Document O11NkprX0yOBBgVewegybRwLw

PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT SA-411 DANGEROUS PROPERTIES of INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS A Completely Reviied and Enlctged Edition of HANDBOOK OF DANGEROUS MATERIALS *>r N. IRVING SAX Contuhanl on Induttrial Solely ; Nuclear Deve/opmenr Corporation el America White Plain*. N. Y. Assisted by i LEONARD J. GOIDWATK WILLIAM B. HARRIS 1 ftolextor of Occupational Medicine Chief, Industrial Hygiene Branch | Columbia University Health and Safety laboratory i New York, N. Y. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission New York, N. Y. JOHN H. HARLEY Chief. Anolyticol Branch Health and Safety laboratory U. S. Atomic Energy Commission New York, N. Y. JOSEPH J. FITZGERALD Supervisor of iadielagical Chemistry and Physics Knolls Atomic Pzwet laboratory General Electric Company ScJienec/oeV. N. Y. MILTON S. DUNN Medical Director, Rensselaer Divisian General Aniline and film Carp, tensselaer. N. Y. * it REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION, NEW YORK 1 CHAPMAN & HALL, ITO.. IONOON A SECTION 1 TOXICOLOGY L-eonard Goldwater, M. D. Professor of Occupatior.il Medicine Columbia University New York. N. Y. This section bis been prepared for the purpose of .providing a certain amount of background for those who may be called upon to understand and interpret data whichare Largely med ical in nature, rather than for physicians or others who have been spe cially trained in the field of industrial toancology. Toxicity Defined Toad city is the ability of a chemi cal molecule or compound to produce injury once it reaches a susceptible site in or on the body. Toadcity haz ard is the probability that injury may be caused by the manner in which the substance is used. Acute. This term will be used in the medical sense to mean "of short duradon." As applied to materials which are inhaled or absorbed through the skin, it refers to a single exposure of a duration measured in seconds, minutes or hours. As applied to mate rials which are ingested, it refers generally to a single quantity or dose. Chronic. This term will be used la contrast to "acute" and means "of long duradon." As applied to mate rials which are inhaled or absorbed through the skin, it refers to prolongedor repeated exposures of a du ration measured in days, months or years. As applied to materials which are ingested, it refers to repeated doses over a period of days, months or years. The term "chronic" will not refer to severity of symptoms but will carry the implication of exposures or doses which would be relatively harmless unless extended or repeated over long periodsof time (days, months or years}. In this book the term "chronic" includes exposures which might also be called "sub acute," i.e., somewhere between "acute" and "chronic." Local. This term refers to the site of action of an agent and means that the action takes place at the point or area of contact. The site may be skin, mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth, throat, or anywhere along the respiratory or gastrointes tinal system. Absorption does not necessarily occur. Systemic. This term refers to a site of action other than the point of eoneact and presupposes that absorp tion has taken plaee. It is possible, however, for toxic agents to be ab sorbed through a channel (skin, lungs or intes&nal canal} and produce later manifestations on one of those chan nels which are no ta result of the orig inal direct contact. Thus it is possi ble for some agents to produce harm ful effects on a single organ or tissue as a result of both "local" and "sys temic" actions. Absorption. A material is said to have been absorbed only when it has gained entry into the blood stream and consequently may be carried to all parts of the body. Absorption requires that a substance pass through the skin, a mucous membrane, or the air iaci_ (alveoli) of the lungs. Toxicity Ratiags As explaaatioa of the toxicity ratings is given in the following paragraphs: U s Unknown. This designation is given to substance s which fall into one of the following categosies: SECTION 1 2 (i) No toxicity information could duce changes in the human body which be found La the literature and are readily reversible and which will nose^i^o^to the authors. disappear followi3g termination of (b) Limited information based on exposure, eithe r with or without med - --a 1 experiments was avail ical treatment. able but in the opinion of the authors this inform-aion could not be applied to human expo sures. (c) Published tosdeity data were felt by the authors to be of questionable validity. 2 = Moderate toxicity. (a) Acute Local. Materials which on single exposure lasting seconds, minutes or hours cause moderate effects on the skin or mucous membranes. These effects may be the re 0 * No tom city. This designation is sult of intense exposure for a given to materials which fall into one matter of seconds or moder of the following categories: ate exposure for a matter of (a) Materials which cause no harm bourse under any conditions of use. (b) Acute Systemic. Materials (b) Materials which produce tsne which can be absorbed into the effects on humans only under body by inhalation, ingestion the most unusual conditions or through the skin and which or by overwhelming dosage. produce moderate effects fol 1 = Slight toad city (a) Acute Local. Materials which on single exposures lasting seconds , minutes or hours cause only slight effects on the skin or mucous membranes regardless of the extent of the exposure. (b) Acute Systemic. Materials which can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion or through the skin and which produce only slight effects following single exposures lasting seconds, minutes, or hours, or following ingestion of a single dose, regardless of the quantity absorbed or the extent of exposure. (c) Chronic Local. Materials which on continuous or re peated exposures extending ever periods of days, months or years eause only slight barm to the sidn or mucous membranes. The extent of ex lowing single exposures last ing seconds, minutes orhours, or following inge scion of a sin gle dose. (c) Chronic Local. Materials which on continuous or re peated exposures extending over periods of days, months or years cause moderate harm to the skin or mucous mem branes. (dj Chronic Systemic. Materials which can be absorbed into the body by Lnhalaeion, Leges Goa or through the skin and which produce moderate effects fol lowing continuous or repeated exposures extending over pe riods of days, months or years. Those substances classified as having "moderate tomcity" may pro duce irreversible as well as rever sible changes in the human body. These changes are not of such sever ity as to threaten life or produce seri ous permanent physical impairment. posure may be great or small. 3 * Severe tomcity. (d) Chronic Systemic. Materials (a) Acute LocaL Materials which which can be absorbed into the on single exposures lasting body by inhalation, ingestion seconds or minutes cause in or through the skin and which jury to skin or mucous mem produce only slight effects fol branes of sufficient severity lowing continuous or repeated to threaten life or to eause exposures extending over days, permanent physical impair months or years. The extent ment or disfigurement. of the exposure may be great (b) Acute Systemic. Materials or small. which can be absorbed into the J la general, those substances clas sified as having "slight toxicity" pro body by inhalation. Ingestion or through the skin and which 3 TCXICCLQ can cause injury of sufficient severity to threaten life fol lowing a single exposure last ing seconds, minutes or hours, or following ingestion of a sin gle dose. (c) Chronic Lo c a 1. Materials which oo continuous or re peated exposures extending over periods of days, months or years can cause injury to shin or mucous membranes of sufficient severity to threaten Life or to cause permanent im pairment, disfigurement or other irreversible change. (d) Chronic Systemic. Materials which can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion or through the skin and which can cauae death or serious physical impairment following continuous or repeated expo sures to small amounts extend ing over periods of days, months or years. Toccology Defined la simple terms, toxicology may be defined as the study of the action of poisons on the living organism, laduatrial toxicology is concerned with the human organism and consequently lies within the broad field of medicine. Since medicine cannot be considered aaexact science in the same sense as chemistry, physics or mathematics, toxicologic phenomena cannot always he pre~ dieted with accuracy or explained on the basis of physical or chemical laws. It is this unpredictability which frequently re duces conclusions and decisions to opinion rather than fact. Poison Defined Za attempting to define the term "poison, '* a major consideration is that of quantity or dosage. A poison may be defined as a substance which causes harm to living tisiuej when applied in relatively small doses. It is not always easy to make a clearcut distinction between poisonous and nonpoisonous substances. (See fur ther discussion on p. 4). Effective Dosage Generally speaking, industrial toxicology is concerned with the effects of substances which gain entry into some part of the human body. Almostany substance can cause harm when applied directly to the sk:n. Among the factors which a re ccn- cerr.ed in effective dosage, the most important are: (1) Quantity or concentrate on of the materia 1. (2) Duration of exposure. (3) State of dispersion (s ice cf p a r t i c 1 e or physical state, e.g., dust. fume, gas. etc. ). H) Affinity for human tissuie. (5) Solubilit y in human tissue fluids. (M Sensitivity of human ci.s sue s or organs. Obviously then: are possib Li ties wnide variations in ar.y of the se factors. Methods of Expressing Effective Dosage: (1} Mav'jnum Allowable Concen tration (MAC). Tor gases and vapors the MAC value is usually expressed in parts pmr million (ppm), that is, parts of the gas or vapor per million parts of air. For fumes and mists, and for some dusts, the MAC is usually given as milligrams per cubic meter (mgmAn1) or per 10 cubic meters of air. For some dusts, particularly those containing silica, the MAC is usually expre s sed as millions of par ticles per cubic foot of air M??C", MAC values have gained wide ac ceptance in industrial toxicology as a means of expressing concentrations of potentially harmful substances. They purport to represent the great est amount of a substance to which persons may be exposed for 8 hours a day for a period of months or years without danger to health. Literal acceptance of this concept is dangerous for the following reasons: (a) A great majority of all pub lished MAC values are baaed either on speculation, opinion or limited experimentation on rats, mice, guine'a pigs or other laboratory animals. In very few instances have the values been established firmly on a basis of examinations of human subjects correlated with adequate environmental SECTION 1 4 observations. (b) C o n c e n t r a t i o n s of toxic or harm/-- mate rials in ar.y work ing environment rarely remain constant throughout a work day. The occurence of "surges" is well known. (c) Industrial exposures frequent ly involve mixtures rather than single compounds. Very little is known, about the effects of mixtures. (d) Individuals vary tremendously in their sensitivity or susceptibility to toxic substances. The factors controlling this variability are not well under stood. It should not be assumed that conditions which are safe for some individuals will be safe for all. (e) Tor some substances, concen trations which may be consid ered "safe" may still result in discomfort or annoyance. (f) A single MAC value is usually given for substances which occur in the form of salts or v. compounds of different solu bility or in different physical states (e. g. , lead, mercury). If the above limitations are under__J stood and accepted, the published MAC values can be used to great prac*ic.;l advantage. Their principal usefulness is in connection with the design of ventilating systems (see Section 2}. Ventilation engineers must have a concrete figure to serve as the basis for the design of venti lating equipment. It should not be as sumed, however, that attainment of concentrations at or even below the published MAC limits will necessarily prevent all eases of occupational poi soning; nor should it be assumed that concentrations which exceed the given limits will necessarily result in cases of poisoning. The concept known as Haber's Law, which involves the product of concentration and time (C x T s K), expresses an index of the degree of toxic effect. This too, may be misleading, since little is known of the relative effectiveness of large doses over a short period of time as compared with smaller doses over a longer time period. (2) Minimal Lethal Dose and LD50 Test. In experimental toxicology it is common practice to determine the quantity of poison per unit of body weight of an experimental animal which will have a fatal e/fect. (A scale commonly used is milligrams of poison per kilogram of body weight.) That amount per unit of body weight which will cause even one fa tality in a group of experimental ani mals is known as the minimal lethal dose (MLO). A morecommonly used figure in experimental industri al toxicology is the amount which will kill one-half of a group of experimen tal animals. This is known as the LDSO test (Lethal Oose SO per cent) representing 50 per cent fataliries. The Manufacturing Chemists Associaeionbases its definition of the term "poison" on this test. In its publica tion entitled "Warning Labels" (4th edition) it states the following: "Poison: A chemical or mixture of chemicals which falls within a.-.y of the following categories: (a) Produces death within 48 hours in half or more than half of a ' group of 10 or more labora tory white rats weighing 200300 grams at a single dose of SO milligrams or less per kilo gram of body weight, when ad ministered orally; or (b) Produces death within 48 hours in half or more than half of a group of 10 or more laboratory white rats weighing 200-300 grams, when inhaled contin uously for a period of one hour orlessatan atmospheric con centration of 2 milligrams or less per liter of gas. vapor, mist, or dust, provided such concentration is likely to be encountered by man when the chemical product is used in any reasonable foreseeable manner; or (c) Produces death within 48hours in half or more than half of a group of 10 or more rabbits tested in a dosage of 200 milli grams or less per kilogram body weight, when adminis tered by continuous contact Ar-SPKINAMINZ resulting anemia is responsible for the production of many of the symptoms accompanying arsine poisoning; other symptoms resuit from the hemolysis itself, and occur during the excretion of the hemoglobin. Hemoglobin and its degradation products are commonly found in the urine. Less commonly whole blood may be passed. Occasionally, the renal tubules may be plugged by debris, 'with resultant suppression of urine. Jaundice, which may be severe, is a common result of the hemolysis. Frequently there is edema of the lungs, which may be accompanied by cyanosis. Kidney damage is common in patients surviving acute affects of the gas. Signs of poisoning usually develop within several hours of exposure. Headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, epigastric pain and weakness occur early, followed by tea-colored urine, or bloody urine in the more severe cases. Some time later, albumen and casts may appear in the urine, or, in serious eases, there may be suppression of urine. Jaundice and tenderness over the liver may appear about the same time. Blood examination shows an ane mia which may be marked. In fatal cases, the patient may develop delirium, followed by coma and death. During the acute stage of poisoning and for some weeks after, arsenic may be demonstrated in the urine. See also Arsenic and Arsenic Com pounds. Fire Hazard: Moderate, when ex posed to flame (Section 6). Explosion Hazard: Moderate when exposed to flame (Section 7). Disaster Control: Dangerous; when bested to decompositon, it emits highly toxic fumes of arsenic; can reset vigorously with oxidizing mstcrisls. Ventilation Control (use moderate rate): Section 2 Storage and Handling: Section 7 ARSPHENAMINS Synonym: J Diamino-4-dihydroxy- 1-arsenobenzene hydrochloride. Description: Light yel'.sw, hy-.3. scopic powder. Formula: C^K^As ,N.Ct IHC'. Constant: Mol. Wt. 475. 0 Toxicity: See Arsenic Camp0ua44 Disaster Control: See Arsenic pounds. Ventilation Control (use moderutr rate): Section 2 Personnel Protection: Section 1 Personal Hygiene: Section 1 First Aid.: Section 1 Storage and Handling: Section 7 AS3ES7CS PARTICLES Synonym: Asbestos dust. Toxic Hazard Hating: Acute Local: Irritant 1; In halation 2 Acute Systemic: 0 Chronic Local: Inhalation 3 Chronic Systemic: U MAC: ACGZH (accepted); 5 million particles per cubic foot of air. Toxicology: The essential lesion produced by asbestos dust is a diffuse fibrosis which probabl) begins as a "collar" about the terminal bronchioles. Usually, at least 4 to 7 years of exposure are required before a serious degree of fibrosis results. Thr? is apparently less predisposst-.i-r to tuberculosis than is the case with silicosis. Clinically, the most striking sign is shortness of breath o'. gradually increasing intensity, often associated with a dry fu-i*' In the early stages physical are absent or slight; in the la:*stages rales may be heard. J`in long-standing cases therr i frequently clubbing of the finur's In early stages of the disease i* chest x-ray reveals a groundglass or granular change, c.wue:. in the lower lung fields; as the condition progresses the heart outline becomes "shaggy" irregular patches of mottled owing may be seen. Asbcst*** bodies may be found in U*c At autopsy, the pleurae are thickened and adherent and " subpleural fibrous plaque* are often present. Where the dt*e* is far advanced there are '**"**' Toxic Rating Code: 0 None 1 = Slight 2 = Moderate 3 = High U UrAn-- 323 ATROPINE METHYL ERCMITE large areas of fibrosis, with emphysematous changes in the apices and bases. The alveolar malls are thickened, and the characteristic "asbestos bodies" are found. Ventilation Control (use normal rate): Section 2 personal Hygiene: Section 3 ASCAR2D0LZ Description: Liquid, formula: Cl9H,402 Constants: Mol. Wt. 168.2 B. P. 11S*C @15 mm Density 1.011 @13'/l5*C ?oscity: Details unknown. See also Peroxides, Organic, fire Hacard: Moderate, by spon taneous chemical reaction (Sec' tion 6). Caution: An oxidizer. Explosion Hazard: Explodes at 250 *C. Disaster Control: Dangerous: when heated, it emits toxic fumes and may explode; it reacts with re ducing materials. Storage and Handling: Section 7 ASPHALT Synonyms: Bitumen; petroleum pitch. Description: Black or dark brown mass. Constants: 3. P. : < 470 C Plash P. 400+ *F (C. C. ) Density 0. 95 - 1.1 Autoign. Temp. 905 *F Tone Hazard Rating: Acute Local: Irritant 2 Acute Systemic: U Chronic Local: Irritant 2 Chronic Systemic: U Fire Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat or flame. Spontaneous Heating: No To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon diox ide, dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section 6). Personnel Protection: Section 3 Personal Hygiene: Section 3 Storage and Handling: Section 7 Shipping Regulations: Section 11. Coast Guard Classification: Hazardous Article. ASPIDIUM Synonym: Male fern. Toxie Hazard Rating: Acute Local: Irritant 1; Aller gen 1 Acute Systemic: Ingestion 2 Chronic Local: Allergen 1 Chronic Systemic: U Fire Hazard: Slight; when heated, it emits acrid fumes (Section 6). Personal Kygieae: Section 3 Storage and Handling: Section 7 ASPIRIN. See Acetol. ATABRINE DIKYD?.OCKLCHITZ. See "Atabriae" Hydrochloride. "ATABRINE" HYDROCHLORIDE Synonym: Quinacrine hydrochloride. Description: Bright yellow crystals. Formuia: CuHjaCLNjO 2HC1 IHjO Constants: Mol. Wt. 508.9 M. P. Decomposes 248 - 250 *C Toxic Hazard Rating: Acute Local: Allergen 1 Acute Systemic: Iagestion 2 Chronic Local: Allergen 1 Chronic Systemic: Ingestion 2 Disaster Control: Dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes of chlorine. Personal Hygiene: Section 3 Storage and Handling: Section 7 ATROPINE Synonym: Daturir.e. Description: Colorless, crystalline alkaloid. Formuia: CuHuNOj Constants: Mol. Wt. 289.4 M. P. 115.5*C; sublimes at 1 1 3 *C Toxic Hazard Rating: Acute Local: Allergen 1 Acute Systemic: Ingestion 3; Inhalation 3 Chronic Local: Allergen 1 Chronic Systemic: Ingestion 2 Fire Hazard: Slight; on decomposi tion it emits toxic fumes. .Ventilation Control (use moderate rate): Section 2 Personal Hygiene: Section 3 First Aid: Section 1 Storage and Handling: Section 7 ATROPINE METHYL BROMIDE. See Atropine. For detailed discussion of Toxicology, see Section 1 1| ir\ r*:c%rj, r%ryi jt Lr.:n 1r^'1')*5'1Y J* ... a <r^2 & rwj- * /w t*. . t. 6>Q. *Lj, Sl. ^ 33'5|g!jgE> jERrm? J