Document NwBpXa46eojODb5M4K24DKQ

American 'A&ter Wyks Association AWWA C400-77 (Revision of AWWA C400-75) AWWA STANDARD for ASBESTOS-CEMENT DISTRIBUTION PIPE, 4 IN. THROUGH 16 IN., FOR WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors May 15, 1953. This edition approved J an. 30, 1977. AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 6666 Wo>t Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235 CTD014458 Committee Personnel The Standards Committee on Asbestos-Cement Pressure Pipe that reviewed and approved this standard had the following personnel at the time of approval: R. S. Bryant, Chairman J. L. Warden, Vice-Chairman T. R. Gillen, Secretary Consumer Members S. C. Baker, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Alexandria, VA P. J. Brady, Director of Utilities, Portsmouth, VA R. S. Bryant, Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, CA F. G. Denson, Works & Operations Department, Winnepeg, Manitoba J. R. Hendrick, Water Department, Fort Worth, TX J. E. Johnson,* U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO R. W. King, Water Utilities, San Diego, CA R. A. March and, Water Department, Warren, OH J. L. Warden, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO (NAVFAC) (AWWA) (ASCE) (AWWA) (AWWA) (BUREC) ( AWWA) (AWWA) (BUREC) General Interest Members G. C. Anderson, Insurance Services Office, New York, NY R. A. Barrows, C. E. Maguire, Inc., Waltham, MA V. R. Bickel, Department of Environmental Health, Albuquerque, NM S. L. Bishop,* Metcalf & Eddy, Boston, MA C. L. Frick,* Insurance Services Office, New York, NY R. S. Holmgren Jr., James M. Montgomery, La Jolla, CA F. A. Obert, Metcalf & Eddy, Boston, MA J. S. Slicer, Factory Mutual Research, Norwood, MA M. R. Suchomel, Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, IL W. Taggart, Wright-McLaughlin Engineering, Denver, CO (ISO) (NEWWA) (APWA) (NEWWA) (ISO) (AWWA) (WPCF) (FMR) (UL) (ASCE) Producer Members A. E. Alpine, Cement Asbestos Products Co., Birmingham, AL F. T. Duffy, The Flintkote Company, Akron, OH T. R. Gillen, Johns-Manville Sales Corp., Denver, CO J. C. Jackson, Association of A/C Pipe Producers, Washington, DC A. I. Leff,* Certain-Teed Products Corp., Valley Forge, PA W. R. Seipt, Certain-Teed Products Corp., Valley Forge, PA (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AACPP) (AWWA) (AWWA) 1 * Alternate Copyright 1977 by American Water Works Assn. Printed in US ii CTD014459 ^ O' Table of Contents SEC. PACE Foreword I History of Standard ................... V II Information Regarding Use of This Standard ........................... III Major Revisions........................... .. viii Standard 1 - General ......................................... 1.1 Scope ............................................... 1.2 Definitions ..................................... 1.3 Affidavit of Compliance .............. 2.1 Composition ................................... .. 2.2 Physical Requirements ................ .. 2.3 Chemical Requirements .............. 3 3.1 Pipe Classes ................................. .. 3.2 Pipe Diameters ............................. .. 3.3 Pipe Lengths ................................. 3.4 Couplings ....................................... .. 3.5 Joints ............................................... .. 3.6 Wall Thickness ........................... .. 4 Workmanship and Finish .... 4.1 Imperfections ............................... 1 1 i i 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 SEC. PACE 5 Inspection, Testing, and Rejection ..................................... 5.1 Inspection ........................................... 5.2 Physical Test Requirements .......... 5.3 Retests (Physical) and Rejection .. 5.4 Test for Uncombined Calcium Hydroxide ..................................... 5.5 Test Records ..................................... 6 Marking and Delivery ................ 6.1 Marking ............................................. 6.2 Preparation for Shipment .............. * Tables 1 Flexural Test Loads ........................ 2 Design Internal Pressure and Design External Load ................ 3 Wall Thickness Tolerance ............ 4 Hydrostatic Tests ........................... Figures 1 Flexure Test Assembly .................. 2 Crushing Test Assembly ................ 111 CTD014460 Foreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of AWWA C400. I--History oi Standard A new pipe material consisting of an intimate mixture of portland ce ment and asbestos fibers was intro duced to the North American market in 1931 following several years of sat isfactory usage in other countries, par ticularly Italy. _ In the ensuing years this type of pipe gained popularity, and in 1949 AWW'A established a committee on standard specifications for asbestoscement pipe under the chairmanship of S.M. Clark of Greeley and Hanson. Chicago. The committee developed a standard for asbestos-cement water pipe which was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors as a tentative standard. AWWA C400-53T, May 15. 1953. In 1958. the committee was reacti vated as Committee 8340D on Asbes tos-Cement Pipe under the chairman ship of Roy H. Ritter of Whitman. Requardt and Assocs., Baltimore to review several suggested changes and to recommend revisions to the stan dard. The committee produced a re vised tentative standard adopted bv AWWA as C400-64T Jan. 27, 1964. which was advanced to standard with out revision Jul. 2, 1965. In 1968 the committee was reacti vated as the Standards Committee on Asbestos-Cement Pipe to review and revise all AWWA standards on asbes tos-cement pipe. The committee pro duced a revised standard approved by the Board of Directors Jan. 31, 1972 designated as AWWA C400-72. '`As bestos-Cement Pressure Pipe for Wa ter and Other Liquids." In 1972 and 1973 the committee was reorganized and enlarged to include representation of national organiza tions having an interest in the scope of the committee and wishing to par ticipate in the work. The reorganized committee reaffirmed C400-72 without revision so that it could be presented to the American National Standards Institute for designation as an Ameri can National Standard. In 1975 the committee produced a revised standard approved by the AWWA Board of Directors Jan. 26, 1975 designated as AWWA C40O-75, "Asbestos-Cement Pressure Pipe. 4 in. Through 24 in., for Water and Other Liquids." At that same time a new standard was produced by the com mittee and approved by the AWWA Board of Directors and designated as AWWA C402-75. ``Asbestos-Cement Transmission Pipe. 18 in. Through 42 in., for Water and Other Liquids." The possibility of confusion between the two standards--C400 and C402-- was carefully reviewed by the commit tee. The result is this edition of C400-77 which reduces the sizes cov ered from 4 in. through 24 in. to 4 in. through 16 in. There is no overlap of sizes anymore. II--Information Regarding Use of This Standard II.A General. When ordering pipe covered by this standard, local instal lation and operating conditions should be considered to determine the class and type of pipe to specify. Also, cer tain other items must be specified to describe completely the pipe required. CTD014461 VI A-C DISTRIBUTION PIPE--I IX THROUGH 16 IX. According to the conditions of in stallation and operation in many water distribution systems, the pipe may be used at operating pressures equal to the class designations. The purchaser should determine for himself from AWWA C401. "Standard Practice for the Selection of Asbestos-Cement Dis tribution Pipe." the proper class of pipe to be used under the installation and operating conditions that will ex ist for the project on which the pipe is to be used. The purchaser is referred to AWWA 0603^ "Installation of Asbestos-Ce ment Pressure Pipe," for guidance in laying of the pipe. II.B Flexural load test. The flex ural load tests for pipe sizes 4, 6. and S in. (Sec. 2.2.1 and 5.2.3) are in tended only for use as a quality con trol test, not as a simulated service test Asbestos-cement pipe will not be subjected to flexural stresses if properly installed with satisfactory bedding methods. For diameters 10 in. and larger, the wall thickness increases to a point at which the flexural strength is not a controlling factor, and hence, routine testing is not required. 11 C Type of pipe. The following criteria are presented for determining the type of pipe to be used under var ious soil and water conditions. Each condition should be considered sepa rately even though each may exist in combination with others. These cri teria are based on exposures within the temperature range of 40-80F (528C). For exposure of pipe to tem peratures beyond these limits, consult the manufacturer. The following criteria are refer enced as: 1. Internal water (Table F.l). 2. External water (Table F.2). 3. Nonacid soluble sulfates--inter nal and external (Table F.3). 4. Acid soluble sulfates--internal and external. II.C.l Internal water. Aggressive ness of water transported through as bestos-cement pipe is related to the type designation of asbestos-cement pipe suitable for such use in Table F.l. Aggressiveness of water is defined as follows: a. Highly aggressive: pH + log (AH) < 10.0 b. Moderately aggressive: ) ) TABLE F.l Asbestos-Cement Pipe Type Recommended for Internal Water Aggressiveness Internal Water Aggressiveness l Recommended j Pipe Type* Highly aggressive Moderately aggressive Nonaggressive ! t ii [ and I [ * T> pe I--no limit on uncombined calcium hydroxide. T\pe II--per cent or less uncombined calcium hydroxide t The ser\iceabiht) oi pipe for such applications should be established by the purchaser in conjunction with the manufacturer. pH + log (AH) = 10.0-11.9 c. Nonaggressive: pH 4- log (AH) > 12.0 where pH = Index of acidity (or alka linity) of the water-- standard pH units A = Total alkalinity--ppm (mg/1; as CaCOj H = Calcium hardness--ppm (mg/1) as CaCCL t CTD01A4M FOREWORD vii TABLE F.2 Aggressiveness of Nonsulfate Acidic Soils lo Asbestos-Cement Pipe Water Conditions Within the Soil Environment Acidic Soils When Using Asbestos- Cement Pipe Essentially quiescent Mildly fluctuating Rapidly moving or grossly cyclic Type 1 5.0 5.5 6.3 Type II 4.0 5.0 5.5 TABLE F.3 Asbestos-Cement Pipe Type Designation Chemical Resistance to Nonacid (pH = 7.0) Soluble Sulfates in Water and Soils Type Designation i* ii Chemical Resistance to Nonacid Soluble Sulfates in Water and Soils Will be attacked to various degrees by all but the nonaggressive levels of sulfate concentrations in waters and soils. Resistant to all levels of soluble sulfates. It should be recognized that water that has a pH 4- log (AH) less than or equal to 10 is an extremely aggres sive water and would be very corro sive to almost all materials found in a typical water system, including the plumbing in consumers' homes. Such waters should be treated to increase pH or hardness to protect the entire network of materials making up the system. If such water treatment is not undertaken, the manufacturer of each item used in the water system should be consulted for recommenda tions regarding the use of his product in an extremely corrosive environment. Xote: The expression pH + log (AH) is a modification of the Langelier Index. It has been prepared so that the aggressiveness of the water can be determined easily. A reason able comparison of the two would be as indicated below. The guideline criteria for sulfate resistance of Type I pipe were taken trom the Concrete Manual. 8th edition. Bureau of Reclamation. 1974. Sulfate resistance here applies to all soluble sulfates regardless of the cation. II.C.2 External water. Aggressive ness of external water (water within the soil environment) is related to as bestos-cement pipe in Table F.2. The guidelines for the use of asbestos-ce ment pipe in nonsulfate acidic soils are based upon minimum pH factors alone. Asbestos-cement pipe may or may not perform satisfactorily in acidic soil en vironments that have pH values below those listed in Table F.2. To deter mine the suitability of asbestos-cement pipe in soils having lower pH values, each situation should be evaluated in dividually and take into consideration all aspects of soil environment that af fect asbestos-cement pipe corrosive ness. II.C.3 Nonacid soluble sulfates-- internal and external. Aggressiveness of nonacid (pH > 7.0) soluble sulfates in water and soils is related to the type designation of asbestos-cement pipe suitable for such use in Table F.3. Highly aggressive water .Moderately aggressive water Xonaggressive water pH -Hog (AH) <10.0 10.0-11.9 >12.0 Langelier Index < - 2.0 -2.0 to -0.1 >0 CTD014463 viii A-C DISTRIBUTION* PIPE--4 IN THROUGH 16 IN. Sulfate Aggressiveness Classification Water Water Soluble Sulfates--ppm SO4 Soil Water Soluble Neutral Sulfates--ppm Nonaggressive Mildly aggressive Moderately aggressive Highly aggressive 150 and less 150-1500 1500-10 000 10 000 and greater 1000 and less 1000-2000 2000-20 000 20 000 and greater Sulfate aggressiveness in water and soil can be classified as indicated above. II.C.4 Acid soluble sulfates--inter nal and external. Aggressiveness of acid (pH < 7.0) soluble sulfate wa ters and soils to asbestos-cement pipe must be evaluated independently. Acid sulfate soils and waters, whether the acid is inorganic or or ganic. must be evaluated independently of the criteria and guidelines set forth in Sec. II.C.2 and II.C.3 and must take into consideration soil permeabil ity and other factors. Consult the manufacturer for guidance. II.D Supplementary specifications. The following information summarizes the conditions and items that the pur chaser should consider when prepar ing his supplementary specifications. The section in the standard where they can be found is also listed. 1. The standard used; that is, AW'WA C400-77. 2. Affidavit of compliance, if re quired (Sec. 1.3). 3. Type of pipe to be furnished (Sec. 2.3 and Foreword II.C). 4. Class of pipe (Sec. 3.1). 5. Nominal inside diameter (Sec. 3.2). 6. Lineal feet to be furnished in standard and random lengths (Sec. 3.3). 7. Number, size. type, class, lengths, and extent of machining of special short lengths (Sec. 3.3.3), 8. Whether inspection by the pur chaser (Sec. 5.1) and special marking (Sec. 6.1.4) are required. m--Major Revisions Major changes to the 1975 standard that were made in this revision are 1. The title has been changed to in dicate that the pipe is intended for use in distribution systems. 2. The size range has been changed to limit the maximum size covered by this standard to 16-in. diameter pipe. 3. A more detailed description of aggressive soil and water criteria has been added in Sec. II of the Fore word. 4. The lot definition of paragraph 1.2.3 has been revised to limit the quantity to a maximum of 300 sec tions instead of all sections manufac tured in a shift. 5. Paragraph 5.2.5 Machines for Testing has been revised to allow couplings to be hydrostatically tested with a rubber bladder inside the cou pling at 4x the pipe's class rating. CTDO14464 American Water Wyks Association AWWA C400-77 (Revision of AWWA C400-75) AWWA Standard for Asbestos-Cement Distribution Pipe, 4 in. Through 16 in., for Water and Other Liquids Section 1--General Sec. 1.1--Scope This standard covers three pressure classes of Type I and Type II asbes tos-cement pipe, 4-16 in. in diameter, for water and other liquids intended . to be laid underground in public and ^ private rights-of-way. 1.1.1 Use. Asbestos-cement distri bution pipe is to be used in pipe sys tems having relatively unpredictable 4 flows and many appurtenances that do - not permit reasonable hydraulic anal yses. including that for surge pressure. 1.1.2 Pressure classes. The pres sure class designations of class 100. class 150. and class 200 are the same as those used in AWWA C401 (for merly AWWA H2) "Standard Prac tice for the Selection of Asbestos-Ce ment Distribution Pipes." Sec. 1.2--Definitions Under this standard, the following definitions shall apply: 1.2.1 Inspection. Inspection of the pipe and the tests by the inspector. 1.2.2 Inspector. The authorized representative of the purchaser, en( 1 trusted with the duty of inspecting pipe produced and tests performed under this standard. 1.2.3 Lot. A lot as used herein is defined as all pipe of any one class, type, and size manufactured on any one machine in 24 hr but not to ex ceed 300 lengths. 1.2.4 Manufacturer. The person, firm, or corporation that manufactures the pipe. 1.2.5 Operating pressure. The max imum hydrostatic pressure to which the pipe will be subjected in normal operation after installation, exclusive of allowance for water hammer. 1.2.6 Purchaser. The person, firm, corporation, or government agency en tering into a contract or agreement to purchase pipe according to the provi sions of this standard. Sec. 1.3--Affidavit of Compliance Whether factory inspection has been required or not, the purchaser's sup plemental specifications may require an affidavit of compliance from the manufacturer to the effect that the ma terials furnished under the purchaser's order comply with all applicable re quirements of this standard. 1 CTD014465 2 A-C DISTRIBUTION' PIPE--4 IN. THROUGH 16 IN. Section 2--Materials Sec. 2.1--Composition Asbestos-cement pipe shall be com posed of an intimate mixture of either: (1) portland cement or portland blast furnace slag cement and asbestos fiber with or without silica; or (2) portland pozzolana cement and asbestos fiber. Both (1) and (2) can be with or without the addition of curing agents. The pipe shall be formed under pres sure and cured. The finished pipe shall be free from organic materials. Sec. 2.2--Physical Requirements 2.2.1 Flexural strength. Each length of 4-, 6-, and 8-in. pipe tested in flex ure by the procedure specified in this standard shall, except as otherwise provided, support the load indicated in Table 1. 2.2.2 Bursting strength. Each length of pipe and each coupling sleeve shall have sufficient strength to withstand the design internal pressure indicated for its class in Table 2 when subjected to the hydrostatic test procedure spec ified in this standard. TABLE 1 Flexural Test Loads Nominal Diameter in. Class 100 Class 150 Class 200 Total Applied Load--lb 4 1,200 1,470 1,870 6 2,800 3,700 4,900 8 5,330 7,600 10,130 2.2.3 Crushing strength. Each length of pipe shall have sufficient strength to support the design external load indi cated for its class in Table 2 when subjected to the crushing-test proce dure specified in this standard. Sec. 2.3--Chemical Requirements Pipe shall be designated as either Type I or Type ll according to its content of uncombined calcium hydrox ide as determined by the test proce dures in this standard for uncombined calcium hydroxide. The requirements for each type are Type 1--no limit on uncombined cal cium hydroxide, Type 11--1 per cent or less uncom bined calcium hydroxide. TABLE 2 Design Internal Pressure and Design External Load* ) Pipe Site in. 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Class 100 internal Pressure psi 417 441 472 490 490 500 500 External Load Ib/lin ft 4,100 4,000 4,000 4,400 5,200 5,200 5,800 Class 150 Internal Pressure psi 616 632 653 650 658 650 654 External Load ib/lin ft 5,400 5,400 5,500 7,000 7,600 8,600 9,200 Class 200 Internal Pressure psi 809 815 824 826 830 826 825 External Load Uf/lin ft 8,700 9,000 9,300 11,000 11,800 13,500 15,400 * It is necessary to apply a load factor (see AWWA C401) to the three-edge bearing loads obtained in the crushing tests specified in Sec. 5.2.4 of this standard in order to correlate them to the field loads. SECTION 3--DESIGN 3 Section 3--Design Sec. 3.1--Pipe Classes Sec. 3.4--Couplings Pipe supplied under this standard shall be made in one or more of the following classes: 100. 150. or 200. Sec. 3.2--Pipe Diameters Pipe shall be made with nominal in side diameters of 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. and 16 in. The average inside diam eter of a standard or random pipe length shall not be less than the nom inal diameter by more than 5 per cent. Sec. 3.3--Pips Lengths Pipe shall be produced in standard, random, and short lengths. At least 90 per cent of the total footage of pipe of any class, type, and size, excluding short lengths, shall be furnished in standard lengths. The remaining 10 per cent may be in random lengths. 3.3.1 Standard lengths. Standard lengths shall be 10 or 13 ft 1 in. for pipe 4 in. and 6 in. in diameter, and 13 ft 1 in. for pipe 8 in. in diameter or larger. 3.3.2 Random lengths. Random lengths shall be cut from standard lengths and shall not be less than 7 ft. 3 3.3 Short lengths. Short lengths for making connections to valves, fit tings. or structures and for making closures shall be furnished as specified by the purchaser. 3.3.4 Coupling areas. Coupling areas for all lengths of pipe shall be properly machined at ends or over their entire length to serve their in tended purpose, as specified by the purchaser. A coupling shall consist of an asbes tos-cement sleeve of the same type and class as the pipe and two rubber rings or a device that has equal or better jointing characteristics, strength, and serviceability as that of an asbestoscement coupling. The manufacturer shall submit specifications and draw ings of alternate couplings to the pur chaser for approval prior to manufac turing. 3.4.1 Amount furnished. One cou pling of the same size and class as the pipe shall be furnished with each stan dard and random length of pipe. 3.4.2 Rubber rings. Rubber rings shall conform to the requirements of the latest edition of ASTM D1869. "Rubber Rings for Asbestos-Cement Pipe." Sec. 3.5--Joints Joints shall be capable of withstand ing. without leakage, a hydrostatic pressure test as defined in Sec. 5.2.2.1. Sec. 3.6--Wall Thickness The wall thickness of the machined portion of any length of pipe shall not be less than the manufacturer's stan dard by the tolerance listed in Table 3. TABLE 3 Wall Thickness Tolerance Pipe Si^e--m. 4-13 14-16 Wall Thickness Tolerance-- mi -11.06 ; -o.i: CTD014467 4 A-C DISTRIBUTION PIPE--4 IN. THROUGH 16 IN. Section 4--Workmanship and Finish Sec. 4.1--Imperfections 4.1.1 Interior surfaces. The inside surface of each length of pipe shall be free from bulges, dents, and tears that could result in a variation in diameter of more than 0.20 in. from the diam eter of adjacent unaffected portions of the surface. 4.1.2 Coufiling areas. The coupling areas of the barrel of each length of pipe shall be free from dents and gouges that could cause leakage from the joint. 4.1.3 Exterior surfaces. Flaking on the exterior surface and edge of ma chined ends shall not extend back by more than 0.500 in. from the end. have a depth of more than 0.125 in., or ex tend around the perimeter for more than 0.500 in. at any one location. 4.1.4 Straightness. Each length of pipe shall not vary in straightness by more than 0.05 in./ft of length when the variation is measured as follows: Measure the maximum ordinate from the exterior surface of the pipe by placing a straightedge or line that exceeds the pipe length against the exterior surface and mea sure the maximum distance from the exte rior pipe surface to the straightedge or line. Section 5--Inspection, Testing, and Rejection Sec. 5.1--Inspection 5.1.1 General. Inspection by the purchaser shall not relieve the manu facturer of the responsibility to furnish material conforming in all respects to the requirements of this standard. 5.1.2 Xotification. If inspection is specified by the purchaser under para graph 5.1.4. the manufacturer shall no tify the purchaser in advance of the date. time, and place of testing of the pipe so that the purchaser may be rep resented at the test. 5.1.3 Access. The inspector shall have free access to those parts of the manufacturer's plant that are involved in work performed under this standard. The manufacturer shall afford him, without charge, all reasonable facilities for determining whether the pipe meets the requirements of this standard. 5.1.4 Testing. If inspection is spec ified by the purchaser, he may, at his option, witness any or all test phases. The pipe to be tested will have passed the routine inspection and testing of this specification. The number of tests to be conducted for flexural strength (4. 6. and 8 in.), hydrostatic proof (3ix class), and, when required, crushing strength, shall be limited to 1 per each 300 standard lengths of each size. type, and class of pipe on the order. If uncombined calcium hy droxide tests are required, the number of tests will be one for each size, type, and class of pipe on the order. The purchaser or his authorized inspector may select the pipe to be tested. Re testing and rejection stipulations as shown in Sec. 5.3 shall apply. * 3 CTD014468 SECTION 5--INSPECTION, TESTING, AND REJECTION Sec. 5.2--Physical Test Requirements 5.2.1 Test specimens. All pipe and couplings tested under this standard shall be in a normal air-dried condi tion when tested. 5.2.2 Hydrostatic tests. 5.2.2.1 Each standard, random, or short length of pipe and each coupling sleeve shall be tested under an internal hydrostatic pressure as shown for the proof test in Table 4. All air shall be expelled and the water pressure shall be increased to the test pressure at a uniform rate of not less than 100 psi/s. The test pressure shall be maintained for at least 5 s. Any pipe length or coupling sleeve showing leakage, sweating, or other defects shall be re jected. 5.2.2.2 From each lot that has passed the hydrostatic proof test, one stan dard length shall be hydrostatically tested to the lot test in Table 4 for that class in the manner specified in paragraph 5.2.2.1. Each length of the pipe so tested shall be retested in the manner and at the pressure specified in paragraph 5.2.2.1. 5.2.3 Flexure tests. Each standard length of pipe and each random length The numbers not in parentheses represent the distances between bearings S and load points P for lengths of pipe shorter than 125 ft. The numbers in parentheses indicate the spacing that may be used on lengths of pipe longer than 125 ft. One half of the total load is applied at each point P. TABLE 4 Hydrostatic Tests Class 100 150 200 Proof Test* pst 350 525 700 Lot Testt psi 400 600 800 * Every length per paragraph 5.2.2.1. t One per lot per paragraph 5.2.2.2. of more than 9.5 ft, having a nominal diameter of 4, 6, or 8 in., shall be tested in flexure for at least 5 s. The supports shall be 9 ft apart, except that, at the manufacturer's option, lengths greater than 12.5 ft may be tested on supports 12 ft apart at 75 per cent of the load specified in Table 1. The total load shall be divided equally and applied at the third points of the clear span as shown in Fig. 1. Each pipe so tested shall support, without evidence of cracks or other defects, the applicable total load shown in Table 1. The load shall be applied at a minimum rate of 250 lb/s, and the total load shall be maintained for at least 5 s. 5.2.4 Crushing tests. On lots con taining more than 100 lengths of each size and class, one length from each 300 lengths or fraction thereof, shall be tested for crushing strength. If in spection by the purchaser has been specified, the length of pipe to be tested may be selected by the inspec tor. From each selected length, one unmachined section of pipe 1 ft long shall be cut. This section shall be tested by the crushing test method shown in Fig. 2. After 75 per cent of the specified load has been reached, the loading shall be applied at a uni form rate of approximately 2000 lb/ min. The test section shall not fail CTDO14469 6 A-C DISTRIBUTION PIPE--4 IN. THROUGH 16 IN. PP Fig. 2. Crushing Test Assembly The diagram at the left shows a side view of the test assembly; that at the right, on end view. P represents load; R, approximately OJ in.--the radius of the bearings; D, the nominal diameter of the pipe; and C, the clear space between supports. C should be approximately 1 in./ft of internal pipe diameter but in no caie less than 1 in. until the total load applied meets or exceeds the applicable value shown in Table 2. 5.2.4.1 For this test, the two lower bearings shall consist of two straight strips with vertical sides, each strip having its interior top edge rounded to a radius of approximately 0.5 in. The strips shall be of hardwood or metal; if metal, a piece of leather belt ing in. in thickness shall be laid over each of them. The strips shall be fastened securely to a rigid block with the interior vertical faces parallel and at a distance apart of approximately 1 in./ft of internal pipe diameter but in no case less than 1 in. The upper bearing shall be a rigid wooden block straight and true from end to end. The upper and lower bearings shall ex tend the full length of the test section. 5.2.5Machines for testing. 5.2.5.1 The machine used for the hydrostatic test shall have gaskets that seal the ends of the pipe, coupling, or pipe and coupling with factory assem bled joint, but exert no end pressure. Couplings may be hydrostatically tested with a rubber bladder inside the cou plings. and if so tested, each coupling shall have sufficient strength to with stand a test pressure of 4 times the class of the coupling. 5.2.5.2 The machines used for the flexure and crushing test shall be sub stantial and rigid throughout so that the distribution of the load will not be appreciably affected by the deforma tion or yielding of any part of the machine. Sec. 5.3--Retests (Physical) and Refection 5.3.1 Crushing strength. The fail ure of any specimen tested for crush ing strength to support 75 per cent of the crushing load required in Table 2 shall be cause for rejection of that por tion of the lot of that size, type, and class manufactured during the same shift as the test specimen. If any specimen tested for crushing strength supports more than 75 per cent but less than 100 per cent of the crushing load, two additional pipe sections of the same size. type, and class manu factured during the same shift shall be subjected to the same crushing test. The additional lengths may be selected by the inspector if inspection by the purchaser has been specified. The fail ure of one of these additional speci mens to meet the full crushing strength requirement shall be cause for rejec tion of that portion of the lot of that size, type, and class manufactured dur ing the same shift as the test specimen. 5.3.2 Hydrostatic tests. If any pipe subjected to the hydrostatic tests spec ified in Sec. 5.2.2.2 fails to withstand the specified pressure, two additional lengths of the same size and class man- I \ J CTD014470 SECTION 5--INSPECTION, TESTING, AND REJECTION 7 ufactured during the same shift shall be subjected to the same hydrostatic test. The failure of one of these addi tional lengths to withstand the speci fied pressure shall be cause for rejec tion of that portion of the lot of that size, type, and class manufactured dur ing the same shift as the test lengths. Sec. 5.4--Test for Uncombined Ccdciuxn Hydroxide The manufacturer shall perform this test as often as necessary to ensure compliance with the requirements for uncombined calcium hydroxide in Type II pipe. 5.4.1 Reagents. Phenolphthalein indicator. Dissolve 1.0 g of phenolphthalein in 100.0 ml of absolute ethanol.* Glycerol-ethanol solvent. Prepare a solution consisting of glycerol and an hydrous. or absolute ethanol,* 1:2 by volume. To each liter of this solution, add 2.0 ml phenolphthalein indicator. Adjust the solvent to slightly basic with either dilute NaOH in absolute ethanol * or standard ammonium ac etate. depending on the original pH. Strontium nitrate [SrfNOjja]. Standard ammonium acetate solu tion. Dissolve 16.0 g of dry crystal line ammonium acetate in 1 1 of an hydrous or absolute ethanol.* Standardize the ammonium acetate solution by titrating against pure CaO that has been freshly prepared by cal cining pure calcium carbonate or cal cium oxalate to constant weight in a platinum crucible at 1650-1830F (9001000C). When the calcined CaO has cooled in a desiccator, perform the following * Specially denatured alcohol No. 30, 3a, or 2b of the US Bureau of Internal Rev enue, or alcohol consisting of 95 per cent specially denatured alcohol No. 3a plus 5 per cent isopropanol may be substituted. operations in rapid succession. Grind the CaO in an agate mortar. Then weigh out 0.05-0.06 g into a clean, dry 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask and add 60 ml of the glycerol-ethanol solvent and 2.0 g of anhydrous strontium nitrate to the flask. Place a TFE-encapsulated magnetic stirring bar into the flask and attach a reflux condenser. Adjust the heating rate and stirring speed to obtain a vigorous boiling and complete agitation. Titrate the hot so lution with ammonium acetate solution every 5 min. The end point is reached when no further color appears in the solution after 10 min. of boiling. Ti tration is to be carried out only on a hot solution. A good titration proce dure is evidenced by a change in the color of the solution to pink upon cooling. 5.4.2 Procedure. Step 1. Brush representative pieces of the pipe free of dust and drill with a clean, sharp 0.25-in. carbide-tipped drill inward from the outer surface at a rate of penetration of approximately 1 in./min until the drill point emerges from the inside wall. Catch the drill ings on a clean sheet of glazed paper, using a soft brush to collect all drill ings. Screen through a 20-mesh screen immediately, and place in a weighing bottle. Step 2. Place the bottle, with top removed, into a drying oven at 220F (105C) for 2 hr and then cool to room temperature in a desiccator. Step 3. Weigh out 1 g 0.010 g of the dried sample to the nearest 0.001 g and place in a clean, dry 250-ml Er lenmeyer flask to which a TFE-encap- sulated stirring bar, 60 ml of the glyc erol-ethanol solvent, and 2.0 g Sr- (NOsJi have been added. Attach the flask to a water-cooled condensor (with a standard 24/40 glass joint) and QTD01A471 8 A-C DISTRIBUTION PIPE--4 IN. THROUGH 16 IN. place on a hot plate with a magnetic stirrer. Boil the solution gently for 30 min, stirring slowly. Then remove the flask and filter the mixture, under vacuum, through a Buchner funnel. Bring the filtrate to a boil and titrate to a colorless end point with the stan dardized ammonium acetate reagent, determine the end point by compar ison with a similar mixture containing no phenolphthalein indicator. 5.4.3 Calculations. ,, U'CaO X 1.32 = ------- V.------- where E = the weight in grams of Ca(OH)2 per milliliter of standardized ammo nium acetate solution. WCaO = the weight in grams of CaO in the standard ized ammonium ace tate solution. Ir, = the volume in milliliters of standardized ammo nium acetate used in titration of the solution. Percentage uncombined Ca(OH)i where V = the volume of standardized ammonium acetate solution required by the sample, in milliliters. W = the weight of the sample in grams. Sec. 5.5--Test Records The results of all tests shall be re corded and retained for one year, and shall be available to the purchaser at the place of manufacture. )) CTD014472 SECTION 6--MARKING AND DELIVERY 9 Section 6--Marking and Delivery Sec. 6.1--Marking 6.1.1 Standard and random lengths. Each standard or random length of pipe shall be clearly marked on the outside surface with the trade name, nominal inside diameter, class, type, hydrostatic test pressure, and date and shift of manufacture. 6.1.2 Short lengths. Each short length of pipe shall be clearly marked on the outside surface with the nom inal inside diameter, class, type, and the letter T to indicate that it has been hydrostatically tested. 6.1.3 Couplings. All component parts of each coupling shall be clearly marked for use with the pipe for which they are intended. Each cou pling sleeve shall also be marked with the letter T to indicate that it has been hydrostatically tested. 6.1.4 Special markings. If factory inspection is made by the purchaser or his authorized inspector, each pipe and each coupling sleeve shall receive an additional special marking of no more than three letters, as specified by the purchaser. Sec. 6.2--Preparation for Shipment All pipe and couplings, unless other wise specified, shall be prepared for standard commercial shipment. CTD014473 CTD014474