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CStrlctiy U ait4 dlitrttutiOD.- Cannot ocu etireaostioewFbe diatribuiod octsidctb -ponysihaido tha to m pany,-rocipiatfm * ''m apac&lc w a d lor tbo iafoxsuuttB tnt ' w W e d r is fto u s e R e s e a r iA / t 'a t o r a t D r ie i;^ .J- ... crrf -r-- v ^ ^Tv ' . - ** > 7T ,-r". >=* _-. ^ TZ- STATUS REPORT ON CHLORINATED DIPHENYLS, REGARDING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION T . V . D akin and L . M andaleorn Raaaareh R aport 71-1B8-CAPDI-R1 D aeaabar 27 1971 > . V. P LA IN T IFFS EXHIBIT PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT 906196 ,,V GBRN G03300 Research Report 71-1B8-CAPDI-R1 Proprietary Class 1 A Status Report on Chlorinated Diphbmjs* Regarding Environmental Pollution Cooplied by: T. V. Dakin and L . Mandelcom E le c tric a l Perfomanca o f In su la tin g M aterials Research Laboratories December 27, 1971 906197 6BRN003501 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................ 2 STATUS OF PRESENT NEED FOR CHLORINATED DIPHENYLS AND POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES .................................... 3. THE MONSANTO P O S I T I O N ............ 4. SUMMARY OF FACTS PRESENTED BY M O N S A N T O ..................... 5. APPENDIX - DETAILS OF MEETING VITE M O N S A N T O ................. 5.1 Makeup of Che M e e t i n g .................................. 5.2 Monsanco Aroelors - Description and Usage ............. 5.3 Highlights of 'Biodegradability and Studies Reported by M o n s a n t o ............................ 5.4 Controls of P C B ' s ...................................... 5^5 Alternative Insulating Fluids .......................... 1 2 3 3 6 6 6 10 14 16 906198 6BRN003302 A STATUS REPORT ON CHLORINATED DIPHENYLS, REGARDING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION . 1. INTRODUCTION Chlorinated diphenyls* PCS'a* during Che pest two years have been included among possible pollutors of the ecology* in association with DDT's. This has raised the question about their continued use in the electrical industry* where they have been serving as Insulating fluids for capacitors and transformers for almost forty years. Monsanto* che sole producer and supplier of these materials in the U.S., has dealt with this p r o b l a by: 1. restricting their availability to sealed electrical equipment, 2. making available an incinerator for waste chlorinated diphenyls * 3. studying their interaction with the environment* and effects on animals* and A. developing new chlorinated diphenyl compositions which they think are less persistent in the environment. Uestinghouse's actions in this area have so far been to: 1. control and use specific production procedures to prevent the release of chlorinated diphenyls from plant areas* 2. determine analytically the presence of chlorinated diphenyls in the vicinity of three plants where they have been used extensively* and m 3. develop alternate fluids. 906199 6BRN003 This is a presentation of some of the aspects of the chlorinated diphenyl problem that are relevant to Westinghouse. Here ere glvcu tlie Monsanto views and findings( presented at a meeting on December 16, 1971, and Westinghouse needs and alternatives. 2. STATUS OF PRESENT NEED FOR CHLORINATED DIPHENYLS AND POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES 1. Chlorinated diphenyls, A r o d o r 1242 or MCS 1016, are essential for capacitors and transformers for use Indoors, because of the very low flassnablllty of these fluids. Special vaults and fire protection would be needed with mineral oil or similar imprgnants* 2. No other insulating liquid, which is satisfactory for these devices, and which has as low flammability as these chlorinated diphenyls, is known. There is a low probability of finding a suffi* _ ciently good insulating liquid which is as nonflammable as the chlorinated diphenyls. *3. Certain fluids were found recently, in a Research project, that are satisfactory electrically and thermally for capacitors, and entail only little decreases in KVAR ratings per unit size; but these are similar in flammability to mineral oil. *4. These new Research developed liquids could be used for power capacitors, only' if they are located outdoors or in fire protected vaults. 5. The present alternative to chlorinated diphenyl filled transformers, for Indoors, are the dry type units. 6. The situation with regard to chlorinated diphenyl us lighting ballast and motor run capacitors Is not clear. These units are small, and very numerous and widely scattered. There should be no difficulty with outdoor lighting ballasts. Most indoor lighting ballasts have the units potted in asphalt. Tests to satisfy the Underwriters Laboratories would have to be conducted on the entire ballast with new liquids such as those developed in Research. * This information should be regarded as especially confidential within Westinghouse. " 2- GBRN003304 906200 3. THE MONSANTO POSITION 1. Use of chlorinated diphenyls should be restricted to closed electrical systerna. 2. Restriction of use of A r o d o r s to compounds which have lower percent chlorination less than pentachloro-diphenyl rill avoid build up and persistence In the envlronaent from minor amounts released. 3. Waste chlorinated diphenyls should be carefully controlled and destroyed or recovered. A. They feel that burial of chlorinated diphenyl Impregnated paper, etc., or failed or retired capacitors, etc., from which removal :t the liquid would be difficult. Is a satisfactory procedure ~ providing the burial site Is carefully chosen, preferably dry. 5. They Indicated that they intended to stay In the business j i supplying chlorinated diphenyls, Arodo r s , but only to the electrical industry. 6. They strongly urge that the electrical Industry make a -ore vigorous effort to define and justify the use of chlorinated biphenyls in their apparatus to government and other environmental roups. 4. SUMMARY OF FACTS PRESENTED BY MONSANTO 1. Monsanto has ceased to market A r o d o r s for all applies** :i,ins other then electrical, but are still supplying some for other ^plications where there Is hardship; but these will be stopped during 2. Tests by Monsanto and others of chlorinated diphenyls, -'S's, in the environment have shown a concentration of higher chlori** `.ted compounds and a reduced or no presence of compounds with three hlorines or less. 906201 -3 SB R N 003305 3. Artificially controlled studies of biodegradation usi semi-continuous activated sludge test* SCAS, and also single bacteria culture tests have shown that the lower chlorinated compounds are bio degraded, but the rate of biodegradation decreases as the percent chlorination increases, and Is very low or sero for pentachloro compounds and higher. Their scientists state that they do not know the correlation of these artificial biodegradation tests to environmental conditions. * ' 4. Chlorinated diphenyls were first identified in the environment along with DOT'S and the controls on the levels set by the FDA are "Action Levels", which are the same as for DDT. They are not levels for which PCB's have shown to be harmful to mammals. 5. Chlorinated diphenyls are considered about 1/13 as toxic as DDT for mammals. White rats fed up to 100 ppm of PCB's in their food steadily over a period of 24 months were healthy. Dogs fed up to 100 ppm of the PCB's over 24 months showed a slowed weight gain with the higher chlorinated compounds, but not with the A r o d o r 1242. There were no deaths. The higher chlorinated compounds accumulated in their fatty tissue to an equilibrium level. 6. Chlorinated diphenyls affect the egg shells and hatchability of some birds. Other breeds of birds have not shown any effects. Birds are more susceptible to the lower chlorinated compounds, di and tri chlorinated. Three ppm of PCB in chicken feed affects the hatchability of Leghorn chickens, but not some other breeds of chickens. 7. One incident of ingestion of PCB's by humans has been reported from Japan. In this case, a rice oil with 2000 ppm of PCB's was consused by 1000 people. Severe cases of chloracne, nausea, head aches, and weakness were experienced. Some babies of these people were born with brown pigmented skin; but the pigmentation later disappeared. There were no deaths. It is suspected that the PCB involved contained a chlorinated dibenzofurane, a toxic Impurity found in some European chlorinated diphenyls. 6BRN00330A 906202 8. Chlorinated diphenyls appear to diffuse very slowly : r.-jih soil 9. Monsanto feels that their new grade of chlorinated ..--.t-nyl, MCS 1016 is biodegradable, since it contains only 0.16Z of .:j and higher chlorinated diphenyls. They recootend its use over ..:, which contains 6.7Z penta-chlorodiphenyl, for capacitors or . ;cver the waste material not strictly controlled. W. Dakin, Manager ileccrlcal Performance .u Insulating Materials : . L. Mandelcorn Electrical Performance of Insulating Materials GBRN003307 -5 906203 5. APPENDIX DETAILS OF MEETING WITH MONSANTO 5.1 Makeup of the Meeting The meeting was held at Monsanto, St. Louis, Missouri, on December 16, 1971. Representing Monsanto were: Messrs. P. B. Benignus, T. L. Goss age, V. Richards, and tf. B. Papageorge, and Drs. R. H. Munch, R. E. Keller, and S. Tucker. Representing Westinghouse were: D. Sauter and R. D. McClain (Bloomington), D. P. Kaiser (South Boston), T. K. Sloat (Sharon), B. Boquist (Headquarters Engineering), T. V. Dakin, L. Mandelcorn, and G. C. Gainer (Research Laboratories), and J. C. R. Kelly and T. 0. Munson (Annapolis, Ocean Research). The Monsanto representatives made specific presentations, which were further discussed by the group. P. G. Benignus reviewed some of the Monsanto A r o d o r activity. Dr. R. H. Munch discussed the ecological problem, means to minimize release of chlorinated diphenyls, and new alternative liquids of a similar type. Dr. S. Tucker presented results of biodegradation and animal studies. W. B. Papageorge dealt with various government (the U.S.A. and others) and committee activities regarding PCB's. 5.2 Monsanto Aroclors - Description and Usage (Tables 1 - 3 i n d . ) 6BRN00330B 906204 TAB|UE 1 Composition of Different Liquid Chlorinated Diphenyls Components - given as X - 1221 1232 Monsanto Aroclors HCS 1043 1242 HCS 1016 1248 Chlorine 21 32 32 42 42 48 Diphenyl Hono-chlorodipheny1 Di-chlorodiphenyl 14.8 56.5 * 26.9 *55 .04 22.2 74.4 .02 .72 15.6 .02 .93 19.4 Tri-chlorodiphenyl 1.42 3.3 54.5 64.5 Te tra-chlorodipheny1 .06 22.5 15.0 *55 Penta-chlorodipheny1 6.7* .16* Hexa-chlorodipheny1 1254 54 *60 1260 60 *70 Includes higher than pnta-chlorinated Isomers. TABLE 2 Monsanto Production and Sales of Aroclors for 1960-1971, with Breakdown Showing Electrical Usage (from C&E News. December 6. 1971) U.S. Production Figures in short tans 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 196.5 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 20,786 20,333 20,986 22,367 25,417 30,240 32,925 37,655 41,427 38,194 42,527 20,236 Domestic Sales `Insulating Liouidsa Others^ 12,444 11,108 11,683 11,448 13,769 16,203 18,697 20,387 20,568 18,564 20,268 14,417 5,163 7,661 7,339 7,618 8,666 9,695 10,642 10,846 11,990 15,034 16,263 4,401 Exeorts 1827 2076 1809 1824 2048 2117 3426 4062 5312 5312 6826 4938 2 For closed electrical systems - transformers and capacitors. ^ Includes heat-transfer systems, hydraulics/lubricants, and plasticizers. c Estimated. Source: Monsanto -8 GBRN00331 906206 TABLE 3 Aroclora Sold in 1970 for Capacitors and Transformers and Corresponding Contents of 25 Chlorinated Components ___ 01*8 are more persistent than lower isomers)________ Aroclor 1242 1254 Corresponding Million Lbs Sold 5 Cl. Million Lbs 1 Capacitor Usage - (about equally divided between power and small capacitors) 26.1 1.83 .5 .5 1242 1254 > I 1254 v + Chlorinated [ Benzene I 1260 J Transformer Usage 6.3 .4 3.5** 3.5 %1+ 4.1 4.1 Would be .07 million lbs for MCS 1016 ** GE usage as replacement, e.g., to repair sites - 9- GBRN003311 906207 5.3 Highlights of Blodecradabilltv and Animal Studies Reported by Monsanto TABLE 4 Biodegradabilitv of Different Chlorinated Diphenyls fl - seal Continuous Activated Sludge Test, 2 x 10 cells/cc " (observations after preconditioning sludge to Aroclor tested) Aroclor Mono-chlorodipheny1 2 Chlorine 18.5 2 Msanoearance xoo 18 hrs 1221 21 88 MCS 1043 30 55 MCS 1016 41 35* 1242 42 25 distillate of MCS 1016 51 15 1254 15 DDT <10 Linear Alkyl Sulfonate-Standard 100 * Noted concentrating of 4-, 5-, and 6- chlorinated isoaers Single Cultures, C-2 and C-3t with specific isoaers (Europe) Both cultures have approximately the same effect. Chlorinated Diphenyl di and tri tetra Time for SOX Disappearance *26 days *30 days - 10 - 906208 6BRN003312 Monsanto observed In exposures of animals to Arodors, that the retained material vas richer In the penta and higher chlorinated isomers, and poorer in the lower (tetra and below) Isomers. This was shown in: 1. chicken fat of chickens whose feed contained A r o d o r 124 (leakage of heat transfer fluid), 2* Mississippi River carp, caught downstream from their Sauget, Illinois plant, 3. milk from a cow exposed to A r o d o r 1254 (which was used as a plasticiser), 4. fish exposed to A r o d o r 1254, and 5. dogs exposed to A r o d o r 1242, in controlled feeding. Their fat had chlorinated diphenyls of a composition resembling that of A r o d o r 1260. 906209 G B R N 0 0 3 3 13 11 TABLE 5 "Storage" of Chlorinated Diphenyls in Albino Eats _________ After 24 Months* Exposure in Feed Note: Concentration in lipid beeaae spproxiaately constant at about 6-12 souths; except for A r o d o r 1254 end 1260 exposures at higher concentrations noted by * here it tended to increase continuously with tine, and the liver to brain eight ratio increased. Aroclor - in Feed 1242 1254 1260 Concentration in Lipid, oon. at _1 -10 M0 10 70 200 feed 50 200 1,500* ? 7 5,000-10,000* - 12 - 906210 68RN00331U TABLE 6 "Storage" of Chlorinated Diphenyls In Dogs, After 24 Months* Exposure In Feed Aroclor - in Feed 1242 1254 1260 Concentration In Lipid, pom. at __1 10 100 35 6 ppm in feed 6 18 109* 13 86* 579* * reduced weight gain, Increase In liver to brain weight ratio 13 - 906211 GBRN003315 i.i Controls of PCB*8 J.5.A. Control of PCB' in the U.S.A. is by individual states with iivice from FDA. Generally the levels that are permitted are equiva lent to those specified for DDT. They are "action" levels not "regulatory" noting that they are not precedent setting. See Table 7. Jcrtain Federal legislation that would Include PCB control is being considered. Monsanto the sole producer of chlorinated diphenyls in the I'.S.A. has limited their availability to sealed electrical systems i.e., capacitors and transformers. Availability for other applications is being stopped. This action will cover all non-electrical users some time in 1972. United Kingdom Monsanto's policies there are the seme as in the U.S.A. Sweden, Norway, and Holland The governments of these countries are planning to set laws to limit usage and levels of PCB's. Japan Legislation may be enacted in Japan to control PCB's following pressure from the news media. Germany . Bayer who produces chlorinated diphenyls in Germany will be controlling its availability starting January 1 1972. France. Italy, and Russia These countries are presently taking the attitude that PCB's do not present any problems. 906212 14 6BRNG0331d TABLE 7 Generally Permitted "Action" Levels of PCB's (same as those Issued for DDT) Medium Vater Butter fat Milk Fish Eggs * for 4Z butter fat Parts per Million PCB Permitted .5 5 * .2* 5 .5 15 - 906213 GBRN003317 . Allei l.*l IVe II.tl I I<I I. ^ IAUI.K 8 Some Significant Properties of Certain Candidate Insulating Fluids to Replace Aroclor 1242 i* Fluid Dielectric Constant e 100* C Cleveland Open Cup Flammability Flash Point - *C - Fire Point Cost Density f/lb Aroclor 1242 4.9 194 333 1.38 18 Aroclor MCS 1016 4.9 191 319 1.36 18 Aroclor MCS 1043 (lower chlorinated diphenyl) 1 o* Eater Solution (R&D)* 1 Wemco C Oil 4.8 3.7 2.1 160 ISO 145 244 1.28 18 160 .95 20 150 .9 3 (Chlorinated diphenyl oxide) More toxic than A r o d o r (Monsanto) * This information should be regarded aa especially confidential within Meetinghousea 6BRN00331B CO o o> ro Strictly limited distribution. Cannot undt olreamstanees be dlatrlbatod oatsid* tbs p a y . InsIds tbs oampeny, rsclpisnt mas a poetile asset for tits tnloraation in tb dnet of his assigned rsspouibtllttss . DESTROY BY BOBBING OR SHRE Jaek~SWis8, Director Research STATUS REPORT OR CHLORINATED DIPHENYLS, REGARDING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION T. V. Dakin and L. Handsicorn taaaarch Raport 71-1B8-CAPDI-R1 Daconber 27, 1971 Westinghouse Research Laboratories Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15235 906216 6BRN003320 Strictly limitad diatribatioa. Cannot ondi etreomatueoa be distributed entolde tho pony baldo tho company, recipient moo o opoclilc aood for tho IniOzmatloa in tb< dnet of hlo assigned roopoooibilltloa. DESTROY B7 BURNING OR 8BR JStrSW lss* D irecto r / A STATUS EXPORT OR CHLORINATED DIPHENYLS, HOARDING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION T. V. Dakin and L. M a n daleom Roooarch Raport 71-18S-CAPDI-R1 Dacoober 27 1971 tfooeinghouoo Roooarch Laboracorloo Pittebursh, Pennsylvania 15235 906216 6BRN003320 Strictly limited distribution. Cannot me eireumataneas be dlstrlbutad oatsIda tb paay. Inslda tbs company, raclplant mu. a pacific aaad for tba information in tt duct of his assigned raaponaibiUtiaa. DESTROY BT BOBBING OR SHR1 Jafilr'&rlBS Director Chaalcal Raaaarch STATUS REPORT OR CBL0R1KAIED DIPHENYLS, REGARDING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION T. V. Dakin ad L. Maadalcorn Research Raport 71-1E8-CAPDI-R1 Deeaaber 27, 1971 Waatlnghouaa Raaaarch Laboratories Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15235 906216 6BRNG03320 DISTRIBUTION LIST Research Laboratories V. E. Shoupp J. Swiss Library (3) J. V. Coleman C. W. Wiener C. C. Gainer R&D Center - Headotrs. Encrg. V. B. Baker Gateway - Headotrs. Engrg. S. W. Hervald 3. Boquist Monroeville Mall - Env. Systems ?. Kueser Bloomington. Ind. - DAD J. B. Brittain R. D. McClain D. M. Sautar Sharon - PTD ; R. L. Schwab B. R. Sheppard T. K. Sloat South Boston. Va. - PTD G. C. Wilburn D. F. Reiser Annapolis. Md. - Ocean Res. J. C. R. Rally T. 0. Munson Washington, D.C. - Govt. Affaris i . A. Jordan Cleveland. Ohio - LD M. E. Reck C. F. Scholz 906215 BBRN003319 Strictly ltaltcd distribution. Cannot under; circumstances be distributed outside tbc co paay. Inside the company, recipient most k a specific seed for the inioimstloa in the e duet of his assigned responsibilities. DESTROY BY BOBBING OR SHREDD! Approved JaCfc-SWiss, Director Chsaical Research STATUS REPORT OR CHLORINATED DIPHENYLS, REGARDING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION T. V. Dakin and L. Mandaleorn Research Report 71-1B8-CAPDI-R1 Deesaber 27, 1971 Westinghouse Research Laboratories Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15235 906216 6BRN003320