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FILE NAME: Chrysler (CHRY) DATE: 1947 DOC#: CHRY146 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of the 35th National Safety Congress, Officer & Member List and Presentation - Recognition and Control of Fume and Dust Exposure 135TH Fu-E CO PY O CT-4 1948 NATIONAL SAFETY \ CONGRESS .... -- ............ fiiiiiT YOLUME i Annual Meetinq. Banquet. W om en's Activities. . Index to all Volum es and Exhibitom PLEASE. RETURN TO LIBRARY NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1 20. No r th Wa c k e r d r iv e . CHICAGO. ILL. /. N A T I O N A L S A F E T Y C 0 U N C I L, I N C . 0 N O . W A C K E R D R I V E C H I C A G O 6, I L L . 35th National Safety Congress Transactions TUI VoL Annual Meeting, Banquet, Worn'* Activitie*. Index to all Volumes and Exhibitor*..................................... 1 Am erican Society of Safety Engineer* and Subject Sntslnns. 2 Aircraft Manufacturing Section ................................................... 3 Air Transport Section.................................................................... 4 Automotive and M achine Shop Section................................... . 5 Cement and Quarry Section........................................................ 6 Chem ical S e c tio n .......................................................................... 7 C oal Mining Section........................... ........................................ . 8 Com m ercial Vehicle Section................................... ................... . 9 Construction Section .................................................................. .1 0 Food S e c tio n ................................................................................ .11 Industrial Nursing Section........................................................... .12 M arine Section ..................................................... "' ` ............ .13 M eat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section........ .14 M etals Section ............................................................................ .15 Mining Section ..................................................... *..................... .1 6 Paper and Pulp Section............................................................. .17 Petroleum S e c tio n ........................................................................ .18 Power Press Section........................... ....................................... .19 Public Utilities S ection ............................................................... ..20 Railroad S e c tio n ........................................................................ ,, 2 1 Rubber S e c tio n ........................................................................... T extile S e c t i o n . 4nwv-jV^ -Se eh -s<s c* v ` ......... Traffic S e c tio n ........ 'hcCirr.utV -Tra ' - 'r> W ood Products Section................................................................ Farm S a fe ty ............................................. Home S a fe t y ................................................................... School and C ollege Sessions........................ Psychology You C an Use CEariy Morning Sessions) 8 38BB PRICES OF EXTRA COPIES OF INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MEMBERS VOSV zrM E- , '0 9 copies , 0,0 ,, c o p i * s o c io 999 copies L e i'" M P - - *4 to 48 p a g - 49 to 96 Pag" over 96 pago-- -55 .. -5 Complete set of Transactions iiC V itiFT n ri l *> '* ! - -15 (19 volum es}-*5.00 Jxikla r#r *2 ^ Z,, - :oooormor< 4 .15 ea. ' . t5o 3 -45 4 Safety Council, Inc. OFFICERS Chatryrxfin, ftrwrd nf Directori' C\tt\ v , io n Telephone L /Vo ^ ,'n i,NED " DF-'* * * S' Pr" ideTM- ^ional Safety Council. Chi- 1 'Mw^^tun^Life^TIm ira^e^Cornpany^New r^ ^ /^ < S ^ > S S i DS T * p~ ~ - 1 ' s ^ ^ W a i h ^ LOCal 'Sa/<' ` rSani^!ions: Kenneth Colman. I ice President for Membership: E. W. Kemptov, Assistant Vice-Presi tiem. Ln.ted States Steel Corporation of Delaware. Pittsburgh, T a ! 1 ,cef r( " dentJ or /*" bl,c Information-. W. Eaul Hall, Manaeinjr Edi tor. Mason Cuv Globe-Gazette. Mason City. la. f ," \Pre3` <if Tt` for S&ooU and Colleges: Da. H. T . H u m President Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, III. ' ** ice-President lor Traffic and Transportation: Leslie [ Soaxvsov City Traffic Engineer. City of Chic/go. ChicagoTlll J ' ' La O ^ u S " ' ti0`Ul of l lZ ' ( i T r t n` ,OT n '? * '.n't <*/: Mas. L. K. Nicholson, National ConKTCM ^ r e n u and Teachers, Salt ^Chicago, ^11.L F TM Zr' Cnera` National Safety Council. * " ' ,c C ^ - '< * < . 1 fctaT. (Note: The lists here printed of Officers. Trustees and Board of Directors include those ejected at the 1947 National Safety Congress and in the case of the Trustees, certain members previously elected for a two or three year term.) National................ Safety Council, Inc. TRUSTEES Chairman of the Trustees: William A. Irvin, Member. Executive Com mittee, United State* Steel Corp, New York, N. Y. Vice-Chairman of the Trustees: R obekt C. Stanley. President. Inter national Nickel Company of Canada. L id - New York, N. Y. Secretary of the Trustees: N o Hi Deasdosn, President, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. Treasurer of the Trustees: T homas W . L a.m o.nt, Chairman of the Board, J. P. Morgan and Company, New York, N.. Y. . M em bers W ivth sop W . A ldsjch, Chairman, Board of Directors, T h e Chase National Bank, New York, N. Y. M elvin H. Baxex, President, National Gypsum Company. Buffalo. N. Y. Law rence D. Bell, President, Bell Aircraft Corporation, Buffalo, N. Y . J ames B. B lack, President. Pacific Gas and Electric Company. San Francisco. Calif. ' S. Bauer Black, President. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. Boston, Mass. M oscan B. Bralnard, President. Aetna Life Insurance Company, Hart ford, Conn. C ason J. C allaw ay, Ham ilton, Ga. John W. C arpenter, President. Texas Power and Light Company. Dallas. Tex. T homas I. Cashen, Chairman. Railway Labor Executives' Association. Washington, D. C W illiam G. C handles. President, Scripps-Howard Supply Company. New York. N. Y. Kenneth B. C olm an , Seattle. Wash. Howasd Coonley, Chairman of the Executive Committee, American Standards Association, New York. N. Y. r , m F. Ckajc, Vice-President. American Telephone fc Telegraph C o , New York, N. Y. (Ex-Officio) FSEDDUCK C. CsAWTOtt. President. Thompson Products. Inc. Cleve land. Ohio WALTES J. CMSINGS, Chairman of ihe Board, Continental lllinott National Bank and Trust Company, Chicago, 1U. Ned H. Deauokn, President. National Safety Council. Chicago, I1L (Ex-Officio) Richakd R. DEuntEE, President. Procter and Gamble Company. Cin cinnali, Ohio _ _ Benjamin F. Faisles*, President. United Sates Steel Corporation. Pitts burgh. Pa. ' Natio Safet National Safety 0 ouncih lnc. Francis J. Gavin, P laident. Great Nonhem Railway Company. Sr Paul. Minn. ^' ' Wa l t o . S. G e n o u , President. American Telephone'and Telezraph Co.. New York. N. Y. S 1 William C ie l s , President. American Federation of Labor, Washing ton. D. C. 5 E. R o t a m i Ha m i m a n . Brown Brothers H a m m a n and Company, New . York. N. Y. 1 ' W illiam A. Iavtx, Member. Executive Committee, United States Steel Corporation. New York, N., Y. ' W illiam M. Ja r m s , Vice Chairman of the Board, Union Pacific Rail road Company. North Hollywood, Calif. ' Hcwacz P. L ivrasdcc, President. Philadelphia Electric Company. Phil adelphia. Pa. ' G u sta v i M etzm a n , President, New York Central System. New York Central Building. New York, N. Y. T homas A. Mo u a x , Chairman, T h e Sperry Corporation. New York. PHiLtr M u u a y , President. Congress of Industrial Organizations. Wash ington. D. C. Benjamin O 'Shea, Member. Board of Directors, Union Carbide and Carbon C orp, New York. N. Y. T iiomas I- Pa u in s o n , President, Equitable Life Assurance Sodetv of the United Stes. New York. N. Y. ' W. S. S. Roceras. Chairman. T h e Texas Company, New York. N. Y. W illiam A. Sim m o n , President. William Simpson Construction Com pany. Los Angeles, Calif. H ra a tiT E. Sm ith . President. International Nickel Company of Canada L td , New York. N. Y. . John Stil well. Vice-President. Consolidated Edison Company of New York. Inc, New York. N. Y. J uan T . T u r n , President, Pan-American Airways System, New York, N. Y. H a u y C. W iess, President, Humble O il and Refining Company, Hous ton, Tex. C hajuxs E. W ilson, President. General Electric Company, New York. C. E. W ilson, President. General Motors Corporation. Detroit. Mich. C hailes De u x W iman, President. Deere and Company. Moline. 111. R oazrr W. Woomutt, Chairman. Executive Committee, The Coca Cola Company. Atlanta. Georgia M -.i .>is4t^"-iii*i National . . . Safety Council, Inc. BOARD OF DIRECTORS W N( Sc v M " 1' 1 * C hicago, 111. M em bers D*. D. B. Armsthom*-.. CScnc-oonnda VMiccee-Prrreos.iudent. Metropr olitan Life Itiiur ancc Company. Ne" i , . ,,,,U yUIc K s C o . .. w . Aiv. P - U . .I T -- * * -- 1 1 B w a sh . C onsulting Engineer. Chicago. 111. L n. * * . ^ j " '" " M anufacturing Co.. Chicago, III- ' M h" s," ' u r f L B e * * . Aisi.ian. .. .h i Ch,? f o. *.'.*" S.. P . 'and Pacific R ailroad Com pany. Chicago. 11 C W BotQtisT. W estern Springs. 111. 7 K B u v C HiW , - W a n , to the n c r a l Chairman. Federal Inter- depDh.cn<l Solely Council. Wh,ns ,on. D. C. H , ,, , H. BM *o.. M-- Council. Inc.. Piusburgh. Pa. SataT Dallas T ,,O M .. E. Bo.s.rr. P * . * * " T " " * D' " " ' T cx. ^ ; T i.eo Bow>. D uccio,. Deere end C om p . Moline. 111. w . F. B .o w * Solc.v . o r . Conmlldo.ed Eduon Com p ol N c York, Inc.. New lork./N . ^ , . . Mm. 1. F. B u ll. B e d . P r o a . . C.enc,l Fedemuon ol M om cn . Clubs. Washington. D. C. , . , F W n iu , AMES B. CARtv. Secretary-Treasurer. Congrms of Industrral rga . J tiom , W ashington. D. C. R sv C m* Advertising Counsel. P o rtland. Ore. ' C I M .I - Cotx. 'Assistant Secretary. M e tro p o lia n Life Insurance Company, New 'toik, N. ' Kenneth B. Commas. Seattle. \Na>lt. n *Cw , ,, k p * s . C C o u .d Eeeeuu.e rr.nee. Min nd Compony. P ^ h u r ih . D ,. B. L. CuBcre. Manager Mlhmukee Satay Commimlon. M .ta u h ee. S t . O , . Vice-1're.ideni. American Telephone . T eiegm ph C o. a , T b VC .''.TM : , W . . I Secremry A Solely Diree.ce. PonUnd Cemen. Association, Chicago. 111. in s - H. D ,, -- t o m 'V . D M V d. Mn8er. E.. , Ch.p.ee, Massachusetts Bonding and In ' surance Company. New York. N. 8 auaf&iMis&x>3f t . 1 % National Safety Council, Inc. R'la^dF o r'LSOV' ManaRer l Safetv' RcP,lblic Steel Corporaiion. CleveK-JMKo in o X' laF'd` l0r' SuCCC" fl!l FlrTninR Meredith Publications. D a 01 S l f a -- ' " I t* 1* " * Company. " c S ^ o S 'S r f f i" ' E di,,,, U C F^ ,' u HA,X' NUlUg' n5 Edit0r- Ma' on Cit>' Clobe Caiette. Mason Ji.-ur.N H. Hasvey Manager. Accident Prevention Dept., Association ot Casualty and Surety Companies, Net*- York, N. Y. Da. T. L yle Hatlett, Medical Director. East Pittsburgh, Pa. n i H T HlAU>' President. Illinois Institute of Technology. Chicago. James W. Hooaos. Assistant Western Counsel. Northern Pacific Rail way Company. Seattle. Wash. RV5l*. tL7o'Su' tHs, 7MoM.A>' M aruBcr- The Safy Council of Greater St. Louis. C V-,H? t'CHTON> Sccond Vice-President. General Federation of Womens Clubs. Red Oak. la. D*. Hzxou) C. Ht'.vr, General Superintendent of Schoob, Chicago. 111. Geoce A. Jacoby, Director of Personnel Services, General Motors Corporation. Detroit. Mich. F*:\XK *- J0**-5' The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U S New York, N. Y. '* W. Dean K c r r a . Second Vice-President. Lumbermens Mutual Casual ty Company, Chicago. 111. E. W. Kempton, Assistant Vice-President, United States Steel Corpora tion of Delaware. Pittsburgh. Pa. C\te* Kemsall, Assistant Chief Safety Engineer, Bethlehem Steel Compam, Inc., Bethlehem. Pa. " M alte* G. Kj.vc, Safety Director, American Optical Company. New tork, N. Y. J. O. L esue, Director of Safety. C ilben Associates. IntV Reading. Pa. Haxold F. Lillie Manager. Lansing Safety Council?Lan*ing. J^iich. John E. Long. Superintendent of Safety, T h e Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corporaiion, Albany', N. Y. G doace H. Lo w e, Lowe and Huggins, Ogden, Utah A. E. L yon, Executive Secretary, Railway Labor Executives' Associa tion. Washington, D. C T homas H. Ma c Donald, Commissioner, Public Roads Adminbtration Washington. D. C. , ' Paul A. McG hee, Dean of T h e School of General Education, New York University, New York, N. Y. -, as $ -1 'Wi !i<tf:s:M| V; <,jv-*artli im L im National Safety Council, Inc, J. W. Millard, President, Industrial Cloves Company, Danville, 111. Erle S. M iner, Engineer. American Telephone and Telegraph Com pany, New York, N. Y. . ~Harou> L. Miner. Manager. Safety & Fire Prestniion Division, E. 1. du Pont de Nemours : Co., Inc, Wilmington, Del. J. Howard M vtrs, Director of Safety and Fire Prvention. T h e Atlantic Refining Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Mrs. L. K. N icholson, National Safety Chairman. National Congress of Parents and Teachers, Salt Lake City. Utah G uy L. Noble. Managing Director. National Committee on Boys and Cirls Club Work. Chicago, 111. H enry E. N orth, Vice-President, Metropolitan Life Insurance Com pany. San Francisco. Calif. C. E. .P ettibone, Vice-President and Manager. Engineering Depart ment, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Boston, Mass. R. J. Rur-ELUTH, Treasurer, New Haven Trap Rock Company. New Haven. Conn. H erbert F. Relnhard. Consulting Engineer, Union Carbide & CarLon Corporation. New York, N. Y. \ T heodore S. R e it u e r , President. The Advertising Council. Inc. Wash- ' ington. D. C. J. L. R idincfr, Safety Director, Inland Steel Company. Indiana Harbor Works, East Chicago, Ind. A. V. R ohweder, Superintendent of Safety k Welfare, Duluth. Missabe and Iron Range Railway C o , Duluth. Minn. Fred M. R osseland, Executive Vice-President, New Jersey State Safety Council, Inc, Newark, N. J. J udge L ee E. Skeel. Appellate Court. Cleveland. Ohio De W itt Smith, Vice Chairman in Charge of Domestic Services. The . Amricain National Red Cross, Washington, D. C. R. T . Solensten, Vice-President, Elliou Service Company, Mount Vernon, N. Y. L eslie J. Sorenson, City Traffic Engineer, City of Chicago, Chicago, III. R. C. Stratton, Supervising Chemical Engineer, Travelers Insurance Companies, Hartford, Conn. Paul F. Stricxjr, Executive Vice-President. Cra ter New Yorii Safety Council, New Y'ork, N. Y. " C. E. Woouever, Director of Personnel, A. O. Smith Corforation, Milwaukee, Wis. Dr. W illiam P. Y a.vt, Director of Research fc Development. Mine Safety Appliances Company Research Laboratory, Pittsburgh. Pa. I * J. W . Y ounc, Safety Director. International Harvester Company, Chi cago, 111. ] J ; itr . rv-^u^-- w `v'-:v^<s*rn? ------ :-- i,---- ; . ; , ^ , :^ : ^ M ? . . ,;wi,it;..;[` . Automotive and Machine Shop Section Executive Committee 1947-1948 Centra! Chairman--J. E. MOORE. Director of Safety. Corporate Service Incorported, Detroit, Mich. Vice-Chairman --L. B. LOOMIS. Safety Engineer. Fisher Body--Tcmstedt Division. General Motors Corporation. Detroit. Mich. C A. DcMONGE. Safely Director. Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Company, Detroit, Mich. Secretary--D. L. M cCULLY, Safety Supervisor, Westinghouse Air Brake Company, Wilmerding. Pa. Program Committee . - Chairman: CEO. F. NUERNBERGER. Safety Engineer. A. B. Dick Company, Cnicago, 11L R. D. HARVEY, Safety Engineer, T h e Murray Corporation of America, Detroit, Michigan C. O. ENOCHS, Safety Director. Chevrolet Flint Division of General Motors-Corporation. Flint. Michigan ' F. H. HUMPHRIES. Manager Safety and Claims Division. American Car and Foundry Company. New York, N. Y. Engineering Committee . Chairman: F. W. FISKE, Safety Director, T h e Brewer Titchner Corporation. Cortland, New York .. BARNEY J. POVOLNY, Safety Director, Detroit Diesel Engine Division. General Motors Corporation. Detroit. Michigan \VM. SM ITH . Director of Safety. Ford Motor Company of Dearborn, Michigan ` Membarahlp CominW-- Chairman: PA U L J. BLACK. Safety Supervisor, Westinghouse Electria Corporation. Lima, Ohio ARTHUR. E. EWING. Latrobc Electric Steel Company, Latrobe. Pa. FRED G. Y E LTO N . Safety Director. Delco Remy Division. General Motors Corporation. Anderson, Indiana N ew s Latter Committee Chairman: PAUL F. HUNGER. Safety Director. Frigidaire Division. General Motors Cor poration, Dayton, Ohio ' LOUIS A. G ALAN TU CCI. Safety Engineer. General Electric Company, Bloomfield, N. J. G. W. YEMM. Safety Director. Otis Elevator Company. Harrison, N. J. Hecriih Committee Chairman: A. L. BROOKS, MJ3.. Medical Division. Fisher Body Division, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan C. F. ENGEL. M.D- Assistant M edial Director, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, East Pittsburgh. Pa. FRANK A. F A T T Y , Director of Industrial Hygiene, General Motors Corporation, De troit, Michigan K2'- -, ,-2 !.W*<*f>lS m Di l' S li mj.-.-mt. Sk,fyret ni rii M n-*h>y*I4s- 6 35th National Safety Congress, 1947 PabttdlT CommlttM Chairman: O. C. BOILEAU, Supervisor of Safety. Health and Retirement, R-C-A. Victor Corpontion oC A m e n a . Camden* N. J. GERALD C. SQUIER, Assistant Director of Personnel, Bulldog Electric Products, Detroit, Michigan EDWARD G. HOLTZM AN, Director of Safety and Medical Departments, Wagner Electric Corporation. St. Louis, Missouri Statistical Committ* Chairman: H. J. JENNINGS, Safety Engineer, General Electric Company, West Lynn. Massa chusetts W. E. BROW N, JR-, Safety Director. The City Auto Scamping Company, Toledo, Ohio LOYLE DAVTS, Director of Personnel and Industrial Relations. Mueller Company, De catur, Illinois Ofl-tiw-Iob CocmntttM Chairman: M. F. BIANCARDI, Safety Engineer, Health and Safety Department. Industrial Relations, Div., Allis Chalmers Company, Milwaukee, Wit. R O B E R T C. BENSON. Director of Personnel and Safety, Lansing Sum ping Company. Ijnsing. Michigan E. CLARK W OODW ARD. Director of Safety, A-O Smith Corporation, Milwaukee, Wis consin Poster Committee Chairman: CA R L PETERSON. Safety Supervisor. Plymouth Motors Division of Chrysler Corporation, Detroit, Michigan CA R LTO N R. REID, Safety Engineer, Westinghouse Elearic and Manufacturing Com pany, Springfield. Massachusetts H AROLD M. ERICKSON. Director of Safety, Nash Motors, Kenosha, Wis. Members-at-Large--*]. W. YOUNG. International Harvester Co., Chicago, 111.: O. F. LEH MAN. Chrysler Corp.. Detroit. Mich.; *\V. A. BECH1L L. Chrysler Corp , Detroit. M.ch . J. C BOWER. io*i Mifflin Ave.. Pittsburgh. Pa.; M. A. CLA R K . 5537 Devonshire Road, Grosse Pointe. Mich.; *H. B. DUFFUS, Westinghouse E learic Corp.. East Pittsburgh. Pa.: H O Y T L. FRACHER, Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich.; G. A. KUECHENME1STER , Dominion Forge t Stamping Co.. Walkerville, O n t, Canada. *M. JCA R T H Y . Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp.. Detroit. Mich.: ` R O BE R T A. SHAW, Detroit Diesel Engine Div.. General Motors Corp.. Detroit. Mich.; LT. COMDR. PAUL S STRECKER; *R. F. TH A LN E R . Buick Motor D iv , General Motors Corp., Flint. Mich.; *V. I. T R O T T E R : *C. E. W OOLIEVER. A. O. Smith C orp , Milwaukee. Wis. Stag Representative--A RTH U R S. KELLY. National Safety Council, Chicago. ID. Indicates Past General Chairman Automotive and Machine Shop Section 7 MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 6, 1947 , Presiding: D*. A. I.. Hoou, Mcdital Director. Fisher Body Division. General Motor, Cotpo ration Recognition and Control oi Fume and Dust Exposure By V. J. CASTRO? Research Laboratories Division, General Motors Corporation Illness which can he attributed in the oc cupation may occur m the automotive and allied industries. While occupational disease cases are much fewer in number than those resulting from accidental injury, there still remains the need for vigilance in maintaining a healthful working environment. The re sen sib ility (or employee health is delegated hy management to the medical director with tlvc safety director charged with matters per taining to safety. For the smooth functioning of cither department it is necessary that these individuals work in dcc harmony with each other. A safety engineer vsho is capable of recog nizing conditions which may be detrimental to the health of the employee is an excellent teammate for the doctor in any employee health maintenance progTatn. The safety en gineer need not be capable of actually sam pling air in the environment or designing a ventilation system for the control of toxic materials. He should, however, have knowl edge ol the materials which have been proved harmlul, should be (airly well informed ol how these materials may be used safely, have some understanding ol liasic control measures which arc normally recommended when such materials are used. The intention is not to present a highlv technical discussion ol (utne and dust ex posures or detailed information, regarding ventilation systems, as such matters are ol interest to the professional industrial hygien ists and ol comparatively little value to safety engineers. This discussion will be limited to the more basic principles of industrial hy giene as they relate to fume and dust ex posures, to indicate what control measures are available or used to protect, the em ployee's health, and. to call to your attention operations and materials which are commonly used in the automotive and allied industries, at the same lime indicating the generally accepted opinion as to their effect on health. Many conditions arc corrected or improved because of reasons other than their effect upon the health of the employees. Better products, better employee relationship, reduc tion in maintenance of equipment may be cited as justification for management's de cisions for such correction or improvement. Generally speaking there are two means of entrance of toxic compounds into the human body under industrial conditions, namely, by ingestion or via the respiratory tra a through the inhalation of fumes, dusts, misu or gases. Ingestion is of importance if toxic materials which have a systemic effect are used and adequate washing facilities are not provided, or, where the employees are slovenly in their personal habits. Inhalation is considered the most important portal of entry of fumes or dusts and the particle size, therefore, be comes significant in evaluating an exposure. The panicles which cause thev physiological changes are those which are small enough' to icmain suspended in the air and not those which immediately fall to the floor. Flying panicles, which are of concern to a safety nun and for which he advocates the use of goggles, are not of hygienic significance since they are riot of respirable size. T o judge the veriomness of an exposure by the quantity of detritus adjaccnc to an operation is often misleading. This is especially true where mechanical ventilation has been provided which will remove the fine material but is inadequate to trap or convey the larger particles. In evaluating an exposure it is necessary to consider the toxicity of the material, the duration of the exposure, the average concen tration of the contaminant with special atten tion being paid to those operations which produce high concentrations at some phase of an operating cycle, and the measures which have been provided to control the exposure. 8 35th National Safety Congress, 1947 Medical records of the individuals subjected lo the exposure may be of value if the exami nations are thorough and frequent and not of a cursory type. .It must be remembered that occupational diseases are slow in develop ment and in some instances lasting in clica.Slow changes may not be detected and the mere fact that cases have not occurred is no definite assurance that exposures to known toxic materials may be ignored. T h e determination of the concentration of the toxic material in the air is important in evaluating the exposure. Tests of this type are not only indicative of the degree of con tamination but in some instances which op eration Is the major offender. T he apparatus used in collecting the con taminant and the method used in estimating the amount present in the atmosphere vary with the type of material. Tests of this type are specialized in nature and are beset with many pitfalls which can lead to very errone ous results and conclusions if done by other than exjicricnced personnel. In a discussion pertaining to toxic ma terials it is generally necessary to quote per missible concentrations or as it is sometimes expressed -- maximum allowable concentra tions--permissible limits, or threshold limits. These terms are used extensively by industrial hygienists to indicate concentrations of a substance in the air which are considered compatible with good health. T h e limit usu ally applies to exposures of eight hours dura tion for a prolonged period. T he limits are, for the most part, advisory standards or bench marks which are prac tical to meet. In general, these limits are de rived from three typ o of evidence all of which have value and limitations. ' i . Animals have been exposed at different concentrations and the effects noted. *. A few experiments have been made on human subjects for short periods of time. 5. Safe limits have been arrived at by measuring h* concentrations of sub stance in the workroom air and corre lating this information with results of medical examinations of workmen. There is no magic connected with these limits and the mere fact that they are ex ceeded does not necessarily mean that some one will definitely become ill, but there is a good probability that someone will suffer ill effects if the limit is greatly exceeded for a considerable period. There remains much to be learned regarding the toxicity of many substances used in industry, and it is hoped that with more research and study that the answers will be found. - So much for the general picture. Now let's take a look at some specific operations. Welding--Welding processes mast common ly used can be divided into three types, arc gas. and resistance. The safety measures per taining to clothing, goggles, and helmets are of common knowledge and therefore, shall not be considered in this discussion. . Arc welding when performed on uncoaled steel does not produce a condition which is considered harmful to the welder provided it is accomplished in a comparatively large open area. T h e fumes which result from welding consist essentially of the oxides of iron and oxides of metals which may comprise the steel or coating of the welding rod. Some in vestigators have found characteristic mark ings on chest x-rays of men who have welded under severs conditions for long periods of time. These markings are presumably due 10 the deposition of iroa fumes within the lungs, but it has Dot been demonstrated that such fumes have mused physical impa irment. A frequently suggested lim it for welding fume is 15 milligrams of iron oxide per cubic meter of air. Concentrations of this magnitude existing in the workroom would, materially reduce visibility aod thereby become a nui sance or an unsafe condition requiring cor rection. - Welding within confined areas such as tanks, inside machinery or equipment, or in small rooms presents a condition which o n be of concern. The concentration of fume is materially higher under these coodiuons as there is little opportunity for dilution by natural air currents normally present in a laTge shop. Nitrogen oxides formed by the electric arc when inhaled in sufficient quan tities muses fluids to form in the lung--edema -w ith the resultant failure of the respiratory system. While welding in large open areas these toxic gases are normally not present in sufficient quantities to muse harmful effectt- However, when welding is done in confined a ra s, the nitrogen oxides may reach a con centration which will be harmful. . Cas welding generally is not productive of harmful fumes. There are. however, in braz ing two potentially harmful exposures. While boric add or borates generally are used in 10 35th National Safety Congress, 1947 grinding of nontoxic metals which arc free of \and is generally considered a nuisance and is not harmful per se. Despite this fact some state laws require griding operation' to be ventilated. This requirement has probablybeen a hold over from the days when sand stone wheels were prevalent and also to pre vent the creation of a nuisance condition. Grinding wheels in use in industry have ar tificial abrasives such as aluminum oxide or silicon carbide. Emery, which is a natural product composed of essentially aluminum and the magnetic oxide of iron, may also be used. A permissible limit of 50 million par ticles per cubic foot of air for aluminum oxide and silicon carbide was recently ac cepted by the members of the American Con ference of Governmental Industrial Hygien ists. Such a limit is liberal and concentrations of such magnitude are normally not en countered. When lead, silica, or some similar toxic material comes in contact with the grinding wheel the exposure to the abrasive matter may be ignored and the exposure evaluated on the basis of the toxic material. If this latter material Lv controlled the nuisance will also be eliminated. Ventilation systems for grinding wheels have been fairly well standardized and gen erally are satisfactory to prevent a nuisance. Hoods should enclose the wheel as completely as is practicable. Air volumes should be pro vided which are sufficient to cause an inward flow into the hood when using the smallest wheel. This is especially true where toxic materials are involved. Wet Grinding--Raffles, hoods, and guards are generally looted near wet grinding wheels to prevent dispersion of the liquid used as a coolant. These devices are usually sufficient to control the dust if it is nontoxic in nature. If the dust liberated is toxic, me chanical exhaust ventilation may be required. Buffing and polishing--The buffing com pound applied to wheels used for buffing and polishing vary in composition. Waxes and various types of abrasive are the major components. These materials plus lint and fibers from the wheel are the essential in gredients of the airborne dust. The toxicity is dependent upon the type of abrasive. Generally ventilation is provided so as to improve housekeeping and reduce the num ber of complaints and not because of the hazard to health. . Machining--Smoke from oily parts is the prevailing source of air contamination at machining operations. Illness has not been attributed to this type of exposure. As is the nu- with most fumes and dusts of the nui sance variety little is known as to what ef fect such materials have on already existing physical abnormalities. , Machining operations on steel produce large chips or turnings; consequently, dust is not a problem. Operations involving the machining of high lead alloys have been studied, and significant quantities of air borne lead have not been demonstrated. Graphite which becomes airborne during the machining of cast iron is not considered to be physiologically significant, and there fore is classified as a nuisance dust. Frequent ly management considers it advisable to pro vide ventilation for the machines which are productive of the most dust, as graphite on the clothing and person and surrounding machinery is conducive to many complaints. Ventilation systems for the machining, drill ing. and so forth, of cast iron should in clude hoods located as near the cutters or drills as is practicable. Many of th e e hoods are in use on production machinery and are doing an excellent job. of dust control. _ Abrasive Cleaning--Since silica Ls recog nized as the tnost harmful of mineral dusts, an adequate ventilation system is normally provided at the time of installation of com mercially built sand blast equipment. Con tinuous usage and lack of maintenance result in a breakdown of adequate control. Visible escape of dust is the best evidence that this has occurred and it is advisable to correct such a condition without undue delay. Employees who are stationed in blast rooms are dependent upon personal respiratory equipment. It is of utmost importance that such devices are of a type which will provide the necessary protection. Devices of this type are of the supplied-air variety, and it is neces sary that the air provided be free of harmful contaminants. The air compressors should be located in an area free of contamination otherwise the contaminant will be transmitted to the helmet and the breathing zone of the worker. ' Normally, ventilation within the room is provided so as to improve visibility and to help prevent the escape of dust to the sur rounding areas not to reduce the concentra tion of silica dust to a safe level. Automotive and Machine Shop Section . 11 Tuntblast or rotating table type of sand blast units should be provided with sufficient \cntilation to present the escape of silica dust. Leakage due to excessive Wear should l>c remedied. Small sand blast cabinets, where the opentor controls the blast nozzles from outside the cabinet, frequently have faulty seals around the doors or the rubber gauntlets arc loos or torn. The dust which escapes from the cabinet through thaw openings i> in cla-c proximity to the breathing zone of tile em ployee and in many instances exceeds the per missible limit for silica. This leakage should he corrected and the men should not !>c re quired to use respirators. If the articles being blasted are free at silica or other toxic material, the dust result ing from grit or shot blasting is classified in the nuisance category. It follows that the maintenance of ventilating ststems for grit blasting, although desirable, is not always so necessary as for satid blasting. T h e use of steel grit or shot in blasting rooms produce excessively high concentra tions of dust within the enclosure. It is there fore. necessary to protect the worker within the room. The remarks included in the sec tion devoted to sand blasting rooms arc there fore. pertinent when considering rooms in which steel grit or shot are used as the abra sive. Vapor blasting, a variation of sand blasting, n of comparatively recent development. This procedure involves the use of fine silica and water under pressure. T h e silica used in vapor blast units varies in size and may even be a small as 1150 mesh (approximately 10 mi crons). It is generally believed that airborne silica particles below 5 microns are most sig nificant in causing silicosis. It then follows that ` operations involving the use of stliu abrasive whose initial particle size approaches that order of magnitude are more hazardous, and require continual vigilance in maintain ing good control. It is. therefore, essential that the vapor blast cabinets be maintained so that leakage of mist does not occur. Good housekeeping is also essential as spillage of ' the sand and water sludge upon the door will create a source for dust dissemination when the water evaporates. Likewise, con tainers of the dried sludge should not be al lowed to stand in the factory where they can be influenced by air currents of high velocity. Practically all industrial plants have opera tions which involve the use of leading base bearing metal or solder. Babbitt bearing metal containing approximately 75 per cent lead has been encountered. The composi tion of solder metal is variable and de1 pendent upon the purpose for which it is used, with ordinary soft solder containing a comparatively high percentage of lead. Assuming that the babbitt or solder in use is one containing a significant amount of. lead, the question th en .a rb a as to.whether or not the employees working with this ma terial will become ilL The answer to such a question could be given by a qualified in-, .duscrial hygienist after he had seen the opera tion and considered such factors as the tem-' perature to which the metal b heated, the method of removing excess solder, the length', of exposure, and the effectiveness of the con trol measures provided. It is a well known fact that lead causes illness if absorbed in excessive amounts, and therefore operations wherein lead b used have received considerable attention ^nd study. Out of this experience certain prac-' tices arc known to produce excessive exposure, whereas other practices have been proved not! to be harmful. It b generally conceded that excessive concentrations do not result from, operations where solder b applied by means of an electric soldering iron. This b probably due to the small amounts of solder used and the comparatively low heat of the-metal. When an iron b used which b heated.in a small gas fired furnace, the exposure may be of greater consequence. Solder which remains on the iron coming' into contact with the flame or heat b vulnerable for volatilization.. Small amounts of solder drop from the iron onto the hot floor of the furnace where it b readily volatilized or oxidized. T h e oxidized material may become airborne due to dbturbances created by the flame or by remov ing or placing the soldering1iron in the. fur nace. Frequently industrial hygienists recom mend that ventilation be provided for heating units of this type therldjy removing lead fumes and dust from the environment. T h u is particularly true in small rooms or where many units are in use. T h e atmospheric contamination occasioned by the use of either gas or electrically heated pots containing solder b dependent on a number of factors. With higher temperatures more volatilization will occur and the greater 2 .'5th Xational Safe. v Congress, 1947 will be (he cxiiqsure. \Vuh the highcr_iempcrature the metal is more readily oxidized to produce a dross consisting of a high |>crceniage of lead oxide. The dross may provide a protective coating to reduce the volatilization Heat Treating--High temperature* are a frequent source of"complalnf''fr o m 'employees m heat treat departments but such condi tions and their control are not within the subject matter under discussion. of the lead: however, disturbance of this coat ing will create an exposure. As a safeguard against excessive contamination, pots contain ing solder or babbitt arc usually ventilated. Wherever possible it is advisable to enclose the pot as completely as possible and provide sufficient air volume to overcome the thermal effects of the molten metal. Attempt have been made to use natural draft ventilation systems to control these fmnes and in those instances where the duct were not of suffi cient diameter the system was inadequate A preferable method i the u'c of mechanical systems. The removal of excess older with poweT driven tools, such as grinding wheels, discs, or wire wheels, aeates airborne dust which may contaminate large area of the factory if the operation is extensive. Diligent use of abrasive cloth will also result in excessive concentration of lead dust. Filing, however, is not productive of small particles and i preferred over the uc of power driven tool. If filing U not practicable or feasible it will be necessary in provide v in e type of me chanical ventilation system for the solder re moval opera!iott involving the use of power tools. Since ihe permissible limit generally accepted for lead is 1.5 milligrams per 10 Fumes disseminated from cyanide ikxs are often associated with cyanides used ;ls fumi gants or as ihe lethal agent in death cham bers and supervision as well as the employee becomes apprehensive. Fumes from such a source are irritating and because of this property should be adequately ventilated. The irritant nature of the fume Ls caused by alkali formed upon decomposition of the cyanide. ' Molten lead is sometimes used as a harden ing medium for metals. Frequently charcoal or some similar material is placed on the surface of the m eal to conserve heat and prevent oxidation. A covering of this tvpe reduces the volatilization of lead while the bath is quiescent, but has no effect while the bath is in use. Adequate ventilation should' therefore be provided for baths of this type. As complete an enclosure as is practical for the operation being performed is advisable with air quantities dependent upon the open areas in the hood. T o prevent contamination resulting from volatiiiatioa of lead accumu lating in the combustion dumber* the prod nets of combustion from gas fired lead pots should be vented to the outdoor* and not be allowed to dissipate into the workroom. cubic meters of air (353 cubic feet) it will be iron Foilndn o --The principal ingredient nccearv to have an effcctis'c system to pro vide adequate control. F.nginccrs experienced of foundry dusts are silica, sea coal, days, and [>aning compounds. The predominant ma in designing ventilation systems to control terial will be dependent upon which phase toxic material should be consulted, other of the foundry operation is being sturiievl wise a covtlv <vtcm might l>e erected and and what operation is being performed. The later discovered 10 lie entirely ineffective. Fre control of dust is the major prohlcm. whereas quently solder removal operations require the fume is of secondary importance. use of portable tools on large objects and a local exhaust system would not be effective, a is the case in the fabrication of automobile bodies. General contamination of the factory with lead dust has been eliminated by enclos ing the entire operation in a large booth and exhausting a sufficient quantity of air from the enclosure to insure a constant inward (low of air from the factory into the booth. Under these circumstances no practical amount of air. could be removed from the booth to reduce the lead concentration to a safe level, and therefore it is necessary that the men working therein he provided with adequate personal protective devices. A discussion of all the aspects of the in dustrial hygiene problems in such plants would require a separate treatise. For the present discussion it should be sufficient to state that all obvious source* of dust dis persion should be reduced to a minimum bv adequate localized exhaust system. In a mechanized foundry such places wosild be sand conditioning and mixing equipment, tumbling mills, shakeouts, core removal and knockout stations, transfer points of dry sand, abrasive blasting operations, and all grinding operations performed on castings containing appreciable quantities of sand. Automotive and Machine Shop Section 13 Maintenance of ventilation equipment is :i rrajo^ item_ jn _foundria_beau5e_oi the abrasive action of the dust. It is imperative that a good program be maintained so as to keep the equipment functioning at maximum efficiency. ' Because of the heat associated with large idle foundry activities it Is a common tight to see pedestal fans or air cooling ducts di rected in such a manner as to create cross drafts which interfere with the efficient re moval of the dust dispersion. Better discre tion in the placement of these fans or ducts will go far in reducing dust concentrations m the areas where they are used. After the obvious has been corrected, it is advisable that a survey of the foundry be made by an industrial hygienist so that an accurate evaluation of the exposure may be obtained. Respiratory Protective Devices -- As has bom stated, the atmospheric concentration of dust and fume and other materials may be reduced to a safe level by adequate ex haust ventilation. In some cases it is possible to correct the condition by substituting a less toxic material. If these measures are not practical respiratory protective devices may be used. They may also prove valuable in giving protection during an emergency or to provide protection for intermittent exposures or to supplement other methods of control. They should, however, not be considered as the desirable m a n s of controlling a health hazard. Experience has shown that frequently pro . tective.devices-have bem-issued which-do not-- provide adequate protection. Upon inquiry information was generally offered that the safety engineer was not too well informed as to what should have been provided. The U. S. Bureau ol Mines at their experi mental ntation in Pittsburgh tests equipment of this type and studies the protection of fered to the wearer. Ilf the device is satisfac tory in perform nee. they issue an approval number to the manufacturer which appears on the device as well as the container in which it is received from the manufacturers. The approval granted by the Bureau also stipulates that type of materials for which it is approved. It has become general practice in the field of industrial hygiene to recommend the use of only those respirators which have been ap proved by the Bureau. Safety engineers should likewise insist that such devices be procured and acquaint themselves with the type of protection afforded by each device and thereby provide adequate control for the. individual wearing thp equipment. Some en- . gineers prefer to stock only that type of res pirator which Will protect against the more harmful dusts or fumes, since a respirator of this type will also give adequate protection for materials of lower toxidtv. T h e advan tage of such a procedure has merit as it re-* .duces the types of devices needed in stock and likewise insures the correct device for the more serious exposures. M etal Cleaning By THOMAS MOONEY Med-Fac Industrial H ygiene Laboratories T h e complete finishing of metals by elec troplating may indude: t. Cleaning by abrasives. . Polishing the base metals. 3. Cleaning with solvents. Cleaning with alkaline solutions. 5. Cleaning with adds often referred to as " Pickling." . Metal deposition or electroplating. 7. Buffing the deposits. 8. Lacquering the finished product. In abrasive deaning. sand or steel shot is used under pressure. T h e potential health hazards in this type of deaning are exposure to dust of a high free silica (SiOO content caused by the sand and also to metallic dusts where metals capable of produdng toxic dusts are cleaned by shot and sand blasting. Steel shot blasting is a much less severe health hazard than sand blasting; consequently, steel shot abrasive deaning methods should be used wherever possible. . ' T h e maximum allowable concentrations (M-A.C) for free silica are five million parti-