. Peterson. Am. Inc. Kyg. Assn. J. 20. 259-26o iAg. 1359). Variables affecting the performance of laboratory hoods have been combined into an equation for the calculation of specific recommended face velocities of each hood. The equation is strictly empencai.and numerical values are assignee 10 eacr. of the factors on the basis of yudgment coupled with techniques deve.opes for tr.a: purpose. In use, the Vapor Control Factor is modified by an environment Factor and a Hood Characteristic Factor to achieve a face velocity which would be recommended for a jtanearc toed . Then, a statis tic ;t.-.e variance) is utilizec to calculate a mean face velocity which will assure mat of the individual velocity measurements at me r.ood face -will fall aoove a minimum, ca.c_.ated as 75 ra of the mean face velocitv tor the standard hooc . Specifications of the star.carn hood are discussed, as is the technique of assigning numerical va.ues to each of the factors m the equation. Values of the variance are determined by measurement, or are estimated from ar. included table of variances associated with hood types. -- Author's summary 1 073 Protection of Flammable Liquids. Anon. SafetyMamtenar.ee 113, 42-43 iSept. I'm). Flammable liquid hazards present a greater fire potential to more Industrie, p.ar.u than any otoer fire Hazards. The magnitude of t.-.is potential has steadily increased w;-.n me introduction of more extensive automated operations. Although the author is consicermg pro tection of the hazards of Eammaoie liquids, technically che lie -ids wil. not burn; :t is :he vapors of these Liquids that ns burn or. in certain mixtures wi:n air, exp.ode. The rate of vaporization of a Liqun depends upon its vapor pressure with the rate increasing with tempera ture rise. Flammab.e .iquics at elevated temperatures present greater fire poter.tia. anc de signers of fire protection muse recognize this tact. To prevent .esses due to the use of flam mable liquids in industrial plants, the problems must be carefully and cor.tmuou ,,v studied. First, the hazard or fire potential of flammable liquids must be recognized by mcse respon sible for fire safety of industrial plants. Secondly, the hazard must be acequacely protected by proper design a: the operational equipment and the fire protection facilities. Eigr.t wavs to minimize the hazards of flammable liquids are given in che form of a table. MISCELLANEOUS 107' Tank Car Wash Water. G. Gutzeit. Ir.d. '-Vastes 4, 17-20 iMar.-Apr. 1 -53). Ac the Masury, Ohio manufacturing and maintenance plant of tne General American Transportation Corporation, a treatment piant for wastes from washing tank cars went into operation m July 1957. This article describes che facilities and method of operation for these complex wastes. The cleaning operation for the 3,7)00 to 16,000 gallon railroad tank cars is periodically required before a change in loading, inspection, or repairs 'in be performed. A basic process for the treatment of these residuals was developed several years ago bv t.-.e Research and Development Department of the General American Transportation Corporation. Basically, it involves segregation of che cars into the following categories, according to tee last-commodity carried; (1) Insoluble inert solids, such as asphalt, clay, and kaolin. (2) Gases and volatile liquids, (3) Insoluble organic liquids, such as petroleum products, vege table oils, non-volatile solvents, and acids. (4) Soluble liquids, neutral and alkaline sa.ts. and alkalies. (5) Taste and odor producing substances, such as phenols, creosols, etc., and non-metallic toxic compounds. Insoluble solids are dumped and incinerated if combustible. Gases and volatile liquids are dissipated into the atmosphere by steaming, unless the procucts are irritating or toxic. Phenolic materials and other aromatic compounds have to be treated in special installations, involving adsorption or. bituminous coal or lignite (che solids being then removed by froth flotation); followed by aeration, lagooning for equalization, biological oxi dation or chemical oxidation with chlorine, chlorine dioxide or ozone. Wash waters and stream condensate from tanks having been used ior shipping insoluble organic liquids and soluble liquic are segregated, by using movable effluent launders and separated into two groups which are treated separately by methods which are described in detail* 31 __ _ 132 0768 Industrial Hygiene J-.gest Absenteeism in British railway workers Accident(s) in cooperage manufacture crane booms vs. power lines in naval dockyard Aerosol(s) filtration : Air pollutants measuring surface area Air pollution cloud diffusion effect on grape leaves on sunflowers measurement s) cascade impactor trace constituents toxicity of black smoke veterinary aspects ; Air pollution control anti-smog mufflers engineering and in-plant positive approach Alcoholism disease concept Aldehydes toxicity of aliphatic Arsenicals cirrhosis and carcinoma Books manual of radiation protection pneumoconiosis abstracts worlanen's compensation problems Boron oxide, toxicity Cancer from arsenical intoxication chromium compounds lung, occupational, review Carbon disulfide poisoning biochemical mechanism Carbon monoxide determination, interferences by nitrogen oxides poisoning, laboratory detection Chromium, experimental cancer INDEX October. 1070 Cutting_oils aerobic bacteria i. Z C o 1073 1075 1074 1026 1054 1056 1062 1063 1060 1053 1055 1064 1067 1066 1065 Dermatitis, dermatosisles) changes in occurrence formaldehyde in South Wales mines soy bean hand cleanser treaenent, gamma-globulin therapy 1CC3 1CC4 L0C9 ' V* l*> st w Diehlorodifluoromethane (Freon) determination l C >' Disabilitv(ies) evaluation in coal miners 33' Dust(s), phvsico-chemical studies 1025 Dust collection, collectors ultrasonic vibrations 1027 Epilepsy, and employer's liabilitv 993 Epileptic out-patient management and social environment 999 1000 Ethlene_dioxide determination m fumigation mixtures 1022 993 Executive development schools of thought 1071 1020 Exhaust gas(es), automotive engines effect on enzymes 1063 1014 987 986 988 Exhaust hoods for laboratories face velocities Farmerjsluns in mushroom workers 1076 1077 1023 1011 Filter(s), for aerosols 1026 1014 1015 1001 Fire protection of flammable liquids Flammable lipuids_ protection of 1078 1078 1024 Formaldehyde dermatitis maximum permissible concentration 1009 1021 1059 1012 F re on determination in fumigation mixtures 1022 1015 32 01 410302 H077R699 o o Industrial Hygiene Digest Hearing loss and noise non-study noise exposures Heart disease living and working with Hoods lor laboratories laboratory, face velocities Industrial medicine litigation breeders Iron poisoning, in children Keratoconjunctivitis small epedemic Lead tetraethyl biochemical studies Low back pain treatment Mortality statistics and pathological reports Mushroom workers respiratory disease Nitrogen dioxide effects on growing animals Odor(s) air dilution olfactometer Oxygen portable therapy unit Ozone and cracking of rubber toxicity Plastics hazards in manufacture and use Pneumatic tools delayed injury from Pneumoconio si* abstracts, book action of pneumoconiotic factors Psychology executive department Quartz, effect on animal lungs Safety improved through organization moral responsibility October. 103a 1038 1039 996 1076 1077 990 1016 994 1017 997 989 1028 1013 1058 1002 1057 1069 1010 1003 986 1033 1071 1031 1072 1061 SUicaj_jnetabolism_in_j2Hne*gi!i 1032 Radiation protection manual (bk. rev.) 937 Radiation (atomic, ionizing, nuclear) hazards, administrative experience 1042 Radiation (ionizing, nuclear, x-ray, etc. ) effects on populations 1047 Radioactive decomposition of laundry waste fallout evaluation of data inhalation hazard measurements in people sampling debris Radioactivity amiospheric studies measurements with body counter removal by venturi scrubber 1046 1051 1049 1050 1048 1052 1045 1041 Silicosis changes in collagen proteins histopathological information lymph node biopsies role of atypical bacilli 1029 1030 1037 1035 Silicotuberculosi* difficulties in diagnosis 1034 Smoke toxic effects in a fireman Strontium determination of radioactive 90 in man 991 1044 1043 Trichloroethylene exposure test on workers 1023 Tuberculosis, treatment of miner's 1036 Vanadium poisoning from fuel oil soot 1018 Waste disposal tank car wash water 1079 Work medical problems of shift-work 1040 Workmen's compensation problems (bk. rev.) 988 X-Ray(s) examination in industry 995 Zirconium determination in air 1019 01 *32 0770 Hi th duaC'to-b* lcacad. laaulatleo;-'* tlw,(da(tli&.vTiiinji T '---- ' I? focaatlon.V4*j yrjariwqrf.n'' EofiMoriagv i 3jrL,ka baca^looitinj-for*. ,uba tituta- for sCletaaboatoa^naeaxlkl^^V &- r=<!u=*r.tU/ praeaat;high- coat;of rlnaulaclca practlcea'aad to nduttnCw 'hultl^ r%\0 char, elm a flboraiarar inert titzsTi.yiTh* saw. flbreglaas leaasirrlcatiag.to.tha akin