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TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 (DOCKET #830020 - FOR 1992 ONLY Hi ,5-FILE Fiche # 40-9293578 Midwest Research Institute Letter from D. Steele to R. Harless, fcf/)(RpPNC) on the scheduling of a 'AshJjy^fe f e n c e . January 8, 1992 40-9293579 Akzo Chemicals, Inc. Letter from E. Bisinger, Inc. to pofitiment Control Of fice , EPAj p (Sanitized)--- --- -- -- January 29, 1992 Enclosure: (1) Analytical Protocol for the Deter mination of Polvbrominated Diben-A/)^ / /Co^p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans b y ' HighvResolution Gas Chromatograw</^. {5h/fHiqh Resolution Mass Spectro^> ''` ,-m^tr^ in Pentabromodiphenvloxide. --Triangle Labs. , Inc. for Bromj^ diatiecS Flame Retardant Industry -?ParreL-~ y'July 4, 1989 40-9293580 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Letter from J. Harris to N. R o u s e ,P\^hdl Poulenc, Inc. February 19,1992 Enclosure^: (1) Two documents with comments on Rhone-Poulenc's exclusion request submissions. (CBI)% h 1.5-I 333 TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 (DOCKET # 8 3 0 0 2 0 - FOR 1992 ONLY H l .5-FILE Fiche # 40-9293581 Hoechsb*-C^lanese Corporation W CK Letter from if. Pdtrry to J. Harris, EPA __ submitting the analytical testing pro /5^dure used to determine the Chlori^viu^-, , natod Dioxin and Furan contamination in Chloranil. ^-^^ebruary 24, 1992 Enclosures : (1) Quantification of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins amlU-Fu/rans in Chloranil bv Means of\GC/MS (Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. July 15, 1991 (2 ) Sample PreparlTErion for the Deter mination of (Chlorinated Dibenzo-^p-- r^ D i o x i n s anftyuTans (PCDD/F) in Chloranil bv G( -MS. July 10, 1991 Akzo Chemicals, Inc. Telefax from E. Bisinger, Jr. to J. Harris., EPA concerning the submission of the final analytical protocol. March 16, 1992 Chemical Manufacturers Association Letter from H. Shah to L. Marcus, EPA March 13, 1992 Enclosure : (1) PBDD and PBDF Analysis of Human Blood Samples. Midwest Research Institute. February 14, 1992 H 1.5-2 33+ ft$- TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF ^ l-FILE /,S ff?7 3 Fiche 4 335^ TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET 4 DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF ''^-FILE A ,/.3 tfo'P f3 ("TV w. Fiche # f) f: r t ^ fats 0 33 Q 4/ - TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET * DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF -FILE r Hi. 9 Z/Zn / Fiche U n // & ,, % 33'7 cJi TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET * DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF ^-FILE r Fiche ^ 7 9 ^ * P / 7 / ^ <?/, 7/^ S i ' ? ? * - Vif 7 f 7 V P y / 7?2-,/Sty ">?/) . /f r*" - C / ^' 2>3i ao^o? TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF -FILE 7-/,? cj#^ 9 3 2" a/& '[M rA - ^ y x &/y}$ 'kr~ ///JL- // / J7- i 3 ^ ( W' TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 EXCLUSION/WAIVER FROM TESTING REQUIREMENTS (SUPELCO, INC.) H la-FILE Fiche # 40-8793205 52 FR 30430, USEPA Receipt of Request for Waiver of Testing of Supelco, Inc. Action: Notice of Receipt of Request for Waiver of Testing Requirements. August 14, 1987 [83002D] tCrossreferenced to A 2 (7)] (1) 513666 40-8793235 52 FR 39703, USEPA Decision on Waiver Applica tion of Supelco, Inc. Action: Decision on Waiver Request. October 23, 1987 [Crossreferenced to A 2 (9)] [83002F] (2) 513668 40-8793208 Supelco, Inc. Letter from L. Witting to E. Klein, EPA requesting a waiver from testing. July 9, 1987 [Crossreferenced to E l d (3)] (3) 513852 H 1a-1 Q-O^iO TSCA SECTION 8 (df AND 4(a) / HEALTH AND SAFETY/DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATjD DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS ^QOGtEN5^ECSi5EI EXCLUSION/WAIv e r /Fr o m t e s t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s (ALDRICH CHEMICAL CO., AMERIB R O M , INC., ATOMCHEM, INC., PFISTER CHEMICAL, INC., SIGMA CHEMICAL C O R P . , GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP. AND ETHYL CORP. H lb-FILE Fiche # 40-8793230 52 FR 37009, USEPA (1) 513667 Receipt of Request for Exclusion From/Waiver of Testing of Ethyl Corp. and Great Lakes Chemical Corp. Action: Notice of Receipt of Requests for Exclusion/Waiver of Testing Requirements. October 2, 1987 [83002E] [Crossreferenced to A 2 (8)] 40-8793222 52 FR 43250, USEPA Receipt of Request for Exclusion From/Waiver of Testing of Certain Chemical Companies. Action: Notice of Receipt of Requests for Exclusion/Waiver of Testing Requirements. November 10, 1987 [83002G] tCrossreferenced to A 2 (10)] (2) 513669 Hlb-1 0 * 0 11 34( TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 EXCLUSION/WAIVER FROM TESTING REQUIREMENTS (ALDRICH CHEMICAL C O . , AMERIB R O M , INC . , ATOMCHEM, I N C . , PFISTER CHEMICAL, INC., SIGMA CHEMICAL C O R P . , GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP. AND ETHYL CORP. H lb-FILE Fiche # 40-8893231 53 FR 3938, USEPA (3) 513670 Toxic and Hazardous S u l -stances* Control; Decision on ^EterdYG^TiVWaiver A p p l i c a t i o n ^ Companies; Aldrich <5B>mi^faVl Co. et al. -/ Action: Notice of Decision on Exclusion/Waiver Requests. February 10, 1988 [83002H] [Crossreferenced to A 2 (ll)] 40-8793212 Ethyl Corporation Letter from T. Pullin to Document Control Officer, EPA September 1, 1987 Enclosures: (1) Letter of intent to conduct tests on Pentabromodiphenyloxide and Octabromodiphenyloxide from T.Pullin, Ethyl Corp. to Document Control Officer, EPA. September 1, 1987 (2) Application letter from T. Pullin, Ethyl Corp. to Document Control Officer, EPA for an exclusion to conduct testing on Tetrabromobisphenol A and Decabromodiphenyloxide. (Sanitized) September 1, 1987 (4) 513857 H lb-2 TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 EXCLUSION/WAIVER FROM TESTING REQUIREMENTS (ALDRICH CHEMICAL C O . f AMERIB R O M , INC., ATOMCHEM, INC., PFISTER CHEMICAL, INC., SIGMA CHEMICAL C O R P . , GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP. AND ETHYL CORP. H lb-FILE Fiche # 40-8793212 (continued) (a) Polvbrominated Dibenzodioxins (PBrDD) and Dibenzofurans (PBrDF) in Some Flame Retar dant Preparations. Chemos- phere; 15 (9-12) 2111-2113 . 1986 V [Crossreferenced to E l d (8)] 40-8793213 Ameribrom, Inc. Letter from A. Tillman to Document Control Officer, EPA September 2, 1987 Enclosure: (1) Letter request for a waiver from testing of Brominated chemicals from M. Eldan, Ameribrom, Inc. to Document Control Officer, EPA. September 4, 1987 [Crossreferenced to E j ^ d O ) ] (5) 513859 H lb"3 ktOfl 3 3^3 TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 EXCLUSION/WAIVER FROM TESTING REQUIREMENTS (ALDRICH CHEMICAL CO . , AMERIBROM, INC., ATOMCHEM, INC., PFISTER CHEMICAL, INC., SIGMA CHEMICAL CORP., GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP. AND ETHYL CORP. H lt)-FILE Fiche # 40-8793218 Great Lakes Corporation (6) 513864 Letter from C. O 'Connor III of McKenna, Conner.and Cuneo to Document Control Officer, EPA September 3, 1987 Enclosure : (1) Request of Great Lakes Chemical Corporation for Exclusion and Waiver of Certain Chemicals From the Testing and Reporting Require ments of the Polvhalogenated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin/Dibenzofuran Test Rule. 40 CFR Parts 707 and 766 (52 FR 21412. June 5. 1987). (Sanitized) [Crossreferenced to E lcj(15)] 40-8793262 Aldrich Chemical Company Letter from J. Organ of Foley and Lardner to C. Elkins, EPA requesting an exclusion from and waiver of testing requirements. September 3, 1987 (7) 513919 40-8793217 Atochem, Inc. Letter from M. Hanley to Document Control Officer, EPA requesting an exemption from testing for Pentabromodiphenyloxide. September 3, 1987 [Crossreferenced to E l d (14)] (8) 513863 H lb-4 i'i TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 EXCLUSION/WAIVER FROM TESTING REQUIREMENTS (ALDRICH CHEMICAL CO., AMERIBROM, INC., ATOMCHEM, INC., PFISTER CHEMICAL, INC., SIGMA CHEMICAL CORP., GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP. AND ETHYL CORP. H lb-FILE Fiche # 40-8793267 Sigma Chemical Company (9) 513920 Letter from J. Organ of Foley and Lardner to C. Elkins, EPA requesting a waiver of testing requirements. September 3, 1987 Enclosure : (1) Applicant of Sigma Chemical q'otnpnV- for Exclusions From Testing Requirements r Under cfR~SecTT76 6 .32. ~ 40-8793225 Pfister Chemical, Inc. Letter from R.D. Huth to E. Mack, EPA September 23, 1987 Enclosures: (1) Letter requesting testing waiver for 3, 4 , '5-Tribromosalicylanilide and 3,5-Dibromosalicylanilide. September 3, 1987 (2) Followup to September 3, 1987 letter. September 9, 1987 [Crossreferenced to E l b (17)] (10) 513867 H lb 5 TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 EXCLUSION/WAIVER FROM TESTING REQUIREMENTS (ALDRICH CHEMICAL C O . , AMERIBROM, INC., ATOMCHEM, INC., PFISTER CHEMICAL, INC., SIGMA CHEMICAL C O R P ., GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP. AND ETHYL CORP. H lb-FILE Fiche # 40-87932,68 Atomchem, Inc. (11) 513921 Letter from M. Hanley to Document Control Officer, EPA containing information on "Rilson BESNO P40W5". September 24, 1987 40-8793269 Sigma Chemical Company Letter from E. Steward to C. Elkins, EPA requesting a waiver from testing requirements. September 28, 1987 Enclosure: (1) Application of Sigma Chemical Company for Exclusions From and Waiver of Testing Requirements Under CFR Sec. 766.32. (12) 513922 40-8793229 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Internal EPA memorandum from R. Lee to D. Keehner on the review of the testing waiver from Great Lakes Chemical Co. October 22, 1987 (13) 513923 40-8793263 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Internal letter from K. Wong to J. Johnson on the review of Ameribrom's waiver request. October 30, 1987 (14) 513924 H lb-6 a o ? ( to 3>h> TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 EXCLUSION/WAIVER FROM TESTING REQUIREMENTS (ALDRICH CHEMICAL CO., AMERIBROM, INC., ATOMCHEM, INC., PFISTER CHEMICAL, INC., SIGMA CHEMICAL CORP., GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP. AND ETHYL CORP. H lb-FILE Fiche # 40-8793270 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (15) 513925 Letter from C. Elkins to T. Pullin, Ethyl Corp. responding to request for exclusion from testing. November 6, 1987 Enclosures: (1) List of chemicals with waiver decisions. , (2) Non-CBI list of documents. (3) CBI list of documents. 40-8793271 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Letter from C. Elkins to D. McFadden and D.L. McAllister, Great Lakes Chemical Corp. responding to their exclusion/waiver request. November 8, 1987 Enclosures : (1) List of chemicals and waiver 'decisions. (2) Non-CBI documents list. (3) CBI documents list. (16) 513926 H lb-7 311 17 TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 EXCLUSION/WAIVER FROM TESTING REQUIREMENTS (ALDRICH CHEMICAL C O . , AMERIBROM, INC., ATOMCHEM, INC., PFISTER CHEMICAL, INC., SIGMA CHEMICAL CORP., GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP. AND ETHYL CORP. H lb-FILE Fiche # 40-8793272 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (17) 513927 Internal EPA memo from R. Lee to D. Keehner on the review of the waivers from Atomchem; Inc., Sigma Chemical Corp. and Pfister Chemical, Inc. November 13, 1987 40-8793273 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Internal EPA memo from K. Wong to J. Johnson on the process review of TBS 100 from Pfister Chemical, Inc. November 24, 1987 (18) 513928 40-8793265 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Letter from C. Elkins to J. Klundt, Aldrich Chemical Co. in response to their request for xclusion to and waiver from testing. December 4, 1987 Enclosures: (1) List of chemicals and decision on waiver request. (2) List of CBI index for Aldrich Chemical Co. (3) List of Non-CBI index for Aldrich Chemical Co. (19) 513929 Hib-8 9.0*81*8 3>ii TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 EXCLUSION/WAIVER FROM TESTING REQUIREMENTS (ALDRICH CHEMICAL C O . , AMERIBROM, INC., ATOMCHEM, INC., PFISTER CHEMICAL, INC., SIGMA CHEMICAL CORP., GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP. AND ETHYL CORP. H lb-FILE Fiche # 40-8793264 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (20) 513930 Internal EPA memo from R. Lee to D. Keehner on the review of the testing waivers .from Ameribrom, Inc. and Aldrich Chemical Co. December 8, 1987 40-8793274 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Letter from C. Elkins to E. Steward, Sigma Chemical Co. responding to their exclusion/waiver request. December 11, 1987 Enclosures: (1) List of chemicals and decisions. (2) Non-CBI document list. (3) CBI document list. (21) 513931 40-8793266 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Letter from C. Elkins to A. Tillman, Ameribrom,, Inc. on the response to the exclusion and waiver request. December 23, 1987 Enclosures : (1) List of chemicals and waiver decisions on Ameribrom's chemicals. (2) CBI list, of documents. (3.) Non-CBI list of documents. (22) 513932 H lb-9 3 TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 EXCLUSION/WAIVER FROM TESTING REQUIREMENTS (ALDRICH CHEMICAL CO., AMERIBROM, INC., ATOMCHEM, INC., PFISTER CHEMICAL, INC., SIGMA CHEMICAL CORP., GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP. AND ETHYL CORP. H lb-FILE Fiche # 40-8793275 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (23) 513933 Letter from C. Elkins to Atomchem, Inc. responding to their waiver request. December 23, 1987 Enclosures: (1) List of chemicals in question and decisions. (2) Non-CBI document list. 40-8793275 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Letter from C. Elkins to R. H u t h , Pfister Chemical, Inc. responding to their waiver request. December 23, 1987 Enclosures : (1) List of chemicals and decisions. (2) Non-CBI list of documents. (3) CBI list of documents. (24) 513934 Hib-10 3&0 TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 EXCLUSION/WAIVER FROM TESTING REQUIREMENTS (ROHM AND HAAS CO.) H lc-FILE Fiche # 40-8893232 53 FR 15282, USEPA Receipt of Request for Waiver of Testing of Rohm and Haas Co. Action: Notice of Receipt of Request for Waiver of Testing Requirements. April 28, 1988 [830021] [Crossreferenced to A 2 (12)] (1) 513671 40-8793226 Rohm and Haas Company Letter from R.L. Keener to E.S. Klein, EPA requesting a waiver from testing requirements. September 23, 1987 [Crossreferenced to E l d (17)] (2) 513867 H lc 1 TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS ANDJR*EESSPPOONISSEES ronrimnn nrnrTnn or ^ ' F1LE r)/***?t /?'9'' Fiche L TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) / HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS'--RECEIVED""FOLLOWING DECIOION O r JUNE P T'-frOO?-- MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES 40-8993422 Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel (BFRIP) Letter from B. Biles of Arnold & Porter to C. Elkins and A.E. Conroy, EPA, concerning E P A 's request for revised protocols and request for extension of time to submit revised protocols. December 11, 1989 Enclosures: (1) , Attachment A: Letter from C. Elkins, EPA to C. Mazac of Great Lakes Chemical Corp. on the inadequacy of the analytical protocol for testing Dioxin Furans in Octabromodiphenyloxide. (2) Attachment B: BFRIP Supplemental Report to the EPA - RAW HPLC and SEC Data. Fiche # 524963 40-9093423 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Letter from L. Fisher to B. Biles of Arnold & Porter in response to their request of December 11, 1990 for an extension of time to submit revised protocols and test data. January 22, 1990 524964 Hid"1 TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES FROM ^ TO OffiTOBERf 199^ 40-9093426 Chemical Manufacturers Association Letter from G. Cox to A.E. Conroy, EPA requesting an extension of time for submitting the test protocols and data. April 6, 1990 r Enclosures: (1) Letter from L. Fisher, EPA to B. Biles of Arnold and Porter (BFRIP Counsel) approving a modification for an extension of the deadline to submit revised protocols but not for data submission. January 22, 1990 (2) Letter from B. Biles of Arnold & Porter (BFRIP Counsel) to C. Elkins and A.E. Conroy, II, EPA requesting a time extension for submitting the revised protocols. December 11, 1989 (3) Fax letter from D. McAllister of Great Lakes Chemical Corp. to T. Murray, EPA explaining their position on L O Q 's and Recovery of Labelled Standards and their planned action as a result of the meeting with EPA on March 14, 1990. March 20, 1990 V&T (V Fiche # 524965 H Id-2 3& TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES FROM Tf t f * 19&4> TO 199jf F F ILI Fiche # 40-9093427 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Internal EPA memo from C. Elkins to L. Fisher recommending approval of the request to modify the rule by extending the due dates for submitting test protocols. This request was made in the April 6, 1990 letter from the Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel. May 16, 1990 U 524966 Enclosure : (1) Letter approving modification. [Enclosure Not Provided to Docket] 40-9093428 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Letter from L. Fisher to G. Cox, CMA approving a modification to extend the deadline for submitting the protocols and test data but denying the request to change the rule requirements for the recovery of the internal calibration standards. May 17, 1990 l&r W 524967 40-9093452 Pfister Chemical, Inc. Letter from G. Danis of Kerby, Cooper, English, Danis, Popper and Garvin to Document Control Office, EPA requesting an extension for submitting revised protocols and test results. May 22, 1990 faM* 524968 Hid-3 TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES FROM (5MSeBggLJ.9ft#> TO -QftTOBgft 199^ 40-9093491 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Letter from L. Fisher to G. Danis of Kerby, Cooper, English, Danis, Popper and Garvin in response to their ^ extension request dated May 22, 199(f * August 27 , 1990 TW Qsy Fiche # 40-9093490 Pfister Chemical, Inc. Letter from S. Geller of Kerby, Cooper, English, Danis, Popper and Garvin to M. Wood, EPA requesting an extension of the date for submitting the protocols and the test results. 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Shah to J. Harris, EPA requesting guidance and modifications test protocols previously approved. March 11, 1992 / Hlg 1 TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES FROM JANUARY / ? ? TO JANUARY (DOCKET # ) Fiche # 1Fla- 3 7^ TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # t MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES FROM JANUARY TO JANUARY (DOCKET # ) 'fea~-FILE Fiche # P fia' 1 .3 0 ^ 4 7 377 TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES FROM JANUARY TO JANUARY (DOCKET # ) 'JK ^ - F I L E Fla-1 3^0 TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES FROM JANUARY TO JANUARY (DOCKET # ) fe^-FILE H-> 7fr 5 - Fiche # Fla-1 TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES FROM JANUARY TO JANUARY (DOCKET # ) ^-FILE ?S ? / Fla-1 ^0^53- 2)& TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES FROM JANUARY TO JANUARY (DOCKET # ) T^-FILE Fiche # Fla-1 9^53. TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET it1 MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES FROM JANUARY TO JANUARY (DOCKET # ) Fiche # Fla"l TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES FROM JANUARY TO JANUARY Fiche # ifO / . _ 0. Fla-1 SL0 8 i ? 5 TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES FROM JANUARY TO JANUARY (DOCKET # ) V FI" Fiche # j - ni 3 , r ix-i- Fla -1 3^ TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES FROM JANUARY TO JANUARY (DOCKET # ) 'V^ a.-FILE i{d -Cj </3 57b Fiche # Fla-1 LO<357 TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES FROM JANUARY TO JANUARY (DOCKET # ) 'Flik^FILE P Cf3 S ^ Y H-i q / ,, Fiche # Fla-1 3.0 f'J* 92 ? TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # MODIFICATION AND AMENDMENT REQUESTS AND RESPONSES FROM JANUARY TO JANUARY (DOCKET # ) -FILE Fiche # Fla-1 aos^ ' TSCA SECTION 4 ~~Z^i TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # G6NSTI0NAT,EXEMPT!QM 3 TROM JANUARY----- TO--JANUARY (DOCKET # ) ,"Elb-FILE fir Fiche # . cJ2-7 ( Fib- 1 a o "S 4 ( 9 310 TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # _ (SONDmONAii~~EXEMPTIONS -FROM JANUARY-- --TO-JANUaKY (DOCKET # ) ^^-FLE '' / Fiche # (V K- Flb- 1 TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # CONDITIONAL EXEMPTIONS FROM JANUARY TO JANUARY (DOCKET # ) ,-FILE u l A, ^4, Fiche # ~~kr a ; itT' V //? ,, v .A. 'A- c ^ 1 0 * 8 (o 2 - 3^ TSCA SECTION 8 (d) AND 4(a) ' HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 RECEIPT OF TEST DATA; DOCKET #44544 h 2-f i l e Fiche # 40-9390420 54 FR 52449, USEPA (1) 524801 TSCA Chemical Testing; Receipt of Test Data. ' Action: Notice. December 21, 1989 [44544] [Crossreferenced to A 2 (13)3 40-9390421 Hoechst-Celanese Corporation Letter from R. Jourdenais to Document 1 Control Office, EPA November 21, 1989 Enclosure: (l ) Test Results from the Analysis of 2.3.5.6-Tetrachloro-2.5-Cvclohexadiene-1.4-dione (Chloranil). Triangle Laboratories, Inc. (2) 524961 h 2-i TSCA SECTION 8 (d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-E-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 RECEIPT OF TEST DATA; DOCKET #44546 H 3 -FILE Fiche # 40-9390419 55 FR 3482, USEPA TSCA Chemical Testing"; Receipt of Test Data. Action: Notige. February 1, 1990 [44546] [Crossreferenced to A 2 (14)] (1) 524802 40-9093401 Sandoz Chemicals Corporation Letter from B. Drum to L. Marcus, EPA on the testing of 2,3,5,6 -Tetrachloro2 ,5-Cyclohexadiene-l,4-dione. January 3, 1990 Enclosure : (1) Analysis of Test Results from the 2 . 3 . 5 . 6 - T e t r a c h l o r o - 2 ,5-Cvclohexadiene-1.4-dione (Chloranil). Triangle Laboratories, Inc. December 15, 1989 ( 2 ) 524962 H 3- 1 TSCA SECTION 8 (d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 RECEIPT OF TEST DATA; DOCKET #44552 H 4 -FILE Fiche # 40-9093464 55 FR 21934, USEPA TSCA Chemical Testing; Receipt of Test Data. Action: Notice. May 30, 3990 [44552] [Crossreferenced to A 2 (15)] (1 ) j 3 > 3 3 / 40-9093429 A and D International, Inc. Letter from C.K. Gupta to J. Ua?rtermr-y,. EPA April 13, 1990 Enclosures: (1) Analysis of Samples for the Presence of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans bv High-Resolution Gas Chromatography/High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry on Chloranil. Triangle Labs., Inc. April 11, 1990 (2) Sample D a t a . Triangle Labs., Inc. ApriJ. 3, 1990 (3) Sample D a t a . Triangle Labs., Inc. April 6 , 1990 (4) Calibration D a t a . Triangle Labs., Inc. October 4, 1989 (5) Document Control Papers. Triangle L a b s ., I n c . (2) 524923 H 4-l y\ TSCA SECTION 8(d) AND 4(a) HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA REPORTING TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET #83002 - POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF JUNE 5, 1987 RECEIPT OF TEST DATA; DOCKET #44552 H 4 -FILE Fiche # 40-9093429 (continued) (6) Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans GC Column Performance and Retention Time Window Defining Mixture. January 10, 1990 (7) Data User Manual. Triangle Labs., Inc. (8) Analytical Procedures for the Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans bv High-Resolution Gas Chromato graphy /Hiah-Resolution Mass Spec trometry for Chloranil. Triangle Labs., Inc. May 1989 40-9093394 - Chugai Boyeki (America) Corporation Letter from R. Tanaka to C. Elkins, EPA December 26, 1989 Enclosure: (1) Test Results of the Seven Samples of Chloranil Selected for Analy tical Testing. Triangle Labora- tories, Inc. H 4-2 testino OF CBEVTTSrC^ SCTI 4 documents f r - *"* MIXTURES eeceipt of tes_tm ?"NSo etSON of 'J*~FILE f i' 9 ^ ^ ^ Z 'XPS Fiche .... ' i w -^a-L /fa&ytp'to' 3jd% & 7 <3/7 TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF RECEIPT OF TEST DATA; DOCKET # -FILE n Fiche JS i<7 / ? ' ^ <^0%<3r ^ /- 0 - TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF RECEIPT OF EST DATA; DOCKET # >-FILE Fiche 1X0*5 (g0! 399 />' TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF RECEIPT OF TEST DATA; DOCKET # Ng^-FILE .0 0 - 6 7 0 Too TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF RECEIPT OF TEST DATA; DOCKET # ^ - file 5/-+ J&fc (2 . " r p r * '** ff, Z? r/C /? * 3 Fiche " h / <7 7 2 - Zod7l tfoi "TM if'9j- bJ<z - J S f f i S i ,,,, ,, ,, ,, Af`br DATA; DOCKET # ^ - file *5 it & ^ /5^" Fiche a.&vygL io?- TSCA SECTION 4 TESTING OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES DOCKET # DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOLLOWING DECISION OF RECEIPT OF TEST DATA; DOCKET # ^-FILE f f/ 3 .Ari Fiche l/'-J' W Y // f\ ' ^ ' /?f Z" PO&13 Hod INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES HEADING FILE ft POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-DIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS #83002 DOCUMENT * U.S. Envi ronmental Protection Agency U.S. Envi ronmental Protection Agency ' U.S. Envi ronmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S.. Environmental Protection Agency -U.S. Envi ronmental Protection Agency B 2 (39) B l a (l) B 2 (40) B 2 (51) B 2 (42) B i a (3 30. USEPA, OW, "Ambient Water Quality Criteria Document for 2,3,7,8 -tetrachlorodibenzo-E-dioxin." Washington, D.C. EPA 440/5-84-007. 1984. 40-8493074 31. USEPA, ORD, O H E A , ECAO. "Health Assessment Document for Polychlorinated Dibenzo-E-Dioxins." September, 1985. 40-8593014 32. USEPA, OSW. "Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Tetra-, Penta-, and Hexachlorodibenzo-E-dioxins and Tetra-, Penta-, and Hexachlorodibenzo-E-furans." August, 1985. 40-8493075 33. USEPA, OSW. "Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Brominated Dibenzo-pdioxins and Brominated Dibenzo-E-furans." August, 1985. 40-8593087 34. USEPA, ODW. "Drinking Water Criteria Document for 2,3,7,?-- ^A#Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-/\ dioxin. "------ ------- i March, 1985. 40-8593077 35. USEPA. Economic analysis of 40-8593016 proposed call-in under TSCA section 8 (c) of allegations &[ significant adverse reac' Vfbns-for chemicals poten" tri-aTiy' C 6 htaminated with dibenzo-p- j r - ^ n .SAew-arTrs--Shd^Ei'T^yihalog enat eel dibenzofurans. OPTS. October, 1985 -6- INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES HEADING FILE # POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-pDIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS #83002 DOCUMENT # U. S. Envi ronmental Protection Agency U. S. Envi ronmental Protection Agency B l a (2 ) B 2 (53) 36. USEPA. Economic analysis for requirement under TSCA section 8 (d) for submission of unpublished health and safety studies for chemicals potentially contaminated with polyhalogenated dibenzo-pdioxins and polyhalogenated dibenzofurans. October, 1985. 37. Versar, Inc. List of chemicals contaminated or precursors to contamination with inci dentally generated polychlori nated and polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzo furans. EPA Contract No. 6 8 02-3968, Task No. 48. 1985. 40-8593015 .40-8593092 -7- HEADING Albro, P.W. et a l . Bandiera, S. et al. Bandiera, S. et a l . Bellin, J.S. et a l . INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES FILE tt POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-pDIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS #83002C DOCUMENT # B 4 (l) B 4 (3) B 4 (2) 1. Albro et al. "A radioimmunoassay for chlorinated dibenzop-dioxins." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 50:137146. 1979. 40-7993020 2. Bandiera et al. "Polychlorii^ateil. dibenzofurans (PCDFs ):/Effects strucure on binding /to the ,3,7,8^TCuu cytosolic -roccp.- ^J:or protein, AHH induction -anr* /^-/t*Ttoxicity." Toxicology. 3 * 0 ^ 5 ^ 1 3 1 - 1 4 4 . 1984. 40-8493021 3. Bandiera et al. "Competitive binding to cytosolic 2 ,3,7,8TCDD receptor: Effects of structure on the affinities of substituted halogenated biphenyls - a QSAR analysis." Biochem. Pharmacol. 32:3803. 1983. 40-8393162 B 4 (4) Beilin J.S., Barnes D.G., "Health hazard assessment chlorinated dioxins and di zofurans other than 2,3,7 T C D D ." Presented at the (TET3%>osium on advances in rheeflTh risk assessment f sys^einTc toxicants and ^h^^ca^iTri^tures ^Cincinnati, Ohio. O'ctober 1984. 25 , 40-8493002 -8- INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES HEADING FILE # POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-pDIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS 83002C DOCUMENT ft U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Bradlaw, J.A. et a l . Dow Chemical USA Cull, M.R. et a l . Czuczwa, J.M. " et al. B 4 (31a) 5 B 4 (5) Bomberger et al. "Hexachlorobenzene: Chemistry of form ation and identified sources." SRI draft report to USEPA, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Contract No. 6 8 02-3976. 1984. Bradlaw J.A., Casterline J.L., "Induction of enzyme activity in cell culture: A rapid screen for detection of planar polychlorinated organic com pounds." Journal of Associa tion of Official Analytical. rf'Chemistry. 62:904-916. ft B 4 (10) B,! (7 ) B 4 (9) 7 Crummet et al. Review and Trends in the Analysis for PCDD/PCDF . DOW Chemical Cbtipany Analytical Labor 19 8 6 . (CMA Sub 2/19/86) Cull et al. "Polychlorodiben-^ zo-p-dioxins and Dibenzo^t^*^^ in Technical Pentachlo^ uiDphenol Results of a Coll Analytical Exercise." TMM)sphere . 13: 10:1157- 19 8 4. Czuczwa et a l . "Polychlori^ nated Dibenzodioxins and i5i)^zofurans in Sediment fr* Siskiwit Lake, Isle Rtryad^-" Chemosphere , 14 'W771 623-626 . 1985. 40-8493063 40-7993022 40-8593001 40-8493163 40-8593165 -9- 30^1 io1 INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES HEADING FILE # POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-pDIOXINS/DIBENZOFIIRANS 83QQ2C DOCUMENT f Czuczwa, J.M. et a l . B 4 (8 ) 10. Czuczwa J . M . , Hites R .A . 40-8493164 "Environmental Fate of Conit^t; " / iiStion-Generated Polychlo-^^JZ/' * , Dioxins*and Furans." Qtur-A** EftvirMiH Sci. Technol. , A 18: 6 :444-450.V---------- J 1984. Germany (Fdral Repub1 ic of ) , Federal Health Office B 4 (12) 11. Dioxins '84: Report on Dioxins Update to November, 1984. 'Compiled by the Federal V o i t t jiealb* Office. Federal ^ (Envi ronmentaTr'Agency, Federal^ ^Republic ofjGermany. 40-8493167 Dow Chemical USA D 2 c (1) 12. Dow Chemical Company. Direct testimony of David T. Buzzelli before EPA in re: Docket No. 415 et al. Exhibit 810. October 14, 1980. 40-8093125 U. S. Envi ronmental Protection Agency B 4 (29a) 13 Dynamac Corporation, Environ- mental Control Divisin. Ifcri-- -PrtevRegulatory Analysis of Retardants. EPA Hd Gont r-aob--Ntr. 68-01-6239. May 7, 1982.--- ------------- 40-8293166 Envi ronmental Defense Fund B 4 (ll) 14. Environmental Defense Fund and National Wildlife Federation. Petition to EPA to initiate rulemakings to prevent and reduce environmental nation' by dioxins and A furans ------------------------- J October 22, 1984. 40-8493034 U. S Environmental Protection Agency B 4 <29) 15 Esposito et al. USEPA, "Dioxins," Cincinnati, Ohio. USEPA Industrial Envi ronmental Research Laboratory, EPA (lOOJ /6T^2-80-197. 1980. 40-8-093046 -10- INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES HEADING FILE # POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-pDIOXINS/DIBENZQFURANS #83002C DOCUMENT * Gierthy, J.F. et a l . Helder, T.H. et a l . Hoar, S.K. et a l . Hutzinger, D. et a l . Knutson, J.C. et a l . Mason, G, et a l . B 4 (13) B 4 (14) B 4 (15 ) B 4 (16) B 4 (17) B 4 (18) 16 Gierthy et al. "Application of an in vitro keratinization assay to extracts of soot from a fire in a PCB containing transformer." In press. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 1985. 17 Helder T . H . , seinen w . , "^eandardization of an ELS JyjuD tedroas'say^ for p c d d s and ,p c d f s ." SCWbiffoftphere 14:183-193. ` --------------------------------- 18. Hoar et al. "Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft tissue sarcoma." Journal of the American Medical Association, 256: 9:1141-1147. September, 1986 . 19. Hutzinger et al. "Polychlo rinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: A bioanalytical approach." Chemosphere 10:19-25. 1981. w 20. Knutson J.C., Poland A., rt-- <!TR>3itinization of mouse -Lcralrome cell line XB produced -- by 2,3,7,8 -tetrachlorodibenzo- ' p-dioxin: an in vitro model '' . of toxicity." Cell 22:27-36.' 1980. 21. Mason et al. "Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs): Corre lation between in vivo and in vitro structure-activity relationships." Toxicology, . 37:1. 1985. 40-8493040 40-8593042 -- 40-8693168 40-8193044 sm. 40-8093048 40-8593169 _3S -11- INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES HEADING FILE # POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-pDIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS *83002C DOCUMENT # McKinney, J. et a l . McKinney, J. et al.^ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency - _ -Ss|Moore , J.. et a l . Patterson, D. et a l . B 4 (20) 22. McKinney et al. "Structural specificity and the dioxin receptor." In: Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds: Impact on the Environment," by Hutzinger et a l . , Ed. Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 367. 1982. B 4 (19) 23. McKinney et al. "Development and reliability of a radio immunoassay for 2 ,3,7,8 -tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin." In: Impact of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds on the Environment. Hutzinger, eds. Oxford: Peragamon Press, pp. 67-69. 1981. B 4 (31b) 24. Midwest Research Institute (M R I ). Guidelines for the determination of polyhalogenated dioxins and dibenzofurans in commercial products. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3938; MRI Project No. 8201-A(41). 1985 . B 4 (21) 25. Moore et al. "Comparative toxicity of 3 halogenated dibenzofurans in guinea pigs, mice, and rhesus monkeys." N.Y. Academy of Science Annual, 320; pp. 151-163. 1979. B 4 (22) 26. Patterson et al. "2,3,7,8 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin levels in adipose tissue of exposed and control persons in Missouri." Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 256. 19:2683-2686. November 21, 1986. 40-8293004 40-8293051 40-8593052 40-7993170 40-8693171 -12- INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES HEADING FILE # POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-pDIOXINS/DIBENZFURANS tt83002C DOCUMENT * Poland, A. et a l . Safe, S. et a l . Schwetz, B .A . et a l . Thoma, H. et al. Thoma, H . et a l . B 4 (24) 27. Poland A., Knutson J.C. V J v/ . 7,8 -Tetrachlorrooddibenzo- ^ 7 w Qfp^dioxin and relate3d k M f C v Z U f jia-Loqonated* aromat S / rdTocaHxms-: Examinmateron of- mechanism <ji>&oxicity." d ^ ^ t - ^ Annual Review PEarmafoToqv and ^-Toxicology. 22:517. 1982^ J B 4 (25) 28. Safe et al. Binding to the 2,3,7,8-TCDD receptor and AHH/EROD induction: In vitro QSAR. Banbury Report 18: Biological mechanisms of dioxin action. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 1984. B 4 (26) 29. Schwetz et al. "Toxicology of chlorinated dibenzo-p- 41 . n 'dioxins ."^T^^vironmental " :tives . 5 :87j^I 1973. B 4 (28) 30. Thoma et al. "Polybrominated Dibenzodioxins and Furans from the Pyrolysis of some Flame * Retardants." Chemosphere. [At ` 15, No. 5, pp. 649-652. Pergamon Press. 1986. B 4 (28) 31. Thoma et al. "Polybrominated Dibenzofurans (PBD F ) and Dibenzodioxins (PBDD) from the Pyrolysis of neat Brominated D,iphenylethers, Biphenyls and Plastic Mixtures of these compounds." Chemosphere (In Pre s s ). 40-8293058 40-8493059 40-7393172 ~ 40-8693173 40-8793003 -13- 2 - < 8 S '/ i-ii INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES HEADING FILE # POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-pDIOXINS/DIBENZOFIIRANS 83002C DOCUMENT # U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency November 4, 1986 June 3, 1986 B 4 (30) 32. USEPA, OWRS, OSWER. "Dioxin Strategy," Washington, D.C. Office of Water Regulations and Standards and Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response in conjunction with the Dioxin Strategy Task F o r c e .a 19 83 >-* B 4 (31) 33. USEPA, OW. "Ambient Water Quality Criteria Document for 2,3,7,8 -tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin." Washington, D.C. EPA 440/5-84-007. 1984. B l c (l) 34. U S E P A , O R D , O H E A , E C A O . "Health Assessment Document for Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins." September, 1985. E l c (2) 35. USEPA. Letter from Richard Griesemer, Chairman, Dioxin Toxic Equivalency Methodology Subcommittee, and Norton Nelson, Chairman, Executive Committee, to Lee M. Thomas, Administrator, EPA, dated November 4, 1986. SAB-EC-87008. E 2 c (1 ) 36. USEPA. OPTS. OTS. Personal Communication from Dr. Stephen Billet, Chief, EPA Hazardous Waste Methods Evaluation Branch, Las Vegas Laboratory, to Dr. Peter Tong, OTS, HERD, C R E B , re: Chemical Screening Methods for the Detection of PHDDs and PHDFs. June 3, 1986 . 40-8393073 40-8493074 40-8593014 40-8693175 40-8693177 -14- V/5L INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES HEADING FILE # POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-pDIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS #83002C DOCUMENT # U. S. Environmental Protection Agency U. S. Environmental Protection Agency U. S. Environmental Protection Agency U .S . Envi ronmenta 1 Protection Agency B l c (2) 37. USEPA. OPTS. OTS. E T D . Economic analysis of final section 8 (a) reporting rule for chemicals potentially contaminated with polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polyhalogenated dibenzofurans. December, 1986. 40-8693157 B l c (4) 38. USEPA. OPTS. OTS. ETD. Economic analysis of final data call-in under TSCA section 8 (c) of allegations of significant adverse reactions for chemicals potentially contaminated with polyhalo genated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polyhalogenated dibenzo^V*'*- 1 40-8693159 n D ecember, 1986. B i c (3 39. USEPA. OPTS. OTS. ETD. Economic analysis for r e ^ K ^ ' "" , ., -qui-f-ement under TSCA section P}&/ *=8-(=d) for submission of unpu -bliched he a lth and safety^f t^udTes^fo^i cnemicals^ r ^potentiaTly^contaml/hated with 7 ^ poiynaiogenatedj dibenzo-p-^ y ^ i O xin s and~poiyhaI(jgenated SflibeTHiofuransl December, 1986. 40-8693158 B 4 (31d) 40. Versar, Inc. List of chemicals contaminated or precursors.tq contamination with incide Jzay' generated polychlor p^-ted^ad polybrominated^t dabenzodioxins^ and~dibenzq^<-y^t^ fnr^ns .-- s-Pft contract No. *68-7 ^02-3968 , Task^No 48, 1985 40-8593092 & -3 5- ^3 INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES TEADING FILE # POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-pDIOXINS/DIBENZOFIJRANS #83002C DOCUMENT # U. S. Environmental Protection B l c (6 ) 41. USEPA. OPTS. OTS. E T D . Economic analysis of final section 4 testing rule for Agency chemicals potentially contaminated with polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polyhalogenated dibenzofurans. January, 1987. t 40-8793204 v -16- y/y INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES HEADING FILE * POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-pDIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS #83002 DOCUMENT # Albro, P.W. et al. Bandiera, S. et al. Bellin, J.S. et a l . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Bradlaw, J.A. et al. B 2 (2 ) 1. Albro et al. "A radioimmuno assay chlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 50:137146. 1979. B 2 (3 ) 2. Bandiera et al. "Polychlori nated dibenzofurans (PCDFs): Effects of structure on binding to the 2,3,7,8-TCDD cytosolic receptor protein, AHH induction and toxicity." Toxicology. 32:131-144. 1984. B 2 (3a) 3. Beilin J.S., Barnes D . G . , "Health hazard assessment for chlorinated dioxins and diben zofurans other than 2,3,7,8TCDD." Presented at the Symposium on advances in health risk assessment for systemic toxicants and chemi cal mixtures. Cincinnati, Ohio. October 25, 1984. B 2 (40a) 4. Bomberger et al. "Hexachlorobenzene: Chemistry of form ation and identified sources." SRI draft report to USEPA, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Contract No. 68-02-3976. 1984. B 2 (4) 5. Bradlaw J . A . , Casterline J . L . , "Induction of enzyme activity in cell culture: A rapid screen for detection of planar polychlorinated organic com pounds." Journal of Associa tion of Official Analytical Chemistry. 62:904-916. 1979. 40-j7993020 40-8493021 40-8493002 40-8493063 40-7993022 -1- INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES HEADING FILE # POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-pDIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS *83002 Coggan, D. et al. (The) Dow Chemical Company Environmental Defense Fund u.s. Env ironmenta1 Protection Agency Fingerhut, M.A. et al. Fingerhut, M.A. et al. B2 (10) 6. Coggan D . , Achesson E.D. "Do phenoxy herbicides cause cancer in man?" The Lancet (8280), 1057-1059. 1982. D 2 a (l) 7. Dow Chemical Company. Direct testimony of David T. Buzzelli before EPA in re: Docket No. 415 et al. Exhibit 810. October 14, 1980. E 3 a (l) 8. Environmental Defense Fund and National Wildlife Federation. Petition to EPA to initiate rulemakings to prevent and reduce environmental contami nation by dioxins and furans. October 22, 1984. B2 (37) 9. Esposito et al. USEPA, "Dioxins," Cincinnati, Ohio. USEPA Industrial Environmen tal Research Laboratory, EPA 600/2-80-197. 1980. B2 (17) 10. Fingerhut et al. "Review of exposure and pathology data for seven cases reported as soft tissue sarcoma among persons occupationally exposed to dioxin-contaminated herbi cides." In Public Health Risks of the Dioxins. W m . Lowrance, Ed., Rockefeller University, 87-204. 1984. B2 (17a) 11. Fingerhut et al. "The NIOSH Occupational Dioxin Registry," in Public Health Risks of the Dioxins. Wm. Lowrance, Ed., Rockefeller University, 361366. 1984. DOCUMENT # 40-8293028 40-8093125 40-8493034 40-8093046 40-8393038 40-8393039 -2- Wo, HEADING INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES / FILE * POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-pDIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS #83002 DOCUMENT ft Gierthy, J.F et al. Hajdu, S.I. Honchar, P.A. et al. Helder, T.H. et al. Hutzinger, O. et al. Kimbrough, R.D. Knutson, J.C. et al. B2 (18) B2 (19) B2 (2l) B2 (20) B? (22) B2 (24) B2 (25) 12. Gierthy et al. "Application 40-8493040 of an in vitro keratinization assay to extracts of soot from a fire in a PCB containing transformer." In press focvi*," <rT>JfMamental and Applied , 1985. 13. Hajdu S.I. "Classification and pathological diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma." In Public Health Risks of the Dioxins. Wm. Lowrance, Ed. Rockefeller University, 205-216. 1984. 40-8393041 14. Honchar P.A., Halperin W. "2,4,5-Trichlorophenol and soft tissue sarcoma." The Lancet 1 (8214), 268-269. 1981. 40-8193043 15. Helder T.H. , Seinen W. , "Staru^ Lardization of an ELS bioassay for PCDDs and PCDFs." Chemosphere 14:183-193. 1983. 40-8593042 16. Hutzinger et al. "Polychlo rinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: A bioanalytical approach." Chemosphere 10:19-25. 1981. 40-8193044 17. Kimbrough R.D., "The toxicity of polychlorinated polycyclic compounds and related chemi cals." CRC Current Review Toxicology, p. 455. 1974. 40-7493047 18. Knutson J.C., Poland A . , "Kera tinization of mouse teratome cell line XB produced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin: an In vitro model of toxicity." Cell 22:27-36. 1980. 40-8093048 -3- ao8S7 W INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES HEADING FILE # POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-pDIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS #83002 DOCUMENT # McKinney, J. et al. 'U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Poland, A. et a l . Safe, S. et al Sawyer, T.W. et a l . B 2 (26) 19. McKinney et al. "Development and reliability of a radioimmunoassay for 2 ,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin." In: Impact of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds on the-Environment. Hutzinger, eds. Oxford: Peragamon Press, pp. 67-69. '1981. 40-8293051 v B 2 (48a) 20. Midwest Research Institute (MRI). Guidelines for the determination of polyhalogenated dioxins and dibenzofurans in commercial products. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3938; MRI Project No. 8201-A(41). 1985 . 40-8593052 B 2 (30) 21. Poland A., Knutson J.C., "2,3,7,8 -Tetrachloroditipnzpp-dioxin and related hatf<%9nated aromatic ^hy^rtrpd^Sdnfe^ Examination of the-- meehanism --of 'toxicity. " Annual Review Pharmacology and Toxicology. 22:517. 1982. 40-8293058 B 2 (31) 22. Safe et al. Binding to the 2,3,7,8-TCDD receptor and AHH/EROD induction: In vitro Q S A R . "Banbury Report 18: Biological mechanisms of dioxin.action." Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 1984. 40-8493059 B 2 (33) 23. Sawyer T.W., Safe S. "In vitro AHH induction by polychlori nated biphenyl and jdijJjeij^furan mixtures; addibtV^ effects." Chemosohere \/(K. t4Uutl4 No. 1, pp. 79-84. , 40-8593062 -4- Hit INDEX TO FEDERAL REGISTER REFERENCES HEADING FILE # POLYHALOGENATED DIBENZO-pDIOXINS/DIBENZOFURANS 83002 DOCUMENT # Agent Orange Work Group U.S. Air Force, -School of Aerospace Medicine U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency B 2 (l) B 2 (34) B 2 (46) Bia (5) B i a (4) B 2 (38) 24. The Agent Orange Workgroup (A O W G ) Report to the Domestic Council of the President's Cabinet. October, 1985. 25. United States Air Force. Project Ranch Hand II. An epidemiologic investigation of health effects in Air Force personnel following exposure to herbicides. Update II, November 29, 1985. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas. 26. USEPA. Office of Public Affairs, Press Advisory dated June 10, 1985. 40-8593019 40-8593067 40-8593082 27. USEPA. Economic analysis of proposed section 4 testing rule for chemicals potentially contaminated with polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polyhalogenated dibenzofurans. OPTS. October, 1985. 40-8593018 28. USEPA. Economic analysis o_ff proposed section 8 (a) repi^C ~r -'UP&r^ing rule for chemdiecalxso ppt'fefltially contaminated with pdd^halogenated dibenzo-p-^'-^ diojcirTvg and polyhalogenated dirfcrerriz&ifurans. OPTS. October, 1985. 40-8593017 * : 29. USEPA, O W R S , OSWER. "Dioxin 40-8393073 Strategy," Washington, D.C. Office of Water Regulations and ^'"''Standards and Office of STTg~^a s t e a n d^ ^">mergency Response n conjunction with the loxin jStrategy Task Force, 1983. -5- y/7 MACC0C7 HE UNITED STATES Ml LIT AFO S, Chemical RS E COMMAND. VIETNAM NM2 Division 4 October 1966 MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD SUBJECT: Press Release on the Herbicide P o l i c y Review - B a c k g r o u n d / 1. A background briefing for selected correspondents was held at 1500 hours on 20 September 1968. The press was represented by key correspon dents including CBS, NBC, UPI, AP, New Tork Times, Washington Post and BBC 2. The Mission Agencies were represented by Mr. Eugene Rosenfeld, press representative of the American Embassy, Mr. George Anderson, Political Military Office of the American Embassy and Colonel John Moran, Chemical Operations Division, J3, MACV. 3. Mr. Rosenfeld served as moderator of the background briefing. He opened the briefing by stating that comments by the press would be at tributed only to the U. S. Mission, Saigon. He requested that questions on management and economics be directed to Mr. Anderson and questions on technology, effects, and military operations be directed to Colonel John Moran. 4. The Important queries of the press and responses thereto are outlined below: a. Question - What is the purpose of employing herbicides in South Vietnam? Answer - One of the most important problems in combat operations in South Vietnam is finding and observing the enemy in this nation of 65,000 square miles of area which is over 1/3 forest and jungle. Defo liating herbicides have the capability of improving the vertical visi bility from 70 to 90 percent in 4 to 6 weeks. The improvement in visi bility lasts for 12 to 16 months. Horizontal visibility is improved from 40 - 60 percent. Thus, militarily Important terrain features such as enesy and friendly lines of communication, enemy base areas and avenues of approach, and friendly defensive perimeters are treated with defoliat ing herbicides to maintain surveillance of the enemy in these key terrain features, and to bring fire power against the enemy should he attempt to employ his forces in these areas. Crop destroying herbicides are utilized to deny food to enemy units in food scarce areas remote from population centers. This action causes the enemy to utilize combat forces for the production of food or the transport of food increasing his logistical burden and lowering his morale. ts a 13 133 MACC0C7 4 October 1968 SUBJECT: Press Release on the Herbicide Policy Review - Background Previous newspaper articles have discussed crop destruction on the macro or total country basis; this is not the intent of the program. Crop targets are destroyed only in the vicinity of known enemy units located in food scarce areas in the upper highlands of South Vietnam. Thus crop destruction should only be analyzed on the micro basis. No crop destrucion missions are conducted in the agriculturally rich delta area. Very few crop destruction operations are conducted in III Corps and those con ducted are in mountainous areas of the northern provinces of this Corps. Most crop destruction missions are conducted in the Western provinces of II Corps and the Southern provinces of I Corps. The crop destruction pro gram is conducted as part of the total food denial program. Other crop denial programs include selective harvesting, storage, and distribution, combined with constant policing of the avenues of conmerce to deny food to the enemy. In 1967 herbicide operations were credited with destroying 120,000 tons of food - 80,000 tons of rice and 40,000 tons of broad leaf crops. This represents only l percent of South Vietnam's food producing capability. b. Question - Are there not many claims in connection with the pro gram and if so what is the amount of these claims? Answer - This question was answered by Mr. Anderson who stated that there are claims 1 connection with the program and payment is admin istrated by the GVN. However, there is no information available on the amount of these claims. Colonel Moran then explained that claims are al most an inherent part of herbicide operations throughout the world since herbicides are used so extensively in industrial and agricultural opera tions. Colonel Moran noted that in 1959 85,000 square miles in the United States were treated. By 1965, this treatment had grown to 185,000 square miles. These treatments included vegetation control along railroad lines, power lines and forest reserves. Of particular interest is the commercial treatment of deciduous trees of the woodlands of the south to accelerate the growth of pine trees. Most of the above treatment is accomplished by aerial spray. Treatments of railroad lines and power lines are es pecially notable for producing accidental crop destruction claims. In 1967 industrial and agricultural herbicide operations in the United States caused claims amounting to approximately 100,OOOdoHars in the state of North Carolina alone. It is interesting to note that in 1965 treatment of herbicide in the United States represented nearly 5 percent of the total area, while treatment of South Vietnam in 1967 amounted to only ap proximately percent. c. Question - How effective was the ecological study by Dr. Tschirley? Was it not conducted mostly by air? Answer - The ecological study by Dr. Tschirley is being released 2 DECLASSIFIED PER EXECUTIVE ORDER 1*15. SECTION 3 3. Bv p a t e $ / y ) > MACC0C7 4 October 1968 SUBJECT: Press Release on the Herbicide Policy Review - Background today and your comments and conclusions can be drawn from that study which speaks for itBelf. Much of the ecological observations were made from low level helicopter flights, however Dr. Tschirley and ecologists and foresters from the Biological Laboratory, Fort Detrick, and USAID were inserted into several areas of III Corps where ground observations of herbicide areas were made. It is believed that these insertions were adequate and contributed significantly to the general body of knowledge of the effect of herbicide treatment on the ecology of SVN. d. Question - What do the field commanders think of the herbicide program? Answer - The field commanders have reported that the herbicide programs assist in providing improved observation on enemy LOC's, avenues of approach and base areas and assist in securing our own LOC's. They continue to recommend targets for treatment in various militarily impor tant areas of SVN. e. Question - Are these materials toxic to man, animals and insects? Answer - We have no knowledge of any instances when herbicides used in SVN have been harmful to man, animals, fish or insects. All herbicides used in SVN are used extensively in the United States and the rest of the world for industrial and agricultural vegetation control. They are gen erally no more toxic than aspirin. It is possible, however, that the lack of vegetation resulting from defoliation operations may cause some animals to migrate to other areas. f. Question - Are the agents persistent in the soil? Answer - The agent used for crop destruction persists in the soil only 2 4 - 4 8 hours, after which the field can be plowed and replanted with expectation of greater crop yield due to the weed control provided by the herbicide treatment. The defoliation agent persists in the soil from 2 - 4 months. During the ecological study actual soil samples were taken to determine persistency and the above persistency data were substantiated. g. Question - What part does the GVN play in the management and con trol of the program? Answer - This question was answered by Mr. Anderson who explained that the United States supports the GVN in this program. No targets are flown without GVN approval. That is, the GVN initiates the military opera tions order to attack the target. Further, all herbicide in-country is 3 MACC0C7 4 October 1968 SUBJECT: Press Release on the Herbicide Policy Review - Background under GVN control and iesued from GVN depots on a nission by mission basis 5. The background briefing lasted one hour, it the close of the briefing the CBS representative stated that the Herbicide Program was completely supportable and should be told to the people of the United States. He stated that it was a good story and requested that a tape along the lines outlined above be made for release in the United States. Mr. Rosenfeld answered that such a request would be pursued with appropriate officials. After departure of the correspondents Mr. Rosenfeld stated that the back ground briefing was a complete success, noting the exceptionally thorough knowledge of the program on the part of the participants. 6. The BBC representative indicated a negative attitude along the fol lowing lines: a. Dr. Tschirley's report stated that it was a bad time of the year to conduct an ecological study. b. The observation in the study had been conducted mostly from the air. c. The effect of herbicide operations on the water table had not been properly researched. Other than the above no other correspondents appeared to have a hostile attitude toward the program. Chief, Cml Opas Div 2J5T7-? ! 9 July 1968 THE DOW CHEMICAL COM PANY MOLANO. MICHIOAN 4AA40 SUBJECT: HERBICIDE M-3393 The enclosed data covers a herbicide developed along the lines of research work done at Ft. Detrick, Maryland, to produce a herbicide more effective than those now being used by the military in Vietnam and other areas. The document contains technical data and economic evaluations so that the need for a large scale field trial for this product might be properly judged. It would seem from the data presented on this product, M-3393, sometimes referred to as Super-Orange, that serious considera tion should be given to a large scale test. This test would prove beyond a doubt, in substantiating the data, whether or not this product would provide an adequate substitute for existing herbicides or be a satisfactory alternate for those currently used. Y o u r study of the d o c u m e n t is m o r e t h a n a p p r e ciated. Yours truly, A. P. Beutel, V i c e P r e s i d e n t and Director of Government Affairs lsr 2.0 W f *r f'cn B A t U U I I V t UHDfert BV -MiD*,DATE O H Tf~) ;v S EeCf Tt iIo n a.a. _ * / >.s v/ INTRODUCTION: Ab a result of the Joint Indus try/Military meeting in May of 1965, relative to enlisting industry competences in helping to 6olve problems connected vith the conflict In Vietnam, Dow introduced TORDON to the Department of Defense in a series of meetings starting in August of 1965. The first meeting was held in the office of the Director of Research and Engineering for the Department of Defense. Dr. Chalmers W. Sherwin, Dr. Nicholas Samaras, Mr. Ted Hayward, and Dr. Charles Minarik represented D.O.D. Following these presentations, it was fjggested by D.O.D. that Dow take the TORDON message to the fielo in Vietnam. Mr. Clyde Bryant and Dr. Keith Leasure of Dow subsequently spent time in Vietnam and in Thailand reviewing the possibilities for use of this new highly active herbicide. In their discussions with the Field Commanders, it became obvious that TORDON 101 MIXTURE (a commerce... formulation) would fill the need for a product to be used in situations where Orange was not completely satisfactory. Following this action, TORDON 101 MIXTURE (or White as it was then called by the Military) was used in operational quantities. I * In August of 1966, Dow proposed to several groups in the Department of Defense that oil soluble esters of TORDON could be combined with Orange to make a broader spectrum potentially longer lasting defoliant for general use in the theatre of operations. D.O.D. suggested that evaluations should be made at an early date to examine the potential effectiveness of this combination. It was mutually agreed that it would be desirable to have some small scale evaluations conducted in forested areas similar to those in Vietnam prior to undertaking an nnprtlonal evaluation. a.O'3'95' i.JUUUtu At It rtATIOMAL AKCHIVfeS bT -- ------------ NARA. DATE --)A >fir-^ Several combinations and ratios of TORDON e6ter with Orange have since been evaluated In numerous tests In Texas and Puerto Rico by the USDA with ARPA funds. Tests were also conducted In Hawaii by Dow In cooperation with Dr. Mlnarlk's group from Port Detrlck. Later tests were also applied In Malaysia In a land clearance operation In cooperation with the International Rubber Research Institute. During the August of 1966 discussions on this new product, D.O.D. suggested that if small scale field evaluations were favorable, Dow should come back with a proposal in regard to moving this product into operational channels. Consequently, we have asked for this meeting with you today to present the information we have to date and the proposal. 9 Cd !*i* .. .DEPARTMENT O F fv ALTH, EDUCATION, AND WEI vRE " MEMORANDUM. OF MEETING - January `16-17, *1979 * .' F 5> fl 'r o D O - 3 Between: EPA Dioxin Implementation Plan (DIP) Collaborators . S- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 4th and M Streets, SW Washington, D.C. 20460 :FDA represented by: David Firestone, Ph.D. ' ' HFF-147 Attendees: See attached List o Participants. Dr. Patrick O'Keefe par ticipated. in place of Dr. Mes'elson; Drs. Moore, Spaulding and Dpcolt did not attend. Observers (Incomplete-list) : Jerry Burke,. James Sphon, FDA (first day only); Lester Brown, House of Representatives Oversight Committee; David Graham, U.S. Forest Service; Anthony Malanoski, USDA; and Ms. Marian Park3, Rachel Cardan Trust.' In addition, an NBC-TV news team was present. . Subject:. Dioxins . Agenda: See attached Draft Agenda.. The meeting: was convened by EPA to discuss the results of .a Method Validation. Study, analytical criteria for TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachloredibenzo-p--dioxin) determination, use of -^CI-labelled TCDD to fortify . environmental samples- to check recovery during sample cleanup and potential sources-for TCDD contamination- of environmental samples. : -Sirmmary of'Meeting ' Various aspects of an Interlaboratory Method Validation Study for TCDD ._-.were:discussed. The major.participants in the Validation Study were 'V..:-Wright. State University (Dr- .Tiernan) , Dow Chemical Co (Dr- Cramatt), and the University of Nebraska (Drv Gross). TCDD-fortified samples (beef fat and human milk) were extracted at the EPA Pesticide Monitoring :-. _ . Laboratory,. Bay St., Louis, Mississippi, using a standard 'racid-^ase,Iprocedure developed at that laboratory several years ago. Pooled extracts were sub-- jj..- divided and'distributed to collaborators who performed the GC-MS analyses. according to- individual.- protocols and depending upon, the available mass .: 'rlspectrcmaters at .each'participating laboratory. ' -I Laboratories .received- multiple, standards equivalent tcu 0, 9'y- 25, 49 and 81'ppt-fortifications as well as! single standards at 0.5, 1, 4, 16, 36 p31 Memo or Mtg-, DIP/Dioxins 2 and 64 ppt- The laboratories also received 26 samples each of extracts from beef fat and human milk, fortified prior to cleanup with TCDQ over the range mentioned above. .* '*.'* . ** The-results`of the study showed that'the methodology-was unsuitable for detecting- and. quantitating ICDD in beef' fat and milk samples with less-* .than 9 ppt'of.TCDD-. In'addition,, the reliability of the methodology was not established for quantitation of TCDD in human milk. " The results - demonstrated that EPA is;currently unable to proceed, using this me thodology,, with its .Human Milk Sampling Project (analysis of human milk- samples from'.2,4',5--Tus a`areas-in the Pacific;Northwest and from spec!--. fie control, greas), because expected low. levels of contamination of '-; '" human,milk require, detection and quantitation .-.of TCDD in the range of 0.1-5 -ppt. ~ - ... ' '*- ' Although the validation:study was concerned with .detection and Quantitation of TCDD signals.,by mass spectome try, no effort was 'expended on considera-- `tion of the problem, of TCDD confirmation (definition'of criteria for 'confirmation,.- and determination of the lower, limit at which confirma-- * ton of TCDD can be:carried out) d ; Hass: spectxcmetric--analyses of; sample extracts were not performed usinga -specific-protocol,.., .This was demonstrated, at least in part,, by an * . average 505T recovery of TCDD- in beef fat extracts by labs A and B (results 'were uncorrected' for. loss of 37Cl-laballed TCDD during cleanup) versus " * j98%- recoveries- of TCDD; ^n the beef.fat extracts by. lab C (U. of Nebraska; ** .'correction-.'for'loss of: - JCl-labelled -TCDD during, cleanup made by the .''ratio method'-- measurement of' M5`signals at m/e 322.(native TCDD) and. n/e 328:;37c 1t:iei>);>..v^ 'EPA'-Dioxin Implementation Plan' (DIP')'-" v --- .>'-7 ivere restricted: td..forest- areas;' rice.growing;.and, rights-or-rway.,-' In '- . 1'mfddle.`IS73:;bnotice' wa3',.issueci tchold-hearings- on- the.future use of . from .the;hearinglargely be-- . W'of- 'the,rrrtavai-1a b i l i t y - of methodology for detecting, and cuantita- . ting- TCDD in the lower ppt'range-with confidence.- The'agency initiated "-'the Dioxin-'Implementation' Plan (DIP)- -in-September1974 to- develop and .validate.methodology--fo'tr'TCDDa si vell.Tas .to- determine .the environmen:ttal ..lh:rHa2 o5z^',la^,-;latr;'l&icRaising-,'.presented-'a review^ of-the'status o f : jgc^J'in^'-Catied-by-JpA-fin- 13781 -;.;;A"total. of._i05,y _ Meso of Mtg.', DIP/Dioxins samples were collected from'the Pacific Northwest (where 2,4,5-T is used) and two other areas. Twenty samples each, were collected from. North Cali fornia and Oregon, and 18 samples were collected from-the .'.state'of Washing ton. -Twenty two samples' were obtained from an urban area where 2,4,5--T was not used for 2 years (Santa Cruz, California) and 25 samples ware ob tained from- the. Anchorage, 'Alaska area where 2,4,5-T'is not used at ail. 'Cleanup"of the.samples.was.begun at. the EPA Pesticide Monitoring Labora tory^. -.fifty of the samples were initially fortified with 10 ng of 37C1-ICDD per-.IQ. g .sample, to-check'recoveries during cleanup; additional samples were .'foptifiei with" 2^5' n| .of^ci-TCBD to-.reduce, the-level of native ICDD con tamination from, the "jqjq.standard, -since the. standard was- not isotoni-- Ica-lly p u r e . ; V -Ur'. ;-'. ;>v /....; -;.. ...-..- MS' analysis' of. extracts; of--the humanimilk ;samples would .probably be fu-- ' tile at present,...'since'the'methodology "to:be .used -for analysis of the nilk- .samples .(see .additional discussion below) was found not to be sensitive- enough, for-meaningful analysis of the milk, samples'.' Thus, the results of the--Interlaboratory-Method.'.Validation Study fcnrTCliD, discussed at the meeting^ indicated 'that.the'methodology under examination was not suitable :for.;human, milk. samples' containing less than 9 ppty whereas results of p-r->-na7y4e^:o-r h'rnnar^-m l k front.'tha Pacific Northwest indicated that detection- of._TCDD. .in the range, of 0.1-5. ppt was required. ' General'Review of-TCDH Methodology by EPA Collaborators A'-discussioh pf^ analyti-cal-methodoiogy-for TCDD followed^ 'Crummett `A pdc--s> 'i-l )r"*4 ;..i--^i?VVpajratns;.~^tn--.-heaan:&ii.th^-rmtlI-c.'-and.;'nilkv';at are.;held;.on'the gauze)- Lf -' ^ otl'^startihg;'sai^l.e'i^jcecnred';''2*:gaczes".(15-g.milk-on-each, gauss) can cleanunjineludes., the.'user of SPEC" after sevaral f^iyaltimina.columns-^..:.'GCrifi-is.,usad'. to:.analyze the. extracts. .Dr. Shadoff. :f'puR^'f^tir^'^Sf_ahaly.s3si:^'E^saidi -are'"ccmpletelyr-'resalved'iiy;high.. y i. *^ /% Memoof M tg., D IP/D ioxins ; .4 Dr. Shadoff". noted that the scheme using cellulose gauze currently gives only 30% recovery efficiency, but hoped that"this would improve with more experience. He- noted that 2,3,7,8-TCDD was not strongly bound to milk. 'so that, neutral procedures (procedures not requiring use of acid or base) would be satisfactory for cleanup,. .... . *- " Dr..'Gross- (U.'of Nebraska)."observed that the':acid-base cleanup procedure- - ` of Dr. Dupuy .(EPA Pesticide "Monitoring Laboratory) provides 70-80% re-- V coveri.es_of TCDD with.15% standard deviation. .Dr. "Firestone noted that ... ..; `.v-'if-other dioxins were. to.be analyzed,.-'cold alkali, treatment could be used. .'._.v.:foi sample; dissolution^ 'since' hot* alkali rapidly ,destroys some dioxins. Dr.^'Shadoff. continued" with a discussion- of the:protocol used by Dow(Lab 3) "".''.for MS-,analysis- of sample extracts in .the Interlaboratory Method Valida-- . ;."i'.tion Study" for- TCDH. (analysis -of standards and' milk and beef fat extracts ""`."'prepared, at'the- EP.A'Pesticide'Monitoring laboratory) 'He said that extract . '"`solutions.:-ih:glass ampoules'were transferred to' a:small vial, evaporated to -I;.!";..dryness, -taken.1up- in,solvent -(10 p i ) - and. "analyzed by. high.,resolution. MS l l w a s l h e a examined! at;rn/e "32(7." The-.standards" provided by Dr. Dupuy vara ~/-".'.'.used'to-'calibrate the mass-spectrometer, a07nd the data'reported for vari-- xip'ous-sample extracts.-were-uncorrected for Cl--TCDD- recovery, - The 3ampla ndg^resolntictJi'Tsasa;spectr.umater and;" --'r?or1- r c a ' < r ''romTTrP(i' .'".'"P'p r -- r-*~il*rr--m f- p i . syringe y as-,injected a of: the-, sample was held." .7 'with.'.'an H5. 5(T;'V'/v_. mass range (peak. r?r.<^ cr" 1 r ^ "r -Vi.*>- v. \ Memo of M tg., D IP/D ioxins Dr. Gross said that the sensitivity'of his MS' instrument is better than " che detection limit observed with samples .(50 femtograms of TCDD can be detected with the MS 50), but interfering peaks (PC3s, DDE,;etc.) proJ duce signals wnich overlap the TCDD peak. Thus,- adequate cleanun is most - important. He noted that an interfering peak, in a Japanese herbicide pro-- cuced a TCDD--lisa1'' signal which required. 30,000 resolving power to sena-- ,:.;rate the ^signal, from the. TCDD. signals He noted that the EPA 3 7 C1-TCDD -tr. standard contained a. samll amount, of native TCDD 1 %) r but this pro. ;.duced;'about a 1%. signal., at 322 due. to the .imperfect labeling. .'. Dr. Gros'sVsaid, that; he' corrected for. the 322'signal, due to- the 37C1-TCDD '-j...standard. He; noted-.-that' with the ratio method,' one relies on the fact ..'..that no -interference'occurs at.n/e .328 (the 3.7C1-TCDD peak).- However, a ' i.2CE molecular; ion. interference-occurs at a/e 323:(due to heptachlorobi-- ... phenyl).requiring 44,000 resolving power ,to separate.the.heptachlorobi.j-phenyl' signal, from the.-37Cl-TCDD--signal. -..He noted ::chat-the heptachloro- biphenyl- elutes., ahead, of.TCDD on aJ packed, columnj with poor :raso"iution 7 " from TCDD, recoveries would be-over 1GQZ- .-He added' that if the 37C1-ICDD . had a- 0.6Z, native. TCDD impurity*, then 2.5 ng-(37Cl--TCDD added to sample) ViV-X 0.00S;-;i5pg .;(iq..g.sample) f;. Therefore,:',the detection limit would .be ; .about l:f.ppt due.ta--tha:presence of the native TCDQ. in tne:.37Cl-TCDD in-- temal; standard. ;However,; 'interferences"due. to- ion signals at., the exact " ' `mass 'of"native--TCDD'- prevent'going.- to .the. 1.5 pptr-limit.resulting from ';i'.'-JLntaxferectce' due .only-.to the 37C1--TCDD internal standard. Dr.- Gross .added that:he usually used a resolving power of 11,000+1000. .pDrJ- Shadofr'pointed 'out-that scores, of-compounds had exact masses within .f'_25 ppm' ofXtha -.'mass^of;TCI)D.^J_^/;"T. f ."V".*.3 Festlcide.Monitofingr laboratory`-Bay St*. Louisa Mississippi) '.+4 'the-steps'lit--thu. neutral*: procedure cteveLLousa qynxcr ana vsea cm sv m m e a .cpilimdLt^---nnmber.;of: EPA'-saiirpies;..-.-He-rated- that;-he-:used direct'probe-MS. at .; iV-.-i-p^.-rv^rA.'.'VTa'nnO'-'rMo'&tionV'f c^cnlatiiim-'TDI>';bv^ the-rati'o-- tecchhnniiqcuuea.r' sad said that he /'some Hevesa. ;'' riiVi*'(-XtaiyX^sa^ies-5fof:lth^;KatohaIJ..Ihstitnt^qfEayircnsental.Health; -/.- 5 Sciences'(MIISS)Vr the'`results-~o thessranalyses ware-under'review by! - ^^^aicr"^'sed^-;'^5.spe<b^lswee^.;cii5c^t^i(`3 C!yX/3 e -)tT';.at?.-'0 ^ r 0 'tOj arm..was- used tc 'rlso n ^ t o r e d .^ d u a . t v ffT lS T ct^ T C IE h 'a d d e d :;!^ th e :" 'sa m p le a '5 b e o re -;c ie a n u p ; b y.'EHAyL;'v_Dr-'l'3 I '*<* Sismo, of H tgl, DIP/Dioxins ; hat the data supplied to EPA was not corrected for 37'Cl-TCDD recovery, ile added that a new scan capability was available (stepping, and scanning at lOX/sec) so .that up to 4 peaks could be analysed with more residence time at m/a 320 and 322 versus ni/a. 326- and 328. He said that capillary gas * ' _chromatography wan impractical for analysis of lar^a numbers of extracts.' '-.Rooert Harless' (EPA Research Triangle' Park, N.Ck). discussed his recent ' nior'k'involving development:, of. methodology -for various samples including fish ...'samples-^ .-Ha'said'that'the- EPA `(acid-base) cleanup-method was: satisfactory ; .!for. most ^sample, preparation, if done with care.. 'He noted that sample cleanup -1 .must'-be very good .for 'analysis .of`samples:''cGntaining 1-20 ppt .of TCDD. S-.i.He:.observed that.'the EPA sample of ^7Cl-TCDD'' (used'as internal-standard)' '.was contaminated with 1 pg.:of .''native" TCDD per.ng of samplej. so a. _ .- correction is required. He said, that-he is using a- Varian 311-A mass ' ;2 .''spectrometer, with-a..'capillary-' column' gas chromatograph,-and he-was able: *". to;detect as'low" as sub-ppt.%amounts' of TCDD.'.with suitable sample .clean.-- S.-\ -up.-'- Hr I-Earless:- observed-' that PCD is.' the- predominant',interference, and * S ;''.'.'" s a id ,, that .capillary, columns,:.,much..-improved of.lata,- .afford, high, resole-- ......... tion' for elimination.of.,interferences.."' > r V K" --T. i-;;;y'J!l^^-^rXes&'/s3;di-'t:ht''he:could; perfora"MSranalyses 'of "4 samples- per day,.' ' V . /;-'`.--;.:eachrsample-in:-.triplicate,.; analyzing up to-8--ions'pefsample.-. Since- ~ -y'-"-' murtipie- ionr scarrrdngj! reduces, sensitivity^' ijIvaa:used .only .-for-confir-- V v ioation of.TCDD^ia samples'containing more ;.that-100. ppt of TCDD.-. .Thus,-; - .. .highly contaminated samples were monitored for Ions due' to- loss* of C0C1 ^ .;;V l'-'as.vli-as-for .the usualiTons '(that'isV. the. 257,. 259," 320, '322 and 3 2 8 ' '* .. y ^ ' T a y l o r . -fright.fStat&lT_i;;raferrihg, lto:the-'-'Interlaborat3^^Mathodr''^-'h"* lS-S- rJValidatin _StnLdy^resultsl'Vobsezrved";that:.EPA.'did.'..nc.Zudemonstrate- the_._ vS'E ,y; ' > pai-ihilitv-cr deterniriiiiC'-TeasitharSlOlmof 'of TCDD--in-, fat and.-m13<r -V ;- ' ;; ! - i orocenur-e?-aevsncpenr Irt'-rt^sr.Xaocrrntcnrvu.--its?s a i a me, nem.ar.>ca-^--..... ,.^^it,y?^---''Ph'3ih2i"ci^h3rifr'xtrac-tsJ.-i^tfsh: anl'carp:'-;xtracts.-wre-:.-.' - x ? . ' - i f Ifl Si .. V'-1\ Meiao o f iit g ., D IP/D ioxins 7 tography on a large Florisil Column and chromatography on two'alumina, columns.. He 3aid that 2 samples per man per day can be prepared, for MS" analysis. . '.'u.l'. ; "... Analytical Criteria for- TCDD Determination f .Dr.'.O'Keefe observed, that m/e'320 and: n/e 322 values must, be in s.girs.si-is.iiw or the .results' should, hot'be. reported-Dr.: Shadoff questioned whether a .' 2.5.'to;-l signal- to-noiserratio was'- sufficient, and prefered at least 5rl-.." .'signal to-noise. raticrr;_ Dr: -'Shadofr noted that low resolution. MS results 'must-be confirmed b^ high.resolution'MS. ' v -:v -..''v .Mr.-Harless' outlined the 'following'criteria 'used'ih.. his lab-,for TCDD da-' termination-. : .-'i s V - '. > : --..l*'-Capillary GC-4iS..wth- correct, retention time for TCDD. - "' -- Vvv-.'2...'Ca-ih3ectoa. of..sample-and.: .Thatva,r..TCDD 'standard ~ ""--''3i/Molecuiar-ion Cl--isotope ratio correct .. -.. /-T3/&-32^ t a 20~30-:Z :y .-i;\ :."'vr f l C a p i l l a r y column'..GC/high resolution MS. multiple' ion-monitoring rer* - Additional criteria'.for':confirmation of TCDD residues of soma Michigan fish- samoles.- are as.,followst;*; f.-l-T'?----' ^f^l.lCrummHtfc^paifntedlou^^ ^t!'distinguishing- be-- Iv Ifyevswezi- ;Tl'Rq0exi:'tG`^rEeatlr^;HPA^statisticiarryycm^Tuesdaym''.;'It- was. #3 ( Memo ofjMtg DIP/Dioxins ( 8 - noted that a series of beef fat (5 g) and human jnilk (10 g) samples, for-` tifaed at 0, 0.5, 1, 4 9r 16, .25, 36, 49, 64 and 81 ppt with TCDD, were extracted at the EPA Pesticide Monitoring Laboratory and portions of pooled .extracts ware- sent to participating laboratories- (Cow, U. of Ner- . V. braska, Wright State analyzed most of the samplesy some samples were also ;analyzed by Harvard and the EPA Eealth Effects^ Laboratory, Research Tri---; :.L angle Park,.N-C-) I1 : V; v .... . r .. .<: The results demonstrated.'that.'the'cleanup and quantitation'methodology was not suitable-for .analysis''of human milk'-and beef fat samples with- less than 9 ppt'.of TCDD.. In addition, the reliability of the' methodology for quanti-- -r" i. " tation. of'TCDD in human milk .'.was not established. Thus, it seems apparent '. ' ' .r*':that EPA. is currently.unable'to proceed, with its Human Milk Sampling Project, .since, expected low levels of contamination of human milk require detection / '.r'-and;-quantitation of TCDD in the range of'0.1-5 ppt. / . i PRELIMINARY LIST OF PARTICIPANTS DIOXIN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN COLLABORATORS MEETING January 16-17, 1979 Dr. Warren Crummett Dow Chemical Company Midland, Michigan Dr.- Aubry Dupuy Environmental Protection Agency Bay St. Louis, Missouri Dr. Michael Gross University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska Mr. Robert Harless Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Mr. Robert Heath. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. Ms. Maureen Hinkle Environmental Defense Fund Washington, D.C. / Mr,. Thomas Hoi 1 away ! Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. Mr. Edwin Johnson^*' Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. Dr. William Lawrence Weyer Haeuser Company Centralia, Oregon Dr. Matthew Meselson Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts Dr. John Moore ^ . National Institute of . Environmental Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Ms. Carolyn O f f u t t / Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. Dr. Edward Oswald Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Mr. Rick Reising / Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. Dr. Ralph Ross ,/ Department of Agriculture Washington, D.C. Dr. Lou Shadoff Dow Chemical Company Midland, Michigan' Dr. John Spaulding^ Department of Agriculture Washington, D.C. Dr. Michael Taylor Wright State University Dayton, Ohio Dr, Thomas Tierpan Wright State University Dayton, Ohio Dr. William Upholt Environmental. Protection Agency Washington, D.C. S v * ,b ( DRAFT AGENDA DICKIN IiPLS'IENTATIGN PLAN COLLABORATORS MEETING U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Waterside Mall, Poem 3906 4th & M Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20460 January 16-17, 1979 m Tuesday, January 16, 1979 9:30 AM I Introductory Comments Edwin L- Johnson Deputy Ass't Admin, for Festicide Programs 10:00 AM II Status of Dioxin Implementation Plan Thomas Ho11away, Section Head Special Pesticide Review DivisL * A, Overview of Past Activities B. Summary of Recent Developments 10-**0 AM BREAK III Recent Developments Under The Dioxin Implenentation Plan A. Analytical Aspects - 10:45- AM 1. Analytical Methodology - Part 1 Carolyn Ofrutt Dioxin Project Manager, EPA 11:00 AM 2. Analytical Methodology - Part 2 Collaborators and Contract laboratory Reports 12:00 NCCM LUNCH 1:00 EM 2. Analytical Methodology - Part 2 (Con't) _ 1:45 EM 3. Evaluation of Analytical Method Validation Study Eob Heath, Benefits and Field Studies Division, EPA 2:30 EM 2:45 EM 3:ou EM BREAK 4. Contamination of 37Cl-TCDD with Native TCDO 5. Analytical Criteria for TCED Determinations Collaborators and Contract Laboratory Escorts Carolyn Offutt, Dioxin Project Manager, EPA si Wednesday, January 17, 1979 III Recent Developments of Dioxin Implementation Plan (cont'd) B. Monitoring Aspects 9:00 AM 1. Pacific Northwest Human Milk Study 9:45 AM .. 2. Sources of Dioxin Contamination 10:15 AM 10:30 AM BREAK' _ 2. Sources of Dioxin Contamination (con't) 11:30 AM 3.. Additional Monitoring Studies . 12:00 AM N3CN IDLES 1:00 m C* Use of Dioxin Implementation Plan Monitoring Date in the RPAR Process 2:45 m 3:00 FM 4:30 EM BREAK rr. .Future cf the Dioxin Implementation Plan i I ii 1 Richard Raising Special Pesticide Review Division, EPA lA t"A i4 Collaborators and Contract & laboratory Reports 'm Collaborator and Contract _ Laboratory Reports Collaborators and Contract Laboratory Reports Harvey Wamick ,2,4,5--T Project Manager, EPA -Mary Reece 2,4,5-TCP Project Manager, EPA Carclyn Dffutt, Dioxin Project Manager, EPA i si i ! 1> i : \ i \r 11j 1 $ y-r-o v':.--:i id DEPARTMENT O F HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND W ELFARE MEMORANDUM OF TELEPHONE CONVERSATION January 18, 1979 Between: and: Subject: Ms. Maureen Hinkle Environmental Defense Fund Washington, D. C. David Firestone,-, Ph. D. Analytical Chemistry & Physics Branch,HFF-147 Dioxins in Human Milk Ms. Hinkle called to relate to me that she was d r a f t i n g a l e t t e r to the Environmental Protection Agency concerning an al y sis of human mvlk samples, one of the subjects discussed at the January 16-17, 1979 meeting of the EPA Dioxin Implementation Plan (DIP) collaborators at EPA headquarters in Washington, D.C. (see memo of meeting, EPA Dioxin Implementation plan, 1-15/17-79, D . F ir e s t o n e ) . 'Ms Hinkle was a p a r t i c i p a n t in the DIP meeting. The DIP meeting was held to review, among other t o p i c s , the r e s u l t s of ana ly sis of f o r t i f i e d human milk-samples in order to v a l i d a t e dio xin ( 2 , 3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin) methodology fo r human milk samples collected from donors in the P a c i f i c Northwest and other areas. Ms. Hin<!e said that the r e s u l t s of the method v a l i d a t i o n study demon s tra te d that the methodology was unsuitable' for a n a l y s i s of samples f o r dioxin below the 9 ppt level required for human milk samples. She said that she would make 3 recommendations in her l e t t e r to EPA: (1) that EPA id e n ti fy a Federal laboratory which would conduct con tinuing a n a l y t ic a l in v e s t i g a t i o n s and would be capable of performing required analyses; (2) that EPA es ta bli sh a Federal laboratory to conduct long-term dioxin research and also provide a team to i n v e s t i g a t e environmental episodes; and (3) set up an expert committee including personnel from EPA, FDA, Fish and W i l d l i f e and a private laboratory ( i . e . U. Nebraska; M. Gross) to advise on matters i n vol vi ng dioxin methodology. <J 0,* ' -1r ( Page -2- Memo of Telephone Conversation, Jan. 18, 1979 cc: HF-1 (Kennedy) HFY-1 (Novitch) HFY-3 (Elder) HFF-1 ( M i l l e r ) HFC-1 (Hi le) HFF-2 ( S c h a f f n e r ) --------HFF-100 (Kolbye) HFF-140 (Howard) HFF-141 (Burke) HFF-144 (Sphon) HFF-147 (Corneliussen, Kamps, Firestone) HFF-300 (Quinn) HFF-401 (Jelinek) HFF-420 (Williams) ' NIEHS: Or, John Moore USDA: Dr R. Ross; Dr. J, Spaulding EPA: Mr. R. R e is i n g ; Mr. T. Hollaway; Ms. C. Offut t; Mr. E. Johnson t.SJ! t % r- ST I I U & 0<? BY BRITEOFIDNEGPCNQOMTEUSSMFOARCVP,R7ESDEENCT6A7TION HISTORY Started in 1962 - and has grown as shown on this chart. AIRCRAFT -- HERBICIDE -- COVERAGE To give an idea of what this means geographically the area covered in 1962 - 1965 - and the present requirem ents. The rapid growth in requirements for defoliation and crop destruction may be the cause of some of the problems which we will discuss later. PRESENT REQUIREMENTS 1967 - Approved projects which are presently being flown. There are 66 projects presently approved which require 5, 350 C123 sorties to complete. - There are also 24 projects in the approval process which, if approved, w ill require an additional 3, 000 sorties. CAPABILITIES Because requirements have always exceeded the capability to deliver, herbicide for the program has been ordered on basis of the ability of the aircraft to deliver spray sorties. * x *3 r ooX omc o 1 -5< -X>4 O X> > rxX> f aneiLET wimif" ! 1 -| r . i i f ^ <=1 7- c o p y j c f __/c o p i e s PACr J P A crs A T 3 Y E A R N T C R V .V A r>rri Annero . tte i : y e /.rs S E T t*rF On 23 October 1966 when the RANCH HAND Operation was being moved frqm TON t o-Bien IH o a .^ ^ ^ ^ ^ g 3 e^ ta ted that 12 aircraft would 4el^Pc^iS(Xiabi>tiai ^ ^ ^ l^ i^ ^ ^ ^ p ortiee/d ay/aircraft. On 20 December 1966 - MACV stated the FY "68" require ment for herbicide will be adjusted to reflect a requirement for 11.9 million gallons based on 24 aircraft. On 16 January 1967 - the detailed analysis of this require ment was presented to CINCPAC, and was computed on a sortie rate of 1.333/aircraft/pay for 24 aircraft. This sorties rate was agreed upon at a conference in 7th Air Force and was passed along as the planning figure. 19 May 1967 - J3 requested eight spray system s to be used in the UH-1 series helicopters. These system s have been shipped from the manufacturer, and should be in Vietnam during December. It is estimated that these system s will use approximately 96, 000 gallons of herbicide per month. 13 July 1967 - 7th Air Force stated the 23 October 1966 commitment could not be m et, and recommended a sortie rate of 1.0 sorties/day/possessed aircraft. A reduction of more than 1/4 of the planned program. As a result of the 7th Air Force statement, COMUSMACV was briefed and on 23 July 1967 COMUSMACV stated that we cannot let the sortie rate remain at the level 7th Air Force indicated and requested that adequate support be provided RANCH HAND operations to achieve 612 sorties/m onth. ____. . m t S 6 - 6 8 DECLASS1F BY EXECUTIVE ORDER 12 .NARA, DATE. BECTION 3.8 24 July 1967 - New herbicide requirements were sent to CINCPAG to support 612 sorties/m onth FT "68" sold 864 so rties/ month FY "69" and following years. This reflected the seven additional aircraft at the same sortie rate as requested for the 17 aircraft presently in the program. 14 August 1967 - 7th Air Force said additon&l support has been given to the RANCH HAND Operation. Maintenance cancellations were reduced, and still recommended a sortie rate of one per possessed aircraft per day. 26 August 1967 - COMUSMACV stated that JCS has prepared plans to increase herbicide production. Stated the difficulty in trying to order herbicide on the basis of possessed aircraft. Stated that additonal aircraft should be utilized in the RANCH HAND Operation to maintain 612 sorties per month for FY "68" and to achieve 864 sorties per month for FY "69" and the following years. Thi6 letter to 7th Air Force was answered by m essages dated 18 November 1967 and 3 December 1967 which w ill be discussed later in the briefing. 4 November 1967 - 7th Air Force sent a m essage referring MACV herbicide requirements, as stated in July 1967, gave current delivery capabilities, and stated that eight additional aircraft would be needed in the herbicide operation to utilize the programmed h er bicide, end stated that the resultant degradation of the airlift or herbicide operation must be the decision of COMUSMACV. 18 November 1967 - 7tb Air Force gave experience factors which indicate that: 17 Aircraft presently assigned w ill give 506 sorties/m onth. 21 Aircraft would provide 625 sorties/m onth. 24 Aircraft scheduled for CY 68 w ill deliver 714 sorties /month. 28 Aircraft would provide 833 sorties/m onth. Since July the requirements for herbicide for ground base spray have increased greatly. 30, 000 gallons/month were programmed but 100, 000 gallons were issued for this purpose in October and 200, 000 gallons were issued in November. As a result of this data we were prepared to recommend that four additional C123 aircraft be converted to the spray capability from the airlift and be used for the dual spray/ airlift role. At thiB tim e, a meeting to discuss this question was held between the MACV J3 and General Blood of 7th Air Force to determine the answers to certain questions pertaining to this recommendation. On 3 December 1967 a m essage was received from 7th Air Force referring to the COMUSMACV Letter of 26 August 1967 and stating that the requirements of high priority airlift are too great to permit any diversion of airlift capability, that Thailand based spray aircraft should not be considered as possible augmentation of the 7th Air Force herbicide capability, it is not practical to employ aircraft in a dual ^ role of cargo aircraft and herbicide spray aircraft; that seven additional aircraft have been approved for RANCH HAND. These aircraft are / - 6e c o p y . / c /.errr f a c -rj & ^ S L o( 13 OECLA88iF BY EXECUTIVE ORDER 1 NARA. DATE scheduled to arrive in-country between February 1968 and July 1968. The message further stated that eight additonal UC-123 aircraft have been requested by 7tb Air Force, but the prospecte of approval are not bright. The CDR, 7th Air F orce, concluded that the number of UC-123s for herbicide spray will not be increased beyond the seven scheduled for delivery by July 1968. There are not likely to be sufficient aircraft to fulfill all the requests for herbicide. Proven limitations of tempreature, wind, weather and distance to target make a 1. 0 daily sortie rate per aircraft realistic. Recommended that 7th Air Force continue to be furnished a priority listing of herbicide m issions so that the available spray effort may be best used to support MACV objectives. It cannot be foreseen that all the expenditures now contemplated by MACV in the FY "69 - 70" time period will be within the capability of expected airfram es. HERBICIDE AVAILABILITY The MACV requirement for 11.9 m illion gallons of herbicide per year caused all civilian production of herbicide ORANGE to be diverted to the m ilitary in an attempt to supply the RVN needs. P ro curement of Herbicide WHITE was increased to substitute for ORANGE, and we have now been assured that our requirements w ill be supplied. On 31 July 1967 the Deputy Secretary of Defense approved the ORANGE expansion program. A combination of ORANGE production at a govern- ment-owned facility with commercial tetrachlorobenzene production expansion -`s the C?7-36</C O P Y __/ C7 L c t PAGr < 3 : b y t/ V / Y U / _______ _n r a . p a t s The government facility w ill be located at Welden Springs, M issouri. The production w ill be 8, 000, 000 million gallons of ORANGE per year and w ill come on stream about December 1969. PRIORITIES During July when it became apparent that difficulties were arising concerning the requirements for herbicide operation vs capability to deliver, the senior tactical commanders were asked to submit a one-time evaluation of the effectiveness of area defoliation. Each tactical commander asked for more herbicide support and made these specific comments. Shortly before this evaluation, General Larsen told me that defoliation is the best weapon I have, but I can't get enough of it. In November 1967 during a conference at III MAF, the commanding general stated his desire for defoliation in the Con Thien Area. Crop destruction generally has first priority because of the seasonal nature and the targets of opportunity. There was never a question from the tactical commanders about the importance of crop destruction. A recent RAND Study attacks the overall effectiveness of crop destruction, but does not consider the subject from the standpoint of the immediate assistance it gives the tactical commander. This subject will be discussed later under problems. REPRODUCED AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES DECLASSi F BY Since the requirements here always exceeded the delivery capabilities, 7th Air Force has tried to fly spray sorties in accordance with priorities established by MACV. These priorities have been determined by following the MACV Campaign Plan', and receiving priorities each month from the senior tactical commanders. As an example, 400 sorties have been flown recently into War Zone D in preparation for a coming operation. This area will be well cleared by defoliants and this w ill furnish an excellent opportunity to determine the value of area defoliation to combat operations. At present the highest priority is being given to the area around Con Thien. This request by the Commanding General, III MAF in support of DYE MARKER has been given such high priority that sorties in other areas are being lost so the planes can be immediately available at Danang when a break in the weather permits flying in the high priority area. During January - April 1967 the highest priority was given to the area south of the DMZ. This area should be retreated and kept clear because the FACs in this area have stated that defoliation has been helpful in spotting ground movement. PROBLEMS Delays in processing Requests - greatest problem in the program. It is not unusual for three to five months to elapse from I7T -- wr<rv f<ir ,, uv*\iiIR.yr? ,, ^r F SJ- the time a project is originated until it is approved for execution. It is not uncommon for these projects to be held at the AMEMB for two months, and recently, USAID held projects for as long as five weeks. These excessive delays together with the length of time it takes the herbicide to work make the program very unresponsive to any immediate needs. These delays have caused us to try the large area concept whereby large areas are approved for defoliation and crop destruction without specific targets designated. Then when the tactical commander determines that he has a valid target, the coordinates are checked with JGS and MACV and the project can be scheduled for flight in a few days. Recently, USAID has nonconcurred in this large area concept. Although all CORDS and civilian personnel in responsible positions in the immediate area agreed with the projects, USAID Baid that blanket authorization constitutes a waiving, not sm exercise of responsibility. They said although they were sympathetic to the requirement for shortening the lead time on authorizations, they contend that a change in sign-off procedures w ill accomplish the same goal without an abdication of responsibility. They held this project five weeks before making this comment. Because of these unacceptable delays, one field force commander has requested that the approval of helicopter spraying be delegated to the field force commanders. General Vien, JGS, has concurred in this change, and a letter is now at the AMEMB asking Ambassador Bunker to Agi'e^ejailh-thlt uthority. T W te iM pac:J 0-0^7 DECLASS IITIED PER EXECUTIVE ORDER 1*83, SECTION 3.8. BV Sl/AiZ/ MARA. DATE Rubber Danage - About April 1967 tom e frencbmen complained to the AMEMB that herbicide apray had damaged their rubber plantations. There had been some rubber damage because RANCH HAND planes had sprayed out of target into and near rubber plantations. The claim was made that damage had been done to 22 rubber plantations. The AMEMB organized a team to inspect these plantations. 16 of the plantations were inspected, and evidence of herbicide damage was present in seven plantations. The extent of the damage could not be determined until the rainy season. This would give some indication of how many of the affected trees would recover. In July 1967 the AMEMB sent another team into the field to look at these trees and the two specialists sent by the AMEMB could not agree on the results. In spite of the differences in opinion, MACV has agreed to extend the buffer zones around rubber plantations from two kilometers to five kilom eters. It was emphasized that this concurrence in the buffer zones was given to help alleviate a sensitive political situation and to assist the newly elected government of RVN. During this inspection and the following reports there was much discussion of drift of herbicides and drift of the vapors of herbicide. These points were never proven, but AMEMB has now proposed a m essage to SECSTATE stating that significant damage has been done to rubber trees, and has explained the questionable drift issue as a reason for the damage. lY'Z,- 6 & / I ccFiss XcJ-FAOES REPRODUCED AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES D E C L A S S I F I E D P E R E X E C U T I V E O R D E R 1j3 S e > SECTION! 3 , a./ Z ) / J 7 / BV Sl/Atfi NARA. DATE presented for damages. She said that it appears unlikely that any of tiie farmers will be compensated because the petitions were automati cally shelved. She said the inspections to obtain proof of damage by defoliants are very difficult because of the lack of experts to investigate and the bureauatic red tape. She stated that undoubtedly, m ilitary benefit was derived from the defoliation, and undoubtedly, defoliation undercut GVN RD `programs. But what was m issing in this situation was any hard-nosed weighing of the one against the other. Ambassador Locke directed that this situation be looked into, and it was found that 3000 petitions did not exist. Some claim s for damage, although they had been held up for a while, are now being processed. Several USAID agricultural men had looked at the crops where damage was claimed and there was no definite conclusion that the damage was caused by herbicides. An inspection of a manioc field indicated that only manioc was affected, none of the weeds or surrounding rubber trees. It is not normal for herbicide to be so selective as this situation indicated. The closest RANCH HAND planes had been within four kilom eters of the area while treating War Zone D. However, the people were convinced that the herbicide was the root of all their problems, and the agricultural advisers could not tell them what was wrong with the manioc. AMBASSADOR KOMER'S PROPOSAL Ambassador Komer has suggested that MACV declare certain populated areas out of bounds for the use of herbicides. The banning of herbicides in these areas w ill not affect the program because projects in populated areas are not approved. The areas shown on this chart are suggested as areas where herbicides w ill be prohibited, said we are now looking more closely to see if these areas can be enlarge without diminishing the tactical effects of the herbice program. There may be some locations in these areas where the tactical commander will want to use ground-based or helicopter spray for local security; therefore, we want to clear these areas with the tactical commanders before the definite bans are placed on the use of herbicides. Under this proposal there will be an escape clause which will permit the use of herbicides in those cases of extreme military necessity. CONCLUSIONS 1. The tactical commanders are not receiving the defoliation and crop destruction support requested. 2. The 17 C l23s are not using the herbicide programmed - herbicide stocks are building up. 3. The seven additional C123 aircraft to be available in FY "69" will not utilise the herbicide ordered for FY "69" and the following years. 4. CDR 7th Air Force concludes that the number of C123s for herbicide will not be increased beyond the seven s iuled for delivery by July 1968. I/ t? A3 mX> ooXv omo H mX o >s > XoXI DECLASSIFIED PER EXCUTT ^ 3.3 \ J?f 5. MACV could be em barressed if plant expansion ie carried out and the programmed herbicide cannot be used. 6. The herbicide program is not as responsive to the tactical commanders as it should be because of the excessive time required to approve the projects. 7. Criticism of the herbicide program by civilian agencies and the press, whether fact or fancy, have caused added restrictions to be placed on the program. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. That the FY "69" and following years' MACV requirements for herbicide be reduced by 150, 000 gallons per month to reflect the 714 sorties to be provided by 7th Air Force. 2. That COMUSMACV and the US Ambassador appoint a joint MACV, AMEMB, GVN High Level Team of Tactical, Political, Agricultural and Economic Experts to study the GVN/MACV herbicide program and make appropriate recommendations. This study should determine: Effectiveness of crop destruction Effectiveness of defoliation Means to expedite requests -6e> COPy j c f c o p i e s PA-- 13 - T S v -.t EXECUTIVE ORDER 1*356. SECTION S.S, DATE V//PP SSrnmS TYPE MBB BOOR MULTI M BINBLE type transmssion TO SfFD electmcal AM MAIL X COURIER ___ X_______ PRECEDENCE *ermTO; INFO moRm/cooRiui fr*ON( OONUSUACV jr 7AT-IWI fi0830ZApr69 i IHUT (COURIER) 10 gsixiisAy/SA x c s z c a sang & J FPOBCET/SA It (32 BHA TRANG ^inrpoR czv/aA m n z long buh |00 W A p CAB SSO ; STAFF DISTRIBUTION c7 T CICV CSD CORDS HC IG MACDC MACOI .14 je CHAP CUB COMPT FWMAO HIST JOIR UACMA 22625 (J3) Sur ': Uce of Defoliants ORANGE and WHITE (U) PROTOCOL 80G SJA SURS Ref: CCMJ31ACV 213*8 TOO 0908*5 (c) TNG DMA 1. (C) Policy requiring use of WHITE on targets within 10 km I sof active rubber plantations hereby suspended until further D005PECREP OSD/ARPA TMA DCPGLNO notice. as2. (C) ORANGE defoliant of choice should be used on all IFFVLNO X1 BTFVLNC *..3 6TH SPLMO targets. Current stock of WHITE must be conserved to permit ..off immediate resumption of its use in event policy reinstot^Aj -- OP* REGPnnrir TYPED NAAC, TITLE, PHONE AND OFFICE SYMBOL DAVID M. PARSER Major, USA Qnl Opne Officer M A C J 3 -O9 / 2 8 1 5 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION K: 1 (2-69) BRINATURE ft`PED NANME AND TITLE ID BAUTZ, JR, BG, USA AOofS, J3 PAGE NO NO OF RAGES 1 (MACV Staff M*morw<dkHi 103-10) COPY MO 5-0* .N AR A, PA TC_^ /p > <P KACC0C7 HE> UNITED STATES MILITA APOSA C h em ical ERS CE COMMAND. VIETNAM [> 222 I Division 4 October 1968 MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD SUBJECT: Press Release on the Herbicide Policy Review - Background i 1. A background briefing for selected correspondents was held at 1500 hours on 20 September 1968. The press was represented by key correspon dents including CBS, NBC, UPI, AP, New Tork Times, Washington Post and BBC. 2. The Mission Agencies were represented by Mr. Eugene Rosenfeld, press representative of the American Embassy, Mr. George Anderson, Political Military Office of the American Embassy and Colonel John Moran, Chemical Operations Division, J3, MACV. 3. Mr. Rosenfeld served as moderator of the background briefing. He opened the briefing by stating that comments by the press would be at tributed only to the U. S. Mission, Saigon. He requested that questions on management and economics be directed to Mr. Anderson and questions on technology, effects, and military operations be directed to Colonel John Moran. 4. The Important queries of the press and responses thereto are outlined below: a. Question - What is the purpose of employing herbicides in South Vietnam? Answer - One of the most important problems in combat operations in South Vietnam is finding and observing the enemy in this nation of 65,000 square miles of area which is over 1/3 forest and jungle. Defo liating herbicides have the capability of improving the vertical visi bility from 70 to 90 percent in 4 to 6 weeks. The improvement in visi bility lasts for 12 to 16 months. Horizontal visibility is improved from 40 - 60 percent. Thus, militarily important terrain features such as enemy end friendly lines of communication, enemy base areas and avenues of approach, and friendly defensive perimeters are treated with defoliat ing herbicides to maintain surveillance of the enemy in these key terrain features, and to bring fire power against the enemy should he attempt to employ his forces in these areas. Crop destroying herbicides are utilized to deny food to enemy units in food scarce areas remote from population centers. This action causes the enemy to utilize combat forces for the production of food or the transport of food increasing his logistical burden and lowering his morale. 13)33 TIME IN : TIME OUT: .-. .n iQQHi *fciTV MACC0C7 4 October 1968 SUBJECT: Press Release on the Bsrbidds Policy Review - Background Previous newspaper articles have discussed crop destruction on the macro or total country basis; this is not the intent of the program. Crop targets are destroyed only in the vicinity of known enemy units located in food scarce areas in the upper highlands of South Vietnam. Thus crop destruction should only be analyzed on the micro basis. Mo crop destrucion missions are conducted in the agriculturally rich delta area. Very few crop destruction operations are conducted in III Corps and those con ducted are in mountainous areas of the northern provinces of this Corps. Most crop destruction missions are conducted in the Western provinces of II Corps and the Southern provinces of I Corps. The crop destruction pro gram is conducted as part of the total food denial program. Other crop denial programs include selective harvesting, storage, and distribution, combined with constant policing of the avenues of commerce to deny food to the enemy. In 1967 herbicide operations were credited with destroying 120,000 tons of food - 80,000 tons of rice and A0,000 tons of broad leaf crops. This represents only l percent of South Vietnam's food producing capability. b. Question - Are there not many claims in connection with the pro gram and if so what is the amount of these claims? Answer - This question was answered by Mr. Anderson who stated that there are claims in connection with the program and payment is admin istrated by the GVN. However, there is no information available on the amount of these claims. Colonel Moran then explained that claims are al most an inherent part of herbicide operations throughout the world since herbicides are used so extensively in industrial and agricultural opera tions. Colonel Moran noted that in 1959 65,000 square miles in the United States were treated. By 1965, this treatment had grown to 165,000 square miles. These treatments included vegetation control along railroad lines, power lines and forest reserves. Of particular Interest is the commercial treatment of deciduous trees of the woodlands of the south to accelerate the growth of pine trees. Most of the above treatment is accomplished by aerial spray. Treatments of railroad lines and power lines are es pecially notable for producing accidental crop destruction claims. In 1967 industrial end agricultural herbicide operations in the United States caused claims amounting to approximately I00,000dollare in the state of Morth Carolina alone. It is interesting to note that in 1965, treatment of herbicide in the United States represented nearly 5 percent of the total area, while treatment of South Vietnam in 1967 amounted to only ap proximately 3i percent. c. Question - How effective was the ecological study by Or. Tschirley? Was it not conducted mostly by air? Answer - The ecological study by Dr. Tschirley is being released DECLASSIFIED PER EXECUTIVE ORDER 13S6 BV --------- J*ARA. PATE HACC0C7 4 October 1968 SUBJECT: Press Release on the Herbicide Policy Review - Background today and your comments and conclusions can be drawn from that study which speaks for itself. Much of the ecological observations were made from low level helicopter flights, however Dr. Tschirley and ecologists and foresters from the Biological Laboratory, Fort Detrick, and USAID were inserted into several areas of III Corps where ground observations of herbicide areas were made. It is believed that these insertions were adequate and contributed significantly to the general body of knowledge of the effect of herbicide treatment on the ecology of SVN. d. Question - What do the field commanders think of the herbicide program? Answer - The field commanders have reported that the herbicide programs assist in providing improved observation on enemy LOC's, avenues of approach and base areas and assist in securing our own LOC's. They continue to recommend targets for treatment in various militarily impor tant areas of SVN. e. Question - Are these materials toxic to man, animals and insects? Answer - We have no knowledge of any instances when herbicides used in SVN have been harmful to man, animals, fish or insects. All herbicides used in SVN are used extensively in the United States and the rest of the world for industrial and agricultural vegetation control. They are gen erally no more toxic than aspirin. It is possible, however, that the lack of vegetation resulting from defoliation operations may cause some animals to migrate to other areas. f . Question - Are the agents persistent in the soil? Answer - The agent used for crop destruction persists in the soil only 2 4 - 4 8 hours, after which the field can be plowed and replanted with expectation of greater crop yield due to the weed control provided by the herbicide treatment. The defoliation agent persists in the soil from. 2 - 4 months. During the ecological study actual soil samples were taken to determine persistency and the above persistency data were substantiated. g. Question - What part does the GVN play in the management and con trol of the program? Answer - This question was answered by Mr. Anderson who explained that the United States supports the GVN in this program. No targets are flown without GVN approval. That is, the GVN initiates the military opera tions order to attack the target. Further, all herbicide in-country is MACC0C7 4 October 1968 SUBJECT: Press Release on the Herbicide Policy Review - Background under GVN control and issued from GVN depots on a mission by mission basis. 5. The background briefing lasted one hour. At the d o s e of the briefing the CBS representative stated that the Herbicide Program was completely supportable and should be told to the people of the United States. He stated that it was a good story and requested that a tape along the lines outlined above be made for release in the United States. Mr. Rosenfeld answered that such a request would be pursued with appropriate officials. After departure of the correspondents Mr. Rosenfeld stated that the back ground briefing was a complete success, noting the exceptionally thorough knowledge of the program on the part of the participants. 6. The BBC representative indicated a negative attitude along the fol lowing lines: a. Dr. Tschirley1s report stated that it was a bad time of the year to conduct an ecological study. b. The observation in the study had been conducted mostly from the air. c. The effect of herbicide operations on the water table had not been properly researched. Other than the above no other correspondents appeared to have a hostile attitude toward the program. 9 July 1968 THE DOW CHEMICAL COM PANY MIDLAND* MICHIGAN 4AA40 SUBJECT: HERBICIDE M-3393 The enclosed data covers a herbicide developed along the lines of research work done at Ft. Detrick, Maryland, to produce a herbicide more effective than those now being used by the military in Vietnam and other areas. The document contains technical data and economic evaluations so that the need for a large scale field trial for this product might be properly judged. It would seem from the data presented on this product, M-3393, sometimes referred to as Super-Orange, that serious considera tion should be given to a large scale test. This test would prove beyond a doubt, in substantiating the data, whether or not this product would provide an adequate substitute for existing herbicides or be a satisfactory alternate for those currently used. Your study of the document is m o r e than appreciated. Yours truly, A. P. Beutel, Vice President and Director of Government Affairs lsr V KtrKUDUCED AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES BY .1 JNARA, DATE ** *+! INTRODUCTION : As a result of the Joint Industry/Military meeting in May of 1965, relative to enlisting industry competences in helping to solve problems connected with the conflict in Vietnam, Dow introduced TORDON to the Department of Defense in a series of meetings starting in August of 1965. The first meeting was held in the office of the Director of Research and Engineering for the Department of Defense. Dr. Chalmers W. Sherwin, Dr. Nicholas Samaras, Mr. Ted Hayward, and Dr. Charles Minarik represented D.O.D. Following these presentations, it was suggested by D.O.D. that Dow take the TORDON message to t'ne fiel^ in Vietnam. Mr. Clyde Bryant and Dr. Keith Leasure of Dow subsequently spent time in Vietnam and in Thailand reviewing the possibilities for use of this new highly active herbicide. In their discussions with the Field Commar.ders, it became obvious that TORDON 101 MIXTURE (a commerce.formulation) would fill the need for a product to be used in situations where Orange was not completely satisfactory. Following this action, TORDON 101 MIXTURE (or White as it was then called by the Military) was used in operational quantities. In August of 1966, Dow proposed to several, groups in the Department of Defense that oil soluble ester6 of TORDON could be combined with Orange to make a broader spectrum potentially longer lasting defoliant for general use in the theatre of operations. D.O.D. suggested that evaluations should be made at an early date to examine the potential effectiveness of thi6 combination. It was mutually agreed that it would be defiirable to have some small scale evaluations conducted in forested areas similar to those in Vietnam prior to undertaking an operational evaluation. S ' * i REPRODUCED AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES OT .n a r a . d a t e n r , / Q Several combinations and ratios of TORDON ester with Orange have since been evaluated in numerous tests in Texas and Puerto Rico by the USDA with ARPA funds. Tests were also conducted in Hawaii by Dow in cooperation with Dr. Minarik's group from Fort Detrick. Later, tests were also applied in Malaysia in a land clearance operation in cooperation with the International Rubber Research Institute. During the August of 1966 discussions on this new product, D.O.D. suggested that if small scale field evaluations were favorable, Dow should come back with a proposal in regard to moving this product into operational channels. Consequently, we have asked for this meeting with you today to present the information we have to date and the proposal. confidential: */0- 7 ,/ fit* / 1a71/6 S U m i f f OF MAJOR EVENTS AND PROBLEMS (Reports Control Symbol GSHIS-6) OJtfT^) STATES ARM! C i M C A L CORPS Fiscal Tear 1955 Reproduction df this document in 'hole or in part iff * _ prohihdBEec^'excep'E T/ith permission of the- issuing office* Security classification will be reviewed by issuing office 1 December 1956 bigrahed CIASSm* t o e s s e p a r a t e d reoa CLASSI7It S T V E B a B ^ .. . H istorical o ffice 0 > ? l ~ O ffic e o f th e C h ief Chemical O ffic e r 1 3 ^ ^^ December 1955 ' PAGS- 1 0 F 162 PAGES A 35COPT OF COPIES i B2TSt * C0NF1DENTIAU S-Cs^l I 'K..1-. Vv-.'g V.v. \- r ^ e; M-tnom JIH --3.---S-----o--- - -J u f , e i -- M r -n t e x ' j'f - a' .fal i . ) 1} - ^ b^ < uifi&'i. t M i J ) f o :< W ' W - :i 4 - * ^ m v iwoni' ' 'O c T ! 9 S 7 / j *iSUMMARY OF MAJOR EVENTS AND PROBLEMSn t n . > n ,, " ` t " t r r i n m ft ff\ n n n n i P l i o "& *j C\ UnitedSt'ai!LArm'y Chemical Cor.pls.- .(U) ,,,,,,, tin r ^ ,,,ft ,v>v i , f t e w w * * ~ vr~b o m Year 1957 . m i a i 1 ' -< ' Wi 4 -- ~ ' - .:.. ' fr z & Jt j 71, 9*, f v , '\T7t~ v ?v 'i'-d--: titfiAtS: -.,. - ,-..-iSEsjg-tid mS ;':: V .e W 4 ="^^^3 October 1957 .^--J>'-- *:; ' '..V.-~.Vs* ........2...*-.....-....:....r.'ivvs^r."VvJC. v?Ti<'if' *' *..>*. OFFICE-O.DF-lFfTcAHVRESTijCViH.3'JI!TETFCC'iP.r2c5VM,MD'L.-ITXCAJ.HUY-HISTORY U. S._ Army Chemical Corps Historical Office Army Chemical Center, Maryland 3OCMH, S C H i 10722 >^ co?r 0 ? copies d V CONFfDtNTiai i CONFIDENTIAL' js&mmnr SUMMARY OF MAJOR EVENTS AND PROBLEMS (Reports Control Symbol CSHIS-6) UNITED STATES ARMY CHEMICAL CORPS HO-?,/ AA- 4298/<7S"7 r-7^ *-^ * V-Vf '.:vw-* ',^ j h -'-i;4! Fisoal Year 1957 `Reproduotion of this document in whole or in part is prohibited except with permission of the issuing offioe Regrading data for this document cannot be determined at this time DocWMe/vr- REGRADED UNCLASSIFIED WHE* ..SEPARATED FROM CLASSIFIED U N W BW W * ~8': `I 1 r \... . ...... ... ? ... Uo S Aray Chemical Corps Historical Office .* \i *i I A August 1957 ? ' PASE 1 OF 168 PAGES CCPY / OF 85 COPISS CONFIDENTIAL1 I wiMigwtwTiTriiin , UNCLASSIFIED Summary of Major Events and Problems Fiscal Year 1957 I. MANAGEMENT. A. Career Management . . . . . . . . . 1. Civilian Career Planning. . . . 2. Military Career Planning. . . . 3. Military Personnel Administration 4* Civilian Personnel... . . . . B. Financial Management.......... .. . 1. Organization. . . . . . . . . . 2. F u n d i n g .......... - ........ .. 3. Army Financial Management Plan. ... a. Army Industrial Fund. . . . h. Chemical Command Management System .'e. 'Integrated Accounting . . d.` Fixed Asset Accounting. e. Army Stock Fund C. Administrative Services . . . . . . . 1. Technical and Public Information Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Welfare and Morale............ 0 Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . \ 1. Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Military Construction, Army (MCA) 3. Capehart Housing................ A. Provision of Production Facilities Projects 5. Maintenance of Installation Facilities II. PLANNING AND DOCTRINE . . . . . . A. Combat Developments Activities B. Planning Activities . . . . . 1. War Planning......... .. 2. Mobilization Planning . . C. Troops. D. Training. 1. Chemical Corps Training Command 2. The Chemical Corps School 3. Non-Resident Instruction. 4. Publications............ 5. Field and Logistical Exercises. E. Intelligence. Page 5* 9 10 12 15 18 21 21 23 23 24 28 29 30 30 32 32 33 35 36 36 37 38 38 39 42 44 .58 58 59 64 67 67 73 78 80 81 84 UNCLASSIFIED PAGE -2 OF 168 PAGES C6g* / OF C OPIES UNCLASSIFIED III RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING....................... A. Administration ............. B. Technical Operations .................................... 1 . - T-Jr^ents........................................... 2. X - A g e n t s ................... ......................... 3. Thickenrs for`Flame Warfare . A. One-Shot Portable Flame Thrower. . . . . . . . . . . 5. Plasticized Smoke Mixtures . . . ................... 6. KL3 Field Protective Bask. . V ..................... 7. Phasing Out of Anticrop Research ................... 8. Risk to U.S. Armed Forces of BW Attacks. 9* Standardized froducts. . ......... IT. MATERIEL .................................................. A. Management and Organization............................ . 1. Adjustment to the Chemical Corps Reorganization* 2. Refinement of Current Procedures 3. Current and Mobilization Potential . . . . B. Ibocurement and Production 1. M35 and K36 Incendiary Bomb Clusters . . . 2. 1Q16A1 Fire Bombs.................................... . 3. Protective Masks - A* Commercial C h e m i c a l s ............. .. . 5. Toxic Planning and Production. 6. Other Procurement and Production Forecasts C. Industrial Mobilization Planning ...................... . D. Requirements, Cataloging and Standardization . . . . . . E. Supply .......................... . 1. S t o r a g e . .............. . 2. Repair Parts and Maintenance of Material . . . . . . 3. Dietri b a t i o n ......................................... A. Property Disposal. ............. ..................... F. Quality Assurance. . . . ........... . . . . . . . . . . 1. Major Operational Developments . ............... . 2. Department of Defense and Department of the A rmy P r o g r a m s ........................ 3. Administrative Improvements and Technical Training. ...................... . . . . . . . V Page 88 x.'-V< ' 'vu:m ' r?. 88 93 93 97 '99 * 100 101 :*.<.,:;;* 102 103 -c'4 10A 105 112 - 112 113 122 125 * '; 129 13A 135 135 138 139 1A3 ^* 1A3 1A7 _:*c" -V' ' '':: ?. 1A9 150 < 152 i 15A 1 155 i 157 157 1*0 162 PAGE 3 OF 168 PAGES UNCLASSIFIED casi. / p r _ j z j x s ?)' SECRET S' V V w*\ i capability than any other ground munition system. ' Although all 4.5-inch I*. .i rocket battalions in the Army had been disbanded, the data from the tests ' would be readily translated to other munitions of the same knd,^ and would x:.l prove particularly appropriate for guidance in CCFRA project 7-57, "Tactical Employment of the 115-mm. Area Toxic Socket." This study project would de- ^ ^ tormina concepts and tentative doctrine for the tactical employment of the 115-mm. Area Toxic Rocket, T-238.83 V- 3 (S) Project CCFRA 3-56, "The Tactical and Strategical Evaluation of HE." jr __ ^ also completed in Y Y 1957. was forwarded to CONARC with the recommendation ffeW that it be distributed to all combat developments organizations. The-Field Requirements Agency concluded that most targets suited for radiological at- - Tv**--: tack would be dealt with most efficiently by explosive HfF munitions rather - than non-explosive. The exception, and these would be limited, would be ^ .-- -*. . .*!*-- -,,* - k -* - r*-'* ^ those cases requiring wlntimim physical destruction but maximum personnel casualties. The study also pointed out that the non-explosive HW system , -A. stood out over the other weapons of minimum destruction. BW and CW, in that it was less affected by meteorlogical conditions, produced longer periods of denial, and was less subject to personnel protective measures.^ 82 (1) Inter/, Hist Off with Mr Joseph Schaeffer,'CCS, 16 Aug 57. Quart Rev, Clahs Sup, Jan - Mar 57, p. 5. (2) 83 (1) Schaeffer interv, 16 Aug 57. (2) Quart Rev, Class Sup, Apr - Jun 57, p. 4. , 84 Quart Rev, Class Sup, Apr - Jun 57, p. 4. SECRET F-A8-5 g l 07 168 PAC-SS COPI / 07 35 CCRI3S ] oe^j SECRET Hlalc to US Arned Fbrcea of BW Attacks r (S) la December. 195U the Corps established a project, CD-22, to study the susceptibility of nan to aerosols of an infectious agent. This was the first volunteer program. In 1955 and 1956 volunteers were exposed to .aerosols Pi -- Coxiella burnetii, the cause of Q fever, disseminated from a prototype munition i n the test sphere at Fort Detrick and on the tefit field at Dugway Proving Ground. The program was carried on under supervision of The Surgeon General# -is a result of this highly important work the Corps determined that a prototype munition which generated aerosols could infect soldiers in the field - i3) These studies were so successful that the Corps decided to continue _and_ expand them into a more comprehensive study. The Chemical Corps and the Medical Corps drew up an agreement to define the portions of the program for which each would be responsible a Under this agreement The Surgeon General.aet up a special medi cal unit at Fbrt Detrick to operate the hospital facility, and in addition to provide assistance on the medical aspects of the program. In October 1956 the Chemical Corps Technical Committee established Project U~ll-- 01-006, Risk to US Armed Forces of BW Attacks, under which the Chemical Corps and Medical Corps would proceed. The objective of this project was to deter mine the risk of American soldiers to biological agents and to develop appro- 131 priate biological protective measurea. * - H U ----------- GalC Consolidated B6B Annual Proj Rpt, Project li-ll=Cl=005, Vulnerability of Military Personnel to 'BW Attack. 18-1 (l)_CCTC Item 2963,. Establishment of Project U-ll-Cl-CCS, Vulnerability of Military Personnel to BW Attack, 9" Dec $U0 (2) CCTC Item 3162, Memorandum, Joint Medical Service Chemical Corn3 Agreement on 'Responsibilities for the Conduct of Research and Development for Defense Against Biological .Warfare, 21 Feb 56, as amended by CCTC item 3215, 22" Aug 56. (3) CCTC Item 32ii0, Establishment-of Project U~11~01=CC6, Risk to US Armed Forces of BW Attacks, 2 6 0ct 56` err f t or.V-'ttE.1 PACE 1CU OF- 168 PAGES COPT / 0? 35 COPIES 7 ' \.*'V * J A t* - T~ H*^v\ SECRET / SUMMARY OF MAJOR EVENTS AND PROBLEMS (Reports Control Symbol CSHIS-6) UNITED STATES ARMY CHEMICAL CORPS Fiscal Year 1958 .S. Reproduction of this document in whole or in part is prohibited except with permission of the issuing office Regrading data for this document cannot be determined at this time * 1 ' liltiWlltilillMl il 41 * UNCLASSIFIED Summary of Major Events and Problems Fiscal Year 1958 4 Page I. MANAGEMENT.......... . ................................ 6 A* Career Management. . . ............. 1* Civilian Personnel . . a. Civilian Training. ............. b. Civilian Career Planning . . . . . 2. Military Personnel .......................... a. Military Training........... b. Military Career Planning . . * * . . 10 10 11 12 14 16 17 B. Financial Management 1. Funding........ ....................... 2. Army Industrial Fund.......... 34.. Army Stock Fund........... Fixed Asset Accounting ............ 18 22 23 24 26 C. Administrative Services. . . . . . . . 1. Technical and Public Information . . . . ....... 2. Safety . 43.. Welfare and Morale Military History........................ . 27 27 30 32 . D. Facilities*. . ................................. 1. Disposal of Excess Industrial Facilities . . . . . 2. Military Construction, Army. . . 43.. Family Housing ........................ Maintenance of Installation Facilities . I I V; ACTIVITIES OF THE ASSISTANT CHIEF CHEMICAL OFFICER FOR PUNNING AND DOCTRINE........................... 34 34 35 36 36 39 A. Combat Developments Program. . ....... . . 39 B. Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. War Planning............................ 2. Mobilization Planning. 55 55 56 C. Troops ............... 60 PAGE _2 _ PH. 189 PAGES CCFY OF 35 COPIES UNCLASSIFIED * I UNCLASSIFIED Page D. Training.............................. . 1. Chemical Corps Training Command r. ...... , _ 2. Chemical Corps S chool.......V.i?....... 1 3. CBR Orientation Course.......... ........ 4. Publications.................... . 5. Field Command Post and Logistical Exercises 64 64 69 76 76 78 . E. Intelligence......................... < i n . RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERI N S ........ . . 82 86 A. Administration ........ . . . . 1. Ad Hoc Committee on Assessment 86 96 B. Technical Operations . . . . . 1 . V . Agents . ......... .... 2. K. Agents . ............ 3. 'The Kharasch Program . . , 4. Toxic Agents . . . . . . . 5. BN Anticrop Agents . . . . 6. ' BN Antipersonnel Agents 7. Operation L A C ....... . 8. One-Shot Flame Thorwer < 9. Mechanized Flame Thrower . 1101.. Fire Bomb . . . ...... Gasoline Thickeners . . 12. Smoke .............. . 13. Irritant Hand Grenade . . 14. Detector K i t ........ . 15. The Non-Combatant Mask . . 16. Filter Units ........ . 17. Filter Units for Vehicles 18. Gas Mask Repair Kit . . . see 97 . 97 100 101 103 104 107 111011820 113 114 115 117 118 111112229102 IV. MATERIEL 124 A. Management and Organization ....... 1. Supply Control ............... 2. Procurement and Production Capability 3. Organization ............... 124 124 123 136 B. Procursraent and Production ........ 1. M35 Incendiary Bomb Cluster . . . 2. MriiSffl Fire-Bomb ............ 3. Protective Masks ............ 4. Agent Planning and Production . . UNCLASSIFIED PAGE COPY 145 149 150 150 153 3 OF 189 PAGES OF 35 COPIES UNCLASSIFIED Page r G. Industrial Mobilization Planning .................. 1. Industrial MobilizationProjects ................ 163 167 D. Requirements, Cataloging and Standardization........ . 169 E. Supply .......... ....................... ' . . . . 1. Storage . . . ........................ 2. Maintenance............................ 3. Repair Parts................. ............ . 4. Property Disposal........................... 172 176 179 179 180 F. Quality Assurance ............................... 1. Contractor - Operated Inspection.......... 2. Inspection Costs .................... . . . . . 3. Surveillance Inspection . ................... 181 182 184 185 r . - . . Charts . . . . . Chart No. Page 1. U.S. Army Chemical Corps . v ........................ 2. Office of the Chief Chemical Officer ................. 3. Office, Assistant Chief Chemical Officer for Planning and Doctrine ................................ 4. U.S. Army Chemical Corps Field RequirementsAgency . . . . 5. U.S. Army Chemical Corps Training Command......... .'. . 6. U.S. Army Chemical Corps School................. 68 7. U.S. Army Chemical Corps Research and Development Command ...................................... 8. U.S. Army Chemical Corps Engineering Command .......... 9. Headquarters, U.S. Army Chemical Corps Research and Development Command ............................. 10. U.S. Army Chemical Corps Research and Development Command - Dugway Proving Ground ................... 11. U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick . . . . . . 12. U.S. Army Chemica-1 Center and Chemical Corps Materiel (Command ........ . . . . . .................... 13. Logistics Planning Division, Office of the Chief Chemical Officer........... 14. Supply'Division, Headquarters, U.S. Army. ChemicalCarter and Chemical Corps Materiel Command .......... 15. Directorate far Quality Assurance, Headquarters, U.S. Army Chemical Center and Che'mical Corps Materiel Command ....... '.................. '........... 16. U.S. Army Chemical Corps Quality Assurance Technical Agency ....................................... 7 8 40 43 63 87 88 89 90 91 137 138 140 140 141 PAGE 4 GF 159 PAGES UNCLASSIFIED COPY J . OF 35 COPIES UNCLASSIFIED eight FY 1959 and 1960 Test and Field Experiment Project Proposals for *7A inclusion in the Combat Development Objectives Guide <CDOG) 1958. The stature of this publication, and of the Combat Developments program in general, was increased during the year when the Department of the Army assumed control of the publication of CDOG. Previously, it had been a USCONARC responsibility.7^ Ilf) During FY 1958 the Chemical Corps expended a great deal of .effort in the field of radiological warfare. During the year Lt. Gen. Carter B. Magruder, Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics, approved a refined and consolidated statement of the Rtf mission of the Chemical Corps.76 This statement read: The Chemical Corps is the responsible technical staff agency for the Department of the Army for the conduct of Radiological Warfare and Radiological Defens-e. This responsibility includes research and develop ment not specifically assigned other services, the development of technical doctrine, the determination Of requirements for and the determination of the basis of issue of equipment in conjunction with the combat development system, and provision of technical staff and field guidance. These respon sibilities include technical coordination within the Department of the Army and for the Department of the Army with other governmental agencies on radiological effects or matters related thereto, except for medical aspects In discharging these responsibilities the Chief Chemical Officer is the technical staff representative to advise on the technical aspects of radio logical warfare employment and defense. He shall lend support and assist ance to Other staff agencies and units as appropriate. These responsibili ties 'will be performed and coordinated within the framework of normal staff j ...675* Lt-r^ eCmlO to C& USCONARC-, 14 Apr'58, sub: CmlC FY 59 and FY 60 . Test and Field Experiment Project Proposals for Inclusion in CDCG 58. 75 (l) Hilbers-Gaston-rVaxman interv, 16 Jan 59. (2) DA ltr, 10 Mar 58. 76 Memo, DCSLGG to CCmlO, 17 Jun 58-, sub: Chemical Corps -Radiological Warfare Mission. . . PAGE 44 OF 189 PAGES UNCLASSIFIED COPY ^ OF 35 COPIES CONFIDENTIAL relationships and responsibilities. As used herein Radiological Warfare is the employment of agents or weapons to Produce residual radioactive contamination as distinguished from the initial_efiects of a nuclear explosion (blast, thermal, and initial nuclear radiation^: Radiological Defense encompasses defensive measures to be taken against radiological warfare and initial nuclear radiation.77 (U) The Chief Chemical Officer initially had requested this action in March 1957, and the ensuing time had been spent in the preparation and the staffing of a paper entitled "Study of the Chemical Corps Mission Responsibilities in the Radiological Warfare Field." Staff officers in the Office of the Chief Chemical Officer (OCCmlO) found parts of the RW mission in as many as eighteen different documents ranging from DF's and memoranda to notes of verbal agreements made over the telephone-. In approving the mission statement General Magruder directed the Chief Chemical Officer (l) to take whatever steps were necessary to develop Chemical Corps officers as the U. S. Army experts in radiological warfare and (2) to prepare and staff with appropriate Department of the Army agencies such changes to DA publications as might prove necessary.78 (C) Many studies and projects sought to fill existing doctrinal gaps in the RW area. Most of these were the work of the Field 77 This mission statement, as approved by General Magruder, appeared in CCCalO,"Study of the Chemical Corps Vissi-cn Responsibilities in'the Radiological Warfare Field." 78 (l) Interv, Hist Off with Maj Howard Schade, OACCmlO. for PSD, 16_Jan 59. (2) Interv, Hist Off with Lt Col Paul Cerar and Mr Norris Sills-, OACCmidfor PSD,. 12 Feb 59. (3) Quart Hist Rpt, OACCmlO for PSD, Apr - Jun 58. PAGE '45 OF I89 PAGES CONFIDENT!ALCCPY-- =2-0F- SECRET in rear areas.^9 t (S) Among the completed Chemical Corps Board projects was CCB 2-56, An Evaluation of the Guided Missile Program as Related to the Delivery of CBR on Ground Troops (c). The objectives of this project, assigned in April 1956, were the determination of the potential usefulness of guided missiles and the Honest J6hn rocket for the delivery of CBR agents and the recommendation of the b#st CBR agent - guided missile combinations to provide an optimum CBR offensive capability against ground targets. The Board considered those agents and missiles that were slated for use until 1965. CCB 2-56 concluded that guided missiles had an excellent potential for the delivery of chemical and biological antipersonnel agents on tactical targets and all biological agents on strategic targets. A guided missile - RW agent combination was not-feasible. The report con tained a list of eight missile-agent combinations and recommended that first priority be given to the development of chemical and biological warheads with self dispersing, interchangeable bomblets and that the Chemical Corps should make every effort to obtain requirements for chem ical and/or biological warheads for the aforementioned list of missiles. The report especially praised the unique potentials of the Matador B/p.egulus II missile for anticrop and arvtianimal BALattack-.^0890 89 (1) Ibid. (2) CCFRA FY 58 Progress Rpt. 90 (1) CCB .Progress Rpt, FY 58. ('2) Quart Hist Rpt, CACCihiO for P&D, Oct - Dec 57. PAGE -51 OF .ie9 PAGES SECRET COPY OF, 35 COPIES : SECRET (S) Another Board project completed in FY 1958 was CCB 5-57, Retention of Mustard as an Authorized Agent. The study, as approved by the Chief Chemical Officer, recommended the retention of HD as a standard agent, H as a substitute standard agent, HT as limited standard, and that HN-1 be made obsolete. The study further advised that the retention of mustard be revaluated at that time when V agents proved acceptable for combat use.91 (c) Included in the studies (as contrasted with projects) completed by the Chemical Corps Board in FY 1958 was a BW Agent Requirement study which determined the number of BW missiles required, the quantity of lethal BW agent to be recommended to the Army and Air Force for use in a single mission, and the estimated number of BW missions per month which the Army and Air Force might be expected to carry out. One of the conclusions of the study rejected the E120 Bomblet in favor of the development of a flettnor rotor for use in ballistics missiles and Boeing dispensers. Another study explored the concepts of employment of antipersonnel BW. The Board concluded that this form of BW could make major contributions to military operations in both general and limited wars and under nuclear o? non-nuclear conditions. Moreover, its varying deore.e of- lethality made, antipersonnel BW an ideal wea-ron for attacking enemy troops mixed with friendly oj potentially frj.er.dly civili-ans. This study was well received by staff chemical officers and by Army CCB Progress Rpt,- FY 58. PAGE COPY SECRET 52 CF 159 PAGES CF 35 COPIES SECRET planners in general. A similar report on the employment of CW also was well received.<52 (S) Progress continued in two important projects which the Chemical Corps Board initiated last year. These were CCB 3-57, Field Experiments of Effectiveness of CW Munitions against Hard Targets, whose objective was self evident, and CCB 1-57, Tactical Troop Test of CBR Defensive Means. The second project, better known as JACKPOT, would determine the capability of troops to continue their mission under CBR a-ttack. JACKPOT, carried out in collaboration with the Human Resources Research Office, George Washington University, had an expected completion date in FY 1959.93 (U) Several other fiscal 1958 actions In the field of Combat Develop ments were worthy of mention. One project, carried out at the Chemical Corps Training Command, concerned the development of work measurement criteria for the operation of an M2A1 impregnation plant with its ultimate effect on personnel allotments in the appropriate TOE. These criteria, based on the 2-shift, 2'4-hour operation of 1 platoon, revea-led that the plant had less productivity than had been determined by a similar test during World War II, a fact largely attributed to the increased weight of uniforms. The test also disclosed a probable- -50 percent increase 92" (l) CCB Progress Rpt, FY 58. (2) Interv, Hist Off with. Mr Jo-seph S. Schaeffer, CCB, 22 Jan 59. 93 il) See Summary of Major Events and Problems, FY 57, pp. 52 - 54, for background of these two projects. (2) Quart Hist' Rpt, CC3, Apr Jun 58. (3) CCB Progress Rpt, FY 58. PAGE 53 OF 189 PAGES SECRET r COPY_ _ -7 OF 35 COPIES SECRET responsibilities of the former 42d Laboratory in the evaluation of foreign equipment and materiel. (C) IXiring the year the 51st and the 52d Chemical Detachments (Tl) were inactivated and the fate of the 503d Chemical Detachment (Tl) in Camp Zama, Japan, wais in doubt as the year ended. (S) Collection activity during the year included the completion of the program sponsored by the Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence (ACSl), and the CIA for the interrogation of Hungarian refugees.*4^ CCIA personnel interviewed nine of these people who had seme ex perience with industrial or military chemical activities. The resulting information, some new and some confirmatory-, included: (l) that Hungary was actively interested in offensive CW, especially mustard, (2) that it could not sustain chemical warfare without Soviet assistance, and (3) that the USSR and its satellites would initiate CK and RW if they felt the conditions warranted it. (S) The Canadian Joint.Intelligence Bureau asked the CCIA to participate in the interrogation of an eseaped Polish Major who had had experience with the, chemical branch of his country*s armed forces. Not only did the interrelation result in. some valuable information, .bu-t-it was-an indication .pf- the good, rapport that exists between this Eguntry. and the Dominion of Canada. 149 " *-- Summary of Ma^jor- Everrts and Problems, FY 5?, p. 86. PAGE 84 OF l89 PAGES COPY -? OF 35 COPIES SECRET *w v irn aaadgaaBJt SECRET (C) An exchange of protective masks was arranged with Switzerland. ,i . Three U.S. M9A1 masks were sent to that country in return for three Swiss masks. The latter were tested by the Technical Intelligence Office at Army Chemical Center and the results sent to Chemical Corps agencies and to the Swiss government. (S) The CCIA continued to improve techniques for the collection of information. Chemical Corps delegates to the 12th Tripartite Con ference held in September in England were briefed on the subject, and CCIA provided increased guidance to collectors in the field. (U) The year saw a number of changes in intelligence publications. A consolidated Combat Equipment Technical Intelligence Bulletin, in which the Chemical Corps was allocated almost 100 pages, replaced / DA Pamphlet 30-12-1, Foreign Military Weapons and Equipment Reference Handbook, first published in 1955. The Army eliminated four types of publications -- Intelligence Collection Guide, Specific Request for Information, Intelligence Collection Memo, and Summary of Current Needs -- and replaced them generally with four others -- DA Long Range Intelligence Needs, DA Short Range Intelligence Needs, DA Consolidated Statement of Intelligence Requirements, and DA Technical and Scien tific Intelligence Guide. (S) Among the important C5R Intelligence Studies produced by .CCIA neas. "Soviet Development and Production of G and V Agents," which concluded that the USSR had a 6 or 7 year lead over the United States in the former agent and 4 in the latter; "Economic Import to Crop and Animal Losses"; and "Role of the Soviet Chemical Service in Support of Nuclear Warfare." Other s-tudies appeared on all known Soviet Bloc chemical unitaSECRET PAGE 85 op__ COPY OF 35 COPIES CONFIDENTIAL (U) The research and development funds received from other-agencies were as follows* Source Amount as of 30 June 1957 156 Amount as of 30 June 1-958 Navy $1,064,904 $634,754 Air Force 1,066,778 297V670 Ordnance 333,147 14,500 Surgeon General 405,204 150,000 Quartermaster 122,735 . 175,000 Armed Forces Special Weapons Project Walter Reed ) 289,616 249,016 104,399 Corps of Engineers 27,000 Working Funds 791,971 (C) At the start of FY 1958 the Corps was conduct!na its research M-.<?eve1o^ejiL^x^raiL_thmughJi8^rsje_clS-JLn_ihe_QrRyi_area, 21_ln_.thft BW area, and 3 In the testing area. In order to keep the project program in agreement with the Department of the Army program, the Research and Development Command realigned the program in November, 1957, decreasing the number of projects in the- CW-RW-area from 38 to 19. In January 1958, the Command decreased the number of BW projects from 21 to 16, the action' 156 CCTC Item 3323. 157 CCTC Item 3422. PAGE '95 6F 189 PAGES CONFIDENTIAL CCFY A- TSF 35 copies 3 j0 /f .I UNCLASSIFIED seese? The most promising group of the anti-crop agent3 'as that composed of certain esters of 4-fluorophenoxyacetic acid, which are effective against rice, cereal grains, and certain broad-leaved plant30 negotiations were started with industry for the production of these compounds in pilot plant quantities-. (SECRET) The search for new plant pathogens was continued largely by liaison with the IT So Department of Agriculture, and by studying new outbreaks of plant diseaseo Final research tests were conducted on a pathogen for rice and a pathogen for potatoes. (SECRET) i.3 important as the development of agents is the development of ianunologieal and chenoprophylatie measures for the protection of troops and civilianso An important vaccine which has been sought by Camp Detrick scientists had been a new vaccine which would protect humans against anthraxThe old vaccine, which helsed to prevent sheep and cattle from contracting the disease, actually caused the disease in a few cases. For this reason the vaccine could not be given to human beings JLt Camp Detrick, after research extending over several years, Dr George TTright developed a new vaccine which 003 not transmit the disease and may therefore be given to humanSo The vaccine was tested on over one thousand people without ill effe and is currently being assessed among the wool ar.d hair workers in Philadshpr Thi3 vaccine i3 an imsortant guard against enemy use of anthrax a3 a 3'7 ageu =rIv5 --1v\t! ' 1 PAC-3 60 c? 152 PAGER cc?-: 0 c? 35 CCPZDS The development of agents is hut one phase of the Corps* BW programs Satisfactory munitions which are capable of delivering the agents are also under constant developments In 1953 the Corps Inaugurated the ST JO program to datemine the potential military "worth of selected agent-munition com binations, "with particular emphasis on the E6124 l/2lbo b.oablet filled "with Agent 2/o In this program Agent S and the bcmblet3 were developed under high priority, a large quantity of the bomblets were procured and filled, and the munitions were tested logistically and operationally In FY 1955 the original program was successfully completed The only tasks remaining were a few scnulementary tests, such as cold weather test and additional field assessgent 3 o3 7 (SEC55g^ In the past plans for biological warfare had been carried cut under the assumption that huy-ans were susceptible to 3W agentso This assumption was. based on two facts; the medical evidence that man was susceptible to the 86 (1) Draft of Speech, "The Hole of Science for Peace and National Security* by Iai Gen William Creasy, before the TTesuem Jo To Section of the ACS, .18 Jan s5o (2) Annual Chemical Corps Hesearch and Development 37T project: Program, 31 Dec 54a 87 PACE l C ? 152 PAGES CCPT D G? 35 CO?US UNCLASSIFI 46 Biological Warfare Research and Development For the first time since the Chemical Corps embarked on a Ef program, permission has beep granted for the nse of human volunteers In the evaluation of agents. A plan, drawn up at Camp Patrick, for the quantitative assessment of Bff agents and vaccines has been approved by the Surgeon General and the Secretary of the Army. It Is being planned to have the work carried on under contract in a 47 medical school._____ (SECRET) The funds available for BW during the fiscal year amounted to 25,440,000. By 30 June, 121,966,000 (8656) were obligated. The failure to fully obligate the funds were due to delays caused by earlier attempts to place the entire BIT program under contract. Approval was obtained from higher authority to continue obligation 48 of 1954 funds through 30 September 1954. (CONFIDENTIAL)46*8 46 Unless otherwise noted, the section on BW is based on an inter view with Dr. Charles Phillips, Camp Detrick, 28 Jul 54. The Eighth Annual Report, Cml C Biol Labs, was not scheduled for publication until 16 Sep 54 and was therefore not available for this Summitry History. 47. DF, DC CnIO to Hist 0, CGCnlO, 3 Jun 54, sub: Summary List for Historical Report. 48 Review and Analysis of Chemical Corps Program, 4th Qtr FT 1954. PAGE , 6 qf 11 PAGES COPT- -OF 25 COPIES r I ^ classified In April 1953 the Chief Chemical Officer gave an over-riding priority to the development of a liquid suspension of the agent, B. anthracls. This agent had entered the Chemical Corps Bf program in World War II when extensive laboratory research and pilot plant development were carried on, and a production plant erected at Vigo, Indiana. In the post war period practically all investigations on the offensive use of the agent ceased, but attempts were continued to prepare a vaccine for the protection of human beings. In September 1951, the agent was placed seventh on the priority list of antipersonnel agents drawn up by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and major emphasis was directed toward the first five agents. Later the potentiality of B. anthracls was reappraised with the result mentioned above. In June 1953 pilot plant production began 4-9 and during the fiscal year considerable progress was made. - . (TOP SECRET) B.anthracls is to be used in combination with the -^-pound E6l 50 bomb now being developed. The bomb, designed for clustering in 49 . Seventh Annual Rpt, Cml C Bil Lab, 1 Jul 53. 50 The-bomb is described in: (1) Technical Progress FI 1954, Sunnary Report of Technical Progress in the US Army Chemical Corps EW-Program, pp.H5-rll7. (2) Annual. Chemical Corps Research and Development El Project Program, 31 Dec 53, Project 4-04-14-006. PAGS 7 OF 11 PAGES COPY <3 OF 25 COPIES 7r rt u. s. 1 1 2 5 L P^CLASSIFIED ?, I A a~?: i /3 5"/ SUMMARY OF MAJOR EVERTS AND PROBLEMS (Reports Control Symbol CSHIS-6) Fiscal Year 1954- TOT SECRET ANNEX i Reproduction of this document in whole or in part is prohibited except with permission of the issuing office. Security classification will be reviewed by issuing office 1 October 1955 mti i REGRADED Y AUTHORITY 0F^ 7 n ATEAA'^li Historical Office O ffice- o f the C h ief Chemical O ffic e r September 1954 IT. S, EYES PAGE 1 OF 11 PAGES COPY J OF 25 coPIES ONLY S l *?^ ^NCUSSIFId Flans and Operations In August 1953 the Chief of Army Field Forces notified the Chief Chemical Officer that a requirement existed for a tactical received instructions from OC AFF to include this concept in maneuvers and CPI's, and to submit appropriate comments and 2 recommendations so that firm doctrine might be established. (TOP SECRET) Chemical annexes to the Engineer Barrier Plans for Western .Europe (fourth edition) were 90 per cent complete at the end of the fiscal year. These .annexes dealt with the tactical use of agents and logistic-considerations in a withdrawal before advancing Soviet forces in Germany. This information was not communicated to other Worth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) nations, because severe political complications might result from premature disclosure of American plans.^ (TOP SECRET) (U.S. EYES ONE!) 1 Ltr, C,AFF to CCmlO, 5 Aug 53* sub: AFF Initial Position on Tactical Bf. 2 See SECRET part of this Summary for reports on Exercise FLASH BURN and SPEAR READ, held in April and May 1954, for some results of this directive. 3 Ihterv, Hist 0, OCCmlO with Lt Col Samuel E.Eaker, C, P&0 Br, t ci PAGE 2 QF H -PAGES -, COPY A OF 25 COPIES ^pt^fcjNCLASSIFIED U. S. E Y E S O N L Y In FY'1954 the Joint Chiefs of Staff approved. In principle, ' Ihs shipment of toxics to United States Army Forces in the Far .East fPSAFFE). This approval carried with-it the implied approval, f of shipments to American forces In Europe^(USAREUR). As of 1 July 1954 no toxics had been shipped to either area^1 j (TOP SECRET) \ I i 4 Intervs, Hist 0, OCCmlO with Lt Col. Martin L. Denlinger, Asst C, FT&I Div, OCCmlO and Lt Col. Charles A. Morgan, Jr, Mat Div, OCCmlO, 17 Sep 54. PAC-S 3 OF II PAGES COPY JL OF 25 COPIES U. S iiis o 3 1JJNCLASSIFED During the period 7-20 November 1953, a joint Chemical Corps- Air Force logistic exercise, EXERCISE BROWN DERBY, was conducted to determine the capabilities and limitations of the planned support system for supply of biological munitions to an overseas Air Force. A secondary objective was to evaluate personnel, equipment, training procedures, and command responsibilities. (TOP SECRET) Production Development Laboratory, Pine Bluff Arsenal, manufactured a simulated agent, filled and.clustered bombs with the administrative and logistical supportr of Pine Bluff Arsenal. Midwest Chemical Depot shipped the munitions to the Air Force under the supervision of Chemical Corps Technical Escort Detachment. Air Materiel Command, in operational control of the exercise, provided special equipment for moving the muni tions to Barksdale Field, Shreveport, Louisiana, where they were loaded into two Military Air Transport Service cargo air craft for shipment to the Air Proving Ground Command, Eglin Air 5" This section taken from: (1) DF, C!i0^7E, Brig Gen C.E.Loucks, DepC C d O , to Hist 0, OCCnlO, 24 Ncv 53, sub: Summary List for Historical Report. (2) TCP SEC.HET supDleaent to Quart Hist Rpt, Materiel Div, OCCmlO, Jan-Mar 54*, dtd 4 Hay 1954. PAGE 4 OF H PAGES C O P Y A OF 2 5 COPIES >' * UNCLASSIFIED Air Force Base, the exercise forward air base. (TOP SECRET) Upon the arrival of the munitions Air Proving Ground and Air Research Development Command assessed the condition of the munitions, using a Chemical Corps procedure. (TOP SECRET) . Exercise BROWN DERBY conclusively demonstrated that Chemical Corps-Air Force logistic plans are workable. Since Production Development Laboratories is able to supply munitions 6 on a four-day notice, the exercise proved the logistic cap ability of the Chemical Corps and the Air Force to make an antipersonnel biological, attack within a few days, in case of necessity. (TOP SECRET) 6 See below p.8 * * t > i PAGE__5 OF 11 PAGES COPY JL OF 25 COPIES ' 1_ H 5 3 ^ x j h o l r s s i ? ied 4 NGLASSI "N an aimable adapter, is the tail-ejection type and utilizes com bustion gases of a fast propellant powder to form an aerosol from agents in a liquid suspension. A series of drop tests were con ducted at Holloman Air Force Base from June 1953 to January 1954 as part of the fuze development. A surveillance program of the agent container was begun early in 1954 and in April the first series of tests using lethal-type agent in the bomb were held at Dugwav under field conditions. The bomb produced aerosol in suf ficient quantity to kill up to 50 per cent of the exposed animals and seventy to eight-eight per cent of the bombs functioned when they were dropped in clusters. The second series of tests were 51 in progress at the close of the fiscal year. (TOP SECRET) The Production Development Laboratories, Pine Bluff Arsenal (formerly 1-201 Plant) were placed on an operational ready standby basis on March 15. At this plant significant quantities of filled 52 bombs- can be produced four days after receipt of order. (SECRET) Among the BW antipersonnel agents in the pilot plant state of development are Bacterium tularense, Venezuelan equine encephalomye litis, Brucella-melitensis, and Botulinum toxin. In the laboratory phase are Pasteurella. nestis., and Psittacosis virus. A number of8 51 Summary List for Historical Report. PAGE 8 QF 'll PAGES COPY 3 OF 25 COPIES 3- , >3 FIED potential agents are also being screened.____ (TOP SECRET) By order of G-4 of the Army all research in antianimal BW, with the exception of the studies on rinderpest in Kenya. British East Africaf and the completion of the foot and mouth disease research facilities,at Plum .Island, was terminated as of 54 . . 30 September 1953 This action hronght to an end, in the Chemical Corps, the projects on % diseases of.,poultry. swiner horses and ruminants. The defense phases of the projects in Kenya and at Plum Island (Port Terry) were continued until 30 June 1954 to permit the Department of Agriculture to budget for and continue this work. The Chemical Corps ^rill maintain a detail of officers with appropriate technical background at Fort Terry to. keep the Corps informed of developments. Because of the directive to termi nate the research in this area of the EW program, very little 55 progress can be reported during the past year. (SECRET) 53 (1) Technical Progress FT 1954, pp.3-55. (2) Annual EW Project Report. 54 Ltr, OCCmlO to CG, Cml C R&E Coad, 18 Sep 53, sub: Antia-niral Biological Warfare Defensive Program, w/lncl (Cmt#3, &-4/F1-53879, 16 Sep 53, sub: Antiani'aal and Anticrop Eiological Warfare R & D Program, w/3 Incls). 55 A summary of the progress in antianiaal research may be found in: (1) Technical Progress FT 1954, pp.67-72. (2) Annual BW Project Report. (3) Eighth Annual Report of Camp Detrick, (in preparation) PAGE 9 OF 11 PAGES .. x COPY JL OF 25 COPIES UNCLASSIFIED UNCLAS^^^ Considerable progress, on the other hand, was made in the development of anticrop agents. Research resulted in improved field evaluation of potential agents, addition of U-fluorophenoxy- acetic acid as a standard-type agent, and demonstration of the high efficiency of the Aero 14A Airborne Spray Tank. (SECRET) _s _ m * Whereas the previous chemical anticrop agents, butyl 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and butyl 2,45-trichlorophenoxyacetate were useful for curtailing the growth of broadleaf plants, the new standard-type agent, A-fluorophenoxyacetic acid, reduces the yields of wheat and rice materially when applied in militarily feasible quantities. The agent is produced industrially by chemical companies 56 and is available on the open market. (SECRET) An important advance in field evaluation was the development of a miniature spraying system for disseminating liquid agents from an L-19 airplane. This system makes practicable the testing of undiluted * agents on field grown crops. An effort is being made to mount the system on a truck, which can then be used at Camp Det-rick. ....... (CONFIDENTIAL) In conjunction with the Navy, tests were made of the Aero 1AA 56 Chemical anticrop agents are discussed in: (1) Technical Progress FT 1954- pp.56-58. (2) Annual EW Project Report. CONFIDENTIAL........................ '(FCO) From ill this information the group sought to develop simple, practical measures for Improving the assessment program, without disrupting morale, projects, or organizations. Its report took the form of a series of conclusions, refined by sufficient discussion to prevent misunderstanding, and followed by recommendations and suggestions. (FGUO) On 19 June 58 General Creasy distributed the report and directed his commanders to implement it. By following the recommendations i of thp Committee, the Corps hoped to improve its ability to define and to % meet objectives and to provide greater responsiveness from the assessment program.159 t V-Aoent;s 160 Technical Operations (C) During the year the Corps standardized a new toxic agent, VX. The history of the V-type agents goes back several years, when chemists at Imperial Chemicals, Ltd., searching for new insecticides, came across compounds that were extremely toxic to humans. The discovery of V-agents by industrial chemists working with insecticides is reminiscent of the discovery of the G-aoents in the same manner in 1936. Imperial Chemicals sent samples 159 (l) Assessment and Related.Problems. A- Report to the Chief Chemical As-my-*by the.-AeHBoe Committee on Assessment, 1 Apr 58. (2) Ltr, CCml to'Distribution-, 19 Jun 58, sub: Report of Ad Hoc Committee on Assessment. 160 This section is based on the following: (l) CCTC Item 3386, Classification of Persistent Agent, VX, as a Standard Type, 12 Dec 57. Meeting, of the Engineering and Production Committee, USA CmlC Advisory Council, 26 - 27 May 58, pp. 74 - 83. (2) PAGE 97 OF 189- PAGES CONFIDENTIAL COPY J OF ~35 COPIES . SECRET - _pf the compound to the Porton Laboratories of the FVH'Hsh Army and early In 1953 a British scientist brought the information to the Army Chemical Center. Chemical Corps chemists then began experimenting with this class of compound, working closely with British and Canadian chemists. ^The men nicknamed the compounds "V-agents" because of their venomous nature. (s) Since 1953 the Chemical Warfare Laboratories (CWL) have synthesized approximately 50 V-type agents. Toxicity tests indicated that one class, the phosphdnothioates, were the most percutaneous toxic compounds yet discovered. VX, for example, applied to the skin of an animal is approximately 1,000 times more toxic than GB, and when inhaled is 2 - 3 tiffins more toxic. (S) After synthesizing and examining a large number of compounds the Corps had to choose the one best suited for military purposes. Factors that had to be considered were toxcity, difficulty of manufacture, methods of dispersion, ease of detection, treatment of casualties, persistency on the battlefield, stability during storage, rapidity of action, solubility in water, and methods of decontamination. The Corps selected VX, O-ethyl, S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methyl phosphonothioate, as the outstanding compound of -the group. VX is an odorless liquid, slightly denser than -Wa-c-er, at times it is as clear as water, but at other times it is the color of straw. It is so toxic that 3 - 4 milligrams "(a drop the size of a pinhead) on the bare skin may cause death. It may act in as little as fi. .een-minutes or take as long as two hours. It evaporates so slowly that it remains on the ground-for days, making the area extremely dangerous. Hot soapy water, or dilute alkali may be used for decontamination. Medical PAGE 98 OF 189 PAGES SECRET OR I r w rrfm r^fr nirwn SECRET was ready for classification as a standard BW antipersonnel agent. In case germ warfare would be resorted to in the future, it was probable that 168 B. tularense would be an agent of retaliation employed by the United States. Operation LAC (C) Operation LAC, .which received its name from the initials of the words, "Large Area Coverage," was the largest test ever undertaken by the Chemical Corps. The test area covered the United States from the Rockies to the Atlantic, from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. In brief, the Corps dropped a myriad of microscopic particles from a plane, and determined the distance and direction these particles traveled with the wind. The Corps wanted to learn these things* would it be feasible to contaminate a large area by this method using, for example, BW organisms, and if so, what logistics would be involved. (s) The first test took place on 2 December 1957. A C119 "flying boxcar," loaned to the Corps by the Air Force, flew- along a path leading from South Dakota to International Falls, Minnesota, dispersing fluorescent particles of zinc cadmium sulfide into the air. A large mass of cold air moving down from Canada carried the particles along. .Meteorologists expected the air mass to continue south across, the Un.i_ted States, but Instead it turned and went northeastj_carryin.g the bulk of the material .4 168 j(1) Technical Study No. 6, Military Effectiveness of Bacterium Tularense (c), Program Co-ordination- Office, Fort D'etrick. (2) CCTC Item 3458, 27 Aug 58. PAGE 1C8 OF 189 PAGES SECRET COSY '*? OF 35 COPIES & SECRET Into Canada. The test was incomplete, but it was partially successful since some stations 1200 miles away in New York State detected the particles. (S) Dugway ran a second trial in February 1958. This time the "polar outbreaj}," as the Canadian cold air masses are generally called, continued on to the Gulf of Mexico, carrying fluorescent particles with it. As the air mass moved south the front broadened so that the line of particles 200 miles long at the aircraft's path had spread out to 600 miles at the Gulf. (C) The sampling scheme set up by Dugway was quite elaborate. Scientists at Fort Detrick devised a collecting device consisting of a filter and a pump to draw the air through the filter. The filter trapped fluorescent particles in theJtnspirated air. A special counting device was used to ascertain the .number of particles on the filter. The Civil Aeronautics Authority co-operated by having its personnel at 63 CAA stations collect samples, and the Weather Bureau did the same at 112 stations. The stations mailed the 2200 filters employed in each test to Dugway, where technicians made the count. (S) During the spring of 1958 Dugway conducted two additional tests, this time with the wind blowing haphazardly instead of steady from the north. In the first, the plane flew south from Toledo, Ohio, and then turned west to Abilene, Texas. In the second, the course ran from Detroit to Springfield, Illinois., then west to Goodland, Kansas. Sampling stations on both sides of the Flight path reported particles, proving that random flight'over a target area would disperse small particles, widely. PAC-E 109 OF 189 PAGE COPY . OF 35 COPIES SECRET &aamsuaB&tatm CONFIDENTIAL (C) These tests proved the feasibility of covering large areas of a country with BW agents. Many scientists and officers had believed this was possible, but LAC provided the first proof. While the tests were a great step forward, they did not provide the Corps with nearly as much data as the Corps would like to have had in order to predict the behavior of particles released in clouds. To obtain additional data the Corps r 169 planned further tests for the next fiscal year. One-Shot Flame Thrower (U) During World War II one of the problems that arose in the use of flame throwers was the servicing that had to be done in theaters of operation before weapons could be used. The Corps decided that one way of by-passing this obstacle wes to design a-single shot flame thrower that could be shipped from the United States ready for use. Engineers worked on the weapon but did not perfect it in time for battle. Development continued until 1949, when the Corps, forced to economize, cancelled the project. (U) During the Korean War the -experiences of American troops in flame warfare caused the Corps to take up the one-shot weapon again. Aerojet General Corporation, under contract, devised a new model consisting essentially of a U-shaped aluminum tube 3^- inches in diameter, acketed 169 (1) Presentation by Clair B. Olsen, Meeting of the Dissemination and Field Testing Committee, USA CmlC Advisory Council, 6 - 7 - 8 Nov 57, pp. 14 - 20. (2) Presentatio-q, by Dr William W. Dorrtll, Meeting of the Dissemination and Ei'sl-d Testing Committee, USA CmlC Advisory Council, 22 - 23 - 24 May 58, pp. 30 - 41. I PAGE 110 OF 1B9 PAGES COPY OF 35 COPIER C O N F I D E N T I A L ------------------ 4 * SECRET (S) In keeping with the policy to assign development work to the arsenals and in consideration of the special facilities available, Materiel Command assigned the Directorate for Biological Operations production development work on the agent B. tularense which was prepared for standard ization during fiscal year 1958. In all, 47 batches (2200 gallons each) of agent were prepared under an Industrial Preparedness Measure, and produclbility was improved. At the same time work progressed on establishing a munitions filling capability for the agent,233 (s) Budgetary limitations and some undecided policy matters prohibited, the Chemical Corps from engaging in active anticrop research during FY 1958. This lack of research was reflected in curtailed activity in the-production field. Edgewood Arsenal continued to produce two of the naturally occuring plant disease agents, SX and TX, under a reduced program. But at the end of the fiscal year there was a sufficient amount of agent in refrigerated 6torage to meet Air Force requirements for operational capability under plan AMC 12-58. Although the anticrop program differed from the antipersonnel program in that anticrop production was current, munitions filling and assembly under the anticrop operational plan, as under the antipersonnel plan, was not scheduled to. take place until immediate need arises. In case of need, munitions hardware was on hand, including seme stocks already located in overseas bases, for approximately 4,CCQ M115 biological bombs; 233 (l) Marcus-Vyieijih^interv, 28 Jan 59. (2") CCTC Item 3458, 27 Aug 58. PAGE 162 OF 189 PAGES COPY A - OF 35 COPIES SECRET 4 TUCTI^IMa SECRET on notification, the agent could be processed, packaged, and air shipped for final imitions assembly at overseas bases, thus providing Immediate operational capability During fiscal year 1958, production development work was being done under contract on one other naturally occurlnq plant disease agent, rice blast. The Chemical Corps was able to perform this production development work and much of the other work in the anticrop program during fiscal year 1958 only because funds were made available through Industrial Preparedness Measures.234 Industrial Mobilization Planning Industrial Mobilization planning and current procurement tended, in the Chemical Corps, to become less and less separate entities and more and more mutually supporting -activities. As indicated above, capability, including mobilization capability, is frequently dependant upon current procurement and production since capability develops and is maintained through the operation of current production processes. This dependence has been administratively recognized by increased emphasis placed on programming mobilization activities as an extension of current programming. Current 234 (l) Vincent-Hswitt interv, 28 Jan 59. (2) CCCmlO, Estimate of CBR Situation, 1959. (3) Project Invertebrate (C) rpts, USA Cral Ars, E, 1957 Summer Season, dtd Dec 57; 1957 - 1952 Winter Teascn, dtd Jun 58; 1958 Summer Season, did Octr58. (4) Quart-Hist R-pts,.MATCCM, Sep - Dec 57, . Jan - Mar 53, Apr - Jun 58. 235 See above, pp. 132 - 33, 135 - 36. PAGE 163. OF 189 PAGES . COPY SECRET OF 35 COPIES CONFIDENTIAL planning reduction was $367,000 or 43.6 nan years, and it was accomplished -by reorganization of the procurement districts and reductions within the headquarters as discussed above. The $235,000 reduction in the maintenance - of industrial reserve equipment meant the elimination of twenty-six personnel paces by 1 November 1957 and a total of forty spaces by 1 January 1958. A $432,000 reduction in budget project 2240.4, maintenance of public % v ... .. housing, resulted in lowering the standards of maintenance to the expenditure ........... ` 237 of no more than fifty cents per square foot. 5 (c) The long-range effect of the new concept was to reduce the Chemical Corps mobilization production base. At the beginning of fiscal year 1958, the Chemical Corps production base consisted of* 59 arsenal plants and lines; 9 GGCQ plants; 74 package plants (including packages of special tooling); 1,574 pieces of production equipment in Industrial Equipment Reserve; 38,842 items of inspection gages and equipment; production capacity allocated in 175 commercial facilities. It was at once apparent that seventeen arsenal manufacturing units, more than five GOCO plants, and fourteen packages of production equipment and tooling would be excess to the new requirements. It was also apparent that production capacity allocated in commercial facilities would be curtailed; for example, sufficient requirements existed to use only, two of the five planned protective . 4S^ suppliers. An exhaustive survey made during the fiscal year revealed 237 (l) Vincent-Hewitt interv, 28 Jan 59. (2) Quart Hist Rpt, MATCCM, Jul - Sep 57. PASE 166 Qp 189 pAGES COPY CONFIDENTIAL OF 35 COPIES 'Ajrm y'CJi erniea l Center-. .trV -(I" 7 ^ r.'"Vet*riV-, -: ^ ^ J ; . 4 r ;! *V tX '*? ** -V / COPY 7 F ^^C0?)3 ) .v'-v ' ' \ :- -- &- . T / N f 1! :s .q =*' rvis17^ (Reports Control Symbol CSHIS-6 ) UNITED STATES ARMY CHEMICAL CORPS Fiscal Year 1960 Reproduction of this document in whole or in part is prohibited except with permission of the issuing office St 4 U. S. Army Chemical Corps Historical Office L-iD PACE 1 OF ISO PAGES COPY / OF 35 COPIES UNCLASSIFIED Summary of Major Events and Problems Fiscal Year 1960 .MANAGEMENT.......................................... I Career Management. ............... ................ 21.. Civilian Personnel ....... .................. Military Personnel . . r. . . . siVia . . . . . . 3. Suggestion Program . ; Y.' ....... B. Financial Management . 21.. Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... Management Systems .. ........ . . . . . . . . . . 3. Data Processing Systems ...................... 4. Manpower ........ . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 5. Organization............................ . C. Administrative Services . . . . . . . . . ^ . . . . . . 1. Safety . . . . . . . . ...................... . 2. Weifare-arrcKMorale........ . ................ D. Information.................................... E. Facilities............ ...................... . . 21.. Industrial Facilities ....... . ............... Military Construction, Army ................. . . 3. Family Housing....... . . . . . ............ 4. Maintenance of Installation Facilities . .......... ACTIVITIES OF THE ASSISTANT CHIEF CHEMICAL OFFICES FOR PLANNING AND DOCTRINE ........................ A. Combat Development B. Planning. .............. ......................... 1. War Planning ................... .............. 2. Mobilization Planning ....... . ............... C. Troops D. Training ............................. 1. Chemical Corps Training Command . . . 2. Chemical Corps School ............. 3. U.S. Army C3R Weapons Orientation Course 4. Publications and Training Aids ....... 5. Field and Logistical Exercises ....... Intelligence ............... . ....... fWfii AQCTFirn III. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING........ .............. 101 A. Administration........ . ........... ................10 1 *3 6 B. Fourteenth Tripartite Conference ............... . . . . . 107 1 * C. Dispersal Systems. ....................................108 14 23 D. Agents...............................................113 31 E. Alarms ...................... 32 117 32 34 F. Protection ............................. 11l9 37 G. Anticrop Research........ .............. . . ..........121 38 39 H. Radiological Warfare ....................................122 40 / ' . 40 IV. MATERIEL . ; ............... `........................ '. . 124 41 A. Management and Organization............... 124 42 1. Procurement and Production Capability. .............. . 124 44 2. Organization ....................................... 141 3. Management .............................. . . . . . 144 44 47 B. Procurement and Production, Current and Planned............. 148 45 1. Procurement, Production and Planning Items.......... 152 50 a. BW Production Facilities............ 152 b. VX Agent....................................... 152 c. M55 (T238) Rocket................................ 154 d. Other Toxic Munitions * Forecasts................. 154 51 e. Riot Control Agents and Munitions.................. 155 f. M17 Field Protective Mask......................... 156 il g. E52R27 Civilian ProtectiveMask. ................. 157 fe. Incapacitating Agent ............................. 158 i8 >3 C. Quality Assurance . . . . ................... . . . . . . 158 fl 1. Acceptance Inspection. . . . . .................... .158 2. Surveillance. Inspection....... .................... 163 M 3 Quality Control Functions............................. T64 D. Supply .......................... ................... 166 1. Cataloging and Standard!cation ....................... 167 ^ 2. Stock Control and Accountability............... '* 3. Storage and Distribution.......................... 174 ^ 4. Maintenance.................................. 177 5. Property Disposal............................... . . 179 5 SLDi'H UNCLASSIFIED __ of_ 1f_pages UNCLASSIFIED c^rnwmctr (C) In CMLCD 57-5, Exploitation of .TacticaL Chemical Warfare, approvi by the Chief Chemical Officer in December 1959, the Chemical Corps Board concluded that appropriate use of chemical warfare would substantially enhance the effectiveness and versatility of the Army's capabilities and arould give to the artillery the unique advantage of target effects gradatioj General Stubbs also approved another CCB project, CMLCD 57-4, Exploitation Tactical BW, and decided that it should serve as a source document for futui related projects. USCONARC agreed to the recommendations of CMLCD 57-5, stating that it would direct Combat Development agencies to Include where appropriate in their organizational and operational concept studies a consideration of Chemical Warfare. This USCONARC did, advising that BW, as well as CW, should be considered. 109 (C) The Chemical Corps Board began developing the concepts of both of the above projects with the assignment of CMLCD 60-6. Concepts for Use of Chemical Warfare in Support of Army Operations, and CMLCD 60-17, Concepts for] Use of Antipersonnel BW Munitions in Support of Army Operations. The former study was designed to analyze the potential role of chemical weapons in limited and general warfare without regard to time frames and to develop concepts for its employment in the Array of the future -- 1965 and beyond. The purpose of the latter project was the development o-f~concepts for the 2121ent use of antipersonnel BW munitions as well as techniques -for their 109 (l) Ltr CG USCONARC to CCmlO 23 Aug 60, subs Combat Development Project Report CMLCD 57-5, Exploitation of Taptical Chemical Warfare. (2) Ltr, USCONARC to Dist, 2 'Nov 60, First Quarter FY 1961, Review of Combat Developments. ITERrtffliiPU N O L i ' i b 'O l X -V_______ __ ____ ^-PAGE CO>;?ENrfSE' COPY 9.0^ 62 CF 1*0 PAGES / OF OR e, approved -I $ Board employment In support of the Army of the future.1*^ (U) The Chemical Corps Board acquired another test project CMLCD 59T1, ally es and Field Experiment of Operations within CW Contaminated Areas, which was to evaluate the hazards of conducting tactical operations within areas contami gradation, nated by chemical agents and to develop and test procedures which would permit oitation of troops to operate in such areas with minimum risk and with least loss of for future 57-5, effectiveness. The U.S. Army Chemical Corps Training Command also received a test project, CMLCD 58T7, Concept and Technique for Use of Diffusion Type where a Protective Materiel, which had as its objective the development and testing of concepts for using diffusion-type collective protection material to provide as tactical troops -with optimum CBR protection. 101 1 (U) As was the case last year, the Chemical Corps Board devoted a oth of substantial portion of its FY 1960 effort to the mission of briefing high se of level agencies, Defense Department and otherwise, on various aspects of CBR -epts for warfare. These briefings have been well received, and the nunber of requests i former for repeat performances attest to their favorable reception. According to in General Sullivan, the Board's President, this briefing mission was a lop significant accomplishment of his command during FY 1960, one that contributed Tf-' 3nd. greatly to the overall enhanced reputation of matters _CR so evident during the the course of the year. 1 1 2 eir 110 (l) Quart Hist Rpts, OACCmlO for PSD, Oct - Dec 59, Jan - Mar 60. (2) Sawyer interv* 10 CTct 60. (: Ill it Quart Hist Rpt, OAXralO for P&D, Jan - Mar 60. 112 ^ (l) Interv, Hist Off with Brig Gen '#riiiam*E.-R. Sullivan^ 7 Oct 60. (2) l i^3 Sawyer interv, 10 Oct 60. ^ T T"tv y (U) Something of an innovation in the area of R&D advanced planning techniques appeared during FY 1960 in the form of Joint R&D - user seminars, which consisted of map exercises. .The first of these, Project SCORPION, was carried out in conjunction with the Marine Corps in May,. I960, and concentrated on elevated.line source dissemination (i.e., airborne spraying) of selected agents in simulated tactical situations.172 Fourteenth TripartIte._Co_af.ren&e. (C) The Tripartite.conferees on toxicological warfare met for their. fourteenth annual session during the period 14 - 26 September 1959, at Army Chemical Center. The three delegations, representing the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States respectively, organized themselves jointly into eight subdivisions, corresponding to the eight basic aspects of CBR on the agenda. Among the recommendations approved by the conference were: (a) an increased effort in the area of genetic research as an aid in the development of new or improved EW agents, (b) high priority research and development for BN and ON alarm systems, (c? emphasis on incapacitating Of agents, (d) combat development exercises to determine problems of living and fighting in a toxic environment, (e) establishment of uniform 3 T aerosol assessment procedures by a Tripartite wcrkleg grcup, (f) conslderailcn by CW/ETf research workers of the problem of the effeet of radiation exposure on subsequent. CW/EW 172 Interv, Hist Off with Mr. Howard M. Trussell, Adv PI Div, Hq, RDCOA, 28 Oct 60. Project SCORPION is more fully discussed ,,in pp. 54 - 56 above. PAGE 107--OF'i1>w8011 PAGES copy / op 35 COPIES attack, (q) study of fallout prediction methods through the productlPH__of parti- c-le- s- compf arable _to T'f--a1'llout for use Irn -.--experiments173 Dispersal Systems. (C) The major accomplishment of the year in this realm was the standard- j ization early in the fourth quarter of the T-238 toxic rocket as the Rocket, Gas, 115-mm, M55, authorized to carry either GB, or VX fillings. The rocket, \ designed to serve as an optimum area ground dissemination source, had been ] under..develoSpCmen*t by Ordnan- ce, in conjuuntc;ntcioani swtietnh. ntehet `.oCrhemical Corr.p5s, .stince fJ the Korean War. The weapon consists of a fin-stabilized solid fuel rocket 1 78 inches long, the forward third of which constitutes the warhead, carrying | approximately 1 1 pounds of agent. It is fired from a multi-tube launcher j capable of handling 45 rounds simultaneously.^^ During the early months of | FY I960 the rocket successfully passed the engineering test phase, but the % user tests, carried out by the Field Artillery Board, resulted in two wild a rounds and a report recommending corrective changes in both rocket and launch' er. The modifications were accomplished in time for check testing in March, 1960, following which the Artillery Board declared itself ready to recommend standardization. With the completion of this action in April, the Chemical Corps became possessed for the f irst time of a standard munition with a VX 173 Final Report, 14th Tripartite Conference on Toxicological Warfare, PP* 23 - 54. 174 CCTC Item 3704, (Massification of Rocket, Gas, 115-oem.', M55 (T238) as a Standard-A Type..., 4 Apr 60. 108 op 180 PAGES CCFY / OF -35 COPIES * UNCLASSIFIED ---ts. arhead, tion : : (C) The E130R2 bomblet turned out to be the crucial difficulty in gain ing type classification status for both the improved Honest John warhead and the toxic warhead being developed for the Little John rocket. It proved to peed additional work in the area of fuze function; moreover, a tendency toward buildup of unacceptable pressures when the sphere was loaded made its appearance. While these problems remained to be ironed out, type classification of the two warheads had to be deferred.178 fc) Perhaps the most promising new development in the field of dispersal systems during FY 1960 was the commencement of a program to utilize Army com bat surveillance drones as line source agent disseminators. Drones available for planning and development estimates would provide the Chemical Corps with spray tank carriers capable of speeds from 200 to over 500 knots, and with payload capacities varying from 200 up to perhaps 1,600 pounds of EW or ON agent. The prospect of more efficient line source dissemination was particu larly interesting to the Chemical Corps because that method, though more de pendent on weather conditions than point source dispersal, provides better coverage. Moreover, the prospect of reduction in the size of future Army mis siles makes these point source vehicles less promising for the purposes of CER warfare. 178 (l) Quart Presentations, RDCCM, to CCmlO, FY 60. (2) Capasso interv, 4 Nov 60. 179 (l) Interv, Hist -Off with Mr J. Rex Pimlott, Dev Div, RDCCM, 4 Nov 60. (2) Quart Presentation, RDCCM, to CCmlO, 2d Qtr^FY 60. ' W CLASSTFTPn iFTUl^nXir PAGE...111. OF. 1S0_PASES . COPY___ / OF 35 COPIES IS Aasni (C) During the first half of the fiscal year a concerted effort was made by the Chemical Corps, backed by an additional allotment of Army R&D funds, to type classify a new Incapacitating agent by the beginning of calendar JL96Qjl The effort, designated Project NEW YEAR in August 1959, centered on Serrryi (EA 2148), which was selected as the most suitable candidate agent for early standardization. The agent was a discarded experimental anesthetic turned over to the Corps by Parke, Davis and Company; it possessed both mental and physical incapacitating characteristics, depending on the dose level. The availability of information on mass production methods and clinical experience was a major factor in its s e l e c t i o n . I n December 1959, however, it was learned that the minimum effective dosage was regarded as too high for prac tical field use. In consequence the type classification program for'Sernyl was dropped. (S) While the hopes for Sernyl were disappointed, the general program for development of new incapacitating agents continued to enjoy high priority. A BW research effort to select a fast-acting incapacitating agent centered attention,p/l stachvlocoecus enterqtcxin as a promising candidate.*183 182 (l) Eriefing Notes, Dir Ind Opns Eng, ENCCM, 1 Jul - 30 Sep 59, p. 5. (2) Quart Hist Rpt, CVL, Jul - Sep 59. 183 (l) Qyart Presentations, RDCCM, to h, R8.D, DA, 2d and 3d Qtrs, FY 60. (2) Interv, Hist Off with Dr Olin H. Eorum, Research Div, RDCCM, 4 Nov 60. 184 Technical Program Review and Analysis, Bio Labs, FY 60, p. 5. TAGE 113 OF ISO PAGES iriED Meanwhile, research in the fl>ld.of C* Incapacltators tended to concentrate on HA 2277 (CS 4030). one of a group of ha11uclnatory benzlllc acid deriva tives with capabilities as incapacitating agents. Toxicity studies of this compound on sub-primates were carried out, and the first tests on human volun teers were undertaken before the end of the y e a r .185 Research and development on viral-rickettsial incapacltators was most advanced in the case of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, so much that it was scheduled for type classifica tion before the end of the year. The aoent is a virus occurring naturally, as a disease of horses. In humans It causes one to four days of fever followed by three to eight davs of Incapacitation, There is no specific therapy for -the disease. In the course of the year it was found that the strain of the virus originally scheduled for type classification in the wet-suspension form did not respond suitably to production methods. The ultimate decision reached at the end of the year was to recommend type classification for another strain. Final action was scheduled for early in FY 1961. Because of the pressure of this work on Biological Laboratories' facilities, a planned program for completinq development of dry Q fever, a rickettsial incapacitating agent, was deferred for the remainder of the year. *18 6 A gradually increasing emphasis on 185 (l) Quart Hist Rpt, CML, Mar - Jun 60. (2 ) Borum interv, 4 Nov 60. 186 (l) Technical Program Review and Analysis, Bio Labs, FY 60, pp. 14 - 15. (2) CCTC Item 3762, Classification cf the Virus of Venezuelan Equine Encepha lomyelitis.., 1 Aug 60 (S). PAGE ll4 OF 180 PAGES U SrSCt&T CFY___ -- 07.. 35. .Copies 3 # ^ J vlral-rlckettslal research was a general characteristic of the year. Indi cated In such developments as the satisfactory completion of screening research on RjgjlSttsla rlckcttsil, the causative agent-of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and the initiation of research on the pantropic strain of the Rift Valley {ever virus and the two rickettsiae causing endemjc and epidemic typhus respec- train. of Offl)S 7 # s on 15. 3- (S) Development of lethal BW agents reached a milestone in FY 1960 when dry Pas_teurella tularensis. a new form 6f the causative organism of tularemia, was type classified early in the veer. A wet-suspension form had been classi fied the year before.^ Generally speaking, dry agents are regarded as repre senting an improvement over liquid suspensions in that they are more adaptable to storage** shipping, and logistic exigencies. Research into practical methods for living agents began during the Korean War, and led to the conclu sion that freeze-drying techniques, when modified to yield an easily milled pellet, were mos-t suited to producing viable dry living agents of acceptable particle size and storage characteristics. Work on dry P. tularensis began in 1958 and was substantially complete by the end cf FY 1959. The method -adopted involves freezing droplets of a stabilized concentrated liquid culture of the agent with liquid Freon, drying the resultant pellets, and reducing the dried 187 (l) Technical Program -Review & Analysis, Bio Labs, FY 60, pp. 4 - 5. \2) Ltr, C, Prcg CoordH^ff, Bio-tabs, to Hist Off, sub: Historical Infor mation, FY 1560, 16 Bee 60. 188 Cf. Summary of Major vents and Problems, FY 59, pp. 98 - 99, which includes gobera! discussion of tularemia as a EN agent. ^_1 H _ of_ J E _ p a oe s ^ 3 9" CCPY / OF 35 COFIES product to a particle diameter of about 5.5 microns through a two-stage mil- .jfe ling operation. The stabilizer used is a protective suspension containing w skim milk, sucrose, and thiourea, which serves as a coating for the organisms ^ throughout the profess. A gram of the packaged product contains about 9W 14.7 x 10 viable cells and has a three year storage stability when stored in a dry nitrogen atmosphere at -18C. From the logistical point of view espec- ially, successful completion of this development of the first standard dry live agent constitutes a major breakthrough in EW. Type classification of the dry agent was completed on 29 September 1959.189 '"-M (C) Work on lethal 0 agents centered largely on the V agents. As a 4 byproduct of study of the behavior of V agents in solution a new highly toxic compound was identified, a product of the hydrolysis of VX in neutral or_ slightly alkaline solutions. The new item, designated EA 2192, reacts irrever- j sibly with cholinesterase and has an LD50 comparable to VX, but it requires additives before it will penetrate the' skin. Further study of the compound ^ _s was scheduled.____ Research on certain highly toxic substances, notably the carbamates (typified,by EA1464) _and_.ths__natura_l_ toxins found in clam siphons _and the Japanese puffer fish, continued through the year. 'Additional quanti ties, of the latter, were isolated...and a new.~de.termlnation_was made fox ther 189 (l) CCTC Item 3622, Classification of Dry Pasteurella Tnlarensls as a Standard-A Type Eft Antipersonnel Agent k$y, 4 Sep 59- (2-) Quart "Pre sentation, RDCCM, to Ch, R&D...DA, 3d-Qtr, FY 60. 190 Quart Hist Rpts, OIL, Jan - Mar 60, Apr - Jun 60, PAGE 116 OF 180 PAGES COPY / OF 35 COPIES f "V miling inisms ed in specry jf the a ox rever?s d e ons ti- ** - 'V empirical formula of puffer poison. Much of this work was done on. contract..191 Alarms (C) One of the most urgently desired items in the R&D program, pending the future development of a universal alarm system, is a practical and portable field point source alarm for nerve gases. The E41 type of automatic alarm under development during FY 1960 through a contract with Radio Corporation of America is a miniaturized version of the E21, previously accepted by the Navy but rejected by the AfSiy as too large for field use. The weight limitation placed on the developers was thirty pounds, including batteries (except for batteries needed to supply heat when operating in temperatures below 32F). While the original concept of the E41 alarm envisaged a warning system for G agents, a V agent capability'was added. Considerable emphasis was placed dur ing the year on interchangeability of the supplied battery power source with the 24-volt power source of combat vehicles and the ability of the battery unit to be recharged using standard equipment already in the field.192 As insurance against possible failure of the E41 under development to meet DA requirements, the Chemical Corps undertook parallel development in its own laboratories of a simplified version. By the middle of FY 1960 progress in this effort was suf ficient to justify the letting of a new contract, this time with Aircraft Arm aments, to carry th.e_work forward to the point where evaluation tests could be 191 (l) 'feorum interv," 4 Nov 60. (2) Consolidated R&D Annual Project Rpt, 31 Dec 59, Subproject ^CCS-Oi-ClP-OV. 192 CCTC Item 3611, Military Characteristics for Chemical Warfare Agent Point Detection Alarm, 30 June 59. vC-E OF l80 PAGES 1R T ) / OP 35 roDTcc repeatedly rejected proposal to produce toxics and other Items whose produc tion Involves great hazards. The combination of this reluctance and low peacetime volume and variety of chemical procurement has meant, throughout the Corps* history, that the Corps must maintain its own facilities to insure the retention of know-how" and capability. During FY 1960. preparations, were in hand to acquire a contractor to operate an agent production and fil % ling plant now under construction, but, although it appeared that the Chemi cal Corps would be able to make this unusual and significant arrangement^..it. was believed that such a contract would not presage toxic production by criyate Industry. Commercial firms have repeatedly dewonstrated_reluc_tan_ce to contend with the hazards of toxic production. It was expected at the end of the year that higher authority would study the whole problem of the future of the Army arsenal system during FY 1961.^*^ \ (u) The U.S. Army Chemical Procurement District, New York, the U.S. Army Chemical Center Procurement Agency, and the U.S. Army Chemical Corps District, San Francisco, remained the three Chemical Corps procurement activities in FY 1960. The New York district obligated about $13.6 million during the year. The Army Chemical Center Procurement Agency obligated approximately $6.4 mil lion in supply procurement and $7 million in research and development procure ment. The San Francisco district handled procurement actions t&t-aliag slight ly more than $848,000. In addition to the procurement in these designated materiel procurement agencies, the Biological Warfare Laboratories obligated 219 (l) Mullen interv, 31 Oct 60. (2) Interv, Hist Off with Mr William E. Montanary*? -Log V-gar-'Ed, MATCCM , 16 Nov 60. TT1NJPT n ^ T V l V . T ) Pace 135 OF ISO PAGES COPY / OF 35 COPIES ouawM complementary filling facility at Newport. Indiana, proceeded on schedule during FY 1960. The Chemical Corps submitted a project request in FY 1960 to provide for a munitions assembly plant to be built in conjunction with the agent plant. Project approval was expected early in FY 1961. _..By_the..efttLof FY-1960, Food Machinery and Chemical,Corporation, the prime contractor, and The Lummus Company, the principal subcontractor, had nearly completed the design and engineering work and had completed 49 percent of the actual con struction on the agent process and filling plants. The target dates set at the end of the year were as followsi Chemical Plant and Process Complete Filling Plant Complete Waste Disposal Well Complete Step 0 Construction Complete Step I Construction Complete Step II Construction-Complete Step III Construction Complete Machinery Installation Complete Operating Shakedown Commence Formal Trial Operation Commence between Trial Operation Complete between 23 Jun 61 23 Jun 61 15 Aug 60 23 Jul 60 15 Aug 60 30 Aug 60 1 Oct 60 31 Jan 61 23 Jul 60 1 1 Aug Jan and and 1 Oct 1 Mar 6610252 (C) The contractor reported no major technical problems in plant construc tion or process development. Minor problems and delays were attributed to bad weather, a brief labor dispute, shortage of equipment, a lack of instrumenta tion, and difficulties in coordinating process plans between Chemical Corps and Contractor agencies. All of these problems were resolved by the end of 252 -<l) "Mullen interv, 31 Oct 60. (2) Interv, Hist Off with -Mr William J. Ellenberger, Log Div, OCCmlO, 1 Nev-#3; (3;)"File, 7 Aug 59 to (not closed), sub: F*Tcgres"9RepQrts for Newpor^.Chemical Plant, maintained by Installations Er, Log;-Div, QCC-.-s-iO. (HeresfTer cited Progress Rpt File) Especially MRS, C, Lo^ Div, OCCmlO for Dep CCmiO-'incl Progress Report Nr. 12, 6 Jul 60. (4) Readi ness Rpts, 1 Aug 59, pp. 91 - 92; 1 Nov 59, pp. 91 - 92; 1 Feb 60, pp. 27-28; 1 "May 60, pp. 29 - 30; 1 Aug 60, pp. 29 - 30. ^ E A g - 153 OF ISO PAGES PY / OF 35 COPIES ffOMMART BISTORT OP CHEMICAL (IPS ACTIVITIES 9 SEPEMBER 1951 TO SL 3C2MBER 1953 > ' IIERCpjCTIOH % - * * * - A. Hi eelon ' . . -V, ;-i ' - ; *'**..' *,> 9 ,S'. , .v ` 1 ..3. Overall Statement of Activities '*-s-' *' \ ' 9 Sep 51 - 31 Dec 52 '.f : ^ y 1. Background for Increased * ` Activities'Stevenson Report -- 2 , ! #' * t * 'C. Reorganisation of 1 Hovember 1951 2 D. Other Organizational Developments 3 ,V' . 1. Provost Marshals and 1.0,8 ; ' 3 2. Sheater liaison Officers . . v.. . . . . . 'y \ -4 I. Personnel Administration S. 4 fP. Tacilities . . * ., ' . 6 '0. Recommendations on Major Administrative Problems 7 1. The Killian Report -9 . II. RESEARCH AID DEVELOPMENT J ,* r >t * 4. A V-.Xm. A. Administration 1. Reorganization 2. The Killian Report 1r' 3. Personnel 4. Piseal - B. Chemical Research end Development CO. Biological Research and Development D. Radiological Research and Development 11 11 12 12 13 14 16 18 a w * i^. ; , *. Defensive Aspect of Research and Development Proving Activities * 1 : ' ^r -V s llsTQZMimA. ; **v ' , f - 17=;.. i . EEUUEITY .v .rf v- - -. -* *v 20 23 . i ,, *V *"1 - i .XXVJ.' - -J -- ------ 7"\ <. . . viewing devices. The Chemical Corns wormed on an anti-radar agent to counter radar dependent items such as V? fuses, and search and scanning instruments. Biological. He search and Development Th-e field of biological warfere (3.0 received more and more emphasis from everf standpoint, tforh on 3W agent's led to the standardisation of an anti-^personnel agent. Plant -pathogens received the most attention in the anti-cron field and cne agent- was ht.-mdardiced._Two chemical growth inhibitors_ op ye re prcrposea for stancnrdJ.nation. Progress in the field of anim l disea.ses v:as handienured h;~ a complete Inch of facilities, and the hulk of research on anti-animal agents had to he conducted by contracts and hr other g overnment agencies such as the Peuartnent of Agriculture. It was homed that the activation of Ft. Terry in the spring of 1952 would meet with success in the study of certain animal diseases when the work of rehabilitation and the nev: facilities there were completed.''' O li ci H [J O 0 (1) Hl*ei* pG_o<r6t, of 1 Seo Fio 52. Lab s for * 1 d j0 n 52, .Fo t Series (=) i-1 n --ist 0 CC 0=1 0 with Lt Col J.C-. Ac-"el, Z::ec c, a i : ~ 1 cc A O T an 53. (1) PA c-c 45, 25 Anr cp (2) d z iw. T-X*s,"*u of Ft Tw* , 1 Jan 51- C'j u uii 52 (3; Hub lie Lav 43-5 (Cw ^^ WU* Cong) prohnortec. of certa.in animal disease s cn MC W a i f -- ~ -- !. r~ \i ~ J .. c7l L^ * agents Uorh on 3'<' munitions led. to the stmc.?.rdi~?.tion of the II114 "bon'c for dispersion iron the U33 cluster. Development and engi neering tests on other bombs were in progress. Furthermore. a__ number of field trials with BU agen ts tooh place during this period. Large scale studies were race with aerosol cloud travel asjweli as the behavior of aerosol clouds oyer_two U.S._ inland cities.__In__ C ? - J I A 1 Z C ' . h f luorescent chemical was released as an aerosol fror a Daval nine sweeper stealing along the southeast coast of the United States. The results indicated that it was possible to achieve long-range aerosol cloud travel and consequent coverage of thousands of square riles by the -dissemination of relatively srall amounts (250-lbs) of tracer material under lew level temperature inversion.c The Biological Laboratories race a very detailed s-tudy in con nection with the irportant problems of drying, grinding, and sizing of lb' agents for the B*i! dry agent program. As a result of this study end of guidance in this area, a large program in the field of drying , CP has teen uncertahen, largely by contract.'*' That increased emphasis was given to the whole 2'J program con be Judged by the considerable expansion of facilities and effort that tcch place during this.period. there was a maj or construction in nting to about $3*0,000,000 for BY 1953,, w: reolected the increased concentration on the development of end items. Lpt of Cml C Bio Labs for 1 Jul 1-30 J -- _iU _i--3 J _ 1n_ ,1. r. T (1 Radiological Research and Development Uhe Radiological 'iarfare program v/as a new one to the Chemical Corps, having begun in 1949 with the decision to conduct an. opera tional evaluation of ?.'.r as a v;enpons system." Until 1951, however, the Chemical Corps was committed to the use of radioactive tantalum, thereby competing directly with atonic v/arfnre work since both required pil9 neutrons. Progress in H,.* research was so rapid as to advance the date for supplying data to the b'eapons System Zvaluation Group (USIG) for the evaluation of EU as a munitions system by one year. By the end of 1952 the Ghemical Corps was also in the final stages of development of aerial munitions systems. Chere was a highly aimaole 750-11..bomb .parrying 500-lbs of radioactive hydro_scppic pellets v;ith an activity of about one megacurie.__Zhis comb was equable of contaminating between 0.07 and 1.0 sennre miles. Vi'ork on this project was terminated for the moment, however, because of the desire for concentration on large area targets. Uhe most significant development in aerial dissemination came in the investigation of -spherical munitions as a means of solving the biggest problem in aerial EU, that of dispersion. Since spheres lack good ballistic characteristics they provided fan better dispersior -- 10-550-1, 15 Sen 43 27 Ir.terv hist 0 C-C Cml 0 wi th Lt Col j.R. Cook, Ch, Special Proj. Eiv., E i 2 Como, 9 ^eo 55. -7<*'.1 ._ W AJ id - 13 - .. - vriTTO'i o* liuewize ber.sfited from this './or!: sines it, tco, requires adequate dispersion for narir.um effectiveness. The use of ribbed spheres to impart a spin, to the bomb further increased the pattern sir.e. An additional /codification called the composite sphere (29SP.4) enlarged the diene ter of the pattern. -he problems of shielding aircraft crews, dissipating the heat due to self-ahsorption of radio-activity, and the mal-effect of radiation on primers end initiators were overcome. The ground handling ea.uipment presented no problem since weight was not con sidered a critical factor.^ Prom the 21 August 1952 briefing on for the Chief of Staff, General 7. Lawton Collins, the Chemical Corps acquired the task of studying an &>! ground dissemination weapons system to be employed by ground troops, and work was authorised by Chemical Corps Technical 29 Committee action on 2 December 1952. Despite this direction for work no additional funds were provided. This led to the rescheduling of FY 1953 Chemical Corps funds in order to find the money for this phase of the E"<; program. A number of ideas resulted from this study. One enuisa.ted a truck-trailer ccmbir.ation to contam inate important roads by metering the 'hot1 agent intoa liquid binder and suraying jt onto the_road. An. aerosol auniticn_or_ smoke_generntor^was_sug-_ gested as a menr.s of contaminating key industrial buildings, power CO ora. ( 1) DJ, ACofu (G-- c) thru ACo;3 (G-d) to CC Cml C, 25 Aug 52, sub: 21 August Briefing for the Cofc on PC', and 1st Ir.d, CG, H s 2 Comd to C Cml C, S Cct 52. 2( 2) cc T4-Orr, * * ~ w ` - V I' Ov ** .10.0, ec 5. A'. ' I facilities, .7iir.es, etc., while they are still _in .our possession, in. SO craer to den;.- their use without physical destruction^ A big problem here was the discovery of what ca:es particles stick to surfaces. [The greatest potential of this round P.7/ds froa_.the_ defensive aspect, notably in withdraw.!. Defensive Aspects of Research and Devolcnment !The fields of detection, protection, and decontamination of 05?. agents showed sons definite advances. Adequate methods of identifies tion existed for all C'J agents encent the C-- agents, and detection of the latter in tine to prevent casualties was a continuing problem, for an autonatic device is necessary. One of these automatic alarms had already been developed for fined installations, and three field alarms for G-agests were under developnent. Meanwhile the Chenical Corps had improved the M9A2 Chenical Agent Detector Kit by the addi tion of Indole and sodium pyrophosphate psronide solution which were used with an air-sampling purp for the detection of G-agents. This did not provide a tinely-enough warning of the presence of G-agents, however. In the field of defensive 37 the ability to detect rapidly and identify 57 agents was a nost urgent and elusive problem. Hapid warning devices to indicate an unusual increase in the a.tmosphere of bacteria, high protein count, or numbers of micron-si sea particles Draft, Dr-eech by 3rig Gen 7n Ft McClellan, Ala., IS Mar in the Chemical Corns. Creasy, to be delivered at sub: research and Ievclcnment x .0^3 ,,V. - - . : \-"v* r> {': ;_ i?. *c * sterna id11 not tz.-c.ge the contents of the comportment. Proving Activities C.n the recommendation, of the Chemical Corps Advisory Council the Environmental Surveillance Testing of Chemical Corps weapons, ~munitions, and equipment vas aoved from Zugvay Proving Grounds to Ecgewood Proving Grounds in February 1952, thereby permitting the 55 t planning of more extensive and comprehensive te-sts. At tne same time Eugvay was freed from diversionary efforts and allowed to con centrate on the toxic effects program. Under the.Envi ronmental Sur veillance Testing, p rogram the Chemical Corps was to participate in _iha_gsta.hlishment of three .permanent installations at Fanaaa, Yuma (Arizona), and Eig Eelta (Alasha) for am y -wide use. Plame, smoke, and non-toxic munitions continued to "be tested at the Zdgsvood Proving Grounds. At Dugrav in the spring of 1952 the Chemical Corns cade an important advance in the area of anti-crop agent testing. Tha t October an operational sultability test on SU bombs was conducted in the cost extensive test yet held. General problems confronting the Zugvay Proving Grounds and the Environmental Test Teams included a lack of suitable housing and recreation facili CO ties, thereby encouraging a high turnover of civilian personnel.54 54 Put of Cnl C Eio Labs, 1 Jul 51-50 Jun 52. 9*0^' SULHARY OF liAJOR EVEiTS ND FR03LELS (Reports Control Symbol CSHIS-6) Reproduction of thi*-document in whole or in part is prohibited except with permission of the issuing office. Security classification will be reviewed by issuing officer 1 September 1954. Historical Office Office of the Chief Chemical Officer 4 September 1953 .rS?- , 33 ^ UNCLASSIFIEDPAflF / _ O F , .S'A -PAGES see''* -79 V- UCiMH. s G No. ._(__ e fec^ r ___ 4___ c o p ie s IFIED S0J31AHY or MAJOR EVENTS AND PROBLEMS (^eoorts Control Symbol CSHIS-6) INTSODOUTICii -Pftfig 5 A. Fiscal Data 8 B. Organizational Developments 10 C. Personnel Administration 15 D. liaison With Theaters 17 E. Facilities 19 7. General II. RESEARCH AND ESVELCPKSKT IS THE CHEMICAL CORPS 21 22 A. Administration 22 B. Chemical Research andDevelopment 23 C. Biological Warfare 27 D. Radiological Research andDevelopment 29 E. Defensive Measures 30 F. Proving Activities 34 III. PLANS, CPEEATICNS, TRACTISfr AND THTHIJICTCE ACTIVITIES 35 A. Plans 35 B. Ope:rations 36 C. Peut East Theater 1 . Flame Vgapcna 2 . Smoke 3. Cramades 4. Chemical Service Units 5. Intelligence Detachments ' 6 . Aid to Ecrea D. European Theater U I ' i C L A b o i - s "^ jlSgsr- ' .'NCLASO'HED Or.rq;r-S*"Q OYTAGPER 9 ^ 7 9 1a3 37 37 39 44 44 47 47 48 6 PAGE-- i -- 0F_R<5_PAGE COPY . / . .OP 6 _ .COPIES S. Training CommaUnd.NCLASSIFIED 1 . Army Held. Forces 2 . Publications 2. Chemical Corps School 4. Replacement Training Center 5. Reserve Officers Training Corps P. Intelligence 17. PEOCCRSEHT AHD SUPPLY A. Administration B. Procurement and. Production 1 . Industrial Mobilization 2. Army Industrial Fund C. Supply . 1 . Spare Parts 2. Distribution 3. Storage and Maintenance D. Inspection 2. Theater Supply 7. SUMMARY APPENDU A - STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE CHEMICAL CORPS PROGRAM CHARTS Page 49 49 50 51 52 53 54 56 56 61 64 65 67 70 71 73 75 77 79 Ro.l Department of the Army, Office of the Chief Chemical Officer - Organisation and Strength Figures Ho.2. Chemical Corps Research and Engineering Cotoand Headquarters Ho.3 Chemical Corps Research and Engineering Command 11 12 13 TABLES D .`CL :v :a^?u 7 9-13 3 4 Ho.1 Fiscal Year 1953 Funds Obligated by Chemical Corps by Source and Amounts of Funds Obligated 8 t Ho. 2 Personnel Strength Finiras U N C L A S S :^ ` u.wi..u..-utT-v 15 .PAGE_3.__ OF -f- -FAGE.: ' c o p y J . -- OF --^ ..--COPIES In the closing days of the fiscal year an innovation in policy was introduced when the Chemical Corps was directed to let contracts on as large a part as practicable of its HW and R & D programs.^ Seretoforo contracts had been let out on part .of this work, tut the .new policy was toward much larger contracts (SECRET) Nor was the new policy confined exclusively to EW and R a D contracts, but it extended also to procurement contracts On 24 J une the Chief Chemical Officer recommended to the ACofS (G-4), that nerve gas fY-> | production at Rocky Mountain Arsenal be let out on contract^ J he .`.raw -Vag. a .pae^e&l- (SECRET) Organizational Pevelonnents Certain organizational changes were effected in the Corps as a consequence of idle Killian Report^ The Research and Development Division in the Chief's Office underwent a complete reorganization 15 Memo for Record, 26 Jun 53, subs E77 Program Contract Proposal to Matheison Chemical Company. In executive files, R & E Div, 0C Cml 0. 14 1st Ind C Cml 0, 24 Jun 53, on ltr fr Asst CO, Mat Comd to C Cml 0, 23 Jun 53, sub* Proposed Contract No DA-11-02l-Cml-469(P0-CM3-334) 15 In May the Killian Comittee reconvened and invited the Chief Chemical Officer, General Bullene, to comment on developments in the Corps U N C LT'T'rrTVr^TV'TT/" Ir ;i- iU-Uii*. j->T ` ISD T7ork in the C7,200,000 construction program for the permanent Chemical Corps Training Command facilities at Fort UcClellan was 31 percent complete by the end of FY 1953. With a few minor ex ceptions, Area 32, the 2000 man troop housing area, was completed on 29 Zlay 1953. By 1 June 1953 the area housed the 100th Chemical Group, the Composite Ttoop Unit, the Chemical Corps School Detach ment, and students of the Chemical Corps School. (RESTRICTED) Table No. 3 summarizes the value of Chemical Corps* facilities and construction pending at the end of the period (mder consideration^ (CONFIDENTIAL) General Early in the second half of the fiscal year, the policies and purposes of a new secretary of defense made themselves felt. Their most imrr.ediato effect was a- curtailment of activities in line with new budgetary limitations. Downward revisions of FY 54 budget were announced and instructions were issued that expenditures during last quarter of FY 53 would be scaled down to conform therewith. Influence on Chemical Corps financing is shown by the chart and table on page 7 in Appendix A. This effected particularly activities of Research and Development and liateriol Commands. (SECRET) Other new colicies of concern to Chemical Corps were (a) 'greater emnlo-~.ent. of civilian agencies in research and develorment. corns activities._The prcnaf^Inplenentinp: of all of these new -policies required the constant attention of the Chief. Cheracal Corns, during Eufilters RESEARCH AMD DEVELOPMENT Hi THE CHEMICAL CORPS Administration G en erally, the research and development programs continued to be d irected toward the completion o f short-term developments, which was n e c e s s a r ily a t the expense, t o some e x te n t, o f b a s ic r e s e a rc h . Bnphasis was p laced on end item developm ent, on weapons and m unitions fo r the dissem ination o f th e nerve gases (G-agerrts), and on the e n tir e f i e l d o f b io lo g ic a l w a r fa r e . (CONFIDENTIAL) As in d icated above^, se v e ra l o rg a n iza tio n a l changes took p la ce during th e l a t t e r s i x months o f th e f i s c a l y e a r as a r e s u lt o f th e 2 K i l l i a n ite p o rt. During th e p e r io d th e r e was a s l i g h t in c r e a s e i n c i v i l i a n p erso n n el, but th e nunber o f E n lis te d S c i e n t i f i c and P r o fe s s io n a l Personnel dropped from f68 (31 December 1952) to 8?5 (30 Jane 1 9 5 3 ).3 (RESTRICTED) The F is c a l Year 19?1 funding program had c a lle d f o r th e ex p en d itu re o f appro x im a te ly $ i l T500.000 f o r r e se a rc h and development a c t i v i t i e s . By 30 June 1953 th e amount a c t u a l l y o b lig a te d was S 3 8 ,h llt39U (see T able 1 ) o f which ap p ro xim ately h2 pereent^waa f o r b io lo g ic a l w a rfa re , 30 p ercen t f o r chem ical w a r fa r e , 9 p ercen t f o r a to n ic w a rfa re, and the rema-'nder f o r m iscellaneou s- a c t i v i t i e s . ^ (SECRET) ^See page ] 2^See charts \ Ly ^* 3 Figures furnished by the Office of the Comptroller, F&E Command iixbld. For further deta*ils see "Summary of the Chemical Corps .n ((f)6 ^ Program", Appendix A to this rpt, p .19 S0/ O F PAG! cCfrr 1 __ OF ' co;,,.c. Chenical Research and Development During the period from January to June 1953, research and development proceeded in both the offensive and defensive aspects of chenical, biological, and radiological warfare* The search for new tonic agents continued, and hundreds of compounds that had possible tonic chemical structures were considered. The interest was not, confined to .gaseous substance.;,, hut extended on a larger scale to poisonous solids*^ (SECRET) Methods of disseminating Sarin (GB) by bombs, spray tank, shells, and other neans continued under development* Tfork vas begun on a 750-lb* cluster, comprising 126 3-pound vase-shaped bombs to disseminate Sarin from high speed aircraft* In the GB 1000-lb cluster class, the E101P.3, carrying 76 GB-filled bombs, was modified for external stowage, and the bombs (E54R6) were put through all testswith the exception of the USAF operational suitability tests* For the dissemination of GB vapor by means'of airplane spray tanks, a tank, E28, capable of being externally mounted on jet aircraft was developed, and later modified (E29) to utilize the ran-jet principle. Studies were likewise made on the dosage of G3 vapor obtainable from 5 Quart Eist Rpt, Cnl C Advisory Council, Jart-l!ar 53* spray tanks The 45-inch GB rocket, T164, underwent final engineering tests Eecause the 42-inch GB mortar shells behaved erratically during ballistic tests, redesign was necessary Standardisation of 105-rnm and -155-sn Sarin-filled artillery shells was delayed at the request of the Ordnance Department pending development of a device of detecting leaks Research on the thermal dissemination of Sarin was continued in an effort to formulate a pyrotechnic mixture that tfould not destroy the agent An ingenious thermal generator having two compartments, in one of which was a thin walled collapsible tube, and in the other a fuel block, was developed, IThen put into use, the gases from the burning fuel exerted pressure on the tube, and forced out the agent through an atomizing nozzle*^ (SECRET) In the field of guided missiles, an experimental investigation was undertaken to determine the principles governing the use of chemical warheads. Development of both toxic and incendiary warheads for strategic surface-to-surface and air-to-surface missiles continued, and missiles carrying BiT bombs were tested, using inert 6IP.4 bombs8 (SECRET) (1) Interv hist 0, .C'C Cnl 0 v>ith Lt Preston C P.ogers, Toxic C.7 Eiv, R & S Ccmd, 29 Jul S3. (2) Quart Eist Rpt, Cnl C Advisory Council, Jan-Har 53. 7 Semi-annual Progress Rpt, Cnl C R 4 D, 1 Jan-30 June 53. 8 (1) Quart Hist Rpt, Cnl C Advisory Council, Jan-'.ar 53. (2) Semi-annual Progress Rpt, Cnl C R & D, 1 Jan-20 June 53. a i c .e3- UNCL.P P OP O PAGE COP i 7 ; ,_OOriEi Biological T&rfare^ Work on BTf agents reached the point where In addition to the antipersonnel and the anti crop agents already standardized by the end of FT 19$2, a number Trere approaching the stage where consideration eould be given to their adoption as standard types* Insofar as research and development of antianimal agents Tras concerned, the limiting factor was the lack of facilities Two new laboratory buildings Trere under construction at Canro Patrick for -nork on, animal diseases. (SECRET) Two chemical tvce anticrop agents Trere standardized during the latter half of FI 19 53* The special advantage of these agents i3 their ability to viithstand weathering and the fact that field concentrations 'ar^ nontoxic to men a n d animals Moreover, no method exists for arresting their action^-4 (CONFIDENTIAL) Since the size of B W particles is of critical importance, the determination of methods for the reduction of dried agents to the proper size, and the collection and classification of these sized particles are essential features of the drying program* (SECRET) Br Except as otherrrtse noted this material on BnT is based on the Seventh Annual import, .Cal C Biol Labs, 1 Jul 52 - 30 Jun 53* ik. Quart Hist Rpt, Cal C Advisory Council, Jan--liar 53# PAQSL_i?n. C7.80 COPY_/_.Q- (? In order to centralize responsibility and to achieve coordination on the important problem of drying BWagents, a research group was established at the Biological Laboratories during this period, a large part of whose work was performed by contract with other Government agencies and with private firms. Spray drying and freeze drying were both investigated (SECRET) . Six p ilo t plants, including one for simulant agents, were nearing completion at the Biological Laboratories* At Pine Bluff Arsenal, the X-201 plant was nearly completed by 30 June 1 9 S 3 Meanwhile, a new process for the production of the preferred B'Tantipersonnel agent was recommended to the X-201 fa c ility , and piloting of th is was began in June 1$$3 (SECPET) The largest single portion o f BWresearch and development funds, 1*5*9 percent, was devoted to the design and engineering of munitions. Two newaerial, munitions were being developed, the fir st of which was expected to be ready for it s agent f illin g in 195U* A problem s t i l l confronting the engineers was the development of a satisfactory needle size for fillin g the bomb with the preferred agent Two naval munitions for disseminating th BITagents were being developed and successful tests with a prototype mere conducted with s~*ne!arrts 3S Ibid* 16 Cal C Advisory Council Newsletter No, 3j 21 May 53* on land and off the Florida coast. A new means of B W d^ssem-lnation was discovered in FT 19^1. This was the ultrasonic generation of aerosols, -which showed much promise and Trill be investigated in future munition develogaent * (SECRET) In addition to tests "with B W aggrrts and munitions conducted at Dugway Proving Ground, Eglin Air fbrce Base, and a number of other places, field trials with simulant agents were held at Ibrt McClellan, Alabama (SHOHTHOBN I & U ) in the fall of 19^2. The objective of the latter was to determine tactical potentialities of BIT* The results indicated that a considerable number of casualties could EDO OTTTr'n .Sone very usoful results had been attained la the three and one half years of the progranls. existence_lha.se..r&sult.s_iag.Iud.edx19 CD Piscovery of a variety of agents for munitions including those utilizing; waste fission products and hence not competing`with the atonic program (2) Development of a. highly aioable boar (5) Development o~f a lar-e-area bomb# (4^ An e-TperiTiental facility placed in operation at Dugway I Preying Ground for handling. processing. loading, and filling munitions of negacurie Quantities il}_ Tentative solutions to problems of transporting and transferring large quantities of radio-active agents. (o) Some decontamination work (SZCRZT) (RESTRICTED DATA) . . r Defensive Measures Research and development work on detection, protection against, and decontamination of CBR agents continued to show advances 19 Memo, Actg Dep for HT7 and Ron-Tonic Material for Lt Col Morris Shoes, Office Assistant Secretary of Defense for Atonic Energy, 28 Jul 53, sub: Sumary and Status of the RTT Frogran* 20 See Summary History p. 20-23 for the advances in the first half ^lOO u N C L R S S in ^ D jfip ss sssaswsfe^TM Proving Activities The Edgewood Proving Ground was deactivated on 30 June 1 9 5 3 . ^ 8 This action was taken in order*to reduce costs and to effect a more economical utilization of available test facilities and personnel. The functions controlling the environmental surveillance testing installations at Tuna, Canal Zone, and Big Delta, Alaska, were trans ferred to Dugway Proving Ground.^9 The arctic test- program at Big Delta., was authorized in November 1952 and the first detachment arrived in Alaska in Hay 1955. Bv the end of June. howgverf the testing; program had not yet s t a r t e d . (RESTRICTHD^ At Dugray Proving Ground, new grids were laid out and old ones extensively improved. "firing and equipment, for meteorological assessment was extended. An extensive series of firing tests .with 7mm 1tin-ng were conducted with toxic agents,, and the methods of using mustard, hidrogon cyanide and cyanogen chloride urder low temperature conditions were explored. Tests were conducted on various modifications of spray tanks fbr dissemination of GB from aircraft, and on the canabilities of a small F7 bomb under varying weather conditio (SECRET) 28 OC Cnl 0, GG 9, 4 Jun 53. 29 Ltr, C Cnl 0 to CG, P-E Cond, 15 Apr 53, sub* Discontinuance of -Edgewood Proving Grounds. 30 Interv Hist 0, OC Cnl C with Hr. Howard 2. Horton, Proving Ground Div, Ruj Come, 4 Aug 53. 31 - ..... .. Interv Hist 0, OC Cnl 0 with Hr. E. 7.. EiE Come, 4 Aug 53. C-rcund Div, itSlwravnu '"I -: , OFFICE .OF THE CHIEF CHEMICAL OFFICER * ,ARMY CHEMICAL CENTER. -MARYLAND ....,'\ SUBJECT: Report, Summary of Major Events-and .Problems (Reports Centre!.Symbol CSSIS-6 ) * :**>r Chief, Military History Department of the Army Temporary Building C 2nd & R Streets, S. . F'Xa"' Washington 25, D. C. .-< 1' ,v.Enclosed herewith are three (3) copies of Report, Summary of Major Events and Problems (Reports Control .Symbol CSHIS-6 ), TY 1954, as provided in Department of the Army Memorandum No.'335-80-1, 14 July 1953 . * FOR THE CHIEF CKEMCAL OFFICER: - .2 Incls * I. .,lLEO P. BROi rl. Report (in trip) :,;';^Actg Chief, Hist. Off. 2. TS Supplement (in trip) . , :v i*W '*. I. *' i'.- -4 H.V'v ,, > ilassifiod ;/ p3i:jra'L-;X.'i:-73|ijj3er ,, 3s^jro-wn >--.Jrv*x^J... * ^TASpgp&ORDs, 79i334 j.. 4 0 0 ^ ; OCiVIH, T S C f(o. -- i X __ \J0 *1i J &i 4546 . SUMMARY OF MAJOR EVENTS AND PROBLEMS (Reports Control Symbol CSHIS-6) Fiscal Year 1954. Reproduction: of this document in whe-le or in part is prohibited except with permission of the issuing office. Security classification will be reviewed by issuing office 1 October 1955 Historical-Office *Office of the Chief Chemical Officer ' REGRADED UNCIASSiP.ED ORDER SEC ARMY BY TAG PER September 1954 7 9 13 3 4 I ^ I G D 1 0F 126 ?AGES CO P Y 2, OF. 25 COPIES SUMMARY OF MAJOR EVENTS AND PROBLEMS (Reports Control Symbol CSHIS-6) I. INTRODUCTION A. Fiscal Data B. Efforts to Improve BW Management C.' Organizational Developments ft). Personnel Administration 1. Civilian Personnel E. Facilities II. RESEARCH AND XEVELOPMBT IN THE CHEMICAL CORPS A. Administration B. Chemical Research and Development C. Biological Warfare Research and Development* .. . *In TOP SECRET Supplement D. Ifadiological Research and Development E. Defensive Measures I H . PLANS, TRAINING, AND INTELLIGENCE A. Plans and Operations 1. Mobilization Plans 2. Special Studies 3. Troops and Equipment B. Training 1. CBR Training in the Army 2. Exercise FLASH BURN . 3. Exercise SPEAR HEAD li. Exercise TOP HAT 5* Commanders' CW-3W 'OrientationTeam 6. Chemical Corps Training Command 7. Doctrine 8. The Chemical Corps School 9. 100th Chemical Group (ComZ) 10. 1st fediological .Safety Support Unit Page 'T ' 6 7 15 18 21 25 27 27 28 32 33 35 38 38 38 U2 1*3 U8 I4S 5U 60 6l 63 63 70 75 83 8 I4 a 4- PAGE 2 OP 126 PAGES COPY A OP 25 COPIES ...piloto C. Intelligence 1. Production and Dissemination 2. Counter-Intelligence 3. 390th Chemical Laboratory PNDCUREliENT AND SUPPLY Page 86 92 95 96 A. Administration ELIB. Procurement and Production 1. EL15 and 7 Incendiary Bomb Clusters 2. M9A1 Protective Mask Production 3. Problems in Toxic Production ii. Production and Procurement Performance 96 102 103 10U 106 11U C. Supply 1. Spare Parts 2. Financial Property Accounting and the Anny 'Stock Fund 3. Property Disposal ll. Distribution 5 Storage 6. Maintenance 115 H5 '117 119 120 122 12h D. Inspection 125 7. APPENDIX A - Review and Analysis of Chemical Corp Program 71. APPENDIX B - Table of Accepted Item Production of Principal Items, FT 195U APPENDIX C - Chemical Corps Quarterly CBR Digest, No. 2 CHARTS No ,1. No.2 No.3 No .U No.5 Chemical Corps Office of the Chief Chemical Officer Organization for the Army E7T Pro gram Chemical Corps training Command The Chemical Corps School 12 13 162U 7k "'J TABLES No.l Fiscal Tear 19Sh Funds Obligated by Chemical Corps under the Army Primary Programs No.2 Sources of Chemical Corps Funds Obligated, FY 195k No.3 Personnel Strength Figures, Continental United States (TOP SECRET ANNEX under separate cover) 7 19 PAGE COPY 3 0 F 126 PAGES OF 2$ COPIES DU V F IE process at any of the Chemical Corps Materiel Command installations at the end of the Fiscal Tear.^1 (UNCLASSIFIED) Other facilities actions included declaring excess the $29,000,000 Vigo Plant, a plant in Industrial Reserve Standby, and the declaring excess four small buildings at Pine Bluff Arsenal and a storage building at the Marshall Plant. (CONFIDENTIAL) RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE CHEMICAL CORPS Administration .The research and development program was generally directed toward the completion of short-term development, rather than toward basic research. In the field of chemical warfare the development of end items was stressed, with emphasis on the production, dis semination and detection of the G-agents. In biological warfare the production and dissemination of agent N was given _:top priority. Radiological warfare assumed a very minor position, with the Chemi cal Corps continuing research on a small scale. (SECRET) During the fiscal year 1954. the total funds obligated for , U2 research and development was, as indicated above. $3.5?o.000. 41 Review and Analysis of Cml C Materiel Command Program, Hqs, MATCOM, 4th Qtr, FY 1954. 42 See above pp. 6-7. PAGE 27 OF 126 UNCLASSIFIED OF 25 PAGES COPIES i i 4 -.-Hi CLASSIFIED Of this total, 53 per cent was obligated for biological warfare and the remainder for chemical and radiological warfare. The number of personnel engaged in research activities increased approx- /1 imately five hundred. (CONFIDENTIAL) Chemical Research and Development As in FT 1953, the most urgent research and development problems were associated with the large scale production of GB by the Di methyl Hydrogen Phosphite (DMHP) process and the two alternative processes, High Temperature Methane (HTM) and Salt.^" Continuous production of DMHP was carried on successfully in a pilot plant with out the aid of internal coolant. The results of this small scale production will be of value to Site A (Muscle Shoals, Alabama) if I the problem of stripping under vacuum cannot be solved. The Salt process was carried out on the pilot plant stage, steps I to III by a contractor and steps 17 to V at CRL. Pilot plant development is expected to be completed in late 1954 or early 1955. The first 43 See above pp. 19-20. AA Un-less_noted otherwise, the material in chemical research is based on: C. L. Butler,-F. W. Lane, G. A. Miller, E.H. Schwanke, Signifi cant Accomplishments, Fiscal Tear 1954, Chemical Corps Chemical and Radiological Laboratories. The manuscript of this report is being prepared for publication in late September or early October. PAGE 28 QF 126 PAGES COPY ,,3 OF 25 COPIES iW^ IP IE D step in the HTM process, the direct union of methane and phosphorus trichloride, was successfully piloted under contract. The second step, the oxidation of the step I product to methyl phosphonyldichloride, is under study in the pilot plant.^ (SECRET) In searching for a material which will enhance the toxicity of GB, e.g., by reducing the volatility, increasing its ability to penetrate clothing, enhancing its percutaneous toxicity, it was found that methyl methacrylate polymer thickened the agent. The thickening timej however, is excessive and studies are being continued. (SECRET) During,the year.the search fofr new agents resulted in the subndsHinn of 117 compounds for toxicity tests. Twenty-four of these were found to be sufficiently toxic to warrant further study. The # most important candidate agent uncovered is cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GF) which the Advisory Committee on New Agents recommended as a quick-acting persistent agent. The laboratory method of synthesizing the compound was investigated, and several hundred pounds will be prepared for field trials as soon as personnel become available for the work. The Advisory Committee on New Agents placed increased emphasis ,on_ggturally-QCCur.ing...toxic_.substances.^. and on synthetic compounds with structures related to natural toxics. (SECRET) See pp.1C6-114, for additional information. PAGE 29 OF 126 PAGES OPY <3--OF 25 COPIES UNCLASSIFIED Radiological Research and Development In World War II appreciable quantities of radioactive Isotopes became available for use as toxicological weapons. Differences of opinion arose among those who believed that this type of warfare would be effective and those who were convinced It did not deserve consideration. In 1948 the Joint National Military BstablishmentAtomic Energy Commission Panel on Radiological Warfare (Noyes Panel) et to consider the available information and to recommend a program designed to establish the .feasibility of EW. The Noyes Panel con tinued to meet until 20 November 1950. Their published reports and recommendations formed the basis of the program effort during those years. In March 1950 the WSEG issued a memo outlining the require ments for an. operational evaluation of RW. This involved munitions development (CMLC), agents (AEC and CMLC), decontamination (CMLC), biological effectiveness (ARC), and logistics (USAF and CMLC). The Chemical Corps tesearcVand development was to be completed through a service level test by the end of PI 1954. During the five fiscal years from 1949 through 1953 the Chemical Corps investment was approxi mately $10,000,CC0 of which .$2,000,000- was for facilities. Of the $6-,561,000 available for technical operations, $3,561,C00 (or more than 50 per cent) was spent by contract. The achievements during PAGE 33 OF 126 PAGES this five year period include ~the following: (1) A variety of agent formulations were developed. .(2) An explosive system was developed which combined the features of high aimability and large area contamination. (3) A large area system was developed utilizing the principle of self-dispersion of surface modified spheres. (A) A facility was designed, constructed and placed in operation to handle, process, load and fill munitions with megacurie quantities of radioactive material. (5) Some decontamination work was accomplished. (SECRET) Since the first of July 1953 the KW program has come to almost a complete halt. All tests were canceled, all development work was discontinued, all contract proposals canceled, personnel reduced from 360 to a few key men, facilities were closed down,63 and support by 62 Lt Col T. F. Cook, Summary and Status of the KIT Program, file No. KEC-RDS-335 (53). 63 The 15C is using the Dugwaj. Able Area Facility to conduct a portion of its food irradiation program. page 3A OF 126 PAGES COPY wm w.isty*rv-"1quiiw r4-uM.iiyv -- 'rzr* i-WbUi'JSs- OF 25 cOPIES UNCLASSI? REGRADED UNCLASSIFIED ORDER SEC ARMY BY TAG PER 791334 'V f. am . ii~.l ^ *:rv*: **V--.a-.SjP _ >> "1 Nfi ` C> >.s2 .*.a ---**S"*$73#',-,.w* -<;*/ *kJit 4""* ** * *t v -v i. -=-'-Vi;1* f '' `* ' J ''--.* .-* '- I ` ? ^ ^ '7 !> ' .'is* :.'.:y';\? &2.m ^ ;.y? F*. 'v-t-*!* . ' - ...*.. , ` . V- . ` . t. 7, / Pi ;'"-V^vK^r^? > y?&, ^r.-l *. r`-. * *;* `. . t*;v| ^ JOMKAET EISTOST 0? CHSKICAL COEPS ACTIHK3S '? a y*r~vfitifj*ufL'f>+.;:#'SvC%' "**er:+',,-.~; *' ' ;; *-' ' O V v.% f. > 9 "7 7 'jv *.a ;-;:W r y - -?r.t i'V. .-.v.. - ` >T >- - : Prepared By .> - --. . v, \ 4 - - ' ' * ;*;K> i --7 .'AJC'*. %' - v *- . .51S^QHJCAL OEFICl ' '' . Office of th.e Chief Chenical Officer^ --t . i i M i J .:? V -**A * ij <r*. Tecruary 1953 `*S : .Qi.D'.l 1 UNCLASSIFIED USAF and AEC was withdrawn. The Chemical Corps asked for $850,000 .to t phase out the program in an orderly manner, but only $00,000, later increased to $325,000, was offered by the DA^Senior Review Hoard. (^REpf' On 30 June 1954 word was received from Assistant Chief of Staff 65 (G-4;, that the Chemical Corps would continue research and develop ment on RW ground delivery systems (for the purpose of contaminating roads and for other retarding operations) to furnish ORO with data, and that the Corps would devote a minimum effort toward planning a tactical guided missile delivery system. (SECRET) Defensive Measures In the field of detection, greatest emphasis was placed on the development of field alarms for G-agents.^* The E21 type, which utilizes M- (1) Lt Col T. F. Cook, Summary and Status of the RW Program. (2) Quapt Hist Rpt,-R&E Cond, Jan-Uar 54 Summary, pp. 3~4. 65 DF, ACofS (G--4) to C Gml 0, 30 June 54, sub: Radiological Warfare, file G-4/F253Q5 (SF). File No. REC-54-S-2935. 66 Ezcept where noted, the material in this section is based upon Significant -Accomplishments, Fiscal Tear 1954, Chemical Corps Chemical ana Radiological Laboratories. PAGE 35 OF 126 PAGES COPT P-- OF 25 COPIES bIED RKRAKDUNO^saFlEDOROSt SEC ARMY BY TAG^ ^ 3 4 UNCLASSIFIED B. tularense prepared by the Corps as a standard type BW anti-personnel agent. ^ Yellow Fever (c) In 1953 the Biological Warfare Laboratories at Fort Detrlck established a program to study the use of arthropods for spreading -anti personnel EW agents. The advantages of arthropods as EW carriers are these: they inject the agent directly into the body, so that a mask is no protec tion to a soldier, and they will remain alive for some time, keepingan-area .constantly dangerous.*^ (C) One of the insects picked for the study was the Aedes aecypti mosquito, the carrier of yellow fever virus This species is widely distrib uted between latitudes 40N and 40S. In the United States it occurs as far north as Norfolk, Virginia, but cannot survive the winters north of this * latitude. The mosquito favors human habitations as breeding places. The female mosquito sucks blood from animals or humans, but seems to prefer humans. It takes its first meal two days after emerging from the larval stage and seeks blood again at intervals of about three days. While probing for blood the mosquito transmits yellow fever virus to the unknowing victim. 163 (l) Technical Study No. 6, Military affectiveness of -Bacterium tuh3rqnse. Program Co-ordination Office, Fort Detrick, 6 May 5. (2) CCTC Item 345c, Classification of Bacterium tularense, 27 Aug 58. 164 Cml Corps Board Report, "Insect-Ecrne Antipersonnel EY," 25 Nov 56 PAGE 11 CF 131 PAGES I CF 35 COPIES Sflfifiei duttttaa atiaittttSl UNCLASSIFIED Airborne Spray Tank mounted on a F3D-1 Jet fighter aircraft at Avon Park Air Force Base. The Spray Tank proved to be well adapted to the dissemination of the liquid chemical agents standardized by the Chemical Corps, and in several trials produced much more efficient spray patterns than has been produced by any dissemination system 57 tested previously. (SECRET) Research at Camp Detrlck has uncovered a high potential race of late blight of potatoes (Phvtophthora lnfestans) that appears to be 58 promising as an agent. Testing of the race is being continued. The stem rust-of rye (Pucclnia gramlnls secale) has been adopted as a standard type anticrop agent. Production during the year brought the 59 quantity of material on hand up to the USAF requirement. (TOP SECRET) On 8 April 1954-, the CCTC standardized the Dispenser, Simulant 60 Agent, BGI, 12 oz, AN-1CL (EL4). This dispenser, based on commercial insecticide generator, holds 2 grams of B.Globigli spores suspended in 300 grams of Freon 12. It will be used for training purposes in the 61 sampling, detection, identification and decontamination of EW agents. (CONFIDENTIAL) 57 Technical Progress FI 1954, p.5& 58 Ibid.f p.58-60. 59 Ibid.. p.63. 60 CCTC Item 2816. 6l Summary List for Historical Report UNO r o r s^c y y ~ . PAGE 11 OF 11 PAGES . OF-- ?i-COPIE5 jniswOapSM ; '.vT. r : , y ";T, '. V : ?- . ;** *Tr >_- _?*"!l - * -' -- CONFIDENTIAL! V*. \ *,v .; `\ * -'*'> ** ' ri * --.v' " i - -` v * * 7^-vrA^;>.yVI;%' '* . ...,' v.- - ' %* _ A JPI riIil^JIIi IJC * ; . .CONFIDENTIAU . N - --^agr . ' .- '*;- *'T,**- *: .. fl ' ' v. .. /v / : S B M tJF MAJOR EVENTS ANR PROBLEMS *. :.fj; ^ T v ' '*; % '. j:4 v M X - - [United States Chemical Corps] < *'.r i r . 4 tc - A " ' -*i .- . ^ - - : ?. . . . ?. Tr. ' .' * 5v.-tV;. '...i >>.'. - * v *-, 4 ... s' V--'.^.'-. ',.- T.'*-. 'y " :` X.-' ' .-'.i j -r v^ -* ." f . -- -* - ' -V .V -_ -i ^ - ^ , r * v . rf" i . ^ .' - t - >, Vt J-_ .- - v ,'^ " ^ .-< . : . ._ 'T ' : :* .^ ' J; . . & ;:r s - - .- . . t . . v _ - r - i -S i f - * . -. . K, : --- fr . .- .- --- . y . i... 5--"-`-w*.v^^w--v*'3N - c-.i*** " > 1^'^ "S'*i>"***iV'AV^'`i"- ' *` -",,.i ;\ c * V.'^- ' .'T' :'."Tv"*-*v.. i'VFiscal ".#'1vi.'-...?^ v 'Si ; ^.-.i\ .r- ,-'V* i'fc- -- t. . * -K ~ ,, ^ -- -jt-. fc _ i %_-, Year l9 5 5 . :f ,- '.v \ - *. g .f * .* . K* * '-->-* 'I -~*'> *. v- -i, E ,. >/ ; ^ .;.i:. r v . :- i* '., .';4 1- #*"< -, < ^.. . : v ' . J : - .Kit-,,,,y ,; * * ": i f ` & '"'4 useBWTSiii >-j* i * -s_ S-- *.1 ..** -. - .5 * ;vm 1 December 1955 ^CLA3SI?XSD P^xC-Tv?-- ru y-p-ry i?AisA>SD **`v CLASilV123 .- * * .4 - ' *. >'i . b1 - 'O^ffic'e oHfISthTeORCIhCieAfLChOeFmFicICalEOffic'er~ CONFIDEMTIAC " wrasff CONFiDNTAU : * COPY ^ L OF 35 COPIES : 1H :9kl.-: * -`1 ** - ^ * ... * * - '. k- - .1 CONFIDENTIAL /O- 7,/ StHQiAHT OF MAJOR EVENTS AND PROBLEMS (Reports Control Symbol GSHIS-6) a/ ms ONlTgB STATES AEMT CEBMIC1L COBPS Fiscal Tear 1955 Reproduction df this document in -whole or in part is ', prohih^etf'ercep-e with permission of the- issuing office* Security classification will be reviewed by issuing office 1 December 1956 i 4 -- Historical office G h ? L f^Dj 3 - 2 ^ Office of the Chief Chemical Officer t>J December 1955 PASS. 1 0? 162 PAGES COPT j mr* '^>r 1 OF 35 COPIES C0NFIDENT1AU %\o^ SUMMAHT OF MAJOR ESBTCS Al PHDBiaS FT 1955 I I. MANAGEMENT 5 A. 'Strengthening' the ItLiitary^Civilian Teami 6 1. Appointment of Dr. Frolich 2\ Strengthening theMilitary. Team. . . . . . . . . . 7 8 3* Strengthening theChemical Corps - IndustrialTeam . . . . 10 B. Efforts to Keep the PublicInformed 11 C. Other Management laprovients .................................. 12 D. Organiiatinal'CHhngeas ......................... 15 E. Prso nnel 1. Military Personnel 21 Civilian personnel 3* Safety'. . . . . . . . ^ I i ^ i|. Welfare and Morale Services. 1 i i i ............ e . * ......... .. 21 21 28 33 3U 4 F. Financial Managemnt. I T A n a y Industrial Fund.. 35 . . * 37 2\ Financial Inventory Accounting nd th Arny'Stock Fund 37 3. Integrated Accounting. 'V . 39 U. Comptroller O r g a n i z a t i o n ..................... liO 6. Facilities....................................................... lp- H . UES2AECH AND DEVELOPMENT IN_THE CEBtICAL COEPS UU A. Chemical Research and D e v e l o p m e n t .............................. U6 B. 'Biological Warfare Research andDevelopment . . . . . . . . . C. . % Radiological Warfare Research and D e v e l o p m e n t ............. ... ,.................. - - ........................... .................................... ,* D. Defensive Measures. ...................................... 59 62 65 Q PAGE 2 OF 162 PAGES COPT *OF 35 CCP-ISS -------- o, nianrf TTT. PLANS,.TBAINING AND DTSLLIGE2CE B 68 P l a n s 1.... 1* Combat Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. plans and Studies . i . i i . . V . i ,; ; ; 3 Troops. . . . . ............................... 68 68 71 77 F Training . . . . ~ . . i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 83 li The Peabody Report. i * . ' . .".' . . i i i i i i i 83 2i Burton Tirigbt Contract on'Curricula Research. 85 3i Devlpmnts at Staff Lvl i"i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 87 h Logistical and Field Exercises. 88 5i The'Chemical Corps Training Command . . . . . . . i . . i 53 6. Chemical Corps School .......... 99 C. Intelligence i ' 106 li Chemical'Corps'Intelligence Agencyi i i i i i i i i i i i 106 2. Security.-. 113 IV. PRODUCTS 116 A. l iMateriel Management. . Personnel Problems, .i .i .i .i .i .. .i i. .i ii .i i. i. i. ii ii .i i iy 111260 2. Engineered Standards. 123 B. 85763I2lPliiiiiir.i i iocurement and Production ELR3 i iTactical Radiation Dosimeter i i i i i iE21 Automatic H e l d Alarm i . i i i i i iCoianercial Chemicals, . . i iNavy Mark V Gas Mask.......... M35 136 'and Incendiary Bomb Clusters! i . i i i1L16a 1 lire Bomb. . 1 .~. M3A2 Mechanical Smoke Generator Accomplishments and Problems i n 'Toxic iiiiii. iii.iii iiiiiii iiiiii > iiiii. i iiiiii i Production. i.iii. *iiii ii.. ii ii. i . iii.1311111111i23333333| 83387615 9 Industrial'Mobilisation Planning. . ' . . . Ui3 10. Cataloging, Standardizations, Packing, and Packaging. . Xli6 'tVri *? 3U215Su....i p.PIRSpOflrteevoyoipenrparateseigrreneta'ayPsnaanDcSrdeuiissp.Dp..p.o..li.y.ss..ta.ra..l.ni..b.d..u....tf'ieoiinnt!,eniaic!i!i.!i'. . ,**?,??? ? ? ! !? 3I11I11552*49B273l D. Quality Assurance. 159 PACE 3 OFI62 Pis s i copy Jt 07 35 ccprss .a i-'-'il UNCLASSIFIED PSt ($38,709,000), FT 1953 ($10;,700,000), and FT 1952; (3U5,316,000). Tihile these figures show that the money available for has" remained relatively constant oves*- the past four years, the volume of 32U which has been carried on with this money has, because of two factors, slowly decreased. First, there has been a constant increase of fren 1.5 percent to 2 percent in the cost of supporting the program each year. Secondly, there has been an increase of from 25 percent to 30 percent in the cost of equipment and supplies since 1950. To overcome thi3 continual reduction in the volume of the Corps requested more money for F T 1956. This was not granted. (SSCH3T) Cherdcal Research and Savelcment The Chemical Corns laboratories constantly synthesize new compounds, which theoretical studies or information submitted from outside the Corns S a c a t e .nay be more effective, than .the .present standard agents.. Re cent ly, b y modification of the ^electronegative'* group o G-- agent3, there have been synthesized several phosphorus compounds which shew considerable premise as quick-acting persistent agents, and which, in tine, may replace the G-- agents for general field use. These compounds were cesim ated as Candidate C.~7 A gents ,and unen reenrasndaticn_of _the Advisory _C_cnmiatae cr. .few C7 Agents, were .given, the following symbols Cu v^l'v Item 3036, Symbols for Candidate V--agents, 30 Jun 55 fg . rv\\ S ' ^3 JflLthough in recent years the major emphasis in ehemical research has been to produce cospounds whieh are more lethal than the standard agents, there- has h&en an Indieffsfng Inhere,st' 1a th^ possibility of synthesising compounds capable* of causing temporary mental and/or motor incapacitation of enemy soldiers or oirilianse In 1949 Lo Wilson Greene, Technical Director ofC&BC^ prepared a preliminary report *Fsyehochemical Warfare -- Were Concept of War,"00 in whioh the possible applications of psychoohemical agents mere Out-linedo- Psychochemical agents were defined as compound whioh ffeot ad versely tiie human mind, and/or produce physiological effects which In turn cause psychological disturbances Literature studies were then made to com pile a basic list of abnormal mental and physical symptoms of possible mili tary significance, and to select- the most promising fields of investigation leading to the oonpounds oapable cf affecting the mindo Three classes of eoiqpounds were chosen for investigation lysergic acid and its indole derivatives, the tetrahydrocannabinol series, and the phenethylamines and related substanceao (SBCRST) In Hay 1955 the Corps established a new subproject, "d-OS-OS-OlS-OS, Psychoehemlcal Agents,* with the short title, KH=1605, to uneorer and develop promising agentSo The military characteristics stated that the desired agent should act promptly, preferably in less than one hour; that it was desirable. J5---- :------- CTRL Report K T 1500 - 1 Pj$g U8 OF 1 6 2 PAGES COPY JC or 3$ CCPIES o / UiVc hut aot essential. that It ha-re no peraanent effect% that It should have a . potency at least equal to the aerre gases; that it should have a low toxioity, be stable la storage-, and be capable of being disseminated from airplanes under 67 all a-nTHrorpantal conditions,, Under this subproject, compounds were to be synthesized, and then screened to ascertain their value in causing symptoms of delusion, hallucination, mania, delirium, psychosis, depression, suicidal tendencies, paralysis, incoordination, convulsions, listlessnsss, weakness., headache, nausea, dizziness, defects in hearing, sight or judgment, and cutaneous disorders like uitieariao From leads which arise as a result of screening or iron further literature study, it i3 hoped that compounds having the desired properties will be uncovered,, (22C2J3T) The heaieal warfare agents which have received the greatest emphasis since TTorld 7Ta? II, the 5-agents, still offer prcblens of large scale produc tion Present production facilities for Agent 53 are based on the 35P (dinathyl hydrogen phosphite) processo This process consists of five con secutive reactions, the first three of which result in the fomacion of the intermediate compound called dichlor (neth.7 lphosph.on7 l dichloride), and th9 last two of which result in 53 The first three .staps are carried out at 63 CrV*r*fv^*w i b c a wu.Uj v chemical Agents (c)s Sho 68 s' ?A52 L? CF l2 ?A5ia / UNCLASSIFIED SR difficulty in developing an adapter which would opea completely at the proper altitude, releasing the 10-lbo ?TI-filied bomblets, but finally a satisfactory mode-1, the M3Q(25223)j was obtained The new cluster contained 57 10-lbo PXI 1174(25211) bomblsts banded together by aa 1130(25323) adaptor It was staadardised as the 235 in December 195484 (COEJPIDEJTULL) ^ -- Biological TTarfare Hesearch, and Development the biological warfare laboratories at Camp Detrick, Mio* constantly investigate agents which may be- more effective than the agents that are standardised Curing YZ 1955 thr_ee._new__ornaal-,*ms wara-chosen for screening These ware the virus of Japanese type Bo encephalitis, Sichettsia. rickettsii, the cause of Hocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and Tariola vlna, the cause of small;ox The screening of 21ckett3ia prewazeki, the cause of epidemic typhus, was completed The two most promising agents in the screening program were Coccidloides iaaitls, the cause of cocoidioidomycosij., and Halleomyces pseudcmallel, the cause of sellod03i3o In the laboratory phase of lavestigation was ?asteurella pestis, which will probably be the next agent trans ferred to the Process Development and Pilot Planto In the pilot pl^nt at Camp Detrick, 3 tularense was under investigation This agent was being 84 85 'U N C L A g S I F T i^ lS &&&-- > diseases in question. and ay~ar^^onr.Al evidence-from the gse of BiT m i l t . ,on_andrials_. In October 195a. the Chief Chemical Officer, in order to comply with directives from G - U and COID, directed Camp Eetrick to initiate plans to obtain direct experimental evidence concerning, the susceptibility of ti*oops in the-field to Btf infection 'Because of the urgent nature of the wort:, the 'specific results desired and the nature of the experiments, "which required volunteers, a new project was set up and given 1-A priority.^ (S3CHET) Ihe_experimental work was divided into four phases. In the first phase data on the i-ifection of animals were determined in the test schere. second phase 'ffeceated the experiments on humans Phase three determined the infactivity of animals in the field, and phase four was to determine the infectivity of volunteers in the field At the end of the FT 1955 the Cores had completed the first three phases. The fourth phase was awaiting*-permission from the Secretary of the Army 77hich is necessary before volunteers nay be used,,9 (SECRET) Radiological Besearch and Development One of the most important defensive measures which the Corps investi gated was the protection of civilians and soldiers by means of a smoke screen. CO IF, CCmia to- ACCmla/BTT, 21 Cct 5a, subs Prccureme i**=-ta if n 39 CCTC Item 2 9 6 3 , Establishment of Project u-Ll-01-CC5; Tulr.erab ty of Military Personnel to 31 Attack, 9 -ec 5a 90 Fourth Q uarter J I 19 5r Program Review -- Prim ary Program 13 3, Chem ical Co s 31 Program -1 _ T *iis -- PACE 62 OF 162 PAC- J - * _ . CC?^ * 07 35 CC? rSSCKET -V ,-r Chemical Corpa Historical Office^. ^ i-s ' ' --*..... - . -- - ^ &/ .o f 35 copies l''*- ffffSHOES UNCLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF MAJOR EVENTS AND PROBLEMS (Reports Control Symbol CSHIS-6) yo- 7. J A# 19rC> 4322 UNITS) STATES ARMY CHEMICAL CORPS Fiscal Year 1956 Reproduction of this document in whole or in part is prohibited except with permission of the issuing office. Regrading data for this document cannot be determined at this time. :. -VTV4! i O J November 1956 UNCLASSIFIED \ c REGRADED UNCLASSIFIED ORDER SEC ARMY BY TAG PER 791334 & G S ~1 ~ OF 199 PAGES COPY J, OF 35 COPIES Summary of Major Event and Problem Placai Tear 1956 Page I. MANAGEMENT........................................ A. Highlight of Report of Ad Hoe Adviaory Committee . . . 1. The Commands.......... . . I . . . . . 2. Planning andDoctrine ........................ 3* Staff Functions ............................ U. Career Management ........ . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Contracting ........ 6. Other........... 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 13 B. Implementing the Advisory Committee Report. . . . . . . 1. Problem-of Assigning Program Director. . . . . . . C. Reaction of DCSLDQ to Advisory Committee Report . . . . ill 17 19 D. Reorganization of the Chemical Corps.............. .. . 26 E. P1.ersoOnrngealnization of Career .M....a..n..a..g.e..m...e..n..t.D....i.v..i..s..i.o...n........................... 32U... CMAciicvloiitlmaiparlnyisPPheemrressnootnnsnn.ee.ll............................................................................ . 2277 332993 F. l3A12u..dmWSTMinaeeiifclslefhitattrnayraeir.tc.i.ya.va..len.H.d.a.Si.'n.sM.edt..ro.o.vPr.r.iy.auc..l.b.e.e...s.l..i..Sc......e...I.r..n...v...f..oi....cr...em...s.a....t...i...o....n......................................................................................... U1UU1**57596 - 4: Q. F21 .i.n 3. aOncrigaalniMsaatniaognemoefntF. in. a.nc. ia. l.A c..t..i.v...i.t..i..e..s.............................................. bFdaF....iunnad'DAAIninrerncmutagieyaoygtlrSICMantoaotdemncudakmsgateAFnrmudcienacnMdoltFua.nunSant.yigdnse..tgme.e.m.n..s.t.......S...y...s...t.e...m......>.......-...................................................... UIS9i39 556$6!915*5j H. Facilities 67 -\ PAGE * OF 199 PAGES COPT J, OF COPIES 3 i Pag# U . PUNNING INS DOCTJUNB.............. . ................... 73 A r organization .............. .. 1 Offie, Chief Chemical Officer . . . . . . . . . . 2. Claes H Activities.............................. 3* Problems of Reorganization............. B. Combat Development Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. T H S C ........... 2. Feasibility Study, Aerial Survey . . . . . . . . . 3* Combat Envelopment Objectives Guide. . . b. Tri-Service CBB Conferences. 5. Test Socket Battalion. 6. Representation on Joint Task Force SSVSN . . . . . C. Planning Activities. . . . . 1. Rur Planning ' ' . . . ............. 2. Mobilization Planning............................ 3. TO&Ss and ................. 9. Troops . ................................ 1. Inactivation of SG tbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 1K.YLINS. ......................................... 3. HFA55. . ......................................... C. T r a i n i n g ................................ - 1. Training at the Chemical Corps School. . . 2. Nbn-Basiderrt Training. ............ 3. Publications ................................ h Logistical and Field Bxeroises . . 73 73 77 80 81 81 83 8U 85 66 87 88 88 89 91 9U 95 95 96 97 97 10U 109 Ill 7. Intelligence \ 115 III. EESKABCH, nSVELDPMSNT AND ENGMESEING................. ` 12U A. Organization and Administration. ................ . 12U B. Technical Operations. ..................... . 1. Psychochenical Agents................ 2. V-Agents ................................... 3* G-Agents ............................... U. Lopair G-agent alarm ....... . . $. -One Shot Portable Flamethrower . o. Field Protective Mask........ 7 Radiological Warfare Agents. . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Biological Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. Standardized Items ..................... . _. \ PA(35 3 COPT JZs 128 -128 -130 131 133 13U 136 137 138 OF 199 PAC3S OF 35 COP133 7 9 r 3 |?C, 17. HATEHIBL.................. . ..............* ............ A. Chemical Corps Logistic* Hi*ion.......... .. B. Management and Organisation ........... Hi3 lU3 / 152 C* Procurement and Production. ......................... 1. X35 and 106 Incendiary Bomb Clusters............ 2. 2 U 6 A 1 Pire Bomb................................ 3* B51H15 Hbncombat Protectire Mask................ It. Commercial Chemicals. 5. Other Accomplishments and Forecasts . ........... 6. Toxic Planning and Production ................... 162 166 167 168 168 171 172 B. Industrial Mobilization Planning. . 17U K. Requirements, Cataloging and Standardisation........ 176 F. Supply....................................................l8l 1. Repair Parts. 182 2. 'Maintenance .................................... 18U 3. Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ It. Distribution. . ................................. 186 18? a. Project MASS.............. 189 b, Interserviee Supply Support System. . . . . . 190 .c. Army Field Stock Control System . . . 192: $ -Property Disposal . ................ 192 G. ^ality Assurance ................................... 1. Standardization of Inspection Procedures. . . . . 2. Inspection, Equipment, facilities 3. Department of Defense and Department of Army Programs . ............. 195 196 198 199 \ PAC3 U OF 199 PAG3S CCPI J j OF 3$ COFISS Trl-Service CER Conferences - (U) In preparation for the "Service Aspect" portion of the 11th CER Tripartite Conference to be held in October 1956, several preliminary meetings of Navy, Air force, and Army (Chemical Corps) representatives were c a l led.During the first meeting, in January 1956, the participants developed a mechanism for tri-service co-ordination and for the "Service Aspects" agenda. At a second meeting, held in the following month, agreement was reached on the procedural steps necessary to prepare and co-ordinate the supporting papers which were to be presented for each of the agenda items. It was also decided at this meeting that conferences be continued, with arrangements provided by the Chemical Corps, and that the Chief Chemical Officer appoint the 1956 chairman of the "Service Aspects".agenda. (C) For a final decision on the matter of agenda it was necessary to call a meeting of representatives of each of the participating nations, and-on t 11 April 1956 officers from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States met and adopted the following eight subjects as the basic topics for discussion %* \ at the "Service Aspects" meetings fl) Criteria for and Evaluation of Chemical eapons Systems for Canalizing and Impeding gnsay Movement on a Large Scale (C) (2) t&litary North of C3T Agents Against Prepared Positions- (U) 123 Erase tripartite conferences are held annually by the United'~States, Great Britain, and Canada. This conference has ten agendas or committees, nine of whieh are technical. The tenth,~cailed "Service Aspects," is non-technical and United States- participation falls under the direction of the Assistant Chief Chemical Officer for Planning and doctrine. ?aG3 .85 OF 199 PAG3S COPT <Z* or 35 CCPI3S I \^ > aaese m TwrwwrfB aki rrfgx UNCLASSIFIED defter (3) Considerations In tha Employment of V-Agents {C) (4-) Operational Aspects of the Employment of PaychochemlceGLAgenta_{Cj (5) Concepta of Use of the g-22 Type Generator (U) (6) Problem Resulting from RadlologicalFall-Cut (U) (7) Re-evaluation of the Requirements for Toxio Agent Petectorg_UD (8) Consideration of Collective Protection (U) (U) On 25 April 1956 a third tri-service conference informally agreed on .the agenda revision adopted by the meeting q# 11 April 1956. The conference also heard and discussed the initial drafts of papers to be presented at the "Service Aspects" meetings and settled the procedures by which the final papers were to be formally co-ordinated and distributed.124 Teat Rocket Battalion (S) The Chemical Corps* major field test during FT 1956 consisted of exercises at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, to determine the adequacy of the n# 4.5-jinch rocket'battalion as a conveyor of crash concentrations of chemical .agents. This project had been assigned to the Chemical Corps Board on 25 October 1954 when it was asked to determine the capabilities and limita tions of a rocket battalion in disseminating toxic agents, and also the logistical and training requirements for such battalions. It was required to formulate a suitable TOS organisation and to develop proper tactics and techniques for employing the weapon. I 12Z (l) Quart Hist Rpts, Combat Developments Div, OACCmlO PS3D, Jan -- liar, Apr - Jun 56. (2) Brigden interv, 15 Aug 56. A UNCLASSIFIED PAG3 86 OF 199 PAGSS -- - COPT cb OF 35 COPIES .1 I SZET ~ ':--------- M >1A * * . ** >i .i i X *i V *. i C l a s s if ie d worked out plans to telescope user test procurement, final development testa, '. * ` end CONABC user tests. At this rata the Corps hopes to have the Bask ready ^ -7 for type classification at the end of calendar year 1957.^ - (S) During the development of the KL3 type mask, the Corps continued to *% improve the standard M9A1 Bask, so as to keep it at maxisun effectiveness : during the period needed to complete its successor, file Continental Rubber Works, under contraot, produced M9A1 faceblanks in three sizes with smooth face-sealing surfaces. Continental also modified the mask to permit insertion i of a speech unit-outlet valve and thus improve speech transmission.^^- -^ Radiological Warfare Agents ($) During the year the Research and Development Command completed a study on the probable quantity bf radioactive waste material that will be available - for conversion into radiologioal warfare agents during the period I960 * 1980. * They found that radioactive waste will be available at industrial atomic energy \* plants in 1965. Thereafter the supply win increase rapidly. The Corps had ' been interested in this type of agent, but little effort had eons into this field recently because studies had shown that there was not sufficient radio active material available to produce RW a g e n t s . s Quart R9V, Classified 'Section, 2d Quart, FT 56. 201 (l) Cml C Annual Research and Development Report, 31 Dec 55. (2) Pro gress reports for Continental Rubber Works under contract DA-18-1C8-C1H-5077. 202 \ (l) Cml C Research and- Development Command, C Labs, Outstanding Accomplishments FT 56. (2) Project 4-12-10-007-03, Ground Delivery of BW Agents, CHU). NCLASSIFIEEf... ; AGB 137 OF 199 PAGES COPT 2/ OF 35 COPISS .REGRADED UNCLASS^RED SECWMYBYTA&* UNCLASSIFIED Biological Herfare (S) At Fort Patrick the screening and valuation of bacteria, fungi,. 4 Tiruses.,_and rlckettalaa produced additional information on C. iwaltis, M. mallei, It. pseudomallei, Ifcrco. Tuberculosis, R. rickettsiae. Japaneae B_ .incephalitis. and variola. Qenetlc reiearch lad to the detection and Isolation of a salt-resistant train of Brucella suls which had much greater aerosol stability than tho parent typo, Tho virulence and stability of Pastaurella poatla was increased. Bssearch was started to apply largo sale tissue enlture Ai_a technique la tho production of viruses and rickettsiae.^03 (S) In munition development, four projects were completed during tho fiscal year* (S) (l) Project U--Otj--lh--020, Amphibious BW Aerosol Generator. This t project was started in 195)2 by request of the Navy Bureau of Ordnance. Tho i munition was a nine from which the agent was foreed out and atomized by pressure from carbon dioxide. It was developed to the point where a series 1955of tests (Operation JOG BOUND) was conducted at Dugway. In July tho Havy terminated tha project (S) (2) Projeot b-Qlt-lli-022, l/2-lb. Biological Bomb. This item was a small antipersonnel bomb (sSlEii) designed for use in a 750-lb. aiaable cluster adapter. The agent was atomized from the bomb by a fast-buraiag 553----------- (1) Tenth Annaul fijport, it Detrick, 1 Jul 56. (2) Annual Chemical Corps Be search and Development SW Project Report, 31 Ec 55 Hereafter cited as CalC BcD BIT Proj Spt, 1955. zck (1) Tenth Annual Report, Ft Detrick, pp. 187 - 88. (2) CmlG BStD BW Proj Bpt, 1955, pp. 21*7 - 52. ' UNCLASSIFIED 'PAC3E 138 OF 159 PAC3S COPY c2y OF 35 COPIES powder charge, initiated by an impact fuz.2i> The development was com pleted, and the bomb was ready for standardization.^^ (C) (3) Project U--Olj.--ill--023, Biological Bomb for Balloon Delirery, This bomb consisted of a gondola holding, five containers of agent grouped around a heating dories. A fuze opened the gondola at a preselected ' altitude, releasing the agent.207 All engineering tests were completed, and standardization should follsrw.^^ (S) (b) Project h-0h-lh-025, BW Mina. This munition was designed to be laid in river mouths and harbors by means of submarine. It was designed to be fired from a torpedo tube, to sink to the bottom for a specified period up to two hours, and then rise- to the surface and expell a aloud of atomized agent. Fbrt Cetrlck developed the aerosol generator, while the . Haval Ordnance Laboratory produced the mine ease. In July 195$, after I suoceseful trial, the Havy halted the project.20? 255----------- Tenth Annual fieport, Ft Detrick, pp. 176 - 79. 206 ' Ft Detrick Special fieport 2l, Final Engineering 2aport, B61BU and K33fi3, Mar 56. 207 Tenth Annual Beport, Ft Detrick, pp. 173 - 7li. 206 Ft Detriok Special Beport 255, Final'Engineering Report on the EL25, n.d. 209 (1) Tenth Annual &port, A- Dutrick> pp. 186 - 88. (2) Ft Detrick Special fieport 237. Moby Dickj Sea-to-Land Travel of Simulated Aerosols generated by the XB - lh B Mine, Aug 55. UNCLASSIFIED WGI-- 0F-- PAGIS COPY OF 35 COPIES ^N C L A S S lF X Q gC R E T iC) In Addition, Project It--Oil--lit--026, 7^0-lb. Biological Bomb, m com pleted except for publication of the final engineering report; and Project li-0U-lli-02li, Biological Bomb, Continuous Generator, was cancelled because it did not offer significant advance over the l/2-lb. Biological Bomb.^lO (S) In the field of anticrop BW, the Biological Bomb for Balloon Delivery and the 750-lb Biological Benb (both mentioned above), Irere completed. The Bomb for Balloon Delivery is one of the munitions being considered for use in the CD-30 project, Army - Navy - Air ibrce test group concerned with the problem of completing a weapon system utilizing cereal rusts in munitions. Cereal rusts received the greatest emphasis among anticrop agents, particularly in regard to dissemination and spread (C) In 71 1956 Project C&-22, the first attempt to obtain information concerning the vulnerability of military personnel to BW attack, was completed. In tests at Dugwav Proving Ground thirty volunteers were exposed to an aerosol containing Coarjaiia burnetii f the cause of Q fever. These tests gave valuable data on the lnfectivity of this agent, and also corroborated earlier results obtained from the Horton Test Sphere.212 This project was carried out with *::y. 210 (l) Tenth Annual Beport, Ft Detrick, pp. 17b - 7$> 185 - 86, BSJ3-BW Proj % t , 1955, pp. .321 - 25, 337 - bb. 211 (l) Tenth Annual Eeport, Ft .Betrick* pp. 1?6 9 7 , 127 - U8, and Analysis of Cal C 3W Program, bth Quart, FI 56. (2) CmlC (2) -Review 212 Tenth Annual Beport, ft Detrick, pp. 203 - Ob. UNCLASSIFIED PAGg-lbO OF 199 PAG25 COPT JU OF 35 C0PI2S O 9l\o ^ UNCLASSIFIED assistance frog the Medical Departaent under an agreeaent between the Chief Chsaieal Officer and The Surgeon General. ^ 3 'Standardised Iteas (C) During the fiscal year the Corps coupleted the development of, and standardized the following items* (U) (a) Incendiary, Bnergency Document Destroyer, M3 (KL2HL). This document destroyer was developed at the request ef the Armed Forces Security Agency to Insure soaplate destruction of .classified or vital documents to .prevent their capture and reconstruction by an enemy.2lU (U) (b) Var Gas Identification Set, Detonation, IN-MDU. (S7). This set, which replaces the VI set, broadens the range of gases which can be .identified, eliminates the tests for Levinstein mustard and chloropierln, and adds ampoules for identifying the newer agents (distilled mustard, cyanogen chloride, nitrogen mustard and agents of the O-series).215 (C) (c) Winterizing Kit, Protective Maak, Ml (HjjqiQ. This kit was developed to extend the protective capabilities of the l&Al -ileld Protective \ i nr" WTC 3162, 17 May 56. 211* M3 (5CL2SEr1C).Iatesma31S2t3a*ndCalradsTsyipfei,cat29ionIfoovf55I*ncendiary, Emergency Doeuaent Destroyer, 215 CTC Ite ASltMafnid.arld,(IT2?9) maUso-v3a152'S55*t.a.nCdlaarsds iTfyicpaetiaonnd j^gfc'Wlaasrs Gifaiac-aItdi oennt ific of athtieo n Id SeSte,t tDoetLonimaittieodn, U N C L fiS S I F I E a ,,^ ^ ^ copy <Z> o? 35_cc?rss V7. SUMMARY OF MAJOR EVENTS and '\- ` . PROBLEMS ^ ."VK'_'f- -' - >*' r% |yUnited States Army Chemical Corps ( u ) * T _ -;* f j 'I. '- < V Fiscal Year 1959 * ----- g "a J .Y 't' *T* m >c:;v, '*:-"VV V* V.i -Y January 1960 / -; *-- '\*'fr v, yC)/tf- *: -*!>->;* J r - --T <*. *..Jtf-a .'.* % - "*y-r/f^- ^**/ * ; .- .&&.-9 -.=c -ir *r*. V_ - *. ..eLv, -.- *AVYr sc*-7 >'' y;_r_-;___g & m , *fo; * 280003 . *- V. &. Arm y Chemical Corps H istorical Office / Army Chemical Center, Maryland * J /f<>-^ . COPY / OF jj" COPIES - ^'irt. /* ; . G N e L A S S i F l E # 5^y 9 1 3 ^ ^ 9' tasear fifi- r_29 SUMMARY OF MAJOR EVENTS AND PROBLEMS (Reports Control Symbol CSHIS-6) UNITED STATES ARMY CHEMICAL CORPS Fiscal Year 1959 Reproduction of this document in whole or in part is prohibited except with permission of the issuing office S. Ar..,y Chemical Corps tfi'Sfcexi.cal Office Jahua'ry I960 UNCLASSIFIED r e t r a c e d unclassified ORDER SEC ARMY BYTAG FES *791334 P*Gc---1__ OF 181___PAGES COPY /__OF 35 COPIES UNCLASSIFIED Summary of Major Events and Problems Fiscal Year 1959 Page MANAGEMENT 6 A. Career Management.................................... 1. Civilian E-ersonnel................................ 2. Military Personnel ................................ 3. Suggestion Program................... 10 11 16 22 B. Financial Management............................. . . 1. Funding............................................ 2. Army Command ManagementSystem...................... 3. Army Industrial F u n d ........................... . 4. Army Stock Fund........................ . ......... 5. Reports Control................. 6. Manpower Control................. 24 24 26 26 23 30 30 C. Administrative Services................................ 1. Technical and PubMc Information................... 2. Safety........... 3. Welfare and Morale..................... 31 31 33 36 D. Facilities............................................ 1. Industrial Facilities............................... 2. Military Construction, Army. . . .......... . ' . . . . of3. Family Housing.................................... 4. Maintenance InstallationFacilities .............. 37 37 41 42 44 ACTIVITIES OF THE'ASSISTANT CHIEF CHEMICAL OFFICER FOR PLANNING AND DOCTRINE................................... 45 A. Combat DevelopmentsProgram...................... 45 B. Planning......... ........................... 1. War Planning................................. 2. MobilizationPl'a-nn-i-ng*............ 58 53 60 C. Troops.......................................... 63 D. Training ................................ 66 1. Chemical Corps TrainingCommand....................... 66 2. Chemical Corps School............................... 70 3. U.S. Army Chemical Corps CBR iVeSpons School......... 76 4. Publications and Trailing A i d s ...................... 77 5. Field, Command Post, and Logistical Exercises........ 78 6. Intelligence.................. UNCLASSIFIED 82 . PAGE 2 QF 131 PAGES COPY I OF 35 COPIES ( c UNCLASSIFIED Page III. RESEARCH.' DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING....................... / A. Administration........................................ 1. Thirteenth Tripartite Conference . . ............... 88 88 95 B. Technical Operations .................................. 1. C S ................................................ 2. Tularemia.......................................... 3. Yellow Fever...................................... 4. Anti crop BW........................................ 5. BW Spray T e s t s .................................... 6. Mask, Protective, Field, M17 ....................... 7. Gas Mask Vulcanizer................................ 8. Automatic G-Agent Alarm............................ 9. GB Bomb............................................ 10. PTV Incendiary Mixture............................. 11. Burster, Incendiary, Field (M4)..................... 12. Protection and Treatment Set M5A2................... 13. Truck-Mounted Decontaminating Appara-tus............. 14. Decontaminating Slurry Antiset ..................... 15. White Phosphorus Grenade ........................... 16. Shipping Guard for the 1,000-lb. Bomb Cluster....... 17. Carbon Monoxide Detector K i t ...................... 96 96 98 101 105 107 109 110 Ill 112 114 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 IV. MATERIEL.................................................. 123 A. Management and Organization............................. 1. Procurement and Production Capability............... 2. Organization and Management......................... 123 123 133 B. Procurement and Production............... 1. Operation BLACK MAGIC.......................... 2. Production and Procurement Items ................... a. M17 (E13) Field Protective Mask................. b. Navy Mark V Gas M a s k ........................... c. M7A1-6 Mechanized Main Armament Flame Thrower. . . 3. Accomplishment and Forecasts...........-........... 144 147 151 151 152 152 153 C. Industrial Mobilization Planning ........................ 1. Industrial Mobilization Projects ................... 2. Agents Production Planning ......................... 156 158 160 D. Quality Assurance....................................... 1. Contractor-Operated Inspection ..................... 2. Surveillance Inspection............................. 3. Quality Control Exhibit............................. 164 164 165 165 U NC LA S5 IFinD p^n5 3 p= 1 s1 p5=3 COPY / CF 35 COPIES A UNCLASSIFIED (U) The most noteworthy addition to recreational facilities at Chemical Corps installations during the year was a nine-hole golf course constructed - at Dugway Proving Ground. Military and civilian personnel at the post contributed some 13,000 man-hours of volunteer after-hours labor to help complete the project. A grant of $62,500 in non-appropriated funds by the Army Central Welfare Fund provided materials, equipment, and necessary professional labpr. New craft shop facilities were set up during the year at Dugway and Pine Bluff, and Army Chemical Center spent $52,000 in local and Central Welfare Fund grants tp provide automatic pinsetters for its alleys.^4 (U) One source of concern at the end of the fiscal year was the un expectedly low profit margin currently recorded at the Army Chemical Center J Post Exchange. For the five months preceding the end of FY 1959, the net profit, originally estimated at over 3 percent, was down to 0.11 percent. A study of this situation was scheduled for FY 1960.^ Facilities Industrial Facilities (U) The disposal of Chemical Corps plants considered excess to current needs and active.mobilization recuirements continued in FY 1959. The fcrmal 64 Hegdahl interv, 10 Nov 59. 65 Quart Hist Rpt, Admin Div, CCC.mlO, Apr - Jun 59. - PACE 37 CF 1S1 PAGES CCFY / CF 35 COPIES UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED completion of the Vigo- Plant sale took place at the outset of the year.66 As of 31 March 1959 the Owl 4X Plant at Azusa California, was transferred to General Services Administration for sale; it was formally discontinued as an Army installation In April. The St Louis Plant was declared excess in December 1958, and was transferred to the Corps of Engineers for disposal action on 1 June 1959 The lessee, Monsanto Chemical Company,~holds an option on the land. The greater part of the Marshall Plant reservation (seventy acres, more than 80 percent of the total) was also declared excess on 29 June 1959* The land, which fronts on the Ohio River in a region favored for industrial development, will eventually be sold to the highest bidder. Fourteen acres, containing facilities for the-production of hexa- chlorethane and supertropical bleach, remain in the Chemical Corps reserve. The southwestern corner of Rocky Mountain-Arsenal, adjoining the airport of the city of Denver, was the subject of extensive negotiations, still in progress at the end of the year, aimed at making the land available for extension of the airport's runway system. 66 Summary of Major Events and Problems, FY 58, p. 34. 67 (l) Interv, Hist Off with Mr William J. Ellenberger, Log PI Div, CCCmlO, 10 Ndv 5-9. (`2) BA GO 13, 22 Apr 59. 68 * Interv, Krs'trOff with Mr- Robert H. Cfionnell and- Mr Clifford Isom, Log PI Div, OCCalO, 16 Nov 59. 69 Interv, Hist Off with Mr Charles L. Alfcerding, Dir Fac, Hq, US ACC and MATCCM, 14 Dec 59. page'* 38 of isi pages UNCLASSIFIEDCOFY / OF 35 -COPIES UNCLASSIFIED (U) One Chemical Corps installation substantially increased the land area available to it during FY 1959. By arrangement with the Air Force, some 407,720 acres of public land formerly assigned to Wendover Air Force Base in Utah were transferred by the Interior Department to the jurisdiction Of the Army for use by Dugway Proving Ground. This act extends Dugway's range and test areas several miles into the desert west of their present limits."^ (U) During the first quarter of the year Congressional committees i completed approval of a project to offer selected mobilization reserve facilities for outleasing under terms which would safeguard the Governments recapture rights in case of emergency. The Chemical Corps advertised as available for lease a total of ten facilities at the arsenals, three addi tional facilities at the Marshall Plant, and the Phosphate Development Works. Three buildings at Rocky Mountain Arsenal were leased to the Mesa Chemical Company as of 16 January 1959. At about the same time negotiations were undertaken with Monsanto Chemical Company for a lease of the Phosphate Development Works. The company's desire to have the Government assume responsibility for the cost of its unamortized capital improvements in the event of Government recapture conflicted with Army policy, however, and 71 negotiations for a lease were finally abandoned.70 70 (l) Public Land Order 1777, 13 Jan 59, in Federal-Register, 17 Jan 59. (2) Alberding inter/, 14 Dec 59 71 (l) Quart Rev, Jan - Mar 59, p. 34. (2) Quart Hist Rpt, Leg PI Div, OCCmlO, Jul - Sep 59. fag; 39 of isi pages UNCLASSIFIED copy . / of 35 copies UNCLASSIFIED (U) Fy 1.959 saw the conclusion of a contract for the construction and ^trial 'Operation of a VX production facility, a project which had been earnestly pursued by the Chemical Corps for some time past. After a succession of delays had made it impossible to receive bids in FY 1958, the task was resumed in the following year. But a question having arisen at higher echelons as to whether the invitations to bidders prepared by the Chemical Corps provided for fullest possible utilization of existing Government facilities, DCSLOG directed the Chief Chemical Officer in August 1958, to issue an amended invitation specifying consideration of all available government sites. The Chemical Corps, with the aid of the Corps of Engineers, assembled the necessary information and amended the invitation accordingly. The most likely prospect among government sites turned out to be the inactivated Dana Heavy Water Plant of the ABC, at Newport, Indiana, within the Wabash River Ordnance Works. Attempts to enable prospective bidders to examine this plant produced further delays; a patent dispute had led to a restraining order by the Chief Justice of the United States which had to be modified before ftee access could be afforded*Army reprsentatives. 72 ... . Memo, DCSLOG for CCmlO, 12 Aug 58, sub: Invitation for Fixed-Price Proposal for Design and Construction of Classified Agent Production Facility....* .-.i--:: itat:; Draft memo, [CCmlOJ for Asst Sec Army (Logistics), 26 Jan 59, sub: Progress Report - VX Agent Production Facility.... PAGE 40 OF 181 PAGES COPY /. QF 35 COPIES ' UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED The date for opening bids was finally fixed at- 20 March 1-959. Of the ten chemical companies invited to bid, three responded; the low bidder was Food Ff^C -- ^> Machinery and Chemical. Company, which based its estimate on use of the New - Port plant. The AEC agreed to the transfer of the plant to the Army to meet Chemical Corps needs, so a contract was negotiated with the low bidder *7A -during May 1959. Final DOD approval was gained on 19 June 1959, and four days later the contract was formally awarded. Transfer of the Newport plant to the Army and the beginning of construction were scheduled for FY 1960.75 Military Construction, Army (MCA) (U) Aside from the new laboratory facility at Fort Detrick completed just after the start of -the fiscal year,7^ only five minor MCA projects, costing about $731,000 in allr were completed in FY 1959. As of 30 June 1959, four projects were under construction, with final costs estimated at $1,500,000. These included two new facilities: a service club for enlisted men at Army Chemical Center and a CW Field Analysis Building at Dugway Proving Ground.77 i V. * 74 CCE (Asst CofE for Mil Const), Fact Sheet, 29 May 59, sub: Facilities Contract.... 75 (l) Memo, Dep Sec Def for Sec Army, 19 Jun 59, sub: Facility Expansion.... (2) Installations Hr, Leg PI Div, CCC.nlO, Briefing for Gen Sullivan, 14 Jul 59. (3) Contract ?DA-ll-032-ENG-7295, 23 Jun 59. 76 Summary of Major Events and Problems, FY 53, p. 35. 77 Quart Rev, Apr - Jun 59, p. 67. - 1__C? 181 PAGES' U N C L A SSIF IE D ^ ' COPY /__ OF 35 COPIES UNCLASSIFIED p O N H B E N T tS ir with sufficient cobalt^ to give intensity of 100 roentgens per hour. Dugway planned two other fields of the same size, contaminated with cesium137 chloride, for technical experiments, and one large area of from one to ten miles square suitable for operational units to solve doctrinal and tactical problems.' The Navy, Air Force, AFSWP, AEC, and Civil Defense were all interested in the possibility of using the facility. 154 (C) In June the Army awarded an 8 million dollar contract to Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation for the construction of a VX agent plant at the Inactive Dana heavy water plant of the Atomic Energy Commission at Newport. Indiana. Shortly thereafter the Corps supplemented the contract to provide for a filling line for shells and missiles. The Corps has set a target date of July 1961 to go on stream with the plant. The Engineer ing Command had technical supervision for the design of the VX Plant. (u) During FY 1959 the Corps received permission to engage in the Army's polar research program. At Dugway a Polar Environmental Test and Research Team, consisting of an officer and two enlisted men, was estab lished in March 1959. The Team was b-ased at Camp Tuto. Greenland, and scheduled to start operations in July. The team's first task was to learn i 154 ' " , ` (l) Quart Hist Rpt, Dugway Proving Ground, Apr - Jun 59. Info Memo, T6 Feb 59.15 * (2) CmlC 155 , Interv, Hist Off with Mr Charles J. Helme*-, Prog M.gmt, ENCCM, 16 Nov 59. UNCLASSIFIED PAGE 94 CF 181 pAGE3 "'"U '' COPY / CF 35 C0P.IES CONFIDENTIAL UNC^SLF.CABSEXSIFIED ' If a number of Chemical Corps Items could be stored and operated in a polar environment.*^ Thirteenth Tripartite Conference ..(S) During the period 15 - 26 SeptemberJlSI^theLlhlrleenth-Irir.-. partite Conference on Toxicological warfare, between the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States, was held in Canada. Col. Graydon Essraan headed the U.S. delegation. The three nations agreed on several major^points. including the following: (a) research should be continued on orqanophos^. phorus compounds, specifically in areas where there is a possibility of marked enhancement in speed of action and resistance to treatment; (b) all three countries should concentrate on the search for incapacitating and new type lethal agents; (c) high priority should be given to improved prophylaxis and therapy of anticholinesterase poisoning; (d) work should be continued on EW warning devices: (e) studies should be continued on aerosols. The conferees planned to hold the Fourteenth Conference at Army Chemical Center, Maryland, 14 - 26 September 1959.*^*157 156 (l) Quart Hist Rpts,.Dugway Proving Ground, Jan - Mar 59, Apr - Jun 59. (2) CCTC Item 3597, The Chemical Corps* Polar Research Pro gram for CY 1959, 30 Jun 59. 157 CmlC Info Memo, 5 Mar 59. CCPY___ I CF 35 CCPIE3 SECRET- UNCL ~ UNCLASSIFIED the Corps designated the compound as a standard agent. Following the United Kingdom, the Corps adopted the symbol CS to designate the agent. The letters C and S stand for the initials of two American chemists, Carson and Staughton, who first synthesized the compound in 1928.^ Tularemia (S) Ten years ago in its search for biological warfare agents the Chemical Corps established a project to determine the military usefulness of Bacterium tularense. This micro-organism causes tularemia, also known as rabbit fever and deer-flv fever. The disease occurs naturally in many kinds of animals, and is passed along to man by ticks, flies, contaminated water, infected animal meat, or inhalation of infected material. Man comes down with the sickness one to ten days (most commonly three days) after being infected. The victim is prostrated with chilis and fever. There are two forms of tularemia, the cutaneous and the typhoidal. The latter is much more dangerous, with the mortality rate in untreated cases about 30 percent. If pneumonia develops the mortality rate .jumps to 40 percent. It is this typhoidal form which is of paramount importance as an agent. The new 160 (l) CCTC Item 3549, Code letters for compound EA 1779, 12 Mar 59. (2) CCTC Item 3581, Classification of Irritant Agents., CS and CSI as Standard Types,, and authorization for use in M7A1 and V-25A2 Hand Grenades, the M2 Irritant Gas Disperser, and CS Capsule, 30 Jun 59. PAGE 98 CF 181 PAGES CCPY SRT f O F 35 COPIES UNCLASSIFIED *SES- antibiotics are quite effectlve in arresting the progress of tularemia Infections, but they do not modify the debilitating effects of,the disease. This Is important because convalescence from the disease is usually slow and mav extend for a period of from six months to a year. Troops, therefore, infected with Bacterium tularense. could turn into long-term hospital cases, putting a strain on enemy hospital facilities as well as effectively putting soldiers out of action. 10611 (S) The micro-organism Bacterium tularense is approximately .3 micron in diameter and .7 micron long. It grows best around 37C, the temperature of most warm-blooded animals. It is resistant for months at temperatures around freezing, but is easily killed by heat at 45C for a few minutes. It can be grown on artificial culture media if care is exercised in control ling the conditions. There are a number of strains of the micro-organism, _and the one chosen by the Corps as an agent was a streptomycin-resistant strain. .. / (s) Fort Detrick's EW laboratories developed and maintain the stock, culture of B. tularense from which the organism was grown in large quantity 161 (l) Project 4-11-02-19, Bacterium tularense as an Agent for BW, established by CCTC Item 162, 14 May 46. (2) TM 3-216, Military Biology and Biological Warfare Agents, 11 Jan 56. (2) Project 4-92-02-031^ Wet Suscension of Pasteurel 1a. tularense. established by -CCTC Item 2c76, 29 July 54. PAGE 99 CF 131 PAGES c c ? y _ / CF 35 CCPIES U l ''J C L A S S l F i D SECRET by the Directorate of Biological Operations at Pine Bluff Arsenal. At Pine Bluff production of the micro-organism was carried out at a temperature of approximately 37C. The subsequent processing, storage, and handling was done at 4C. Four degrees was picked because at this temperature the micro-organisms have a fairly long life (in a batch of the micro-organisms one-half will be alive after 40 days) and it is a temperature that can be readily maintained by standard equipment. (S) The Corps' CP-120 program, designed to evaluate the effectivenes-s of E120 bomblets loaded with liquid B. tularense, had indicated that a single aircraft sortie wuld produce more than 50 percent casualties over an area of 16 square miles. But while the munitions are capable of causing widespread outbreaks of tularemia, they can be transported, stored, and handled logistically with no more hazard than with regular explosive m,,unit*ions. 162 (S) Satisfied that the development of B. tularense had reached the pofnt of uniform mass production in a form specified to produce optimum military effects, the Army in August 1958 accepted the suspension of162 162 Summary Report, Development of Liquid *5=cie?ium tularense as a Biological Warfare Agent, Pilot Plants Division, Fort Detrick. PAGE 1C0 OF !61 PAGES 4 COPY U 'r.'p T rr - i oj.r i r_ 7j l OF___ 35 COPIES (U) Yellow fever Is a highly dangerous disease. A person begins to show symptoms of the fever from two to ten days (the average is three days) after he has been bitten by the mosquito. The fever appears suddenly causing headache, high temperatures, rigor, vomiting, and even prostration. If the disease is fatal, death usually comes on the sixth or seventh day. If the patient recovers, he Is weak for a period of from two weeks to two months. There is no known therapy for yellow fever, other than symptomatic and in severe cases the patient has a poor chance of recovering. Of the clinical cases since 1900. one-third of the patients have died.. (U) Every few years an epidemic occurs somewhere in the world, primari ly in Africa and the Americas, occasionally in Europe. Yellow fever has never occurred in some areas, including As-la, and therefore it is quite probable that the population of the U.S.S.R. would be quite susceptible to the disease.- (S) If military attack were made with Aedes aeovoti mosquitos it would be Quite difficult to detect the fact. particularJy^if^this^tvpe-of^ mosquito ordinarily livpd in the area. While there is a possibility that a trained entomologist might realize that an attack had taken place, it would be unlikely. And even if an attack were suspected, it could not be con firmed until symptoms of the disease broke out, which would take.two or e more days. There is a yellcw fever vaccine that has proven to be an effec tive prophylactic, but it would be impossible for a nation such as the .U.S.S.R. to quickly undertake a mask's-immunization program to protect mil'lions of people. The difficulties that an enemy wou-ld face in detecting PAGE 1^2 OF 181 PAGES c|pY I CF 35 COPIES I \ UNCLASSIFIED CG e t t B T " infected mosquitoes and protecting their population would make the Aedes aeqypti - yellow fever combination an extremely effective BS agent. (C) The Chemical Corps tested the practicality of employing Aedes aeqypti mosquitoes to carry a BW agent in several ways. In April - Novem ber 1956 the Corps ran trials in Savannah. Georgia, by releasing uninfected female mosquitoes in a residential area, and then, with co-operation of people in the neighborhood, estimating how many mosquitoes entered houses and bit people. Also in 1956 the Corps released 600,000 uninfected mosqui toes from a plane at Avon Park Bombing Range, Florida. Within a day the mosquitoes had spread a distance of between one and two miles and had bitten many people. In 1958 further tests at Avon Park AFB, Florida, showed that mosquitoes could easily be disseminated from helicopters, would spread more*than a mile in each direction, and would enter all types of buildings. These tests showed that mosquitoes could be spread over areas of several square miles by means of devices dropped from planes or set up on the ground. And while these tests were made with uninfected mosquitoes, it is a fairly safe assumption that infected mosquitoes could be spread equally well.165 (C) Aedes aeqypti mosquitoes were produced in the laboratory by the following method. A colony "of 6,OCO to 10,COO adult mosquitoes were con fined in a cage where they fed on sugar syrup and- blood. The colony was(l)2 165 (l) E.VL Technical Study 7E, Short title XYA - 8121, July 1958. (2) Fort Detrick Special Report 280, "Operation Drop Kick," 1956. COPY I CF 35 COPIES maintained for two weeks, then destroyed. During their life the mosquitoes laid hundreds of thousands of eggs on moist paper towels. Mosquito eggs, which could be kept for several months under proper temperature and humidity, were hatched in water and the larvae reared in trays. The larvae turned into adult mosquitoes one to two weeks later. Fort Detrick's labora tories were capable of producing a half million mosquitoes a month, and the Engineering Command designed a plant capable of producing 130 million mosqui toes a month. (C) The yellow fever virus employed by Fort Detrick came in human serum obtained from a person in Trinidad who had been Infected with the disease, in the epidemic of 1954. Scientists inoculated Rhesus monkeys with the serum, and thus propoqated the virus. Approximately 100 ml of plasma containing^ virus were obtained from a-monkey. F.ort Detrick found, that Infected monkey serum would maintain its virulence for at least two years.167 (S) Aedes aecvpti mosquitoes were infected with yellow fever virus by taking larvae, 3 or 4 days old, and immersing them in infectious Rhesus monkey plasma. The infected larvae were reared in the same manner as uninfected larvae. The virulence of infected mosquitoes was tested by allowing them to bite and infect Swiss mice. (S) By action of the Chemical Corps Technical Committee the yell.cw fever virus - Aedes aecvoti mosquito was classified as a standard type in June 1959. 166 ENCR No. 24, Engineering Concept Report, Project X-701, Feb 1959. 167 EWL Report, Short Title XYA - 92S6, 1 Apr 59- PAGE 1C4- OF 181 PAGES COPY- / CF 35 COPIES UNCLASSIFIED - -- &E R E ? The Corps proposed to construct a large-scale facility for production of the agent-vector combination as part of the Industrial Mobilization Program. If employed, it could be disseminated in 2^-lb containers of the 750-lb cluster; 4.5-inch spherical bombs for aircraft dispensers; and 3.4-inch spherical bombs of the BW SERGEANT warhead.^ Anticrop BW (s) During World War II the Chemical Corps started research on anticrop agents as a part of its mission in biological warfare. Scientists at Fort Detrick made a search for chemical compounds that could injure or kill plant life, and began study of micro-organisms that were deadly to plants. In 1957 the Army decided that it had to stop research on anticrop warfare be cause of a shortage of funds. Maj. Gen. William M. Creasy, Chief Chemical Officer,'protested, pointing out that the action would be practically irreversible once it had commenced. The Chief of Staff reviewed the Army's proposal to cut funds, and decided that no other alternative was available. The Corps thereupon phased out the research program, maintaining only limited facilities for agents already developed and standardized.^^ (S) In October 1958. the Chief of Research and Development. DCO, re quested the Corps to resume anticrop warfare research. This had been made 166 CCTC Item 3582, Classification of Yellow Fever...as a Standard-^ Type (S). 169 (l) Summary of Major Events and Problems, FY 58, pp. 104 - 06. (2) CCTC Item 3363, Anticrop Warfare Program, 12 Dec 57. PAGE ,1C5 CF 131 PAGES COPY / CF 35 CCPIES UNCLASSIFIED *SECKET*~ possible because sufficient unobliqated balances of prior year R&D funds. existed on 30 September 1958 to support anticrop BV research for a six month period, 1 January 1959 to 30 June 1959.^^ (S) The Corps reactivated its anticrop warfare research project and began work at Fort Detrick. The funds available for the six month period in 1959 amounted to $200,000. The funds needed for the next three fiscal years were estimated at $500,000 each year. (S) The objects of the revived anticrop program were: (l) research on biological and chemical anticrop agents effective against cereal and broadleaf crops of economic importance; (2) conduct of epidemological studies in suitable climatic analogues of potential target areas; (3) screening of new biological antlcrop agents, including viral types; (4) search for new chemi cal anticrop agents by screening and synthesis of new compounds and by liaison with the chemical industries; (5) research on promising chemical and bio logical agents in the laboratory and greenhouse, and on field-grown crops to establish agent potential prior to large-scale testing; (6) research to determine practical anticr-op dissemination techniques and equipment suitable for field testing and possible operational applications; (7) to maintain close contact with the United States Department of Agriculture, universi ties and other agricu1tur^1_insjtitutic.ns_in_grde.iL_that_infcrmatlon of mil'i-tary value may be procerly correlated; and (3) to conduct target analysis 170 D/Fj CRD/a , Co'fR&D, to CCmlC, sub: Anticrcp EW Research, 29 Oct 58. PAG 1C6 OF 181 FACES /__OF 35 COPIES UNCLASSIFIED -- A r< studies to include estimation of the economic and military impact of anticrop operations on selected target countries. Efl Spray Tests (c) On 16 December 1957 the Biological Warfare Laboratories awarded a contract to North American Aviation, Inc., to determine the feasibility of conducting larqe-area biological warfare attacks by means of spray tanks carried on low flying aircraft. North American modified a 275-gallon fuel tank to act as the spray dispenser. In the bow of the tank was a pressure source to force the liqyid BW agent, contained in the middle section, through a nozzle in the tail of the tank. A critical point in the work was the development of a nozzle that would spray out liquid particles 5 microns or less in size, so that minute drops of the liquid agent would float in the air over a wide area. North American and Battele memorial Institute assessed various nozzles in wind tunnels to find the effect of air velocity, ejectioa pressure, fluid composition, and nozzle design. (c) After completing and testing the spray system, North American shipped it to Dugway Proving Ground. There, in August and September,'1958, Dugway ran six trials at nigh^, flying the spray tanks on wings of an F-100A airplane. The pilot flew the craft over a triangularly shaped area, approx imately 15 miles long and 12 miles wide. In the area were 72 sampling 171 (l) Project Data Sheet,Project 4-11-01-CC4. (2) CCTC Item 3521, Reactivation of Project 4-11-01-CC4, Anticrop Warfare Research, in th FY 59 R3.D Program,. 12- 59. UNCLA 107 OF 181 PAGES f CF 35 COPIES UNCLASSIFIED CONFIDENTIAL. devices, while at one end was a.tower 300 foot high with sampling devices every five feet The Corps contracted with Stanford University*s Aerosol Laboratory to analyze the aerosol cloud behavior during the tests. The flight trials proved the feasibility of spray attacks, and showed that an area 10 miles or better could be covered downwind. While five trials were, made with simulants, one flight was made carrying the agent that causes Q fever. Guinea pigs were placed at the sampling stations. Results indicated that if human beings had been in the area. 99 percent of them would have been infected. Other important results from the tests were these that a spray device would disseminate BW aerosol more effectively than bombs, shells, or special-BW-munitions; and that the tank held a much larger quantity of liquid agent, in regard to the weight of the spray system, than other EW dissemination devices. (c) The contract proved that airborne BW attacks could be carried out at low levels, and that a properly designed spray system could contaminate _50,000 square miles with BW aerosol in a single sortie. The significance of this lies in the remarkable efficiency of this means of attack. .For example,.on_a night when the wind was blowing ten miles per hour, three large aircraft, each carrying 4.000 gallons of liquid BN agent, and flying * at a speed of SCO knots, could spray an area of 150,CCO square miles, causing jEOre_ than half the pecple__in the -area t-o-become 111.^'^ 172 . (l) North American Aviation, Inc, Airborne Biological Warfare at L('3ew) AInlttsirtvudWesi,lli2amvolLu.meJ'as,cocbosn, trParcotgraNmo.CDoA--o1rSd-iCn6a4t-i4oCn4-CO.fYf1i.c-e3,3SF,o1r6t JDuentr5i9c.k, 30 Nov 59. _ __ U i^ L A b o iF IiiD 1C3 181 page cf 181 pagcS C5riTlOTNTTAL~^- COPY I CF 35 COPIES SECRET * SUMMARY OF MAJOR EVENTS and PROBLEMS ;; . >. * United States Army Chemical Corps Cu) F IS C A L S J 9 6 - 9 6 2 ri&fnnFn 2>/> 'S'l&o M. J LhN E 7 ^ 5 2 0N: f w f /??* U .S. A rmyrAs-feettricat &rps- H is to r ic aHl OW ffWic e A rm y frem ^m i Center, M arylan d SPECIAL E SJN5' REQUIRED Iiik. RELEASABLE TO FOREIGN NATIONALS "BWePT- NONE BY AUTHORITY OF OCCMLO 12 Mai 62 *f#h cTldaTSSRsAsSDiEEfPDieAdRUARTCEIDjASsgSF-IRjwFOIMaSaD ?AGSf i^)T ^ w t l - CffPT 7b ~fft 3 $-- CO-PIES 8"- ` OCYrt, G CBR-S-179C62 : .^ secret SUMMARY OF MAJOR EVENTS AfD PROELSMS (Reports Control Symbol CSHI3-6) <12 UNITED STATES ARMY CHEMICAL CORPS Fiscal Years 1961 - 1962 Reproduction of this document in whole or in part is prohibited except with permission of the issuing office Downgraded at 12 Year Intervals; Not Automatically-Declassified. DGD Pfr 5200.10 N- . 'OT~trr*'"^v4 t- U. S'. Army Chemical Corps Historical Office June 1962 PACE. 1 OF, l88 PAGES 00PY L OF 35 POPIES UNCLASSIFIED Summary of Major Events and Problems Fiscal Years 1961 - 1962 I. MANAGEMENT.......................................... A. Project L2..................................... 1.. Implementation of Project 1 1 2 ............. . . B. Project 80 . . . ............... . . . . . . ....... 1. CBR Agency MisetofV....................... C. Weapons SystemrH^cagement............ '.......... t D. -Technical Information and Evaluation S y s t e m ........ E. Administrative Services . . . . . . ............. . . 1. Safety ..................................... 2. Welfare and- Morale........................... F. Information ............ ........ ............ G. Financiafc^MahagemeM.......................... 1. Funding........ . . . . . . . . . '.s.......... 2. Management Systems . . . . .................. -K.jSaj^ejF Management.......... 1. Civilian Personnel ........................... 2. Military Personnel ........................... 3. Personnel Recognition andAwards ................ I. Facilities..................................... 1. Ad^jitration.............................. 2. InSSfipil Facilities........................ 3. Military Construction-, A r m y .................. 4. Family Housing.............................. 5. Maintenance o? Facilities ..................... Page 6 9 11 16 20 21 26 28 28 ' 31 32 36 36 40 41 44 46 49 50 50 51 53 54 55 II OF THE ASSISTANT CftSf^CHEMICAL OFFICER FOR AND" DOCTRNE....................... . . 57 A. Combat Developments . 60 B. Nuclear Activities 71 C. Planning . . '........ 1. Wir Planning . . . . 2. MobiliSaiioa. Planning . 73 . 73 . 74 Troops . 77 PAGE; g "OF 188- PAGES COPY __ OF S& COPIES 9-1^ UNCLASSIFIED E. Training ......................................... 1. Chemical Corps Training Command ................. 2. The Chemical Corps School....................... 3. CBR Training of the Army . . .................... 4. Publications and Training A i d s .................. 5. Field, Command Post, and LogisticalExercises ........ F. Intelligence..................................... 79 79 87 94 98 99 105 III. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT* AAT^ EW9T-NEERIM 3 .................... A. Administration................................... B. Fifteenth Tripartite Cdnfesence..................... C. Dissemination.................... ............ D. Agents........................... ............. E. Alarms ........................... F. Protection . . . . . .............................. G. Anticrop Research ....................... R. Radiological Warfare.............................. Ill ; Ill 121 122 124 128 129 131 132 IV> MATERIEL.........................; ............... 135 A. Management and Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Procurement and Production Capability.......... . . 2. Organization ....................... B. Procurement and Production, Current andPlanned ........ 1. Procurement, Production, and PlanningItems ........ a. Emergency Procurement of Chemicals ............ b. BV- Production Facilities................... c. VX Agent and Munitions..................... d. MC-1 Massive B o m b ...................... e. Riot Control Agent and -Mw&it-ions............. f. Incapacitating Agent BZ and Munitions ......... g. Masks............................ h. Mechanized Main Armament Flame Thrower, M10-8 . . . C. Quality Assurance .................................. 1. Acceptance Inspection..................... 2. Surveillance Inspection ....................... 3. Quality Assurance Functions ...................... 135 135 140 156 159 159 159 160 162 162 163 163 165 166 166 169 171 D. Supply........ 171 ft" 1. Storage and Distribution ........................ ' 176 2. MaC*fnacs_........................... 3. Property Disposal ............................. 4`. Cataloging and Standardization................... 180 181 182 UfteC A SSIFiED PAGE___2 _ of___88_pages CC-PY > OF, 35 COPIES CONFIDENTIAL technical work within Chemical Corps installations, support costs took almost $16,000,000, and $22,000,000 was used for work placed on contract, an illustration of the increasing importance of contracts in the- Corps'' R&D structure. The level o-f fund-rng for FY 1962 represents an increase of the order of 100 percent over the level available for planning at the outset of FY I960.6 (C) Opera-ting under instructions from the Chief of Research and Develop ment, DA, to place 90 percent of the funding above basic FY I960.levels into contracts,, the Ciferaical Corps throughout the FY 1961 - 62 period continued its efforts to expand its contract activities. Largely as a result of its Study Requirements Program* through which industry was apprised of specific areas in which work was needed, same $12,000,OS worth of individual contracts were let. In addition to these, j_prcgram-for making prime contracts, cohering .major areas._cf_mi ssion responsibility rather than specific projects was successfully carried through during FY 1961 following its initiation late in JLY. 195.0,_ .The areas covered and the contractors chosen were: 1j__Dissemination- resear6h:__Aerojet - General Corporation 2. G^ Warning: Melpar, Inc. 3. BV Warning: Douglas AirdTaft Company 4. Dissemination of dry agehts_(BW)j__GeneTal Mills, Inc. 5. Physical protection: Mine Safety Appliances Company _EW agents screening: Hazleton Laboratories, Inc.. 7. New GV agents: _E.L. DuPont de Nemours Jand Company 6 (l) ?., CmlC Operating Program, FY 61, p. 36. (2) Xnterv, Hist Off with Mr Richard Read, D/CER, DCECPS, 14 Aug 62- CONFIDENTIAL face ie= `paces COF{ C J2? 35 COPIES *r CONFIDENTIAL 8. Vaccines: National Drug Company (This contract is administered by The Surgeon General) Except for the prime contract for research in the field of new chemical agents, all of the above were in effect by the end of FY 1961. The new agents contract was finally concluded in therTifst half of FY 1962, though the contractor, in an action illustrating the equivocal position of CER in the public mind, first demanded and received assurances that the firm name would not be made public in this connection. Taken together, the contracted portion oPthe research and development. .effort rose from. 8 percent to 37 percent of the total R&D program between FY 1959 and "FY 1961, the increase representing a satisfactory 91 percent of the rise in funding.7 (U) The use of joint R&D-user seminars* as an advanced planning technique to assist in the development of user requirements was again resorted-to in FY 1961, after its inception w-ithProject SCORPIO? the previous year. Project WASP, a seminar carried out in cooperation with United States Conti nental Army Command, took place at the Army Command and General Staff School, F<&tr Leavenworth, Kansa's, during the week of 6 February 1961. With the technical assistance of Air Force representatives,, the seminar dealt with the Ute of eleven s-eTectecP-chem-ical and biological agents and four delivery 7 Cl) Interv-, Hist Off with Dr Wdlliam H. Summerson, Hq, RDCC.M, 27 Dec 61. 12) Quart Presentation, RDCCM, to C/R&D, DA, 1st Qtr, FY 62. (3 ) Minutes, Crr.iC' AdV C mtg, 19 - 20 Jun 61, pp 2 - 16, in Quart Hist Rpt, CmiC Adv C, Cct..- Dec 61. (4 ) Minutes, Agents Committee, CmlC Adv C, 20 - 21 Nov 61, pp 33 - 39, in Quart Hist.Rpt, Cai'l-S Adv C, Jari - Mar 62. 8 Summary of V*j.o-e Events and Protrlems, FY 60, pp 54 - 56, 1C7. FACE- 120 QF 1=3 PACES CONFIDENTIAL 0F 35 ccfihs ' SECRET systems in a range of hypothetical infantry and armor combat situations.9 Etftwnth .... . (U) The British CW and EW research installations at Porton were the scene of the fifteenth annual Tripartite Conference on toxicological warfare, 12- 29"September 1969. -Brigadier-General Delmere led the American delegation, which joined its British and Canadian counterparts to form eight discussion groups to deal with the eight aspects of CER on the agenda: EW basic research, BA applications, CA basic-research, OA applicationa*.jaedjLcal aspects, protection, radiological defense, and user aspects. The Conference initiated a major -change in its procedure by proposing to the three governments represefrted that in j future the formal tripartite meVElngs be biennial rather than annual. H * further proposed that in the two year interval- between full conferences trl- *' partite discussion groups should meet from time to time, as arranged by a standing committee^, to correlate wofrtc oq points of particular or current ^ Importance. By making the proceedings of these discussion groups available J . - -- ' f to the succeeding Conference, it was anticipated that the latter would be able ? 1 to limit its work to a. single, week. In accordance with this plan, the next i Tripartite Conference was tentatively scheduled for the fall of 1962, in 1 Canada. ^ (S) K fair characterization of the work under review by the Fifteenth Conference could be drawn from the remark of the leader of the United Kingdom "9 ~ RDCCM,"Preliminary Report of the Project WASP Seminar, Mar 61. For a fuller discussion of Project WASP, see pp 70 - 71afcove. 10 Rpt, 15th Tripartite Conference on Toxicological Warfare, pp 60 - 62. S E C R E T PAGE..121 pp 1S3 PAGES ' COPY OF 35 QCPIES SECRET delegation that the year past had been one of steady progress rather than spectacular advances.Among the recommendations produced by the discussion groups were: A a. increased effort on research in virology. as being probably the-most important research area in-BW, f *! > _b. a.decision bv the.United States to conduct tests ta euatuate long ranae t-ravel of biol-ogica-l aerosols and the performance of EW munitions (a recommendation- pointing toward- the subsequent extra-continental test program of FY 1963;. c. continued research in tlretfietd of organephospharys- agents, to meet the need for more volatile percutaneous agents and more versatile- defensive measures. d. consideration as a matter of urgency-ef~4Ke-^obLems of dissemi nation of solids, in view of the increasing number of new solidstate agents. e. the effectiveness of oximes,, such as P2S or PAAt, asfeffective prophylaxis and therapy against G&-and VX- has been-established and one. of them should be adopted for use. f. the granting, of highest priority in agent-munition programs to research and development of incapacitating agent svstems.,,,together jffith development of user concepts. - ' V ' g. the development by all three countries on an urgent basis of an over-garment offering temporary protection against liquid agents. h. granTTng- highest, priority to the. development of CW/EW alarm systems*.with consideration of their integration with radio logical fall-out warning systems.*2 PjAs.sayia.tifln J q ) TSg?establishment of a Qualitative Military Requirement for aerial line source dissemination of chemical and biological agents by surveillance 11 l p 3. 12 IS&i* > pp 16 - 48. S E C R E T PAGE 122 OF 1E3 PAGES CCtVv jQF -- 35 -COPIES SECRET 22 the M44 generator cluster respectively The Standard B classification represents the interim character of the new agent which in some respects its prolonged time of onset- of symptoms (at least two to three hours), and its dissemination in a visible cloud of smoke - falls short of optimum performance - iC).Research was resumed during-the F 1961 -_62 period on botulinum _ toxinthe.substance^ responsible fftr botuiisrav The*-research project on the. .crystalline toxin was the responsbility of CRDL, but some of the work was done_ - by the Biological Laboratories acting as a sub-contractor Problems in bioa.ssays* and-dissemination methods were a major concern during the period." (s) Progress^toward standardizing new EW agents was slowed in 1961 - 62 ^Jthe lack of adequate extra-continental test facilities in which agentjismitdon combinations could be fully assayed without the limitations necessary in less remote-test areas. Lack of the data such a test program could provide was responsible for the inability of the Chemical Corps to gain approval at the outset of the period for the standardization of a strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis The requirement, new in FY 1961, that agents be type classi fied only in conjunction with munitions, was itself a limiting factor in consequence of the small range of formulated Army requirements for BW antipersonnel munitions. 22 CCTC Item 3960, 26 Feb 62 23 Quart Hist Rpt, CRDL; Jan - Mar 62 24 (l) Interv, Hist Cff with Dr CG. Ash, Hq F.ECCM, 27 Dec 61 (2 ) Interv, Hist Off with Dr RD Hcu.sewright, Bio Lacs, 16 Fee 62, (3 ) Interv, Hist Cff with Dr RJ, Goodlcw", Bio Labs- 16 Feb 62. For creation of Deseret Test Facility to expedite extra-continental test programs, see- Chp I, above, SECRET PAGE 126 Q F 18= p ^ E S COPY C OF 35 COPIES SECRET (S) Research on new agents has tended to .concentrate on viral and rickettsial diseases. A whole range of exotic virus diseases prevalent in .tropical, areas came, within the screening pro'm* if*-FY~ 1961 -.62, with m*jor effort directed at increased first-hand knowledge of these so-called arbor (i.e.. arthropod-borne) viruses. The importance pf epidemiological studies in connection with this area of endeavor was being emphasized. A major step__ forward was achieved in ,,the development of a better known agTnt, the v-irus of. psittacosis, when stabilization of_the._dry_agent.through addition of a small,, amount of monosodium glutamate was successfully demonstrated., This accomplish ment eliminated one of the principal d-ifficulties in the path of future develop ment of this agent (S) In the realm of bacterial and fungal agents, the causative organisms, of histoplasmosis, leptospirosis, and cryptococcosis reached the laboratory screening stage. Work on Eacillus anthracis. an agent which has been the subject of more or less concern to -the.Corps for many years, went forward in the area of process research, particularly in the evaluation of drying methods. But the crucial problem of providing adequate-assessment oThuman susceptibility to this agent remains to be solved. (u) One of the most striking linesof inquiry in the Corps program was the basic research being done by the Bioiegical Laboratories on the genetic factors underlying the infectivity of micro-organisms. Nucleic acids carrying infecj.t.ivity factors.were isolated from_yiruses._First attempts at inducing new 25 Gocdlcw interv, 16 Feb 62. 26 (l) Ibid-- (2) Teeaa-ical Program & Analysis, Bio Labs, Jan - Mar 62, p 24. SECRET pAc; 127 OF IBS pages ` : COPY c OF 35 QQPIES