Document NxoMnKnxo7ga88RkjZKebLRD

w.irwy ' *i mrm'.ujuw*"**. ';-'; m C- LIA2326A .............-- --- -- : LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION. INC. IADKON AVENUE NEW YORK. N. Y. 10017 RUMWI - UU CMI tti OR I J )Urcb 15, 1965 SOBJSCTi ROOFING KAK080CK To Members of tha Lead Iadurtr^ai Association, Ine.i We've enclosed a copy of tha nev ROOFING AKD FLASHING HANDBOOK. It has bean published aa an authoritative source of lniw.-natlon on this sub ject and is intended for roofing contractors primarily. We also expect that it will be used by architects, construction specification writers, and others in tbs building field. While similar publications dealing with other roofing materials exist, there has been no such source for lead, to our knowledge. Thus the publi cation fills an obvious niche. As a maiden effort, it may profit by rlnor changes or additions. While we do not fcrosoo ary need for reprinting we would appreciate ary suggestions for improvement, should a eoeond edition be undertaken. A quantity of 20,000 has been printed and will be distributed to our architectural, building, and contractors list. The publication will also be publicized and advertised in roofing and building magazines. Tou are welcome to 25 copies or less without charge. Additional copies in talk may be purchased at our cost of $15.00 per hundred. v EDH:me Ene. i Manager, Architectural Services garnet'll iir ar iii^ eaagg&frlithiatLkm*.. } LIA2 32 65 /VIA 12-C & 12-H csi Divy J EZI3) * UpT.) Look Ahead with Lead ulibvN^3 A practical guide to preferred techniques for roofing contractors and architects TV* <t**l> tetl<j la tWt fc*lt ere M lateadad t tl iiUrlnf iutU4i f frK.'.4 U*4. U it# Mtl p-a-rl !** aierVeW *r* t+mm-++ fe til *4>/ k.Wi ef eierf sae*i4. A#**## It# ibjifl k< Wei ft# Riarm** rU Uae^JeM ie4 e*4 e+fcds. <11^111 tafc# Hal# +vrtifi *1 t^i ieey deslretW yny*ttl*i * Wyt mrm <ti)Biai|tit taty. fet ft# ee^e #f iledtj, reaflafl f+tti e>4 p * I r, lkl*f l* *!, Wv* Wm mIh *^ TW wtflin tyelfh ll*M yt* 1* sheafrf W *e for Hi mi Wm. raaffeg aad IWkU| *tedlM *MM w h iimi AfikUt w*iw pr*cfWal fV< ] a a 11 14 14 ARCHITECTURAL DEPARTMENT . lead Industries Ass'n, Inc. 292 Madison Ave. N. Y,, N. Y. 10017 A.I.A. 12-C & 12-H CSI Div. 7 i * N 1696.01  i **i&\ 'i i nnipiw** `Trfl o -t^h^^lai^aalaA -- . .ii S*X.. T Ll^Z^266 i\ FLASHING The three bosk necessities for human exist ence orei food, clothing, and shelter. Since the weather is on# o* man's worst fcturoJ enemies he soon learned that shelter, a roof over his head, was one essentia! he needed for survival. No one knows just when lead came Into use for this purpose since that date b lost In ontiquity. There are however sev eral lead roofs still in existence which have seen a mtllennh^n each and one, on Hogla Sophia, hat seen 1,400 yean pass Into hi1or/. Today we do n^4 build with such historical perspective, nor do we need to. Even the lead used has been improved. Where oncient buildings used 1/8" thick soft lead, today's leod roof is 3/64" thick hard (antimonial) leod alloy--as strong ond even ctiffer. The presence In our country of o number of hard lead roofs which hove served a quarter century or more, with no charge recorded ogamst them even for maintenance, is proof that leod os a modem building material is continuing to provide those qualities mast important todoy just as it has answered dif ferent needs in differing climates foe count ies generations post. Among these qualities todoy. In oddition to longevity ond positive protection against the weather, Tire freedom from maintenance ond replacement charges, resistance to ond a proper contribution lo the beauty?of the fmi',hed structure, lead's appedf to architects, engineers end builders for these purposes largely arises from its greot durability, ease of Installation ond the fact that if does not cause unsightly stains or discoloration on odjocent materials. 3 Hi pleasing grey color b*ndi welt with any color scheme, lead's long life mokes Hs ulti mate cost extremely lew. Purely as a roofing material, lead falls into the category of "muHipl# unit" systems as distinct from "membrane" types. Multiple unit systems are those, as the name implies, which are mode up of smaller plates, panels, sheets or shingles. Membrane types indude built-up or laminated coverings involving large unbroken surfoeei depending on tightness of construction for watertightness. Ourte the reverse is true In the case cf the multiple unit system where loose lock joints ore required to oilow for movement of ad jacent sheets due to thermal expansion. In order to solve thii problem, several means art used in jointing sheet leod in particular, ond any sheet melol In general. Each joint Is equally effective for the purpose for which H was designed. The inherent odvontage of course is that every joint Is on expansion joint ond labor b saved by reason of the fact no joint needs to be either soldered or welded (burned). Membrane V',^ | ,i , 'imi-wwigjA-I TUT'  Uipt, LIA23267 t E TK fin) illuitTotion how the for mation and (aliening of o ")andIng iHm.* Standing om) or* ( in*d )0 join long dim*mions of j iheeb in ttw direction of roof Iop*. | Sbeeti ihaold not exceed 1 6 tquar* t ' feel In anMnd or* im/otty 3 lb , hatd !**?.<- {v " d ' forming Shoot* , Opposing ends of sheet* or* cut In flat pattern os shown. By cutting in this manner, execesdve bunching of metal b avoided at intersection* of crow lock* and stonding seams. The upper end of eoch sheet b turned vp and bock on Itself 1-1/4 inches, Thj lower end b fumed down ond bock by the same amount, leather belting os illus trated on poge 14 should be used to prevent crimping where bend* at right ongle* cross each other. Uplands in both sheets ore formed with the top 1-1/4 inches on one side turned horizontally outward ond the outer 5/8 inch of thb flange turned downward. The other side of the sheet is turned vertically upword 1*5/8 inches, with the top 5/8" turned horizontally inward. 8 'ST \ i j i i t i LIA23268 1 urn. IWiH j 1 Q To dose the endi of landing ucffii, cgf fir c^J vf one rheef Ort on onple cc<:.\ Jc Ir.p roof slope at shown In fi:t pnfictn. Successive fo*dv, u* i will provide a watertight et gutter, eave or vci-cy. 0 LIA23269 0 l R*gordf*u of the typo of ridge, the top roof sheets ore loid out as shown tn flat pattern. c Sheets on opposite dopes finish olmost ogclnst each other but with about 1/4-inch separating them. Cleotj are provided at 24-inch kv* tenrols and locked over the flange ~b~ of the roof sheets. These may be double width and spat so that half locks *o the sheet on one slope and holt to the sheet on the oppo site dope. A cap in 6-foot lengths h loose-locked to the flanges ot the top of both roof sheets. TKe "botten warn" roof k pen* erally used for lory# sloping oreot end n applicable to the tomi type of structure at the standing jean. H may be preferred olone but b sometimes combined with the stand* ing worn for architectural effect. Opposing end* of sheets ore cut In flat pattern at shown. Sheet* should ordinarily have o maximum tiie of 16 tquore feet and ore usually 3 lb hard lead. TV* upper end of eoch thee H tvrfwH up ond bock on ihelf l*!/4 >chet The lower end *t turned dow'i o* i bock by f'.ie tame amount. leather belting, at illustrated on page 14 should be uted tc prevent crimping where bends at right angles crou eoch other. AJI bends should be mode without removing the belting. Eoch side of the sheet should be i>*nt up a height equal *o the height of the botten being used. Ar.olher bend h mode at the top of each upttond to that the top 5/8 inch turns inword toward the center of the sheet. J.fJWMT MIMS izes&iz*.lirikiiU .........l**?1111 *riew tfwiw LIA23270 V ____ -..,, -1- M* _'V UMinn\ ^ggr-- -- *a ito ik&AJi . i i.' i 1 T i i ^ j ii . **w*?y\ \Vr ^/ - LIA23271 Softens ore normaRy wood 2x2 formed with a si ightfy no rrower bose ot illustrated. This shop# oh low* a built-in clearance for the Wad ot the bend of ihe upstand against the batten, Softens may be bolted, nailed or screwed to the roof substrate but care should be Vofctfl Vo eneufe oil such fastenings \ ar cogofpMtb* Copper cleats, not j leselboQjScbichei wide, are fas- t tened- tide* of the batten at h 24 loehpfcirvols and ore stog- f gered oo oltber dde. Copper deats * ore obo fattened to the batten top - ond folded Into tne team Joining lengths of batten cop. h Sides of lead sheets ore turned up ogoinst the batten end cleat to a height of 1/2 inch above the bat ten ond both ore turned down info a horizontal flange. Finally, batten cops are placed over the battens in maximum lengths of 8 feet ond the edges finolly formed into a lock by bend ing down the projecting flonget against the sides of the botten. At the gable end a 16ounce copper edge strip is nailed to the rake batten. The batten cop Is then formed in the usual way on the roof side but is extended on the gable side ond locked to the edge strip as shown. 7 l I i i t T'- ^SBT^- t'p*.'. 'Jl \ LIA23272 o At eavet of guftert bottom or* finished with on OwuJIiary flash* Irvg and tleeve of U-cd coated cop per soldered together In the shop for each batten end. This osscmWy b s? pped over the e.>d cf the bat ten 'with the auxiliary flashing turned down Info the gutter. The O auxiliary fleshing should be 6 x 8 Inches, The roof iheet upstoneb (22) are finished in the usual wry except the flops ot their lower ends ore folded around the ends of the batten after being well bedded in non-hardening compound. The racing sheet is turned dc*wi, q I+~ j I!j lo*rr edge ond locked h. the gutter lining oi well os the lower edges ot the ouxihory sheets where they occur. Flops ot the lower ends of the upitondt are held in place by the Q low#f end of the batten cop whkh b obo turned over the end of the batten. ; ! Roofing sheets, cut to the Rot pattern shown (22a), are formed (2?b) and Insfol'ed ever the lead coated flashing sheet. * f 1 f f V LIA23273 o The botten Intersection shown It not only 0 method of finishing O bat ten seam ot ridge cr hip but l* a useful de vice for creeling pat tern! In roofingr "chevron/ "her* ring bone" or any of many other voriotioni the designer may choose. Corners of each sheet should be cut os shown In flat pattern which will enable them to be folded into "pig ear" intersections ot eoch corner. Where the ridge is a battin, this batten must be or leost equal in height to the vertkol height through the center of the sloping batten. Ridge or hip cops ore installed in 8-foot maximum lengths with loose locks ol joints and fastened Q by cleats noiled to the top of the ridge between eoch polr cf roof battens. Ridge or hip cops will ride aver batten caps on slopes. Rotten seams are easier to insioli and generally better than standing seams. They Import rigidity ond provide betler means for movement of the metal sheets. '~'rT' IA23271* U In eltner the itond.'^g ian; (illutrot<rd) or the brtten iccm roof, the cross Momi of right angles fo them, or fo the tlopo, should b* seems". Flor seoms ort oiwa/s mod* in the direction of flow end filled with compound. They shoifd bt ftoggered ort either side. }. C They or* simply mods by folding ovt-r the djrei of OC;0; dmh In opposit* direction* c*.d then hooking together. Fiat seam* ore fast ened by means of two copper cecft folded into the **om for each Pay in widih. On steep slopes, continuous draft should be used. Flat teem* are finished at either tide ogoinst a standing wo n r: batten by turning up the Act tran, at illustrated, and foldmg it into the upsfond cf th adjoining *hc*t at standing team, or inio the cop at o batten. Where the flat team it fo'ded under the other sheet at the standing team, the multiple thicknesses art leod may be cvr away flush wl.h the top of the bonding team. The other sheet covert and waterproofs the joint. pattern Flat teams may alto be used to create special patterns. A diamond h easily accomplished. o Spec's in this eov* moy be used with c'l di.tensions equal. Pettem for flat Mam re of shown In 30. fn opea valley flash ings Wed ore in- s?-'ed in f-*oct maxh mum ien*,:',S. Hard coyper wWuts o-e tadrd *n`o the tide* ot 24-inch intervals. Two cleats ore used to secure *h^ s*a-rcf sheet at the top ond tw.* shear J be folded into each loose-*o .a d joint between sections* Tho exposed port of the volley irvev'd be r;t frost 4-inches wide ot t*e top ond tapered j o that It be- ccm?i about 1 inch wider for eoch 8 feet tcwo'd the gutter. This toper reduces the chance of dogging. Volley flashing should extend ot West 4 inches under the roofing. Probebly o mojor source of di*Tculty in built-up roofing is caused by ncts'ure entrapped dur ing or cher construction of the roof. This ii especially *rve ot the juncture of the flot roof surfaces with the rertirel ere-'or wells. Rocflng is frequently finished with cont strips u-*d Wh for the arrival of the sheet rne'o! contractor who installs the T'r^c' facia. The detoils shewn wiH ei>:ra*e the donger of moisture pene*'ohon should bod wecother inte'vene between roofing and sheet metol imtollotions. T LIA23275 UO. u> - \* to tittAo t im * . O Movimum areos of hard lead roofing sheet should be 16 squort feet. Good prodice Indh cofes a maximum length in fhfo core ihould be 8 feet. The coefficient of linear expansion of ontimonlol (or ''hard") lead is .CXX)015 Inches per imh, per degree of Fahrenheit. This means that for a sheet 8 feet long and a potential temperature change on o tunny day of os much as 100*, the leod will expand roughly 1/8 inch, the normal clearance to be provided In any formed joint. Cornice coverings ond gutter linings should be installed in not greater than 8-foot lengths. Sec tions should be loose-locked to gether with fiat seams calked ond formed in the direction of flow. Defoil mA" shows one method of forming the leod sheet ot the out er edge of the cornice by locking it to a continuous copper cleat. This U the preferred method. An alternate me.jod (Alternate De toil A) employs o continuous cop per cleat colled into a reglet formed in the cornice, lead or leod wool plugs are used ot 12-inch in tervals to calk the cleat into the reglet. The intervene space b filled with calking compound. At the wall or poropet the fining a loose-loch.id to the wall flashing. This lock should be mode ot feast 2 inches obove the highest point of the comice. 13 i -*w* A* , ri 9 LIA23276 V. V. LIA23277 09O Methods of protecting brick chimney slocks with lead flashings con sist of o front apron, stepped side flashings and o metal covered cricket to the rear. Leod U the only common metal suit able as a chimney cop because it is practically unaffected by fumes. If f>ot too targe, the cop mcy be mode of one piece. The leod is turned down ODOUt 2 inches inside the chimney. Corners ore pig-eared and the lower edge may be turned under, os shown in section, or looselocked to a continuous cleat fast ened to the brickwork. Base flashing at the front of the chimney is a single piece. It turns up the chimney at least five inches and out on the roof the some amount. H is held in place by cleats os shown. It is cut four inches wider than the chimney of either end. After the upstand is formed egoinst the chimney, these 4-inth ends are slit down to form flaps. These run back under the slates or shingles and are joined to the upstond by a gusset piece soldered into the open corner. Side flashings consist of bose flashing pieces, one to each courts, each lopping the one below by 1 inches with upstands turned a mini mum of 5 inches o the wall or chimney. The upper edges of cop flashings over these should be calked into the masonry foir.ts. l I 13 T. ST r. 4 o leother or wab belting about 1/8-inch thick laid along the fold befort turning the dgt of a sheet in moking o loose4ock, wiii facilitate a second fold ot right angles to tht firs*. The belling will allow the lock thus formed to remain open with* out crimping. trod cots easily. A quick way to cut leod into several strips oloog straight lines H to start by scoring !*ns about half way through three separate sheets. Then cut all the way through for o few inches ot the ends only of the two outer sheets ond roll oil three sheets together. Concealed support H possible in some instal lations by mean.' of 4 inch square tabs os illustrated. These tabs ore burned or soide'ed to the bock of the sheet at intervals and then inserted through slots pro vided ond fostened from the rear. Another concealed fastening consists of countersinking brass screws with washers ond filling the countersink with solder or lead burned filling.- In oil cases lead should be underlaid with ot least 15 lb asphalt im pregnated felt, laid dry and lopped 2 inches ot joints, followed by o layer of rosin sired paper (optional). H JiN'Ui *jUC' LIA 23 278 mH --L,iii i 0 r> r. r r; <- A 1 ;'v \ V * ' ` \ U D `forr^jVr isssr X i iKl^l LIA23279 V ! L./ :\A /* r'% . *. \ fcllO SHUT SHIS AND JOtNTINO Rccfi.^Q sheet* between batten or tlj-.diiij snoms, should be limited to ob-.uf fvo feet. In the other di rection, tl<it is, in the direction of s!cpe, le!>3*K me/ be eight feet. As Q rule of thurrb, the maximum sheet lire should be 16 square feet for roofing with o minimum width et 2 foe*. Where flashing sheets ore frequent!/ reinforced by longitu dinal b^nds ypitcnds, they may Iso be as long o\ 8 feet, Joints o^ong batten, or standing ieomj o* across the direction of roof slope *hou!d bo fiat, (oovelockt with turn overs of about 1-1/4 inches. In caves of extreme exposure, they should be filled with norv-Kordening compound. On steeply p^ched sur faces, simple overlaps of 6 inches or more may be used instead of loovelocks. These lops should be set in non-hordening compound. CCKKCStON RLSIStANCI leod projects itself from corrosion by deveieping o surface film or peti-n cn exposure to weather or the usual concentrations of indus trial fumes, salt sproy, e*c. The in soluble 'Hemicols which form this film do not wash off cr obrode away. Thus there is no measurable corrosion of the exposed lead. DISSIMILAR MCTAlS-fLfCTROlYSIS Dissimilar metals, when in contact in the presence of on electrolyte, set up golvonk action resulting in the deterioration of one of them. The following table lists comnscn commercial metals in the electro chemical series: 1. Aluminum 2. Zinc 3. Steel 4. Iron 5. Nickel 6. Tin 7. leod 8. Copper When ony two metals in this list nre both in contact with an elec trolyte, the one with lower number will be corroded. For example, if number 1. ond number 7. ore in contoct, the aluminum will be cor roded. As o proclkol matter, the environment usually forms a chemicolly inert surface film, or patina, on the leod. This protects the other metal from golvonk corrosion. The only exception among common building materials H aluminum, which corrodes severely in contoct with lead. As a genera! principle, dissimilar metols for oport on the electrolyik Koie, should never be used in con tact with each other. Where such contact is unovoidoble, insulators should be used. The most common is o heavy brush coot of osphclt point but asbestos Or building papers or felts ore also effective. r KIND end WEIGHT of LEAD to USE For roofing ond flashing pur poses hard leod should be speci fied. Hard lead contains not more than 6% nor less than 4% antimony ond the rest lead. The correct weight to use It noted in the spec. Leod b specified by : weight per square foot. One squore foot of lead nominally 1/64 inch thick weighs one pound. Eoch additional 1/64 Inch increment odds one pound per squore foot In weight. In general, 3 lb Word leod h used for roofing, flashing, guttrr lin ings, ridges, hips, volleys, cop ings, base flashings ond uses where taege oreas ore involved or exposure severe. For small pieces, at in stepped .ap flash ings or for "soakers" (small pieces interwoven with shingles or dote) or on smoll residential roofs, over bay windows, dormers, door ways, cupolas, porches, etc., 2-1/2 hord leod moy be used. Round* R*r Sg. ft. 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