Document O3bkQyz95KREaBKaebQnbz7p

Y> I O rWBej r r O O o ; <THE RECOGNITION, MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF; OCCUPATIONAL LEAD EXPOSURE ^ j v- Recognition of Lead Exposure !1 *i Inspection of plant - balancing sources of exposure against method' of control Sources of exposure Inhalation Fume - melting, soldering, burning, cutting painted or coated metals Dust - origin, deposits permitted to collect on rafters, ledges, etc. Spray - molten metal, paint Adequacy of removal - return from stacks, etc. Use of masks, type, and uniformity of use supervision Hcusecleaning _ Janitor personnel Eouipment - brooms, vacuum cleaners Supervision Ingestion . Facilities for workmen Clothing, locker rooms, wash rooms, lunch room Adequacy, convenience,' cleanliness Instructions and regulations for workmen By whom given? How? Placards? Repetition - safety meetings Supervision of workmen in matters of cleanliness Inquiry into medical facilities, personnel, practice, records to determine availability and reliability of information Survey of information in relation to health and disease Emplo2rment records - labor turnover - lost time N9794 f- 2. f '. |- " Survey of status of plant population - if medical information inadequate Medical examination of representative persons - search of ej.iects oe.**v /* ` Subjective, objective and'laboratory signs of lead ab sorption Signs having special significance /i - j>Jk/o Lead line - occurrence, differentiation and significane Stippling - significance in relation to lead exposure Measurement of Lead Exposure By air analyses cr Which? or Both? By analytical studies on blood and. excreta Dependent upon facilities available in equipment and personnel Dependent upon information desired Air.AnalTfsesjjRole - advantages and disadvantages - technique Advantages of air analyses Information can be obtained by non-medical man May be interpreted within limits of experience by non-medical man . Can be done without cooperation of workmen and without disturbing them Methods not too difficult - facilities and equipment available r O Can be used to identify changes in environmental conditions ' o <o promptly W Disadvantages AC Information is limited in its application (a) Applies only to the time and place of sampling and is only as representative as the sampling will I . (b) Makes no allowance for effects of use of madcs, or lack of cleanliness on part of men (c) Conditions not necessarily those to which the workmen are exposed (d} Includes no time factor in the measurement Precautions in use of air analysis .- Careful technique Sampling . Analytical methods Repetition in relation to any and all changes Analysis on Blood and Bxcreta . Role - advantages or disadvantages - technique Selection of subjects Representation of occupation Representation or basis of long exposure Numbers required Frequency of repetition Significance of results on feces X Physiologic mechanism and technique Gj f f 1 Disadvantage - in relation to absorption Disadvantage in relation to fume 17a Disadvantage in roughness of measurement / Advantage in locating foci of exposure o o o Cs. cc Advantage in recognizing ingestion Significance of results on blood '/ Physiologic significance - index of absorption 11 2'J low variability V Technique of collection - Contamination 12 . Advantage of requiring no cooperation from patient 23 Significance of results on urine Physiologic factors ?t-M ;'-<( / 1C 77 ii 2J O 3-j I_ 3 Z 3 3 It Variation in relation to lead absorption variation in waer output Variation in renal threshold Variation in renal concentration ' Technique of collection Lt 3 jJU.:T Large samples - no need for 2 V h r . samples Spot samples - Variable concentration - Contamination Advantage of collection in presence of attendant Advantage as diagnostic procedure Weed for comparison with blood or with other samples . Control of Lead Exposure By design of plant By installation of proper ventilating .and safety equipment By adequate sanitary facilities . By careful maintenance of operating and safety equipment By critical and continuing examination of facilities and practices By critical medical study of workmen - Clinical - Laboratory . By supervision of safety procedures Cleanliness of men Cleanliness of plant ' as Maintenance and supervision of condition and use of masks if f co o required o o In emergencies . Vu Special attention to matters of housekeeping and sanitation to avoid unnecessary exposure ' Special attention to supervision of operating procedures and 5- Rotation of workmen to avoid lengthened hours of exposure Special care in medical supervision to recognize incipient intoxication.; ' - . 1 0006 0