Document O2Bn3Lgd69L5Xjd3wxM3LX21

t F 0 TJ N DAT I ON F~A CTS* ~ 'V Vol. 3. August, 1941 \ Staff Hv^ienist Covers 2700 Miles in 3 Days Throe Field Men Now Busy with Plant Surveys In helping member companies "keep precautions apace with production," one of the Foundation's industrial hygienists has averaged 2,000 miles a month for the past year. Meanwhile, tho services of two other field men aro being utilized to meet the demand for plant surveys, F.S. Mellette of the staff flew 2,700 miles in three days last month to cover emergency work in tho plants scattered from. Oklahoma to Now Jersey, Increased production causes increased health hazards, demands increased pre caution* Have your operations been checked for health hazards during this period of 2ooming defense demands? Please see the memo to members sent with the last News Letter which lists membership services. Meeting Plans;' Suggestions Welcome The Foundation's staff and committees are busily engaged planning for the sixth annual meeting which will be held st Mellon Institute, November 12 and 13, V<e arc striving to make this the most interesting, important and highly valuable session the Foundation has ever held. Announcement of the dates, together with the announce ment of the change of the Foundation's name to Industrial Hygiene Foundation, arc receiving national publicity in tho daily, trade, technical and professional press. Please send in suggestions for subjects you desire covered at the meeting. Meanwhile red letter November 12 and 13. Foundation Bulletins Bombodt The Medical Research Council of Great Britain wrote the Foundation on July 14th as follows: "A few weeks ago this building was damaged during an air raid, and amongst the papers that were destroyed wero copies of tho Fourth and Fifth Annual Mootings of Members of the Foundation. These reports contain information which is of much value to mo, and I am venturing to ask whether you could replace ay lost copies,"......... Tho Bulletins have been sent. A Reminder Unless otherwise noted, the Foundation has no extra copies of articles abstracted in tho monthly Digest of Industrial Hygiene (nor is the Foundation respens ible for the content of articles), Members desiring originals should write direct to tho source of the abstracted article. Names and addresses of publications covered by tho Digest were sent to tho members sometime ago, (Extra copies of this list aro available if dosirod,) If any member has difficulty in obtaining an article from the original source, and if he will advise the Foundation, wo will make every effort to secure tho material* William S. Knudscn -- Safeguarding the health of our employees is, in my opinion, the greatest and most important task before us at all times. "Wo'll havo to rehearse that," said tho undertaker as the coffin fell our of tho car, ------ Casualty Zt Suroty Journal. 0 1. '."I 4 August, 1941. Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. DIGEST OF INDUSTRIAL HYOIFNF Literature--Hev/s-'-Development a News Items f08 Harvard Industrial Hygiene Course. The Harvard School of Public Health will offer a short course in Industrial Hygiene starting September 22 and closing a few days before Christmas. This is similar to tho recent course given for Naval Medical Officers and vail be open to properly-qualified engineers, as well as doctors. 609 Information Vtentcd on.Citric Acid Dust. The Indiana bureau of Industrial Hygiene, in a cooperative study with the dental officer of the State Board of Health has observed that dental erosion frequent ly occurs among workers breathing citric acid dust. Concentrations of 15 tc 21 milligrams per cubic meter of air were found in. operations where workers were exposed to this dust. The process is being controlled by enclosure aid by local exhaust ventilation. Information on the. safe limit and cn pathologic conditions which may result from the inhalation of citric acid dust would bo appreciated. Anonymous. Ind, Eyg, (U.3. Pub. Health Service) 3 (May, 1941). 610 Hew York Stcne Cutting Regulations. The adoption of stone cutting regulations as a part of the New York State Indus trial Cede has been announced by Chairman V/illiam J. Picard of the State Beard of Standards and Appeals. Effective September 1st, the new rules will curb the incidence of silicosis.. Delay in putting these regulations in effect will en able operators of 3tone cutting establishments to familiarize themselves with the code and tc prepare for compliance. "The incidence of silicosis in men en gaged in the stone cutting and finishing trade v/hero no dust control measures havo been provided, has been found to range from 22 to 55$ with increased suscep tibility tc pneumonia and tuberculosis," Mr. Picard said. For tho effective control of silica dust tho Board has proscribed local exhaust ventilation and wot methods, tc. remove dust at tho point of generation, reduction of dust parti cles through general ventilation, and individual use of approved pressure masks and respirators in isolated and infrequent operations. Medical Record, 153, 413 (June 4, 1941). 611 Iowa Institutes cn Industrial Health. A scries of special institutes on industrial health, sponsored by tho Speaker*s Bureau and the Corattttec on Industrial Health of tho Iqwu State Medical Society, and the Iowa Stato Board of Health wore held in five Iowa cities during the v:cck of June 23. Seven national medical leadorr and 22 Iowa physicians and industrial lets participated in the program, and tho institutes were attended by Iov:a prac ticing physicians, industrial physicians end industrial managers. Ind. Hyg. (U.S. Pub. Health Service) 1^ 5 (June, 1941). o iOj I .Nicest of Industrial Hygiene - 2. 61,2 Directory of State and Local Industrial Hygiene Personnel. An up-to-dato directory or State and City Industrial Hygiene organizations with their officers and chief personnel occupies 12 mimeographed pages of Industrial Hygiene (U. S. Public Health Sorvice) for Juno, 1941. 13 vniat's In a Nome? The name of the Connecticut "Bureau of Occupational Diseases" has been changed to "Bureau of Industrial Hygiene." This would indicate that the State of Connecticut is recognizing the broad aspects of industrial health, i. e., that industrial health constitutes health in all its aspects, rather than freedom from industrial accidents and diseases alone. Ind. Hyg., (U.S. Public Health Service) 1, 5 (Juno, 1941). 614 Indiana's Educational Program Progresses. In cooperation with the State medical society and the Indiana University School of Medicine, the Indiana Bureau of Industrial Hygiene participated in a number of discussions and clinics presented by the School of Medicine in its annual intensive postgraduate course for general practitioners. Industrial dermatoses, benzol poisoning and joint injuries in industry were the subjects covered. This is the first tine that industrial hygiene has had a place on this program, and therefore can bo considered a stop forward in the Indiana bureau* a educational program. Ind. Hyg* (U.S. Public Health Service) 9-10 (May, 1941). 615 Promotion of Medical Examinations in Small Plants. At a recent meeting attended by representatives of the Committee on Industrial Health of the Michigan State Medical Society, the Michigan Manufacturers Associa tion and the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene of the Michigan Department of Health, plans were made to set up two units for the purpose of promoting medical examin ations in small plants. Two large industrial counties, widely separated, were selected for an experimental study. If it is successful similar studies will be nado in other areas. Ind. Hyg. (U.S. Public Health Service) jL, 9 (May, 1941). 616 Yours for Health. /in organizing drive for "Yours for Health" clubs in Vermont is well underway. Employers v;ho become members agree to do all they can to protect the health of their employees. Each will organize from the employees an advisory Yours fo& Health committee, Eteployecs who become members of tho club agree to do oil they can to promote the sanitation, safety and morale of their working place. The Vermont State Department' of Health will cooperate in various ways, such as send ing cn request competent representatives to advise on subjects pertinent to workers* health, and furnishing notices, buttons, and literature on matters per tinent to health. Ind. Hyg. (U.S. Public Health Service) 1, 10 (May, 1941). Legal Developments 617 Bccont Statute Changes. Massachusetts has novr included, in its worteen* s compensation act, "infec tious or contagious diseases if hazards of contracting disease is inherent in employment (Sec. 1 (?A), added by Chep. 437, Laws of 1941, effective October 7, 1941). Illinois now provides that where death results from an occupational disease on or after July 1, 1941, compensation as providod in Sections (a), (b), (e), (d), and (h) of Section 172.7 shall be computed according to the previsions of this soction oxclusivo of the now paragraph (k) and after so computed shall bo Digest of Industrial Hygiene -3. increased ten per centra* Such increase shall he accomplished by increasing the aggregate amount only; provided, however, that in no case shall this now para graph (k) operate to provide an aggregate increase of more than ten per centum of the aggregate compensation which but for this now paragraph (k) would bo pay able. Subsection (1) of Section 172.8 governing compensation for disability after July 1, 1939 is amended to except disability and disablement occurring on or after July 1, 1941.* (S.B. No. 632, Laws 1941, effective July 16, 1941.) Pennsylvania has amended Section 308, relating to compensation payable jointly by employer and the state to include provision for source of appropria tions under this subsection (a); to designate the department (of Labor and In dustry) as a codefendant in claims payable under this subsection (a); and separ ate statement of amounts payable by employer and the Commonwealth. This Section (308) is also amended to re-define the term "employer" to deem the department (of Labor and Industry) a "party-in-interest" in any proceeding involving a claim, a part of which is payable by the Commonwealth. (CCH). 618 Silicosis of a Coremakor. Conflicting Expert Testimony. Sufficiency of Evi dence. There ere but two questions presented, (a) does the evidence show Trojanowski ?/as exposed to the hazard cf an occupational disease any time after the effective dato of the act (October 1, 1936) and July 12, 1938, the last day of employment, and (b) is the finding that Trojanowski sustained a disablement by reason cf an occupational disease against the manifest weight of the evidence? Trojanowski worked for plaintiff in error twenty-three years as a coremakor and his employ ment terminated July 12, 1938. Plaintiff in error contends that the facts of the sand being graded to a standard size of not less than 1/200 mesh, that oil and other substur.cn* were mixed with it before using, and the method of handling; `negative every possibility of the presence of sand dust in the coreroom. Dr. Weissaen stated that in ?iew of the occupational history, physical symptoms and X-ray findings, a diagnosis of silicosis could readily be made. He gave no opinion as to whether the conditions found would cause disablement. Dr. Potter said there were no silicotic nodules appearing in the lung field. In deter mining whether or not a complainant has silicosis causing disablement, the In dustrial Commission should consider the occupational history of the patient, his physical condition, the X-ray readings, the opinions of the medical expert and tho other competent evidence which tends to prove or disprove a disablement caused by silicosis. Applying such rule to the facts here, the occupation in which Trojanowski labored and his physical condition as outlined in his evidence, are, if believed to be true, corroborative of the conclusions expressed by Dr. Woissaan. The finding of the commission in this case is not contrary to the manifest weight cf the evidence. The judgment is affirmed. National Malle able and Steel Castings Company v. Industrial Commission et al. 111. Supreme Ct. Decided Juno 17, 1941. (CCH). 619 Silicosis. Conflicting Medical Testimony. Y'eight of Evidence. Kut claimed compensation fordisablcment alleged to have been caused by an occu pational disease arising out of his employment by plaintiff in error as an iron moldcr. The arbitrator and commission allowed compensation for total, permanent disability. Kut, aged fifty-eight, was employed as a moldcr for thirty years, the last fifteen and ono-half of which was by plaintiff in error. There is evi dence which shows sand dust in the room where ho was employed in such quantities that exposure in his employment to the hazard of silicosi3 is clearly establish ed, Dr. iiciSijnan was of tho opinion that Kut hod silicosis and was totally and permanently disabled. The medical experts cnllod by plaintiff in error testi fied that in their opinion Kut did not have silicosis and wns r.ot disabled by reason of an occupational discaso. For tho court to adopt tho view presented '- 4 .* Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 4. by plaintiff in error would, under the facts of this case, require the court to say which of the two groups of medical experts is more worthy of belief and whose evidence is entitled to the greater weight. That being the function of the commission, the court will not disturb its conclusion, for its finding on that question is not against tho manifest weight of tho evidence. The judgment is affirmed. Buda Co. v. Industrial Commission et al. 111. Supreme Ct. Decided June 17, 1941. TCCU). 620 Silicosis. Necessity to File Claim within Six Months of Time of Injury. A referee of the Commission found in favor of the employer and insurers, denying the employee compensation. This was reversed as to the employer and insurer. Appealed. The decisive question in this case is whether respondent's claim for compensation was not filed within six months of the date of his injury. In May, 1934 plaintiff started to work for the employer herein as a grinder. The dust bothered his lungs. Dr. McNamee testified that he examined Lutnan about six months before the hearing; that his diagnosis v/as silicosis or pneumoconiosis that pneumoconiosis is a chronic disease of the lungs caused by irritating sub stances which are taken in with respired air. Tho condition of total and per manent disability is not a prerequisite to tho beginning of the running of the six months statute of limitations. If it appears that six months is too short a time, it is for the Legislature to provide the remedy. The judgment of the circuit court is reversed. Lutman v. American Shoe Machinery Co. Mo. St. Louis Ct. of Appeals. Decided June 3, 1941. (CCH). 621 Pneumonia as a Result of Inhalation of Fumes from a Truck. Injury by Accident. Hazards not Usual to Employment. Upon consideration of appellant's motion for rehearing the original opinion is withdrawn and the following substituted. Stevenson, a truck efriver, em ployed by appellee company, a road building contractor, became ill after driving and operating for one day one of the heavy trucks of the company, claiming that he inhaled excessive dust from the road work and fuaes and gasos from the motor exhaust, and that he quickly developed pneumonia by which he was incapacitated for some three months, and from which he would probably continue to be unable to work for some time in the future. Compensation v/as refused upon the ground that no accident was suffered by appellant which would, under the act, be com pensable. All trucks of tho type of the truck involved give off some gases and fumes when used in heavy duty; but this truck discharged an excessive amount of gases compared with other trucks on the job. This ga3 reduced plaintiffs' resistanco to such an extent that the pneuao-cocci gems present were enabled to multiply and becomo active, resulting in pneumonia. The appellant's attack of pneumonia was not an occupational disease. The employer will becomo liable to a workman "injured by accident arising out of and in the course of his em ployment." V/as there an accident hero? It is assorted that appellant's injury was not an accident, because he inhaled the fumes and gases that caused him to have pneumonia, while performing labor in the course of his employment, and there was no "unlooked for ovent which was not expected or designed," as an accident is usually defined. It appearing from the findings of the court that appel lant was subjected to unusual and extraordinary conditions and hazards not usual to his employment, end to which no other of tho workmen on the job was subjected; and that such unusual and extraordinary conditions and hazards wore the proxir.iatc cause of his attack of pncumcnia. The court concludes that his injury, includ ing that resulting from pneumonia was an injury by accident. Tho case is re versed and remanded. Stevenson v. Leo Moor Contracting Co. ot al. N.M. Sup. Ct. Decided July 7, 1941. (CCH). 0i 2~ Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 5. 622 Limit of Ccirvoensatton for Anthraco-silicosis. Amounts Payable by the Commonwealth and the Employer, Respectively. This appeal i3 concerned with the supplement to the Y.orkmen* s Compensation Law, known as the Occupational Disease Act." The board determined that the anthraco-silicosis which caused the appellant, Rondo's total disability in this case was such an occupational disease as developed to the point of disablement only after an exposure of five or more years, and hence that section 7 of the act applied, and as his total disability occurred during 1938 - the first year in which the act became effective - his compensation was payable jointly by the employer and the Commonwealth. The narrow point at issue in this case is whether $3600 is the total amount payable to Rando, or whether that is only the maximum amount payablo by the employer, and the remainder (nine-tenths) of the compen sation is payable by the Commonwealth, up to nine-tenths of the limit fixed in the Act. The board decided that $3600 was the limit of Rando*s compensation. The construction given the Act by the board and the court bolow is in accord with both the letter and the spirit of the Act when considered in its entirety. The judgment i3 affirmed. Rando v. State Workmens Insurance Fund. Penna. Superior Ct,, East. Dist. Decided July 18, 1941. (CCH). 623 Motion for Rehearing. Examination by Doctor as Idedical Treatment. Tolling of Statute of Limitations. On respondent's motion to modify the court's opinion and for a rehearing. The court would not be warranted in holding that an examination made by a doctor, for the purpose of diagnosis, constituted such medical, surgical and hospital treatment as may reasonably be required for the first ninety days to cure and relieve from the effects of the injury as provided by the Act. To hold other wise on the evidence herein would opon v/ido the door for more physical examin ations of claimants to bo regarded as payments of compensation, thus tolling *ho statute of limitations in a manner contrary to the clearly expressed intention of the Legislature. The motion to modify the opinion and the motion f.cr rehearing arc both overruled. Lutnan v. American Shoe Machinery Co. St. Louis Ct. of App, - Mo. Decided June 17, 1941. (CCK). 624 Silicosis Claims. Since silicosis was added to the list of compensable occupational diseases in Ohio, 724 claims for compensation had been filed with the Industrial Commission up to June 30, 1941. Of this number, 235 have been allowed, 337 disallowed and 152 are still pending. Included in the total claims allowed 122, or 51.9 per cent, originated in foundries, 30 in steel foundries, 64 in iron foundries and 28 in non-ferrous foundries. Eighty-eight, or 57.5 per cent, were filed by ceramic workers. Of these, workers in tableware filed 30, floor and wall tile 22, glass house refractories 9, electric insulators 6, insulating brick and sili ca brick 4 each, enamels, stoneware and silica sand and diatomaceous earth 3 cach; building brick and tile, firebrick, glass and sanitary ware, 1 each. Eighteen claims wore filed by cut stone workers, or 7.6 per cent of the total. Monunent workers had 13, building atone 4 and quarries 1. Four claims arose from polish ing, buffing and grinding, one in coal mines and two were miscellaneous. Ohio Industrial Commission Monitor 14, 303 (July, 1941), 625 Paint Dermatitis. In tliis case the claimant, who had worked for the employer for sevonteo years as a spray painter, had applied for compensation for disability due to a demnti'is causod by the handling of paints and lacquors. Upon original hearing the clc-m had been disallowed for the reason that it had not been filed within four months aftor tho dato disability began. The employer was of the opinion thet the claim was meritorious and an application for rehearing was granted. Evidonce was A Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 6. presented showing that while the claimant quit work on June 14, 1940 and was off until December 2, 1940, ho was not told that ho was suffering from an occupation al disease until after the four months statutory time limit. The claims review er v;as of the opinion that the neglect in filing the claim in time was not the fault of the claimant and was of the opinion that it should be allowed, despite the fact that it was filed eleven days too late. The Commission found that the claimant's disability was the result of a compensable occupational disease and ordered that the claim be allowed. Ohio Industrial Commission Monitor 14, 303 (July, 1941). Notices of Nov; Books 626 Analytical Chemistry of Industrial Poisons, Hazards and Solvents. M. B. Jacobs, pp. 661* $7.00. Interscicnce Publishers, Inc., New York. This book brings together a groat deal of useful information -- to do it himself would take the reader a long time. Choices of several methods are offered in many cases to allow for individual preference and suitability. The references cited at the end of each chapter also augment the choice of procedures. The author seems to loan backward, however, in avoiding the mention of certain commercial devices, for instance, he describes the electrostatic precipitator designed by Drinker but fails to speak of the excellent portable device commer cially manufactured for those with neither the time nor inclination to make 'their ov/n* Tho book, however, is still eminently useful; it is well printed on good paper and has both an author and subject index. 627 The Health and Efficiency of Munition Workers* H.M. Vernon. Oxford University Press, London, 1940. 133 pp. $4.50. This book covers the field of health and efficiency of workers, especially muni tion workers in war time, under English conditions, with chapters devoted to: -- hours of work; work spells and rest pauses; shift systems; sickness and absentee ism; accidents and injuries; ventilation, heating and lighting of factories; and vrclfaro and labor management. The practice of increasing working hours to 70 and 80 and oven above 90 hours a week which was tried early in the first world war, was found to bo a mistake, and tests have shown that in some processes a 55-hour week resulted in higher production than a longer one. No definite regulations have asyet been made, but the Government has agreed that hours should be limited to 60 a week with reductions for women and minors. To Americans, a striking feature of this discussion is that tho possibility of a shorter week than 54 hours is barely considered, and that a three-shift system is not mentioned. Tho conclusions reached in the remaining chapters agree v/ell -with those of American authorities: that regular rest periods are beneficial; that much can be done to reduce sickness and absenteeism; that there is a large personal factor in the frequency of accidents and injuries; and that adequate ventilation is essential. Detailed consideration is given to those and other points, some of which indicate marked differences in British and American habits, and others, a fundamental agreement. 623 Occupational 'Hazards and Diagnostic Sims. L. I. Dublin and R.J, Vane. U. S. Dept, of Labor, Div. of Labor otunuards, Bull. No. 41, 1941. 70 pp. Obtainable from Supt. of Documents, Washington, 3. C.-for 10 cents. The last previous revision of this valuable publication, issued in 1933, has had wide circulation, and the extensive developments in production of new materials sinco that date havo necessitated a thorough revision. Tho occupations subject to exposure are tabulatod undor 10 general 'leadings each with subclassifications, t\ o *Dige3T; of Industrial Hygiene - 7. and the section on poison3 includes 128 headings of specific poisons and groups, with symptoms and conditions for each. An alphabetical list of occupations pro vides cross references to the particular hazards encountered. In the section on deimatoscs, the table gives for each occupation the materials v:hich may cause dermatosis. 629 Discussion of Industrial Accidents and Diseases. International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. U.S. Dept. Labor, Civ. of Labor Standards, Bull. No. 46, 186 pp. 1941. Fcr sale by Supt. of Documents, Washing ton, D. C., fcr 20 cents. This bulletin presents a verbatim report of the Convention held at Richmond, Va., in September, 1940. The subjects discussed were mostly phases of administration of compensation laws, including moans for assuring prompt payment of roncontestcd claims, compensation payments pending appeal, need for simplicity in workmen's compensation, measurement of permanent disabilities, extraterritorial' jurisdic tion, and expected changes in workmen's compensation laws. 630 -American Public Health Association Year Bock, 1940-41. Supplement to Am. J. of Pub. Health 31, (March, 1941). The Industrial Hygiene Section, pages 114-134 of this year book is of most inter est to our roador3, and is devoted largely to the subject cf ventilation. It includos the "Working Standards" for air for safety and comfort, with a summary of present trends and developments in air conditioning, and the reports of the subcommittees on physical, chemical and bacteriological methods in air analysis end on dust procedures. The section on chemical methods describes approved methods for detection of carbon monoxide; under dust procedures is a critical comparison of the midget iinpinger with the standard impinger, and a brief note on the electrical precipitator; and the subcommittee on bacteriological proce dures describes tho methods of quantitating Gordon's bacterial test for estimat ing air pollution. 631 Protecting Plant Manpower. U.S. Dept, of Labor, Div, of Labor Standards. Special Bull. No. 3, 1941. 70 pp. This Bulletin, subtitled "Practical Points on Industrial Sanitation and Hygiene," is a compendium of brief papers on various phases of protection of workers. They include: (1) Fatigue, by Alice Hamilton; (2) Criteria of Industrial Hazards, by Philip Drinker; (3) Preventive Measures, especially by exhaust systems and gen eral ventilation, by T. Hatch; (4) Heating, Ventilation, and Cooling of Work Places, by C. P. Yaglou; (5) Personal Respiratory Protection, by W. P. Yant; (6) Personal Service Conveniences, by P. A. Neal; (7) Industrial Health Program fcr the Shall Plant, by L, Greenburg; (3) Illumination, by J. S. Rogers; and (9) Noise, by J. S. Rogers. As stated in the foreword, no nev: methods aro brought out, each suggested technique being time-tried and tested; but the Bulletin is an excellent summary of the subject of protection from all angles. Papers on Dust, Gases ond General Industrial Hygiene African Mining Sng. J. Id, 2G3-5 (1940). The usual precautionary' measures of adequate ventilation and careful supervision are outlined. 4 Digest of Industrial hygiene - 8. 633 Respiratory Protection in Work with Acetylene. E. Smolczyk* Gasmaske. lfl* 69-73 (1940)tCcrnan). Thi3 is a discussion of the possible sources of poison gas in the manufacture, purification and uses of acetylene* Although acetylene itself may be regarded as non-poisoncus, it has a narcotizing action and modifies the pathological effects of other poisonous gases. Crude acetylene may contain as much as 3$ hydrogen sulfide, 0.08# phosphine, 0.03# ammonia, and perhaps some cyanogen and hydrogen cyanide. Arsine and carbon monoxide are not present. During the puri fication of acetylene additional quantities of phosphine and hydrogen sulfide arc formed along with other halogenatcd hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols and other sulfur compounds, and large quantities of those gases may collect in the purification mass, which becomes a particular source of danger in hr-ndling. Fin ally during the U3e of acetylene in autogenous welding nitrous gases and carbon monoxide are formed and in a closed kettle they can collect to the extent of 40#* Although welding operations can be carried on in the open without particu lar danger, these operations are Tory dangerous in closed places. Fresh air or oxygen masks arc recommended for such work. In handling crude acetylene a gas mask v/ith canister "0n may be used in the open, but oxygon masks should be Used in closed spaces. In changing the purification mass a mask v/ith an all-purpose canister giving protection against carbon monoxide should be used. 634 Industrial Hygiene. Responsibility of the Medical Profession. P.A. Neal and J. J. Bloomfield. J. Mich. State Med. Soc., (January, 1941). Industrial hygiene is a function of the general field of public health because non-occupationai diseases cause more absences and economic loss to industry than do occupational diseases and accidents. The national industrial health problem would be greatly simplified if every State health department had a com prehensive industricl hygicno service, but such services are still far from meet ing our needs. Therefore small industries must depend upon private physicians. However, provision for industrial health service by 3tates is rapidly expanding. The program suggested by the Council of Industrial Health is presented, with emphasis on the necessity for physicians to inform themselves on occupational diseases, and the necessity of obtaining detailed and accurate occupational his tory, Cooperation v/ith local health agencies is also stressed. 635 Educational Qualifications of Industrial Hygienists. Preliminary Report of Sub committee cn Educational Qualifications of Industrial Hygienists, American Public Health Association. Am. J. Pub. Health 31, 723-30 (July, 1941). This preliminary report is intended for submission to members of the Association, for criticism r.nd suggestions. In view of the close relation between industrial hygiene and public health, tho Committee believes that training in industrial hygiene, v/hether for physicians, enginoers or nurses, should not be sharply separated from public health training. Rather should there be created means to emphasize, in addition to fundamental training in community health problems, special courses to acquaint tho industrial physician, nurse, engineer, chemist and health educator with tho particular field of industrial hygione. 636 Industrial Hv^jeno Defense Propram* The Rubber Industry. May R. Mayers. H. Y. State Dopt. of Labor, Ind. Bull., 2o_, 166 (June, 1941). The author discusses briefly a survey of the airplane industry in Now York State, on which a full report will be mado later; also in more detail a survey of a plant making bullot-proof c~aolino tanks for airplanes, mado at tho urgent re quest of the manufacturer. Benzene was used in many procosso3 under conditions constituting a serious health menace. Blood studies indicated the noed of immed iate transfer of 19 men to othor occupations. A non-toxic solvent was substitut ed for tho benzeno in a large part of tho work, Sovorol ventilating plans v.oro suggested and ono will soon bo put in operation. ,, 4 ' Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 9. 637 Evaluation of the Industrial Hygiene Problem of the State of Colorado. Colorado State Board of Health, 1939. 32 pp., 46 tables and 8 charts. The industrial hygiene survey reported in this bulletin covered 526 plants and nines, employing 31,130 workers, or 39.1/S of the vjorkers in the state engaged in mining, manufacturing, and a few other occupations. Of the 526 plants, 92.4$ employed less than 500 workers, totaling 78$ of all the workers. Industrial health provisions in plants employing fev/or than 100 were compared with those where over 100 were employed. The following services were found available: full-time safety director, to 30.8$ of the workers; full-timo medical practition er, 24$; part-tiao, 9$; first-aid kit, 89$; first-aid worker, 47$; sick-benefit associations, 44.5$; sickness records, 40$; accident records as required by lav:, 90$; drinking water from municipal systems; 80$; drinking fountains, 80$; but common drinking cups, 11$; lavatory facilities, 91$; towels provided, 75$; separato towels, 80$. Exposure to the most common hazards were as follows: silica dust, 20,000 v/orkers; silicate dust, 17,500; bituminous coal dust, 10,500; lead and its compounds 7,600; other metal dusts and fumes, 27,000; carbon monoxide, 26,000; and sulfur dioxide, 2,000, Other toxic exposures and dermatitis v:ere also considered. The percentage of workers receiving any type of protection was extremely small; .3$ by local exhaust ventilation, 6.3$ by enclosure of process, less than 1.3$ by some typo of personal respiratory protection, 12,4$ by general pressure ventilation, 12.1$ by general exhaust ventilation, 4.1$ by v;ot methods, and 12.9$ by use of protective clothing. The total figure is subject to reduc tion because many exposures were provided with more than one control measure. Although many of the figures given compare favorably with those in other states that have been surveyed, they indicate the necessity of development of better methods of control, and an integrated state program for industrial health. 638 Industrial Hygiene Problems in the National Defense Program. C.D, Selby. Ind. tied., 10, 118-2C IMarch, 1941). The Subcommittee on Industrial Health and Medicine, of which the author is chair man, was appointed by the Federal Security Administrator as advisor in health and medical activities related to the national defense. The Subcommittee recog nizes the following pressing needs: (l) expansion of state and national bureaus to moot the needs of industrial hygiene in relation to national defense; (2) sur veys of arsenal and navy yards and training of industrial hygiene and medical personnel in those establishments; (3) similar surveys and training in commercial shipyards, airplane plants and military vehicle end munition factories; (4) pro motion of first aid in construction of isolated plants and in connection with disasters; and (5) toxicological roscarchcs on materials vital to national de fense, including toluol, 1NT, load azide and vinyl cyanide. Other needs inclu.do investigation and control of specific hazards, r.dvico to industry and others on the location of new plants and renovation of old plants in the interest of safe ty and health preparation and dissemination of information on toxic materials and processes, and promotion of moasurcs for control of communicable diseases among industrial workers. Moanscf accomplishing these objectives are discussed, including: (1) training courses under the direction of schools; (2) intensive training courses in governmental plants; (3) surveys of plants and specific rcccm mendations for protection of employees; and {4} rapid assombly of information necessary for tho detection, prevention and treatment of conditions due to chem ical and physical agents and other environmental factors. The cost of each phase of the program is estimated. O' .. o <\ Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 10. 539 Safe Practice in the Manufacture of Glass Sand. C.W. Steinbach. Safe Practice Bull. No. 75, Pennsylvania Dept, of Labor ds Industry, May, 1941# 9 pp. Tho production of glass sand is described in detail, with the dust-prevention practices that arc used in each stop of the process. Drilling is accomplished by means of well drills and carriage drills using sufficient water to allay tho dust. Normally the rock contains sufficient moisture to prevent a serious dust lia2ard during crushing, but it is sprayed in dry seasons. A down draft ventila tion system reduces the dust in secondary crushing, and largo quantities of water arc used in the grinding mills. Tho dust problem then disappears during screening, classification and draining of cxcoss water. In the steam drying, the natural draft prevents tho emanation of fine dusts around the dryers. The dry sand is then elevated, screened, passed over magnetic separators raid convoy ed to bins. All elevators are enclosed, all feed points and discharge points of conveyors are carefully hooded, all spouts and hoppers made dust-tight, and each dust-creating point tapped into a dust collecting system of the wet washer type. The problem of dust in car loading is met by use of a cloth-bag type dust system with multiple flexible inlets. By exhausting considerable air the dust can be confined to the car during the loading cycle. Tho operator enters the car only to put the loader in place, and to remove it after tho air is sufficient ly cleared. In some instances the sand is ground finer for use in tho ceramic trado. Here conveying of tho sand is done in closed screw-conveyors, both in grinding and car loading, and all equipment is connected to cloth-bag collectors. Some material is bagged, and in that operation the bagging machine is equipped vlth a hood and a pit below, both of v/hich are strongly exhausted. Proper de sign of exhaust systems is very necessary. The problem of abrasion on elbows is largely solved by the use of heavier steel for the elbows, replaceable rubber liners and baffle plates. Proper choice of dust collectors is necessary. Whon the dust has a salvage value only the cloth-bag collector can be used, but otherwise the wet-Yjashor type is preferable. The ratio of air to cloth surface must bo kept lov; to minimize wear on tho bags. Electrical precipitation is too costly except when tho dust has a high salvage value. Recirculation of air back into plont atmosphere is never practiced. In addition to all the dust-collect ing dovicos used, good housekeeping is also necessary. Vacuum cleaners are used for General dust. All employees arc given medical examinations including x-ray. Respirators of approved type are furnished, and employees are instructed in dust hazards. 640 Health and Defense. L.D. Bristol. Nat. Safety News. 43, 10-11, 58-60 (May,1941', The author again discusses the need of an industrial health program in aiding national defense (Abstract No, 699, October, 1940), vdth emphasis on nev; problem: and new developments of old problems. Tho rapid development of new defense in dustries has given the subject of housing added importance, and the necessities of health protection and safety in new housing arc outlined. The author traces tho development of industrial health programs under tho headings of (1) infancy traumatic surgery; (2) childhood -- accident prevention; (3) adolosconco -- occu pational disease control, and (4) adult life -- positive health promotion and sickness prevention. Tho need of additional cooperation is stressed, especially amonc the following four croups: (1) management and workers of local industries, particularly those holding defense production contracts; (2) state and local med ical and allied professions; (3) state and local health or labor department divi sions of industrial hygiene, and (4) state and local safety councils. The funda mental objoctivoo of a coordinated local hoolth program should includo evaiuutior of hazards, development of ccirnunity-vldo education and interpretation on indus trial health, and stimulation of at least a minimum of modical scrvico in indus tries having governmental contracts. The development of a nutional plon of cooperation is again advocated. 4 Digest o Industrial Hygiene - 11* 641 The Responsibility of the Nursing Profession in Industrial Hygiene, J\ J. Bloomfield. Pub. Health Rcpts. 56. 1131-41 (Hay 30, 1941). The author discusses the general objectives of industrial hygiene and the part that should bo token by the nursing profession in the industrial hygieno program. The duties and responsibilities of the industrial nurso, who should understand not only nursing but also industrial processes, public health, labor legislation, and community welfare, arc given in some detail. The field of industrial nurs ing in official public health services has been greatly neglected in the past, and tho author pleads for increased attention to that field. 642 Recent Advances tn Industrial Hygiene. L, Silverman. Pyramid of Si@aa Tau. 26, 17-25 (April, 194lT This paper i3 a comprehensive summary of the progress of industrial hygiene with brief descriptions of methods used in evaluating hazards and of protective mocourcs. The presentation of this material for tho honorary engineering frater nity is on evidence of the growing recognition of the need of instruction in in- . dustrial health. 643 Good Housekeeping Inspections. C.S. Phillips. Occup. Hazards. 3, 8-11 (April, 194x7. The author describes the system of good housekeeping inspections practiced at the plant of Revere Copper and Brass Company. Two general plans are followed. One consists of on interdepartment and intersection cloanliness contest with prizes for the best department and best section, and for the individual with the best record. The other involves a bonus penalty for tho department receiv ing the lowest ratings. A copy of the inspection grading sheet is presented. 644 The Story of Salt in Drinking Water. R.T. Ford. Occup. Hazards, 13, 17-8 (April, 1941), : Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company has supplied salt with drinking water since 1935 for prevention of heat sickness. An automatic device adds the required quantity of salt to each 2.5 gallons of nater passing through the meter, and salt tablets . aro also dispensed to supplement the salt in the v/ater and to be used at individ ually cooled fountains. Tho number of disabling heat cases in 1926 v/as 77; since salt dispensing was inaugurated, not a single case has occurred. 645 The Dollars and Sense of an Eye Protection Program. Y*.H. Lehmberg, Occup. Hazards 5_, 19, 38-9 (April, 1941). Tho average compensation end medical cost of an eye injury is $343, and the yoarly total is over 31 million dollars. Tho coot of safety goggles is insigni ficant in comparison with these figures. Attention to eye hazards is increasing in importanco on account of the defense program. Tho safety lens considered good enough 20 years ago is no longer acceptable or even safe in tho face of current high epoed operations. Modern lenses arc now much stronger than tho Bureau of Standards specifications, and mors exacting tests aro now usod by somo manufac turers. 646 Industrial Hygieno In a Public Health Program. M.H. Kronenberg. Illinois Med. Jour., p. 221-225 (March, 1941). The author indicates bow the local health department may extend tho advantages of industrial hygiene through tho medium of its own untrained personnel. Other activities of tho health department can be integrated with the industrial hygiono unit to further tho activities of all.- <~\ A <) Digest of Industrial }fygieno - 12* 647 Safety* J.W. Greene* Presented before tho Chemical Engineering Division of the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, Berkeley, Calif. June 24, 1940. The author lists safety hazards occurring in school laboratories, including fire, explosion, electricity and toxic materials, closely parallelling those found in industry, vdth accounts of a number -of accidents which show that the student has very little safety training. Since tho possibility of accidents or poisonings in industrial establisiancnts is much greater than in the laboratory, every engin eering student should receive at least elementary safety training. The suggested program includes: (1) formal lectures on industrial safety; (2) demonstrations in flame propagation and in tho use of extinguishers; (3) laboratory reports on safety of particular operations; (4) appointment of one student as safety man, and (5) discussion of hazardous properties of material in technology classes. 648 For tho Health of the Worker. Anonymous. Monthly Bulletin Indiana State Board of Health, February, 1941. A description of the program, equipment, and personnel of the Indiana Bureau of Industrial Hygiene. Tho functions of the Bureau are: to study conditions of occupation with reference to hazards to health; to determine the degree of such hazards; to investigate, evaluate, end.recommend the methods for the control of such hazards; to assist in the preparation of rules and regulations for prevent- ing occupational diseases, and to promote occupational health through education. 649 The Common Cold. F.H. Glazebrook. Ind. Med., 10, 99-101 (March, 1941). The factors of a common cold are susceptibility, exposure and infection. The cold is primarily a physiological disorder, and geims and viruses play only a secondary role. Susceptibility is tho result of lack of balance of physiological activities, and fatigue is an important factor, even in "chronic susceptibility." There is always a short prodromal period of a few hours to several days before the local irritations begin. Prevention consists mostly in keeping fit, especial ly a sufficient diet, with plenty of vitamin B^. Treatment of a cold should consist of the use of laxatives, hot applications, gargling with hot salt water, a diet of fruit juices and quinine for those who can tolorate it. The patient with a fully developed cold should stay in bed for 24 hours. Subsequent treat ment depends on the symptoms. The author believes that vaccines give assistance. 650 Industrial Health -- An Old Year Concent with a Nevr Year Meaning. C. Kuh. Connecticut Industry. January, 1941. A goncral discussion of the subject of industrial health and its value to manage ment. Industrial medical service must in some way consider tho worker as a mental as well as physical being. The purpose of such service may be stated to bo tho preservation and promotion of the health of workers, implying first of all, the provision for every worker of a safo and congenial environment, and secondly through compotont evaluation of the worker as a physical and mental boing, his proper placement and advancement within tho organization. The steps toward this objective are roviewed. 651 Snployoc Morale and tho Industrial Health Program. C, Kuh. Proc. Life Exten sion Examiners 3, 39-43 (MarcU-April, 1941). The plant environment plays a definite role in affecting tho worker*s mental health and emotional response. There is, therefore, added justification for tho industrialist to develop a health program which aims among other objectives to control this environment. Thcro can rosult not only reduction of occupation al accidents and illnoss with less absenteeism and smoother production schcdulos, but a benefit reflected in its effect on human personality -- of subtlo, but tremendous valuo at this time. ,v Digest' of Industrial Hygiene - 13. 552 Physical Examinations in Industry. C. Kuh. Proc. Life Extension Examiners 2, 109-112 (September-October, 1940). A discussion of tho procedures and policies to follow in a program of pre-employ ment and periodic physical examinations* The methods will vary in respect to accessory procedures and laboratory tests with the requirements of the individ ual plant. For instance, cystoscopy is not ordinarily included, but this proce dure is indispensable for workers handling cortain dyestuffs, whose intermediate processing not infrequently causes bladder tumors. 653 "Cracking Up" under the strain. E.V. Allen. Hygeia. 19 . 685- 6, 732-5 (Septem ber, 1941). The causes of early breakdowns of business executives are discussed including oxccssive eating, drinking and smoking, and the "strenuous life." Tho remedies proposed are shorter hours for executives, and moro relaxation in the fora of hobbies and vacations. 654 Tho Special Nature of Industrial Practice. C.O. Sappington. Ind. Med., 10. 101-4( March, 1941). The author discusses the need of knowledge of industrial hygiene on the part of tho physician, and especially of medico-legal problems. Industrial practice involves many forms of procedure, such as obtaining thorough occupational his tory, in which tho ordinary physician is not trained. The remedy is to bring the specialized knowledgo to those who need it, and the efforts of tho Council on Industrial Health and the Council on Medical Education are- described. 655 Industrial Health Hazards Incident to the Defense Program. E.R. Hayhurst. Merck Report 50_, 6-10 (July, 1941). An application of tho general principles of tho conservation of manpower applied to tho emergencies brought about by the defense program. There will be, of course, new materials and processes but the general principles of health protec tion in industry will still apply. These are outlined in an excellent brief form 656 Carbon Monoxide Concentration of the Blood in Disease. A. Gigon and M. Noverraz. Schweiz, med. Wochschr. 70, 836-7 (1940)'. (German). Carbon monoxide concentration for normal blood was found to be 0.3-1.056 of the total hemoglobin concentration. Higher values were observed in some pathologi cal conditions, especially diabetes aellitus (up to 6.23$). 657 Reduction of Blood Carbon Monoxide after X-ray Treatment. J. A. Cemeron. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 46, 558-60 (1941). Exposure to x-rays for a few minutes hastened the disappearance of carbon mon oxide from tho blood of animals with acute carbon monoxide poisoning. The ntochaniaa of tho effect is not yet certain. 656 Dust, Fume and Gas Elimination by Proper Prevention. P.A. Brohn. Occup. Hazards 576-10, 31-2 (March, 1941). The hazards of dust, fuses and gases arc classified, and various preventive methods aro discussed briefly, with special attention to ventilation. Illustra tions of devices for dust elimination accompany tho paper- 659 Automatic Signal for Dangerous Concentrations of Hydrogen Cyanide in tho Air. V.P.Vqndt". 7Applied Chem. (U.S.S.rT) 13. 1553-8 "(1940). Russian with Fronch suiriory* Decoloration of iodine solution with hydrocon cyanide causes a photooloctric colorimotor to operate a sound signal, Tho air containing hydrogon cyanide posses first through a tube containing calcium carbonate which absorbs ammonia end sulfur dioxide. At 5 gemma of hydrogen cyanido por liter in the air tho sound signal started aftor 4 to 5 minutes. A ( c\ U /V O Di&eai of Industrial Hygiene - 14. 660 Composition of Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas. H.H. Schrenk and L,B. Berger. Am. J. Pub. Health, 31, 669-81 (July, 1941}. It has been su^osted that Diesel engines could be used safely under ground, under tho assumptions that tho carbon monoxide content of the exhaust gases is always low, and that fire and explosion hazards are minimized on account of the low volatility of the fuel. The authors determined tho composition of exhaust gases from two commercial Diesel engines at different speeds and power outputs for fuol-air ratios of approximately 0.01 to 0.09 by weight. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxidc3 of nitrogen were present in concentrations that are considered harmful to breathe. Aldehydes, soot, and under some conditions hydro gen and methane or other hydrocarbons were also present. Sulfur dioxide would also bo formed if the fuel contains sulfur. When the engines were operated with in the range for which thoy were rated and adjusted, the maximum carbon monoxide concentrations wore 0.02 and 0.12# for the respective engines. However, when excess fuel was injected, the carbon monoxide was increased markedly up to con centrations equalling those produced hy gasoline engines. Under those condi tions much smoke was also generated. Production of carbon monoxide and smoke can be largely controlled by proper admustment without sacrifice of power output of the engine at full throttle. The authors* conclusion is that Diesel engines should not bo operated underground unless ample ventilation is provided. 661 Hand Pump Air Sampling Device. M.H. Kronenberg and A.N, Setterlind. Mimeograph ed pamphlet, 6 pp., published (1941) by Div. of Industrial Hygiene, 111. State Dept, of Public Health, 1800 W. Fillmore St., Chicago, and obtainable at that address on request. Tho apparatus described is a simple device for sampling air. It consists of a suction hand pump and a tube assembly. The pump is a common bicycle pump con verted to a suction type by reversing the leather washer serving as a piston. It is calibrated by nean3 of a gas pipette or -weighed glass bottle connected to a vessel containing water, and tho quantity of air sampled is determined by the cumbor of strokes. The collection assembly consists of a test tube within a larger side arm test tube. Tho assembly permits easy changing of tubes. Tho collection tube assembly and a comparison tube are mounted on a plywood panel. Details of construction are given and drawings and illustration accompany the text, 662 Photoelectric Sedimentation Method of Measuring Particle-Size Distribution and Efficiency of Dust-Removal Apparatus* K. Goesoie. Forsch. Gebiete Ingenieurw. 10, 35-45 (1939). (German). The size distribution of particles in a dusty atmosphere is determined by a method based on the measurement of the rate of fall of particles in an enclosed space. A light beam is passed through the sedimentation tube and the intensities of tho transmitted light and tho Tyndall light scattered at right angles are measured by vacuum photocells with amplifiers. The scattered-light intensity is proportional to the surfaco aroa of the particles for sizes greater than about 1 mu. The method can bo usod for measurements of size distribution between 1 mu. und 30 nu and for particle densities above 10 mg, per cu. m. The application of the apparatus for measuring the efficiency of dust-removal devicos is des cribed. 663 Determination of Very Small Amounts of Arsenic in Organic Material. B. Bleycr and H. Thics. Vorratcpfloge u. ^cbonsnittclforsch. ,2, 231-90 (1930). (Gorman). After destroying interfering materials with hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid tho arsenic is reduced to arsenic trioxide with hydrazine sulfate and determined by titration with potassium bromato in hydrochloric acid solution. By electro metric determination of tho end point and the use of 0.01N potassium brcnetc small quantities of arconic can be determined within about 1 gamma. Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 15* ** t 664 Determination of Snail Amounts of Naphthalene in Air. Z.M. Leibov, Lab. Prokt. (U.S.S.R.) 15, Uo. 11, 22-33 (1940). (Russian). Abstr. from Chem. Absts., 35, 3561 (June 10, 1941). The author tested and modified the method of Stepanov, in which alcoholic solu tions of trinitronaphthaleno produce with alcoholic alkali colors of various intensity, depending on the concentrations of the substance, alkali, timo and the presence of impurities. Details and vrorking directions are given in the Chem. Absts. reference. As little as 0.003 mg. of naphthalene can be detected and determined. 665 Determination of Impurities in the Atmosphere. A. Holler. Staub, pp. 247-63 (JL939). (German). The author reviews some of the methods of determining gaseous and solid impuri ties in the air, and stating that gaseous impurities can be determined with sufficient accuracy by the Liesegang bell jar method, the ball jar remaining exposed for 100 hours. Optical and gravimetric methods for solid particles are described, with the admonition that the results are significant only if meteoro logical conditions are carefully noted. 666 Syphilis, Gonorrhea, and National Defense Industries. Y/. Clarke. Jour, of Social Science 27, (April, 1941). It is known that the prevalence of syphilis and gonorrhea among industrial vrorkers is high enough to constitute a serious problem. Studies of industrial groups have shown from 1 to 16 per cent suffering from syphilis. Compared to the soldier and sailor, the defense worker is at a great disadvantage in regard to the prevention and medical care of the venereal diseases. A plan is outlined to aid industry in reducing the losses due to syphilis and gonorrhea. 667' The Control of Venereal Diseases Among National Defense Workers. R.A. Vonderlehr Jour, of Sooial Science 27, (April, 1941). It has been recognized that venereal disease control in military areas and vener eal disease control in industrial areas are simply different phases of the same problem. That of the industrial worker is however much more difficult since his leisure activities are subject to no regulation. Pew programs exist for control ling venereal disease among workers in any particular industry. A number of in dustries aro beginning to require pre-employment and periodic physical examina tions but on the whole little has been done. A definite plan is here outlined for a cooperative program with the States, Industry and Labor to control vener eal disease among the industrial workers. 666 Methods for the Detection of Toxic Gases in Industry. Chlorine. L. S. Indus trie chimique 27, 7-9 (1940). (French). Chlorine is determined in the air by means of a special apparatus in which the air is aspirated through 10 ml. of o-toluidine solution { 1 g. of specially purified o-toluidine of 130-1 m.p. dissolved in 100 ml. of concentrated hydro chloric acid and the mixture diluted to 1 liter) and the resultant yellow color of the solution compared with potassium dichromato solutions of known compositioi 6^9 Are you Getting Maximum Lighting Efficiency? A.K. Gaotjens. Occup. Hazards 3, 20-31, 40 (April, 1941}. The author diccussos proper lighting in factories and its effects in reducing accidents and improving efficiency. Recent improvements, especially tho use of fluorescent lamps, nave contributed greatly to better illumination. Proper maintenance) of tho lighting system is as important as choice of installation. 0; rOv igo3t of Industrial Hygiene - 16. 6TO Sillcosls in Manufacture of Water Soluble Paints. Adelaide R. Smith* N. Y. State Dept* of Labor. Ind. Bull./20, 165-6 (June, 1941). An X-ray survey of two plants making water-soluble paints, made by the Division of Industrial Hygiene, disclosed the presence of silicosis in 9 out of 89 employ ees. In addition to calcimine, both plants produce crack filler, patching plas ter, paint for cement surfaces and casein point in pasto form* The greatest bulk of materials used consists of white pigments. Tho quantity of free silica used as such is relatively small, but clay containing 10 to 16$ free 3ilica con stitutes a large portion of the raw materials, all of which are handled as dry powders throughout the process. Some ingredients and mixtures are ground in mills of French buhrstone, which is composed of practically pure quartz. A crew of two to three men arc constantly engaged in resurfacing the buhrstones. One plant had a fairly efficient ventilating system for the dusty operations. Out of the nine silicosis cases, 4 wore in the first stage, one in the second, 3 in the second with infection, and one in the third. They included two coopers who made and filled barrels and an elevator operator, who had handled bags of raw material. It is probable that most of the cases developed before tho need of dust control was realised, but tho presence of silicosis calls for conscientious attention to the best preventive measures* 671 Cotton Mill Fever in Mattress Making;. Anonymous. Ind. Hyg. (U.S. Pub. Health Service) 1., 6 (May, 1941). The Division of Industrial Hygiene has received numerous inquiries recently as the result of sudden outbreaks of illness among workers engaged in certain rural mattress-making projects. Those outbreaks have folloYrad the use of a very low grade of stained cotton which was apparently grown in a single locality. Samples of this cotton arc boing studied and in. the meantime recommendations are being made for avoiding further occurrences of the illness. If more cases of this illness occur, tho Division of Industrial Health should be notified, with full information on the condition and source of the cotton, number of cases, symptoms, duration of illness, whether it immediately followed opening of tho bales and whether control measures had been observed. 672 Good Housekeeping in a Steel Foundry. J.E. Turner. Safe Practice Bull. No. 69, Pennsylvania Dept, of Labor and Industry. (June, 1941). 8 pp. Also Safety Eng., 82, 11-14 (August, 1941). Tho principles of good housekeeping in foundries arc discussed with emphasis on dust removal. Good housekeeping is much more a problem of good management than a duty of tho employeo and cannot bo secured by merely making rules and discip3.ir ing workmen for disobeying them. Places must be provided for material that must be kept off floors, etc. Maintenance of floors and care in not leaving objects that may fall from overhead structures are discussed. The effects of dust are listed as follows: (1) health hazards; (2) explosive hazard; (3) damage to products; (4) increasing maintenance expense; (5) destruction of painted surface:, and ( 6) effect on working efficiency of employees. Dust should be eliminated at the source as far as possible, but in a foundry a large portion of the dust can not bo so handled, and daily cleaning in the plant is necessary, Vacuum clean ing, with large collecting tanks, and sufficient hose length to reach overhead structuros, is recommended. In tho author*s plant, a vacuum machine suspended from a crane is used for cleaning runways and girders. Annealing pits, bins, pattern storages, core racks and other miscellaneous equipment can also be clean ed by vacuum methods. In the obscnce of vacuum cleaning when its installation Is too expensive, water sprays are tho noxt best mothod. Several illustrations of foundry oquipment arc includod. 0 i -i 3 A Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 17* 673 Grain Dust as an Occupational Hazard; a Review* S.S. Pinto. Nebraska State Med. I., pp.60-2 {February, 1941}. The hazards of grain dust are discussod briefly, including explosibility and effect on health. Tho latter includo irritating nasal effects of hairs from the ripened heads of grain, atrophic rhinitis and ulcerations from dusts formed in processing, allergic manifestations from proteins, "grain itch," due to a para site, and a variety of symptoms from molds and fungi. The explosion and health hazards can both be controlled by cooperation of the engineer and tho doctor. 674 Recovery of Carbon Monoxide Poisoned Monkeys under X-Ray Treatment. J. A. Cmacron. Radiol. 3o, 48fr-7 (April, 1941). Since x-rays and strong light have been found to aid recovery from carbon mon oxide poisoning in smaller animals, the authors experimented with stronger xrays on monkeys. In each test two monkeys were kept in an atmosphere containing carbon monoxide, for the same time, then removed and kept under tho same condi tions except that ono was exposed to the x-rays, with its head protected. In 9 experiments vath 12.5fi carbon monoxide, two test animals died before the x-ray could be applied, but the remaining 7 recovered on treatment with x-rays, while all those not so treated died. In other experiments, the sumo animal was expos ed to sublethal carbon monoxide concentrations twice with an interval of a week or more between the two exposures, ono of which was followed by x-ray treatment. In each case the recovery tine was reduced by one-half by the treatmnnt. Papers on Industrial Poisons, Cancor, Dermatitits, etc. 675 Out of tho Mist. J.H. Sterner. Safety Eng., 82^, 9-10, 20 (August, 1941). Tho idea that solvents fall into two general classes, the "toxic" and the 'hontoxic" is fallacious. Only a sense of fal3e security can come from the idea that if only the latter arc employed, no harm can result, no matter what the con centration. Where spraying is confined to a relatively small or fixed locus, control of the atmospheric concentrations can be achieved by special ventilating devices or by accessory respiratory protective equipment. In the spraying of tho interior of buildings, the reduction of these concentrations is much more diffi cult and usually impractical. Painting by spraying rather than by brushing usually results in much greater atmospheric concentrations for a nuaber of rea sons. The best protection is furnished by an air-supplied type of respirator but has its disadvantages. It can be improved by the addition of a charcoal cartridge through vrtiich the worker breathes when he has, for any reason, broken the connection with the air supply. If tho absorbent type of respirator is used exclusively, it should have a canister content of 600 cc. of charcoal, and the latter must be changed daily. 676 Dermatitis Control 1ft Mass Production. T.F. Mooney. Safety Eng., 82, 37-40, 42 (August, 1941). Some of the most important factors in the control of industrial dermatitis nro: (1) The encouragement of -- and tho necessity for -- personal cleanliness of tho worker; especially tho skin. (2) The elimination of tho irritant material from contact v/ith tho worker as far as possible by engineering control. (3) The use of protective clothing proporly clcanod, serviced, and disinfected. (4) The application of protective creams by the employee bofore beginning work on expo sures which are liable to causo skin irritation. Tho points nro amplified at some length. oi 3s ^4 , Digest of Industrial ifygieno - 18. 677 Skin Infections. J.T. Beard. Safety Eng., 82, 35-36, 38 (May, 1941), Skin infections, either primary or secondary, can be prevented or eliminated by the strict observance of proper sanitary conditions, which provido for -- (a) The exclusion of germs from the cutting oil itself; (b) The elimination of germs from the skin of the operator; (c) The prevention of the entrance of germs into tho pores of tho skin. A program to carry out those principles is outlined by the author. 678 The Carrot as a Cause of Dermatitis. H.R. Vickers. Brit. J. Dermatol. Syphil. 53, 52-7 (1941). In a carrot cannery, mild cases of dermatitis were common and 7 cases occurred which were severe enough to require hospital treatment. Five of the cases v/ere localized on tho hands, and all appeared after working v/ith carrots. The carrots in various forms and water, alcohol and acetone extracts gave positive patch tests in tho 2 casos with generalized dermatitis but the test with the ether ex tract was negative. Of 205 normal persons, 32 proved susceptiblo to carrots. Tho constituent responsible for the dermatitis is unknown, but is probably not the essential oil. 679 Kow Liquids and Creams Prevent Occupational Skin Troubles. J. Stifter. Occup. Hazards, 3, 10-13, 25 (July, 1941f. The rise of social legislation which makes occupational skin diseases compensable has stimulated a keen interest in their prevention, including tho development of mochano-chcmical preventive liquids and creams. Several such preparations are now available and have a proved background of successful use. Naturally there is no specific protective cream, paste or liquid that is equally efficacious in all types of hazards. The problem has resolved itself into a somewhat tailormade preparation for each class of hazards. Often v.lthin a special field individ ual formulae with wide variations must bo created, tested and proved in use. They must not be regarded as euros; their function is purely non-medical protection, and their use is only part of tho preventive program. 680 Occupational and Belated Dermatoses. Abstracts from the Literature for the Years X935 to 1939, Inclusive. L. Schwartz and L.H. V/arron. Pub. Health Bull. 266, U. S, Pub. Health Service, 1941, 160 pp. For sole by Supt. of Documents, Washington, D. C. price 20 cents. This bulletin contains hundreds of abstracts on the subject of dermatoses pub lished within thcg>ccified dates, under alphabetical headings denoting the hazardous materials and the occupations in which exposure occurs. 681 Eaton Kocps Ibuso for Ton Plants. W.A. Logan. Occup. Hazards 3, 12-5 (April, 1941). Tho paper describes briefly the protective measures used in tho plants of Eaten Manufacturing Company. Dermatitis is the principal non-mechonical hazard, and its prevention is accomplished by protective ointments, removal of especially sensitive employees from the hazard, and employee education. 682 Treatment of Lead Poisoning with Sodium Citrate. S.S. Kety and T.V. Lctonoff. Proc. See. Exp. Biol. & Med.. 46, 476-7 (March, 1941). Sodium citrate removes lead ion from solution by formation of a soluble complex of extremely low dissociation and for that reason is an elininant of lead in poison cases. Charts and details of treatment arc presented, showing that in 5 cases in which sodium citrato was administered, with and without other mater ials, thcro was a rapid disappearance of toxic symptoms and a fall of tho lead content of the blood to normal. 01439 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 19. 683 Pornatiti3 and Eczema -- Industrial Aspects. J.G. Downing. Jour. Michigan State Medical 6ocicty 40, 265-271 (April, 1941). Occupational dermatosos have teen defined as any pathological condition of the skin for which occupation was the chiof causal or contributory factor. It may comprise any lesion from a single erythema to carcinoma* Occupation dermatitis (ergodermatitis) under the generic term "dermatitis venenata" is an inflammatory disease of the skin characterized by erythema, edema, and vosiculation, and caused by irritants contacted at work. A classification of such irritants is given. Sensitization dermatitis or eczema is an inflammation resulting from re peated exposures to substances innocuous to a normal skin. The author also con siders diagnosis, patch tests, legal aspects, treatment and prevention. 684 Aniline Poisoning and Acid-Base Equilibrium. C. Seghini and C. Travaglio. Pathologica 55, 89-97 (1941T* (Italian)"! A gaseous acidosis was found in acute aniline poisoning and a non-gaseous acido sis in chronic poisoning. 685 Fluorine Excretion in the Urine in Chronic Fluorine Intoxication of Cryolite Workers. G.C. Erun, H. Buchwald and K. Roholn. Acta Med. Scand. 106. 261-73 {1941J. (Scandinavian). Fluorosis was first described in 1932 in workers grinding cryolite, which mani fests itself as a generalized osteosclerosis. Absorption of the dust from the lungs is practically excluded, but in the acid medium of the stomach a third of the fluorine is liberated as fluorine ion. The absorbed fluorine ion is not takon up by soft tissues but only by the bones and teeth. So far as is known .its excretion is only through the urine. In the urine of 30 hospital patients on a normal diet 0.8 mg. fluorine was found per day (0.18 - 1.85 mg.) or 0.92 mg. fluorine per liter urine. However, in 24 cryolite workers the average fluorine excretion was 16 mg, per 1. (2.41-13.41 mg,). Generalized osteoscler osis can be. produced by the prolonged intake of 25 mg. of fluorine per day. Even many years after a worker had left his job his urine contained abnormally large quantities of fluorine, which shews that he mobilizes fluorine from its deposits in the skeleton. 686 The Control of tho Load Hazard in the Storage Battery Industry. W.C. Dreason and others. Pub. Health Bull. No. 262, U. S. Pub. Health Service pp. 138. 1941. For sale by Supt. of Documents, YJashingtcn, D. C. Price 30 cents. Chronic pluabisa was studied among 766 men employed in 6 lead storage battery factories. Y/crkers in 4 of tho plants were under the medical supervision of a full-time or part-time physician. Four plants employed one or more engineers who spent the major part of their tiao on measures designed to reduce the lead hazard and accident hazard of the workers. Three-fourths of the workers had been employed in the industry for 5 years or more and an eighth of the workers had been employed for 20 yoars or more. No coses of plunbisn severe enough to cause disability were seen. One hundred and seventy-seven men had a combin ation of clinical and laboratory findings directly referable to lead absorption. For convenience in discussion they aro referrod to as cases of early plumbism. Nino of those ono hundred and seventy-seven men, whose findings have been pre sented as abbreviated case histories, arc designated as cases of incipient plumbicra. All nino woro employed in workrooms in which the average atmospheric lead concentration exceeded 1.5 mg. Pb per 10 cubic meters of air. Ton cases of early plumbism woro found in 181 men exposed to atmospheric load concentra tions below 1.5 mg. Fb por 10 cubic motors of air. The prevalence of early plmbism increased with increasing atmospheric lead concentration, 54 per cent of tho 125 workers exposed to more than 3 mg. por 10 cubic motors of uir being affected. A study of the diagnostic value of scvoral laboratory tests was Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 20 made. Urinary lead concentrations correlated well with blood lead concentration. With increasing blood or urinary lead concentration the probability of finding a case of plumbisa increases, never reaching certainty, however. Workers with clincial and hematological signs of plumbism were observed occasionally who had blood and urinary lead concentrations of the same order as workers with no in dustrial exposure to load. Workers whoso urine contained both albumin and erythrocytes had approximately the same blood and urinary lead concentrations as workers whoso urine was free from albumin and erythrocytes. Reticulocyte percentages (Osgood), stipple cell counts, and polychromatophilia v;ere so relat ed in their occurrence that if one of those types of cell was found to bo abun dant tho other typos wore likely to bo numerous also. Albuminuria was found twice as frequently among load-affected workers as among nonaffectod workers. It was most prevalent {24 percent) among workers exposed to more than 3 mg. Pb per 10 m. of air, less (14 percent) emong men exposed to less than 1.5 mg. Pb per 10 m. of air, and least prevalent among men who had changed jobs (12 percent) or who worked in plants where effective control measures were in force. The prevalence of diseases of the heart was not high in comparison with industrial workers of comparable ago. Ho relation was found between atmospheric lead ex posure and tho occurrence of artoriosclcrotic-hypertcnsive heart diseases. Three-plus or four-plus Kahn reactions were obtained in 2.2 percent of the workers# Disabling plumbism can be prevented by continuously maintained en- . ginecring control sot up after a medical study of tho employees and. under the supervision of a physician. Periodic medical examinations are necessary to make certain that control equipment and practices aro operating efficiently. A hemato logical tost would be a useful part of the periodic examination. Workers found to havo early stages of plumbism should bo transferred to non-lead-using depart ments, there to recover under tho care of a physician without interruption of vragos. Equipment and practices found to be effective in reducing lead exposure arc discussed. 687 Effect of Vitamin C on Workers Exposed to Lead Dust. S.W. Marchmont-Robinson. J. Lab". Clin. Med. ^ 26,"1478-81 1 June. 1941). A group of 503 employees engaged in assembly of automobiles, and exposed to inhalable lead dust varying from 3 to 15 mg. per 10 cubic meters of air, were given daily 50 mg, of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in chewing gum. After a short period there was a noticeable decrease in muscular fatigue and improvement in spirits and efficiency. The basophilic aggregation count showed a slow but pro gressive decline during the first 6 months, after which urine lead determination; end stippled cell counts wero also made. At tho end of 4 months the stippled cell and basophilic aggregation counts remained normal. Tho urine lead varied groatly emong tho individuals and showed no decline. The authors find no evi dence. that tho storago of load is promoted by vitamin C. Rather the reverse is true, as shown by the workman with tho highest level of excretion in tho group, 541 gamma por liter, who had been previously exposed and treated for lead in toxication. Tho authors suggest the possibility that the effect of lead on the human economy may bo only indirectly toxic, tho absorption of load producing an avitaminosis C. This is tho condition of vague symptoms known as chronic load poisoning, but is in reality chronic subclinical scurvy, 608 Stippled Rod Colls and Lend Poisoning. Queries and Minor Notes. J. Am. Med. AsSv'C., 116. 2326 (June 21, 1941), Any ono showing 6 to 10 stippled red colls in each high power field would bo showing injurious cffocts of lead. This patient had no lead lino or colic, wrist drop or other characteristic symptoms. He had worked for fourteen years as q furnace man in a lead refinery. He should bo removed from his prosent work and troatod with ample calcium, best given in the form of milk. ** Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 21# 689 The Diagnosis af Load Poisoning. R.A. Kchoo. Baltimore Health News. pp. 154-5 (1941n The diagnosis of load poisoning is often made erroneously and irresponsibly on the basis cf a presumptive history of load exposure from the microscopic examin ation of tho blood, or from the results of lead analyses on the blood or urine of the patient. Tho author points out possibilities of error in the use of any of these methods, especially if conducted carelessly or hurriedly* The caroful clinical observations required in differential diagnosis may not be neglected, in favor of analytical procedures* 690 Tho "Effect of Therapeutic Agents in tho Treatment of Lead Poisoning. F.L. Smith, 2nd. Safe Practice Bull. No. 52, Part III. Penna, Dept, of Labor and Industry, Juno, 1941. 13 pp. Lead determinations were made on tho whole blood, serum, and cells and fibrin of a number of healthy persons, patients v/ith other disorders than plumbism, and patients with latent plumbism. In non-lcaded persons, there was no lead in the scrum, a maximum of 0.013 mg. per 10 grams in the cells and fibrin, and of 0.006 mg. per 10 g. in the whole blood. The 92 cases of latent plumbism always showed 0.001 to 0.004 ng. of lead per 10 grams of serum, but in 43 of the 92 cases the whole blood and cell and fibrin contents were within tho normal range, and symp- toms of load poisoning v/ere absent but could be produced by acid therapy. These results' are in sharp contrast to those reported rccontly, in which it was claim ed that abnormal quantities of lead could be present in the blood without indi cating lead poisoning. Therapeutic measures are of two distinct classes accord ing to the result desired, elimination or storage. The choice must be made for each case. Where the elimination of lead is massive, inactivation by storage or tissue absorption is indicated. The treatment involves no hospitalization, but the possibility of development into an active case always remains. In chronic load poisoning, controlled deleading should be used during an inactive phase without allowing the occurrence of acute lead intoxication. Lists of therapeutic agents for producing elimination and storage are given, and clinical reports on the effects of most of the agents are presented in some detail. For elimination, phosphoric acid appears to be most successful. Results with magnesium sulfate wore adverse and it should never be used in lead poisoning cases. Vitamin B had no effect. Storage is most successfully accomplished by administration of ascor bic acid* The procedure adopted by the author as indicated by the experimental results, includes (1) deleading with acid; (2) stopping too rapid a liberation of lead with, ascorbic acid, ferrous ascorbate or calcium gluconate and vitamin D; (3) resting the patient on ascorbic acid Therapy: (4) repeating the process until a normal blood-lead picturo is obtained which does not change on (5) the admin istration of phosphoric or hydrochloric acids* 691 Tellurium Poisoning. Anonymous. Ind. Hyg. (U,S. Pub. Health Service). I, 7 (May, 1941). Tho attention of the Illinois Division of Industrial Hygiene was recently called to a case of tellurium poisoning in a worker employed in tho chilled car wheel industry. Tollurium is now added for tho purposo of incroasing the hardness of the metal* Heretofore tclluriimi has had littlo industrial significance, but tho incident is cited as an example of Government specifications requiring tho use of tcxic materials that may not have raised an industrial hygiene problom in tho past. It is expected that adequate ventilation will materially reduce the incidence of tollurium poisoning* OL-i 4,! Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 22. 692 Toxicity of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Paint Removers. Adelaide R. Smith. N. Y. State* Dent, of Labor. Ind. Bull. 20, 142-3 (Hay, 1941) A fatal case of poisoning from a paint remover consisting of various chlorinated hydrocarbons i3 described in detail. The case was one of aplastic anemia and granulocytopenia, complicated by the prescnco of a necrotic type of ulceration of the ccc\sn end largo intestine. Thc-toxic properties of the chlorinated lower aliphatic hydrocarbons hare been thoroughly investigated, but little is known about those having moro than 3 carbon atoms. Paint removers containing theso substances, as well as those consisting of benzene, should be used only with adequate ventilation. 693 Hazard of Mercury Vanor in Scientific Laboratories. M. Shepherd and others. J. Research, Nat. Bur. StandardsT ~2 6T~357-75 (1941) (Research Paper No. 1383) . This is a report of the determination of the amounts of mercury vapor found in the air of various ventilated and unventilated laboratories at the National Bur eau of Standards and olsewhcro. The now optical mercury vapor detector devised by V/oodson (Abstract No. 906, Docembor, 1939) and produced by General Electric Company was usod. Tho concentrations found ranged up to 70 gamma of mercury per cu. cu of air. Surfaces that showed no visible mercury globules caused the de tector to respond, but the microscope corroborated tho presence of mercury. Much moro vapor is produced from fresh and disturbed surfaces than from undisturbed surfacos. No evidence of aercurialism v^as found in 38 laboratory v/orkers expos ed to various concentrations, 3 months after the severest exposures had been texninated. Theso results ore in agreement with others in indicating no hazard when tho concentration of mercury vapor is under 100 garana per cu. n. of air. Precautionary measures aro discussed. 694 Risk of Mercurialisra in Laboratories and Workshops. T. Zicner. Chemia (Buenos Aires) H, 208 (1940) . (Spanish) . Three stages of mercury poisohing following prolonged inhalation of small amounts of mercury from free surfaces of metallic mercury used in apparatus in laboratories and rorkshops or from spilled droplets. Various preventive devices and iodated carbon as absorbent filter are recommended to eliminate the danger. o c "t -4 - N. " Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 23. Add Legal Developments 695 Tuberculosis - As an Occupational Disease. Accidental Injury or Actionable Tort - Including Policy Coverage. Memorandum of the Association of Casualty and Surety Executives, Clearing House on Occupational Disease Claims* 13pp. (July, 1941). The memorandum digests 70 cases seeking compensation for tuberculosis, either undor a workmen1s compensation act or at common law* All reported cases are set out which involve noxious fumes, dusts other than silica, or exposure as alleged causative factors, but those in which silicosis or asbestosis is also present or in which an existing condition is aggravated by injury are omitted. The 70 eases are from 26 states, the District of Columbia, end the federal courts. For purposes of ready reference and comparison the decisions arc arranged in three groups, which ore in turn further subdivided. Within the ultimate subdivision, the cases aro listed by states. The three main groupings ore proceedings under workmen1 s compensation lav/s, actions at law for broach of a statutory or common law duty to provide a safe place to work, and actions on the issue of coverage by an insurance policy of tuberculosis liability. The individual digests of the decisions arc.comparable in content to those in this '*Lcgal Developments" section of the Foundations Digest, with emphasis upon the nature of the work done by the claimant, the causative factor involv ed, and tho result reached by the court, rather than the legal reasoning of the opinion. No attempt is made to supply a textual comment or interpretation of the decisions. In part this function is performed by tho arrangement and subdivisions cf the memorandum, and, in addition, to a large extent the cases aro self-interpretive. However, tho fact that 78-p of thoso decisions havo been rendered within the la3t decade and the majority within the past five years is worthy of note as demonstrating the increasing tendency to regard tuberculosis as a possible industrial hazard and its recognition as such in certain states. (Members may sccuro copios of the memorandum by writing the Foundation)  INDEX (August, 1941) Acetylene 633 Air sampler 6a Aniline poisoning 664 Arsenic determination 663 Atmospheric impurities determination 665 Book notices 626-627- 628629- 630- 631 Carbon monoxide blood content in dis ease 657 treatment 658-674 Chlorine detection 668 Common cold 649 Cotton mill fever 671 Dermatitis carrot 678 control 676-677-679681 gonoral 683 litorature 0 Diesel exhaust gas 660 Dust control 658 Eye protection 645 Fluorosis 685 Glass sand 639 Grain dust 673 Host cramps prevontion 644 Housekeeping 643-672 Hydrogen cyanide detection 659 Hydrogen sulfido 632 Illumination 669 Industrial health 650-651 oxocutivos 653 Industrial hygiene defense program 636-638640-655 educational qualifications 635 gonoral 634- 642- 646-648 survey report 637 Industrial medicino 654 Industrial nursing 641 Load battery plant survey 6 diagnosis 0-G89 treatment 2-7-690 Mercury hazard in laboratories 693-694 Naphthalene determination 664 Paint remover toxicity 692 Paint spraying 675 Particle size determination 662 Physical examinations 652 Safety instruction 647 Silicosis in paint plants 670 Tellurium poisoning eai Venereal diseases in industry 666-667 o *X u <