Document O19JxDBZ01O3jg8pJoVVQrJmX

ME FOURTEEN SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1944 NUMBER FIVE LIA258 11 Rotary Mixers For Chemical Plant Lined With Heavy Sheet Lead HE ability of lead to withstand mon and most satisfactory methods of Tthe attack of corrosive materials fastening lead linings to wood tanks has been of service to the chemical ina nd it is often used on steel vessels dustries for manv years. Much of the as well. equipment used in handling these ma Lead is also used in the moving terials is in the form of lead or lead parts of pumps, blowers, fans, rotary lined tanks, pipes, valves, ducts or filters, filter presses and other process other containers which remain station- ary yvhile their contents flow or are pumped through them. However, oc casional functions require moving equipment to produce results which can not be obtained in static con Leail lined mixing drums ready tor shipment. Bolts holding anchor bars can be seen just above waters tainers. Illustrated herewith is an example of such equipment. Shown on a flat machinery in the form of linings, homogenous bonded coatings, spraycoatings and solid castings, \alves have moving parts of lead which close tightly on lead seats to control the How of corrosive solutions. Since lead is easily w orked to shape by hand as well as bv any of the fab ricating methods common to other metals, its application to various types of equipment both stationary and moving is not difficult. This to gether with lead's ability to withstand (f elding a seam in the lead lining of the mixing drum. Mote cover strip over steel anchor bars on ends and just above heads of workmen the attack of so manv corrosive mate rials makes it of verv great service to the chemical industry. The chemical industry is one of the major users of metallic lead and the provision of cor rosion resistant is a sizeable industry in itself. car are three lead lined wooden drums which are intended to revolve as mix ers in a chemical plant. These drums, made by the Hauser-Stander Tank Co. of Cincinnati, are 10 ft. in diameter, huilt of 8-ft. cypress staves 3 in. thick with baffles to lift and turn the mate rial being mixed. Heavy cast hubs provide bearings for the supporting shafts on which they turn. The lining is of 8-lb. per sq. ft. tel lurium lead with welded or "burned" joints throughout. The lining is se cured in place by means of steel straps bolted through the lead and wood: the straps in turn are covered with strips of lead tightly sealed to the lining by welding. This is one of the most com Sheet Lead and Competent Workmen bailable to Fabricate Special Equipment PECIAL purpose sinks, table tops. S small tanks and other devices are often problems which must be solved quickly and economically in equip ping laboratories, schools, photo graphic studios and manufacturing establishments. In some cases such equipment is commercially available and in other cases there may be no article to fulfill the exact require ments. In either case sheet lead may often be used to fabricate on the job --2-- the most satisfactory tvpe of furniture for the given purpose. Sheet lead makes an ideal top for laboratory tables and certain types of w ork benches. It is highly resistant to most destructive chemicals, it cushions glassware against breakage, it will not damage delicate edged tools and it is ductile enough to self heal scratches or superficial cuts in its surface. Lead sinks and tanks can he convenientlymade in anv size or shape, can be eon- LIA 25812 tinuous with table tops and they are not damaged by commonly used chem icals and solutions. Sheet lead is, of course, commonly available most everywhere on short notice and men who are familiar with its use and handling are becoming more numerous. As a result of the efforts of the men of the plumbing trade and trade schools there are now more men who can do lead welding The lead is turned up against the wall columns and lead sleeves welded in place provide flashings for water and gas pipes passing through it. These examples serve to illustrate the fact that the plumber is more than just a man to unstop a clogged pipe. He is a trained mechanic who is versed in handling lead, a most versatile and adaptable material which possesses an extremely wide range of usefulness. Leaded Gasoline Helping to Win Battles All gasoline being used by the air forces of the United States and its Allies contains tetraethyl lead. The manufacturers of this octane increas ing lead compound are now producing for military use more than was used in all automobiles and airplanes in the United States and Allied nations in 1940. Traps waste and vents are also welded construction entirely o\ lead Lead lined inks in war plants in IT aukeegan. III. 4ote sinks, back drain boards and turned over front rim are all wehleil into one continuous leak proof unit than there ever have been before. These men can cut. shape and fit sheet lead and can weld it into continuous leak proof coverings and linings. Thev can also provide and install corrosion proof welded lead piping properly connected to handle supply and drain age for such equipment. Tw o splendid examples of effective uses of sheet lead are shown herewith. The first is a double sink with con tinuous drain-hoards in a war plant near Chicago, made hv plumbers who learned lead welding in the class spon sored by Plumbers Local 93 of Wau kegan. 111. The traps and waste lines are also of lead welded construction of ample size, installed with proper vents and adequately supported. The second example is a laboratory table top in McKinley Vocational High School in Buffalo, N. Y. This table was covered by the day school boys in the plumbing class. It is of one-piece construction, sides turned down and dressed to shape at corners, with a lead lined sink welded in place. Lead top with sink on laboratory lecture table in McKinley Vocational High School, Buffalo, f ew York. Sink and flashing sleeves on pipes to water still are welded to table top LIA 25 813 HE lead alloy coating industry is from small castings, screws, bolts, and Ta lusty youngster that has matured washers to large blanked, drawn, at an early age. It has long been recf ormed or cast housings, plates, strips, ognized that lead and certain of its brackets, etc. It is especially recom alloys, because of their great resis mended for an infinite array of mili tance to corrosion, should make tary and naval equipment, where highly effective protective coatings on resistance to atmospheric exposure, other metals. Studies of the composi lightness and durability are para tion of suitable alloys, methods of mount. Communication equipment application, and performance of the designed to function equally well in coated article, which have been car the jungles of New Guinea, the deserts ried on for years, were greatly in of North Africa, bitter climate of Ice tensified bv the needs of war. The land. the extremes of heat and cold, resultant process of coating w ith lead and in low and high altitudes, have and lead alloys has received broad numerous lead alloy coated parts. military and industrial acceptance, Many radio and transformer boxes indicating a bright peacetime future and other sheet metal articles in jeeps, for such protective coatings. trucks, tanks and airplanes are now The following briefly summarizes being lead alloy coated. Lead coatings the current status of lead alloy coating are also used for submarine hardware of fabricated articles. It is quoted exposed to acid fumes, automobile from Metal Finishing News, pub tank filler tubes, battery lug bolts, lished by Master Metalcoaters of marine engine valve springs, and a Chicago, a firm long engaged in the host of other military items. application of finishes of various kinds to metal products and eminently Attractive Appearance qualified to evaluate lead alloy coat ing through unprejudiced and experi enced eyes. "When American industry rolled up its sleeves and got down to the seri ous business of production, it found a critical shortage of zinc. tin. cad mium. and other materials popularly "The appearance of the finish is bright to a semi-lustre, hardly distin guishable from a cadmium or zinc plated finish. The coating of thread bolts makes a particularly attractive job. Mechanical Superiority used for metal finishing. "But. peculiarly enough, there was ample lead available. Strangely, too. lead has long been known as a su perb protection against corrosion and weathering. Your plumber and painter are old hands at using lead and lead paints. "It was only a matter of time until the use of lead was perfected for metal finishing. Now. with an im proved process of using hot lead alloy dipping, a new era of metal finishing has emerged. "Hot lead alloy, besides having cer tain important advantages of its own, is making a distinct contribution to "The ease of soldering without acid flux makes lead alloy coatings desir able for electrical and radio parts. Besides, it maintains good electrical surface conductivity longer than other metals. "Many fabricated parts which are spot-welded, riveted or hand-soldered can be coated and soldered at the same time by simply tacking here and there, and then lead alloy coated. "Hot lead alloy coating acts. too. as a very good lubricant for drawing operations, because of its extreme plasticity. It is also an aid in forming operations. "From the cost standpoint, coating the war effort by saving appreciable by the hot lead alloy dipping com amounts of cadmium, zinc, chrome, pares to galvanizing. Its saving over nickel and tin. other types of finishing is consider able. But most vital in these wartime Infinite Uses days, lead alloy coating is readily available and in many respects supe ``Hot lead alloy coatings may be rior to the usual finishes." applied over any ferrous or non-fer Master Metalcoaters apparently are rous fabricated metal parts, ranging not alone in their opinions. A number Hot Dip Lead Alloy Coat Fabricated Products lot Pr f. S. AlIfY SfJ Army Signal Corps radio SCR ZOO m use at CaseJ Enclosing case uhich is also carrying pack is of hot dip coated after fabrication with lead alloy, and finished .'JaA.v Sample sheets and wires of hot dip lead allo\ ctmted steel. Sole freedom from cracking at heel of right angle bend Bolts and washers of hot dip lead alloy coated stem L IA25814 og Applied to Many For Armed Forces units of case for SCR 300. Relatively 'ead alloy coatings (.0015 in.--,002 in.) n these pieces to seal joints with spot welded attachments `in chassis fabricated of steel and lead dloy coated ' of lead alloy coated steel have approximately .001 in. thick OTHFI PHOTOS UYDAYTON SNYDE1 of other metal finishing concerns of long standing have entered the com mercial job lead alloy coating field. At least two well known steel com panies, Weirton Steel Co. and Conti nental Steel Corp., are marketing lead alloy coated sheet, while the latter also coats wire with lead alloy. Tele phone pole line hardware is being lead coated by the Western Electric Co., and other manufacturers are ap plying lead alloy coatings to a .ariety of their own products. Among fabricated products which are being or have been lead alloy coated successfully and are not men tioned in the quotation from Metal Finishing News are gasoline and other tanks of various sizes, battery boxes, heater assemblies, seamless tubing and mufflers. Some questions about lead alloy coatings may arise in the minds of those who are only familiar with other metallic coatings or with earlv attempts at lead coating. What lead alloys are used? How do they pro tect? How do they hold paint? Howhard are they? How thick are they? The alloys now employed differ considerably from the most familiar older lead alloy coating known as terne metal. Terne metal before the war usually contained from 18 to 25 percent tin, balance lead. The newer alloys now so popular contain usually less than 2.5 percent tin. and also con tain small percentages of other metals like antimony, silver or zinc. The tin content is sufficiently low so that the use of these alloys is not restricted by WPB's Tin Conservation Order M-43. which specifically exempts them from control. The addition of these alloy ing elements increases the fluidity of lead, the ability of the alloy to bond to steel, and its hardness so that it will stand a considerable amount of abra sion or mechanical abuse. In increas ing the hardness, however, brittleness has been avoided so that the coating will stand considerable bending with out cracking or flaking off. The protection afforded by lead alloy coatings, unlike some other and older coatings, is not accomplished by sacrificing themselves. Quite to the contrary, they protect by placing over the metal to be protected an envelope of the most corrosion resistant com --5-- mon metal. "What about pinholes, then?" will be the question raised by those who realize that virtually no metallic coating can be pinhole free unless it is very thick. In the first place, the number of pinholes has been greatly reduced through im proved alloys and application meth ods. Even more important, however, is the knowledge, gained both by test and actual service, that pinholes in lead alloy coatings seal themselves upon exposure. Dr. Lyman J. Briggs, director of the National Bureau of Standards, is quoted in a 1941 publication of the American Iron and Steel Institute as follows: "In industrial atmospheres, evidently because of the sulfur con taining gases present, the `pinholes' are quickly sealed by the resulting corrosion products. In a less polluted atmosphere, the corrosion product from the underlying steel serves the same purpose and the coating is ap parently much more protective than its appearance might indicate." This statement has been borne out experimentally and by actual expo sure. In salt spray testing of lead alloy coated articles, for instance, the appearance and protection are better after several hundred hours than in the early stages of the test. Also ten sile tests of lead alloy coated articles after long actual exposure show little or no reduction of tensile strength, whereas articles with other coatings exposed for the same time showed a 50 per cent loss or more. Tests of this type have been conducted by the American Society for Testing Mate rials and others. Thus lead alloy coatings are. first of all. highly protective in themselves. However, they have a further advan tage in that when a painted finish is desired they form an excellent base for paint. Again quoting Dr. Briggs, "For steel articles which are to be painted, lead outranks all other metal coatings as a base for paint." The thickness of lead alloy coatings can be varied between quite wide lim its, depending upon the use to which the article will be put. Often it is possible to use a lead alloy coating thinner than a coating of some other metal, with the result that the lead alloy coated article is actually lighter I I i V;' than if it were coated with another metai. despite the high specific grav ity of lead. For severe conditions, the thickness of the coating can be in creased. whereas under certain condi tions. tor instance if the coating is to act primarily as a die lubricant or paint base, lighter coatings mav pos sibly he practical. As \^ar Production News. April 7. 191-3. -aid. "New method of coating with lead allov has important advan tages. Should be investigated imme diately- by all contractors.'' For other articles on this subject, see "Lead. " January, 1943. Septem ber. 1943. Januarv-Februarv. 1944. and March-April. 1944. Poured Lead Shims I'sed to Seat Kevs o( / Splice Plates in Long Span Timber Trusses IN the fabrication of trussed struc to be secured at the ends of the bottom tures it is necessary that the connec chord and steel splice plates in the tions be made in such a manner that length ot the chord had to be secured there is no plav or movement possible >o that no movement could occur if between the connected members. Such the truss was to be prevented from connections are difficult to make in -agging. The usual method of dap wood trusses the members of which ping m a Key was hazardous because must he cut and fitted bv hand. Sev -everal kevs would be necessarv and eral devices have been developed to extreme accuracy of cutting and fitting overcome this difficulty and wood would be necessary if each kev was to trusses have been used on many imoortant industrial buildings in the past tew vears. However, when it was decided to use wood bowstring trusses of 2(Jl)-tt. span in an addition to the plant of the Rvan Aeronautical Co. of San Diego. Cal., problems were encountered for which there was no ready made con nector to solve. Steel heel plates had pression as compared with the end grain ot the timber against which it was bearing, it should be pointed out that whereas, for an unrestrained block of lead under compression plastic How is to be expected, a rela tively thin film completely filling a narrow space will not experience plas tic How in the same degree, because it is completely confined and restrained except at the extreme ends. Hence a -oit material like lead may be ex pected to exhibit verv high compres sive value under such conditions." The accompanying drawing shows Detail n't application ot nouren lead -nirnnunn ot ^teet plate ae\n PHOTO COURTESY ENGINEERING NEWS RECORD >nan iDader 'r'r<sec una'er r r rledectlon. Bnttom chord splice- plates risible near Outcom ot picture develop its calculated strength. The problem was solved bv [lie simple means of cutting the daps iarge enough to allow l.jj in. to > 4 in. clearance around the kevs and. after the members were assembled, filling the space with molten lead. The result was that each kev was perfectly fitted to tlie tinnier regardless of inaccura cies in the kevs or in the cutting of the w nod. 'tanlev bourne. consulting a me trusses -avs. .ctiouia uie point be raised as to the value of lead in com- the design of the heel plate and where ihe lead was placed to completely fill the spaces around the keys. Tests of ihe completed trusses under full load showed onlv 43/t in. deflection at the center of the 200-ft. span. This is no more than a third of the amount of deflection that could be expected if the splices had been made in the ordinary manner and it indicates that use ol poured lead key tillers provided a practically perfect solution tor one of .. its? cimstruction. --9-- LIA 25816 No. 27 Two Houses In Old Salem By Samuel Mclntire %/ IN ,'ar [mi main rase? !lie name.- oj the designers of earlv American houses have i'een lorgotten and the rerorcis lost so that it is difficult to stud\ the work ot anv individual ar chitect. Orrasionallv however suchinformation is available and it be comes possible to w ttness the progress of an earlv American builder from a student of the classics to a brilliant architect. The two houses shown herewith, built 22 vears apart in Salem. Mass., by Samuel Mclntire furnish such a comparison. The Pierce-Nichols house, built in 17S2 is clearly the work ot a thoughtful student of architecture who bad studied \ ignoia and Asher Ben iamin but who itad not developed a -lire leeling tor scale although he was a sound crattsman who thorougnlv understood construction. The Pingree house built twentv-two tear' later it: ' > f. while -imilar composition and identical in fenestra tion. is certainlv the work of a mature designer who was a master ot scale and the elective use of decorative detail. Both of these houses are of sturdy 1 'instruction and both show evidence "I having had the best ot care since 'hev were first constructed. Thev arc c lien :o iue w.'sex i..'Louie wee... continues to provide them the best possible protection from the elements ov periodic repainting with pure wnitc lead i.aim. The Rierre-.\ ichuts house, built in 1732 ' cl nil :i ooo . truenon pain f t`<: -ma protected teith : :i r r u nil r ; . a paint. The delicate ' tail o' the fence - n s e e 11 s that it caiv hm e been a ner 'addition ............... fills 1' No. .'7 or A SERIES K E I' It 1 XL N T A 1 I \ K ul t'lir: UANA AMtKK AN LANDMARKS IN N \RIOl - 'LC'lToN' nr HIE rttrXTRV THAT ARK PRESERVED FOR THE Ft TtRK WITH RE RE WHITE LEAD AND OIL 1'AINT. M l.NA OK THEM HAVE ALWAYS BEEN PROTECTED WITH THIS RELIABLE MATERIAL ACCORDING TO .AVAILABLE RECORDS. LI A 25817 l ei fill! m More Data on Water Service Installation Costs Show Lead to be Most Economical Material ? a matter of interest in the fig- .Warn on near Main on jar A^ ures on the cost of water service side. Service side. Service length 12 ft. length 40 It. pipe installation published in a recenPt ermit and pave- issue, additional information has been ment repair .... $50.00 $80.00 sought in order to determine whether or not the comparisons then made Pavement labor ., Excavation ............. Backfill ................. 12.00 25.00 12.00 24.00 50.00 24.00 would be consistent with conditions in other cities. Solder ..................... Wiping 2 joints.. . Tapping main in- 0.68 5.00 0.68 5.00 Data obtained from the books of the eluding corpora- water department of a large midwestern city shows total costs of water pipe tion cock ........... Round wav (curb stop I ................. 10.61 1.19 10.61 1.19 service installations slightlv higher Curb box ............... 1.62 1.62 than those found in the eastern city Lead Pipe ............. 4.32 14.40 which supplied the information for the previous examples discussed. The following figures are an aver Total ....................... $122.42 Cost of pipe per- centage of total.. 3.52% $211.50 6.81' age of costs for several typical service Here as in the previous example installations itemized to illustrate the only a small portion of the expense of proportion the cost of lead pipe bears installing a water service is in the cost to the total cost of a water service of the pipe. Any saving effected bv installed. using a cheaper pipe material can be Thf fiiKwini irticin sind nprinti tontpin inlemution. tfronnii and ipaciicationi on thi im of Itad products helpful to architects, engineers and others in the construction industry. They are available, free of enarpe, upon request to the Lead industries Association, 420 Lexington Aenue. New York 17', N. Y. only a fraction of the cost of the lead pipe and must therefore be less than 3.5 percent of the total cost. On the other hand, when the less durable pipe f?.ils the cost of replacement, which will approximate the cost of installa tion. will be more than thirty times the cost of the pipe. Further research will no doubt show that some cities have lower costs of installation, especially smaller mu nicipalities where administrative and other expenses will naturally be lower. However even under conditions w here the lowest possible costs prevail, the price of a repair or replacement job is a large stake to bet against the small saving that can be accomplished bv using a material less durable than lead. The lead service lines that are being installed todav in the cities where they are required by far sighted water departments can be expected to last at least as long as many known exist ing services which are now in perfect condition after 50. 75. and even 100 vears. The difference between the cost of lead pipe and that of a less corrosion resistant material is a small price to pav for the securitv provided hv long lasting lead which has been consis tently used for w ater pipe material for more than 20 centuries. PROPERTY PROTECTION WITH WHITE LEAD PAINT A 28 page booklet on the protective value, durability and beauty of pure white lead paint with quantity limiting table*, formula! and mixing and tinting instruction* for exterior and interior uae. RED LEAD FOR STRUCTURAL WORK Dr. L. L. Carriek, Director, Red Lead Research, Lead Industrie* Association A discussion of the rust inhibitive qualities of red leaJ paint and the beat means of making use of those qualities for the protection of structural met.il Reprinted from Engineering .Yeu'j Record, April 6, 1943. LF-AD CARRIES ITS WEIGHT Bv Fred P. Peters An interesting resume of many of the long estab lished uses of lead plu information on a number of recently developed adaptations of the properties of lead to special purpose*. Reprinted from Scien tific American, June, 1944. SOME PAINTING PROBLEMS AND THE ANSWERS By Dr. F. L. Brown*, Senior Chemist, Forest* Products Laboratory. Madiaon, Wia. Reprinted from the National Real Estate Journal, Sept., 1939. STAMFORD'S DOUBLE LIFETIME HOME A complete analysis of hard load flashing, white lead paint, lead plumbing, plywood and red cedar Certigrade shingle details and installation methods. Reprinted from the American Builder, July, 1939. STOP DEMON RUST Leaflet giving eoeeise. simnle instructions in the use of the rust preventing qualities of Red Lead Paint in protecting farm machinery. LEAD EQUIPMENT USED IN INDUSTRY By F. E. Vormser, Secretary of Load In dustries Association A summary of the uses of lead in the production and handling of corrosivs chemical*. Reprinted from "Metal Progress" to he included in the next edition of American Society of Metals Handbook. SUMMARY OF NOTES ON LEAD ROOFING A brief description of the nice of lead for roofing and Aahing purposes and the proper practices of iu application. Reprinted from Sheet Metal Porker. NEW LEAD COATING PROCESS ELIMINATES USE OF ZINC ALLOYS By W. Yoakman, Engineer, Western Elec tric Co. A description of a successful hot dip lead coating process with complete iasrructions for changing over from hot dip galvanising using the same equipment. Reprinted from Product Engineering, May, 1934. COMMERCIAL STANDARDS: Calking Lead, CS94-41 Lead Pipe, CS9S-41 Lead Traps end Benda, CS9M1 Official publications by tke Government Printing Of fice of the above Commercial Standards as promul gated by the U. S. Department of Commerce through the National Bureau of Standards, affective June 25. 1941. WHITE LEAD PAINT FOR DEFENSE HOUSING Reprint from Bulletin of the Producers' Council in cluding specifications and graphic mixing instructions for exterior and interior White Lead Psiat. LEAD PLUMBING FOR DEFENSE BOUSING Reprint from Bulletin ef the Producers' Council in cluding information on the Emergency Plumbing Standards and the Defense Homing Critical List. BUY WAR BONDS FOR VICTORY UPON BEQUEST, THE IJtAR INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO ma t t . LEAD" REGULABLE, FREE OF CHARGE. TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF TOUR LEAD PROBLEMS LIA 25818 PRINTED IN U. S. A. BY PUBLISHERS PRINTING COMPANY NEW YORK CITY