Document O3NbLqEqd9oMoY1LGz9q14XJQ

feature PCB's--prevalent and persistent Intensified research ii needed to minimize their dangers 6rl ft. ftllWlOII, Ftderal Wtur Quality A^mtuIttreHcu, Atkttu. O*. EL, the put three year*, a special clau of compounds, called potychlorinated biphenyls (nca'i), has claimed the attention of ocoloftsts and pesticide analysts in this country. These compounds were not discovered in the environment until 1966 in Swe den and 1967 in the U.S., despite the fact that they have been available com mercially for 40 years. Interest in rce'a has arisen because they are frequently found in Ash. bird, water, sediment, and other environmental samples when such samples are examined for chlori nated pesticide residues. That a wide variety of samples containing rca's hat been collected from England, Scandi navia. The Netherlands, Antarctica, Ccntr.tt America, and many different p..;* of the l/S makes them truly ubiquitous pollutants. Polychlorobiphenyh are made by substituting chlorine atoms for one or more of the hydropen atoms at the The Monsanto Co. stated recently In a letter to Congressman William F. Ryan of New York that as of August 30, It would no longer sell ecu's to t customers for use In general plasticiser operations where disposal of the endproducts cannot he controlled. After some lag period--the time It takes to eventually dispose of the products made from ecu's and currently In processor's Inventories--the quantity of ecu's getting into the environment may he substantially reduced. If Monsanto'! former customers look for pea substitutes, rather than purchasing ecu's from manufacturers In Japan and Europe, the protected decrease could become a reality. Carl O. Ottstafaoa 14 guTlrsiuftwtftl trlwii A Tut--im numbered poeltiona of the biphenyl structure. _/ -' ^ g " Aroclor. rca'i are nice manufactured in Europe nnd Japan. under trede nunet such a, Fbenochlor and Ctephen. the varioue Aroclon are differeatiued by a four-dipit number. vitb the laet two dipit, indicating the pereentape of chlorine ia the eextwe. In the proceu of replacinp hydropen atome with chlorine ntome, a larpe number of eubetitutlon comblnatione triee. For example, three monocblorobiphenyl iaomen an poeelble, 12 dichlorobiphenyl bomere, 21 trichlorobiphenyl bomere, and ao on. Theoreticalty, 210 compound* can be prepared by thb eubetitutlon proeeee; a typical example would be 2,4,6,2'4'pentechlorobiphenyl. Whenever aronjatlc hydrocarbon, Mich aa biphenyb an chlorinated, the product ia a mixtun of compound,, Includinp bomert. It b quite difficult to lyntheelxa ainpk, apeciBc chlorobiphenyl compound. In the laboratory unleet involved procedure, an employed. Coneequently few of the Indlvidual compound, have bean prepared In the pun form for atudy. In the commercial prooeas (or rce manufacture, biphenyl b chlorinated wiih anhydroue chlorine In tall eylindricaj tower, with either iron Slinp, or ferric chloride aa the catalyet. The by-product b hydropen chloride; the product b a mixtun of aeveral rca'e. The depne of Chlorination b determined by meaeurinp the ipeclftc pravby of the mixtun or, when the product ta more vbcout, the balt-and-riap eotienlnp-point Met b uaed. The whole proceae tnkee from 12 to 36 hour,. In the U.S., the eole manufacturer of rce'e b the Monaanto Co., which market! them under the trade name The three ntoet importent physical propertie, of the rce', are low vepor preetune (they have hiph boibnp pointi), low water eohibility, and hiph dielectric cooatante. They an mbctble with moat orpanlc aolveota and compatible with many type, of poly men. Ahhouph tome individual polychlorobiphenyl compound, an cryenlliat, the Aroclor mixture, an either liquid, or mine, The chemical propertie, that make rce', deeiraMe induetrial materiel, an their axcallant thermal etabOity, their ,troop nabtanoa to both acidic and batic hydrotyeb, and their peoarai in ertnau. They an quite reebtant to oxidation. Motuanto report,, in a teebnkat bulletin on rce',. that they cm be heated to 140` C. under 260 p.a.i. of oxypun preaaun -without ehowinp my evidence of oxidation ae Judged by do vetopment ot acidity or fornwrioo of aludpe.- The phyeMopical propertie, of the rce', make them potentially alpnfficent contaminanb of the environment For any pollutant two factor, are involved: acute toxicity, which b Imnwttiately evident becauer of a hiph death rate or other maimlnp effect; end chronic kxidty, which b the neuR ct a alow ac cumulatioo of the poieon in the body and b a aublalhal affect. Whenever acute toxicity b hiph, a pollutant wffi be nadliy recopnixed and appropriate remedial action, will be introduced. If, on the other hand, acute toxiebyte low, EX P-2920 Page 1 of 6 tH27585> PCB-ARCH0753362 Ou phyaMogtcal effect* will go unaorioed until the chronic effect* moke themedvet evident When thh happen* Ike problem may have advanced be yond immediate or ew; cometten. AMMe IMMIy AH rtudie* of peak in nnimek indi cole the) acme tonicity ie not o eiffttfcont (odor. Tbeir acute toxldth* an aa Ike order of tboae of other chlori nated aromatic compound* Moneanto hae eponewad two InveeHgttiont of the acute toxidtiee of Arociof mix ture*. In the ftnt, at the Kettering Laboratory at the liaiveitlty of Cinchmari, Dr. I. F. Tteoo and hit ooworker* inve*tigated the toxicity of Arodor vapon tor guinea pip*, mice, rabbit*, and rat*. All animal* eurvived t 24-day expoeure to 0.13 p.p.m. of Arodor 1242 for 7 hour* per day on 17 of thoee day*. Even after mom pro longed teat*, there wen no eeven ef fect from Arodor 1242. In the aecond toveetlgnWon, (till in prooeat, three group* of beagle* an fed Arodor 1242, 1154. and 12(0, mpectrvety. at a rat* of 100 p.p.m. in their diet*. After three month* no aigniheam aboormalitie* bavt been noted. Similar etudie* on (Wb have baeo per formed in eevcral laboratoriea Dr. Richard Schoettger of the Sport Flehrie* and Wildlife Puh-Pcatidde ft* tearch Laboratory in Columbia. Mo., report* that 96 hour-Tx* toxidti*i of the Arodor* to trout rang* bom 1.17 to (0 p.p.m Compered to nr, whoa* 96 hour-TL*fl toxicity it 0.002 to 0.009 p p m. for trout, the rce'l have a reintively low acute toxidty. With the mon eentitrv* Mutglll, the 94 hour-Tt** for Arodor 1241 ie 0.271 p.p.m., while that of ctrr it 0.001 ppm. Arodor tonIdtiei appear to be lavereeiy propor tional to the chlorine cooteot of the mixture ShtMah, oyeten, and ahrimp are non Ktitltivt to peak. Dr. Tom Duke, at 0k Bureau of Commercial Phhtrie* Pcetictdt PMd Station, re port* 10091 mortality of Juveafb pink ehrimp expoead to 0.10 p.p.m. of Arodor 1234 in water for 41 hour* Thh concentration of Arodor 1234 will eaute a 100* decreate In then growth of oyeten after 96 hour*. To achieve the earn* effect* with dot In them ex periment*. only 0.0004 ppm. and 0.01 ppm., retpectJvely, wen required. Then k very ittde evideoce than peak an toxfe to feted*. Stadia* to dm* ahow that they ate feat Writ few dieUrto or dot. Ai with flah, their tox eroecopioaOy the kidney* ehowtf idty oppten to he inveraely propor marked tubular dUarioa and muaeraue tional to lha chlorine content of tba mixture. Another chronic effect of reck Ie Bated on ft* above data, H la un- mltted to wildfowl. The accuaadattoo ovnuootMt WBy vm potjcwonw* of high conconmikine of cBlnrtnetod pheayit, rommaulaliy avtfhblt lor hydrooaihOM to bfrde niultef to dle- 40 yean, hava only noeotlj rttracted ruptioo of onrntel breeding behavior attention ae toxic tctbieMdd oott- and to the krmattoo of tofu theflef tBBliMUrtk egg* A dramatic example of thie effete hae been obeerved to the caee of the browi pelican On the Anaoape htand* The chronic tcxicWet of peek pte- eff the CaUfcrmla coart. no young ware aent c mot* dhturting ritualion; aeveral hatched tort year bom 300 pafit of chronic effect* have been obttned. It nearing bird* The eheOe of moat agp wm dieoovered, quite by aoddent, that laid were ec tkia that e dent occurred rex'* have a toxic affect ox chicken*. whan the agg wa* picked up. Probeaor B. U McOunt and hie co- Them art two poeaibi* cauae* for wotkon at tba Unlvtrafty of Mlmouri the laying of thto-chdtod egg* by wld- found thafr chicken* dytog efttr they fowL On* It c low oddum teeervi to were pieced in a feeding kouet, porta the bird; the other It the toiHBty of of which bad been fratfaiy peinled with the Mid to deftrer the needed crictom an epoxy paint. Careful fevttrigatkm to Mi oviduct, when the eggthed ie nvealed that the toxic factor wet Aro terming The ctldum level In the evtox dor 1242, a binder to the paint. Whan Motyrteo end the ctldum neervi to Arodor 1242 waa tad to the chick* it the eeccndary bone etntetun or medal produced tba tom* chanctoriadc afbdi . Inry boot, found only to ftntofe Mrde at chick edema factor. McCuoe re when they an breeding, cm control id ported: "Oroe* pathology indudad hy- by tot hormone eerrogec A high ca- droparicardium, bydroparitoaium, an- taogea level It eieociited with the for- larged heart, liver, and kidney*, and mariee of thb calcium naan* Cbtc- hemorrhage of internal organ* Ml rtoatad hydrocarbon*, each ott. -- "'V 047 7586 PCB-ARCH0753363 chlordane. dieldrin, and pcb'b, activate enzyme* in the liver which tramform estrogen into a more wateT-sotoble compound that U readily eliminated from the bird'* body. This meant that when estrogen levels are low, calcium reserves will also be low, and there* fore very little calcium will be avail* able for strong eggshell production. Dieldrin and pcb'i are more effective than odt in this type of enzyme-induc tion activity. Aroclor 1262 has an es tradiol degrading potential four to five times that of p.p'-dde or technical grade dot. The ability of the female bird to deliver calcium to her oviduct during the last 20 hours, when the eggshell is being formed, is related to the func tioning of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. When birds that have ex hibited the ability to lay normal eggs are injected with a metabolite of dot (ode) just prior to the formation of the eggshell, they will lay thin-shelled eggs. This indicates that dot also in hibits the activity of carbonic ahhydrasc, the enzyme that controls the flow of calcium from the blood stream of the bird into its oviduct. Since dieldrin seems to have no effect on carbonic anhydrase, we may assume that neither do the Fee's. How ever, these compounds delay breeding time significantly. Many ornithologists feel that late breeding has a stronger influence on the reduction of bird populations than does the laying of thin-shelled eggs. If this is true, pea's are a more potent threat than dot to our declining bird populations, es pecially for predatory birds that ac cumulate fairly high levels of pcb's be cause they eat smaller animals that al ready have concentrated pea's in their own tissues. Other investigators have produced evidence to show that pcb's are simi lar to dot in their activity. Dr. Joseph Street at Utah State University has shown that when pcb's accumulate in the liver, they induce microsomal en zyme activity by bringing about more rapid metabolism of drugs, insecticides, and other foreign compounds. He fed rats a diet containing 50 p.p.m. of Aroclor 1254 or Aroclor 1260 After 10 days on this diet, the test animals were administered hexobarbito! at a dose of 100 p.p.m. to induce sleep. In comparison with a control group, the sleeping time for these rats was reduced by 65 to 80%. Street also found that Aroclor, when fed at the SI, EnlrMMrtll SdMM 4 TicS-dofy Mine level, will reduce dieldrin stor age in adipoee tiaaue by 90 to 95 9fc; increate aniline oxidation by 200 to 300%; and incrente bfn detoxication by 430 to 470%. In addition, the fob's cauae activation of organothiophoaphate compounds, which adversely af fect the tystem. Thii latter effect coun terbalance! the detoxification of diel drin. Normally, when a substrate activates an enzyme, it it converted to a watersoluble form that will be eliminated from the system; however, thla b not the case with fob's. Because they re main in the system for prolonged pe riod! of time, their enzyme induction activity is always pment. In this way the normal concentration ot Important body chemicals may be lowered to the point of bringing about malfunctions in the system. For example, Street be lieves that the rcs'e bring about steroid degradation, which can lead to altered endocrine relationships. The chronic toxicity to man is as follows: 0427587 Lika the chlorinated naphthalenes, the chlorinated diphenyls have tiro distinct action, on the body, namely, a akin affect and a toxic action on the liver. The lesion produced in the liver is an acute yellow atrophy. This hepsto-toxic action of the chlorinated di- appears to be increased : u exposure to carbon tetrachloride at the same time. The higher the chlorine content of the diphenyl compound, the more toxic it Is liable to be. Oxides of ` are more Page 3 of 6 PCB-ARCH0753364 toxic than the unoxidized ma terials. The akin lesion is known as chloracne, and consists of smalt pimples and dark pigmentation of the exposed areas, initially. Utter, comedones and pustules develop. In persons who have suffered systemic intoxication, the usual signs and symptoms are nausea, vomiting, loss of weight, jaundice, edema, and abdominal pain. Where the liver damage has been severe, the patient may pass into coma and die. 5or, N, Irving, "Dangerous Prop erties of Industrial Materials," 3rd ed.. Van Nnstrand-Reinhold, New York. 196*. The ubiquity of pci's is related to the wide spectrum of applications that have been found for them. The largest single use of pci's is related to their electrical properties--as coolant-insu lation fluids in transformers. For this purpose the Aroclors are also sold under such trade names as Chlorcxtol (Allis-Chalmcra Mfg. Co ), Dykanol (Federal Pacific Electric Co.), Inerteen (Westinghouse Electric Co ), Noflsmol (Wagner Electric Co ), Pyranol (General Electric Co.), and Therminot (Monsanto Co.). Other uses of Pea's include formula tion into ballasts for fluorescent fix tures; impregnation of cotton and as bestos for braided insulation of elec trical wiring; a plasticizer in wire and c.<hlc coatings; capacitors and askarcltspe transformers, and plasticizers of \myt ch'oride polymer films. Because of their thermal stability and fire re liance. the pea's also find application in high-pressure hydraulic fluids, spe cialized lubricants and gasket scalers, heat transfer agents, and machine tool cutting oils Miscellaneous uses in clude: formulation into some epoxy paints; protective coatings for wood, metal, and concrete; adhesives; and in carbonless reproducing paper. One of the primary manufacturers of carbon less reproducing piper also sells Aro clors in an encapsulated form. Generally the kinds of applications described above mean that the pci's will be in many types of products that eventually And their way to the domes tic market. When used io manufacture of ballasts for fluorescent fixtures they will be found in kitchens, bathrooms, stores, and offices throughout the coun try. Wherever office forms are used that do not use carbon paper, one may find pea's formulated into the micro capsules of dye that comprise the re A + B Oas chromatogram A is of a standard pastickta mixture. B is typical of Aroclor 1254. and A + B is the chromatogram of a 50 : 50 mixture of both. Tha concentration of Aroclor 1254 Is approximately 10 times those of the pesticides In A. hence It is un derstandable why PCB't were not readily recognized In pesticide chromatograms Gas chromatograph (Packard 7620) conditions; gas flow 80 ml./min. nitrogen, tern peratures--oven. 210* C . inlet, 230* C , detector. 218* C; Hi* electron capture detector; 5* x Vi" glass column packed with 8r> SC-30 on Chromoeorb Q $0-90 mesh. producing layer of the business form. pci'i have also been found on the transparent receipts used in credit card charge forms. As plasticizers they can be expected to appear in many con sumer plastics. Since the chronic toxicities are so significant, it becomes important to know just how extensively the rci's art distributed in the ecosystem, and just how they And their way into the environment. Rainwater in En gland, brown seals ofT the coast of Scotland, white-tailed eagles in Swe den, cod in the Baltic Sea, mussels in The Netherlands, adelie penguin eggs in the Antarctica, brown pelican eggs in Panama, Arctic terns, shrimp in Florida, river water in Japan, waters in the Great Lakes, human hair, and human adipose tissue--samples of all tbcEXP-2920n^ 10 contain Pea's, Page 4 10. OctoWr 1*70 111 PCB-ARCH0753365 thus making them a dais of widely dispersed pollutant*. HaMMty ahaaihed The properties of pen's that make them industrially useful are the same properties that cause them to persist in the environment. These in clude thermal stability, resistance to oxidation and hydrolysis, solubility in a wide range of organic solvents, water insolubility, high dielectric constant, and compatibility with many types of macromolecule*. Their resistance to oxidation and hydrolysis also makes rca's more stable and persistent than ddt, Consequently, they could even tually accumulate to a higher concen tration than ddt, especially if the use of ddt is sharply curtailed in the U.S. The solubility of pea's in nonpolar solvents explains why they are readily absorbed Into fatty tissue and into the liver. Their resistance to oxidation or other types of chemical degradation explains their persistence in the en vironment and accumulation in animal tissue. The latter effect is enhanced both by their insolubility in water and solubility in organic solvents. Their chemical inertness and resistance to metabolism account for their low acute toxicity. But as they slowly build up in a living system their con centration approaches toxicity levels, at which point chronic effects make themselves evident. It has been established that Ash-eat ing birds will accumulate large concern nations of rca's, as in the esse of the white-tailed eagle, which has been found to have as much as 14,000 p.p.m. of pea's. Peregrine falcons, taken off the coast of California, were found to have as much as 2000 p.p.m. in their lipid tissue. When shrimp were exposed to 10 p.p.b. of Aroclor 1254 for 48 hours, they accumulated 1306 p.p.b. of pea's, which represents a 130-fold con centration in a very short time. Oysters, exposed to an identical concentration of Aroclor 1254 for 96 hours and then placed in pea-free water for four days, still had a concentration of 33,000 p.p.b. of pea's, which constitutes a 3300-fold concentration. This means that even though the concentrations of pea's are in the parts-per-billion range in tbt environment, their high lipid solubility causes them to collect in fatty tissues of lower animals and marine life. Therefore, species at the top of a food chain will also accumulate pea's in their bodies, particularly in their lipid tissue and liver, in much the same III KmrlraninanUt Scksx* A Tactootoo way as they accumulate dot and other chlorinated pesticides. Because of the low solubility of pea's in water, when a solution or dispersion of them is discharged into a river or lake, they will accumulate on the sedi ment in relatively high concentrations. Subsequently, they will redissolve very slowly in the water as condition* change. Therefore, it will usually take a long time to flush out a contaminated area. Acektottal aeourrance The reason that pea's have not been found in the ecosystem as extensively as ddt, and are not present in environ mental aamples at as high a concen tration as ddt, is that pea's find their way into the environment accidentally. dot is deliberately spread because this is the only way its insecticidal proper ties can be utilized, pci's are not in tended to get into the environment, but they do because their unique chemical properties prevent them from being de stroyed by our usual waste disposal methods. Thus, they inadvertently es cape and become widely dispersed. In Sweden, where the use of ddt has been banned, and where the main power source is hydroelectric, investi gators And that the concentration of pea's in the environment is as high as tht Of DDT. There are several way* by which pca'a get into the ecosystem. One of these is by incineration. Products con taining pea's, such as carbonless re producing paper in business form*, plastics (especially polymer Aim and sheeting that contain pea's as plasti cizers), spent ballasts from Auorescent light Axtures, and objects coated with pea-formulated coatings, all And their way to the city dump or incinerator for burning. The pea's do not bum but are vaporized. They are then carried into the atmosphere, where they collect on particulate matter and are subse quently returned to the surface of the earth, into the rivers, lakes, and oceans. In this way they become widely dis tributed throughout the global environ ment. Another source it probably land run-off from industrial wastes and dumps. A third source is the point of manufacture and the plants where pea's are processed into other products. They can escape through the plant ven tilation and exhaust systems into the atmosphere and through its waste treat ment system into sewers or directly into VXP2920 Page 5 of 6 PCB-ARCH0753366 0 4 *7 5 8 9 It is interesting to note that the inci dence of pcb's in environmental sam ple! is highest in industrialized and ur banized areas Birds whose primary haftitjt is the San Francisco Bay area ban a largpt concentration oi so'* ptt unit of body weight than those lo cated in Baja, Calif., which is com pletely rural. Aquatic life in the Archi pelago of Stockholm, the most indus trialized area of Sweden, were found to have a higher concentration of pcb's than fish samples taken from the west ern coast of Sweden, a less developed area Sediment samples taken from southern portions of Lake Michigan have a higher concentration of pcb's than those from other parts of the lake. Monsanto states that until a recent change in marketing policy (see inset, page 814), sales of Arodors were in creasing at the rate of 8% per year. While this increase does not seem sig nificant, it may be important if the in creased consumption was in consumer products and thus would find their way into our normal solid waste disposal systems. Such an occurrence would mean a definite increase of pcb residues in the environment, and therefore a marked increase in their chronic tox icity effects. Detection pcb's were not discovered in environ mental samples until very recently for several reasons. First, as indicated above, they have not been deliberately distributed about the ecosystem. Sec ondly, because of their relatively low acute toxicities, their presence was not immediately evident. Finally, they are difficult to detect analytically. The pcb's were first detected as in terfering peaks in the gas chromato graphic analysis (oc) of environmental samples being analyzed for chlorinated pesticide residues. When pcb's are pres ent in a sample they give a pattern of several oc peaks, whose retention times are similar to those of dieldrin, dot, doe, aldrin, and heptachlor oxide. Be cause the peaks were not large or sharp, investigators tended to ignore them until S. Jensen, in Sweden, and R Risebrough, at the University of California at Berkeley, identified them as corresponding to common constitu ents of environmental samples being analyzed for persistent pesticides. The problem of the interferences of aca's with the analysis of other chlori nated pesticides has been largely over come by prior treatment of the sam ple. Several investigators have used column chromatography to aeparate PCB'i from chlorinated pesticide*. At a recent meeting, sponsored by the pwqa's National Watts Quality Lab oratory. Duluth. Mian~, a general pro cedure was recoestraeaded foe aeptration of pc*1* from pesticides, In this procedure for bioaamptoa, the sample is extracted with hexane as in tegular pesticide analysis. It is then partitioned with acetonitrile to remove fata, the cleaned-up extract ia passed through a FluorUi! column and then through a silicic acid column. Finally, the sample is analyzed by gas chromatography, with a chloride-specific detector. In this way the pesticides are retained on the silicic acid column for later ehition and identification. Research needs To assess fully the significance of pcb's as environmental pollutants, ad ditional research is needed. No one really knows the extent of the chronic effects of these chlorinated hydrocar bons. Some problems that need to be considered are: * Although pcb's are known to ac cumulate in human organs we do not know at what concentration they will begin to exhibit toxic effects. Will these chronic effects be similar to those shown in animals--microsomal en zyme activity, calcium metabolism in hibition, and so on? What are other possible chronic effects? Which of the many pea com pounds in the commercially available mixtures are responsible for their tox icity? Can commercial pcb mixtures be modified to eliminate the toxic com ponents? Pure samples are required to answer these questions. At the present time work is continuing at the pwqa's Southeast Water Laboratory to sep arate each of the Aroclor mixtures into its many components, and to identify each component. We need to know all the uses for the pcb's. What is the annual produc tion of pcb's? Our knowledge of these facts U limited and needs to be ex panded. These facts should be known if we are to accurately determine how they get into the enviroomeot, and take steps to prevent further environmental contamination by them. * In view of the complexity of the isolation and accurate quantitative analysis of pcb's in chlorinated resi dues, a straightforward, unambiguous measurement of them needs to be de veloped. 0A27590 What is the fate of pcb's in nat ural waters? More needs to be known of their partition coefficients between bottom sediments and water This ia vital if we are sc estimate how ton * wiU take tor a river bed to dean tott of contamination. It will also be uaeful when assessing the affects of pcb's on marine life that feed on the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and estuaries. We should also learn more about pen solubility in water of various ionic strengths. Are present waste treatment sys tems adequate to handle pcb's? Do spe cial measures need to be taken when pea's are part of the waste effluent be ing treated? By trying to get some of these an swers now, we may find that we are in a position to control the escape of pcb's into the environment before ad ditional damage is done. So frequently, action is taken only after it is evident that massive damage has resulted from a particular pollutant. In the case of the pcb's we may have an opportunity to resolve the situation before that happens. Additional Reading Hubbard, H. L, "Chlorinated Biphenyl and Related Compounds," Encyclo pedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd ad., fi, Interscience Publ., New York. N.Y.. 1964. pp. 289-296. Reynolds, L. M., Bufl. Environ. Contsm. Toxicol. 4,128 (1969). Risebrough, R. N., et. a/.. Nature 220 (1968). Carl G. Gustafson, chairman of the Deportment of Chemistry of King's College, Briarclijf Manor, Af.Y., re ceived a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Delaware in 1957. During the 1969 70 academic year, he was on ieave at the pwqa Southeast Water Laboratory in Athens, Co., where he studied trace organic analysis in waste effluents. As a mem ber of the Notional Water Contami nants Characterization Research Pro gram. he worked with pcb's and pulp and paper mill effluents. EXP-2920 PCB-ARCH0753367