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PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT USG-522 THE BULLETIN of the American Ceramic Society . A Monthly Publication Devoted to Proceedings of the Society, Discussions of Plant Problems, Discussions of Technical, Scientific, and Art Questions, and Promotion of Cooperative Research Vol. 12, 1933 JULY-DECEMBER Edited by the Secretary of the Society, Ross C. Purdy Assisted by ( | Emily C. Van Schoick Mary J. Radclitfe Assisted by the following officers of the Industrial Divisions: L. E. Barrinczx E. deF. Curtis A. I. Andrews W. N. Harrison H. H.'BlaU 3. R. Scbolrs G. H. Brown C. H. PeddrICS, Jr. ^ Art 1 Enamel j- Class ) Materials and J Equipment R. A. Heindl R. B. Sosua-v j- Refractories J. O. Everhart ) Structural Clay W. C. Rubckel Products R. F. Grady, Jr. H. E. Davis Terra Cotta Loots Navias R. F. Cells* | While Wares Officers of the Society Trustees John C. Hostettbr. President Corning Gian Worics, Corr.inc. N. Y. L. J. Trostzl. Vice-President General Refractories Co., Baltimore. Md. H. B. Henderson, Treasurer 1445 Summit St.. Columbus. Ohio Ross C. Purdy, General Secretary and Editor E. V. Esresen E. P. Posts C. L. Sbbeing W. C. Lindehann F. C. Flint V. V. Kelsby J. M- McKinley R. B. Kiplingek R. L. Clare D. P. Forst Committee on Publications: Loots NaVTAS, Chairman; M. F. Bebchsr, L. J. Trostsl, R. M. Kmc, Ross C. Purdy Editorial and Advertising Offices: 2525 North Kijfh Street. Columbus. Ohio Publication Office: 20th and Northampton Streets, Easton, Pa. NOTES AND NEWS SILICOSIS Rackete-rr lawyers and doctors have added to industrial hazards the liability of unwarranted financial losses, as though it were not bad enough to have the possibility of workmen contracting silicosis in spite of every possible warning ar.d precaution. Silicosis and all other lung troubles classified under the sore general term 'pneumoconiosis" have, no doubt, always afflicted those who were at all active in factories, in streets, cr on farms. Science and science methods have disclosed these lung troubles. An accumulation of data and case histories has made more evident the causes and results. With increasing facilities and the acquisition of authentic sceniincaJly exact observations there has been on the part of plan: managers a growing sense of responsi bility and the need for protective devices for their em ployees. As a reward for these humanitarian disclosures and efforts, the racketeering lawyers and doctors have seen the chance for making easy money. It behooves every ceramic manufacturer to prepare a defense agair.st silicosis damage suits. The plant must be as free fretn fine air floating dust as is possible and the -nen must be warned and provided with dust masks. But these precautions are not sufficient. The plant managers must be prepared to show medical and X-ray records. .is further evidence1 of the seriousness with which the scientists have studied the matter of silicosis the following one hundred and thirty-five references are given from a report by H. X. Pancoast and E. P. Pendergrass.' Con cerning there references the auebors make the following stater.cn t: The references we have been obliged to consult were very numerous. The literature during the past few years bos been replete with articles dealing with the various phases of dust inhalation. We art obliged to restrict our firt of references to those articles which present particular points of interest to the roentgenologist. We have been obliged to omit many of the references included in our previous presentations. References E. Arnocld Is anthracosis a disease entity? P'esse mid.. 37, 162-1-26 (1929). C. Baxjhasc. Studies of Industrial Hygiene No. 13 Notes on a fine type of fibrous pneumoconiosis produced by silicates and other minerais. Extract from Rept. of Director-General of Public Health. New South Wales, for year ended Dec. 31. 1927. C. Badham. H. E. G. Raynbr, and H. D. Broose. Studies in Industrial Hygiene No. 12. Dust sampling in Sydney sandstone industries. Ibid. J. B. Barreto. P. Drinker. J. L. Finn, and R. M. Thomson. Masks and respirators for protection against dusts and fumes. Jour. Ind. Hyt-, 9, 26--11 (1027). T. H. Belt. Pathology of silicosis of the lung. Can. b. Health Jour.. 20, 49-4-509 (1929). 1 See Editorial on "The Silicosis Racket." Bull. Amer. Ceram. Sac. 12 (SI. 127-34 (1933). _ 'Amer. Jour. Rotnl(cnoL>ty and Radium Therapy, Vol. 2CCVI. No- 4. October (1931). , J. J. Bloomfield. Study of efficiency of dust-removal svstems in granite-cutting plants. Pub. Health Rept., 44, 2505-22 (1929). M_ G. Bomrod. Pulmonary siderosis; two cases with reticulo-endothelial siderosis. Arch. Path., 10, 179-96 (1930). G. C. Brink a no A. R. Riddell. Personal communi cation. H. M. Caraeto.v. Effects produced by inhalation of haematite and iron dusts ic guinea pigs. Jour. Hyt.. 26, 227-34 (1927). W. I. Clark. Dust hazard in abrasive industry; second study. Jour. fnd. Hy[,, 11, 92-96 (1929). E. H. Cllver. Progress and present status of indus trial hygiene in the Union of S. Africa. Ibid., II, 194-215 (1929). International Silicosis Conference. Jour. Med. Assn. S. Africa. Sept., 1930. E. L. Collis. Annual Report Chief Inspection of Factories and Work Shops for England and Wales. 1920. (Quoted by Simson.) Statistical characteristics of dust phthisis (pulmonary silicosis). Jour. Ind. Hyt., 8, 457-65 (1926). E. L. Collis and J. C. Gilchrist. Effects of dust upon coal trimmers. Ibid., 10, 101-10 (192S). E. L. Collis and K. W. Goadby. Dust inhalation and iron ore mining. Ibid., 12, 266-80 (1930). W. E. Cooke. Fibrosis of the lungs due to the inhala tion of asbestos dust. Brit. Med. Jour., 2. 147 (1924). Pulmonary asbestosis. Ibid.. 2, 1024-25 (1927). Asbes tos dust and the curious bodies found in pulmonarv as bestosis. Ibid.. 2, 57S-80 (1929). ' Correspondence. Jour. Amer. Med. Ann.. 95, 2S8 (1930). S. L. Cl'mmins. Effects of coal dust upon the silicotic lung. Jour. Pan. cr Bact., 30, 6lo--19 (1927). Editorial. 23m. Med. Jour.. 2. 504 (1929). L. Edlinc. Contributions to roentgenology of pul monary anthracosis. Acus radio!.. 6, 369-90 (1926). J. Ewing. Neoplastic Diseases. 2d ed. W. B. Saun ders Co., Philadelphia and London, 1922, p. 808. J. W. Fennel. Study of silica dust in hard rock drilling in New York City. Jour. Ind. Hyt., 11, 69-81 (1929).. B. M. Fried. Origin of histiocytes (macrophages) in the lungs; an experimental study by use of intratracheal injections of vital stain. Arch. Path. & Lab. Med.. 3, 751-67 (1927). - L. U. Gardner. Studies on relation of mineral dusts to tuberculosis. 1. Relatively early lesions in experi mental pneumokoniosis produced by granite inhalation and their influence on pulmonary tuberculosis. Amer. Rea. Tuberc., 4, 734 (1920). Appendix on Pathological Studies. U. S. Pub. Health Bull.. No. 187 (July, 1929). U. S. Govt. Printing Office. Washington. D. C. Studies on experimental pneumokoniosis. V. Reactivation of heal ing primary tubercles in the lung by inhalation of quartz, granite, and carborundum dusts. Amer. Rev. Tuberc., 20, 833-15 (1929). Will inhalation of siliceous dusu activate a partially healed focus or tuberculous infection? Experi mental study. Pub. Health Rept., 45 , 282-88 (1930). S. R. Gloynb. Presence of asbestos fiber in lesions of asbestos workers. Tubercle. 10, 404--407 (1929). Re action of tissues to asbestos fiber, with reference to pul monary asbestosis. Ibid., 11, 151-53 (1930). A. L. Gray and J. L. Tabs. Pneumoconiosis; report of cases. Va. Med. Month., 49, 647--49 (1923). W. E. Gye and S. H. Kettle. Pathology of miners' phthisis. Lancet. 2, 855-56 (1922). W. E. Gyb and W. J. Purdy. Poisonous properties of colloidal silica: effects of parenteral administration of large doses. Bril. Jour. Eeepl. Path.. 3, 76-85 (1922). Poisonous properties of colloidal silica: effects of repeated 234 NOTES AND NEWS intravenous injections on rabbits; fibrosis of liver. Ibid., F. Lancclth. t-ber die Siderosis Pulmonum. Dent. 1, S6-S4 (1922:. Poisonous properties of colloidal silica. Arch. klin. Med.. 55, 255 (1895). (Quoted by Bohrod.) 'bid.. 5, 238-50 (1924). A. J. Lanza. Personal communication. A. C. Haddow. Clinical aspects cl pulmonary asbes- A. J. Lanza and S. B. Childs. Roentgen-ray findings ^sis. B'xi. Med. Jour.. 2. 5S0-S1 (1929). in miners' consumption, based on a study of 150 cases. A. Hamilton. Enameled sanitary ware manufacture U. S. Pub. Health Bull.. No. 85 (Jan.. 1917). Jour. Ind Hyz .11, 139-53 (1929). K. M. Lynch and W. A. Smith. Asbestosis bodies in D. Harrington and A. J. Lanza. Miners' consump sputum and lung Jour. Amer. Med. .-tun., 95, 659--61 tion in the mines of Butte. Mont. Preliminary report of (1930). an investigation made in 1916-1919. U. S. Bur. Mines S.McDonald, Histology of pulmonary asbestosis. Tech. Paper, No. 260 (1921). Brit. Med. Jour., 2, 1025-26 (1927). . T. Hatch. P. Drinker. and S. P. Choatb. Control of the silicosis hazard in the hard rock industries. 1. A laboratory study of design of dust control systems for use W. McFarland. Silicosis and tuberculosis as seen in granite workers in Barrc, Vt. Jour. Ind. Hy[., 9, 315-30 (1927). with pneumatic granite cutting tools. Jour. Ind. Hyz.. A. Maysocordato. Studies in experimental silicosis 12, 75-91 (1930). P. S. Kay. Short description of a dust trap to be used in conjunction with percussive rock drills. Ibid., 8, 496-98 (1926). E. R. HaYHURST. D. J. Kindel. B. E. Neiswander. and C. D. Barrett. Silicosis with low incidence of tuber culosis. Ibid.. 11, 22S-M (1929). P. Hepfernan. Notes on biophysics of silica and etiology of silicosis. Brit. Med. Jour., 2, 489-92 (1929). Exposure to silica dust without the occurrence of silicosis. Jour. Ind. Hyi,, 8, 481-90 (1925). P. Heppeilnan and A. T. Green. Method of action of silica dust in the lungs. Ibid., 10, 272-78 (1928). K. He-vrcs and O. Richert. Zut Frage der Einwerkung von Kohieustaubiohalation auf die BiadegewebsentwickJung in cer Lunge. Z. Tuberk., 46, 123-28 (1926); abstracted in Jour. Amer. Med. Ann., 88, 287 (1927). E. Higcins. a. J. Lanza. F. B. Lanky, and G. S. Rice. Siliceous dust in relation to pulmonary disease among miners in the Joplin District. Mo. U. S. Bur. Mines Bull.. .. No. 132 ;i927). L. Holst, D. Xaplcxova. and M. Santotzicij. X-ray ,-.udy of pneumokoniosis of porcelain workers. Fortschr. Gebcese p.ontzennrahicn. 37. 356--68 (1923). F. L. Hoppkan Mortality from respiratory disease in dusty trades. U. S. Dept. Labor. Bur. Labor Statis tics. Bud... June. 19IS. (Quoted by Sim.son.) Compen sation for silicosis. Ind. Doctor, 2, 103-1C6 (1924). Pneumokoniosis in the stone industry. Arr.er. Ret. Tuberc., 6, 772-81 (1922). Problem of dust phthisis in the granite stone industry. U. S. Dept. Labor. Bur. Labor Statistics. Bull.. No. 293. 1922. (Quoted by Willis.) R. Holluan. Uber die Einwirkung von Kohlen- und Graphastaub ohne G-esteinsbeimengung aui die Lunge. Z. Tuoerk..*2.354-96 (iy23). ' L. G. Irvi.ve. Present position of miners' phthisis on the Rand. Abstracted in Jour. Ind. Hyz.. 11, 92 (1929). D. C. Jarvis. Roentgen study of dust inhaiauon in the granite industry. Amer. Jour. Roeni[cnal., 8, 244--5S (1921). Dunham's fans in roentgen-ray study of granite dust inhaiauon. Ibid.. 8, 560--64 (1921). Conception of chest X-rav densities based on a study of granite dust inhalation. Ibid.. 9, 226-34 (1922). Clinical study of granite dust inhalation. I7th Annual Meeting. Nat. Tuberc. Assn.. Trans., pp. 411-21 (1921). Upper respira tory tract in granite dust inhalation. Ann. Qtal.. Rkinoi., tT Lzrynfof.. 32. 405-12 (1923). S. H. Katz. G. W. Shits, and E. G. Meiter. Dust respirators; their construction and filtering efficiency. Bur. Mines Tech. Paper, No. 394 (1926). . E. H. Kettle. Experimental silicosis. Jour. Ind. Hyz . 8. 491-95 (1926). D. J. Kindkl and E. R. Hayhurst. Stereoscopic X-ray examination of sandstone quarry workers. Amer. ur. Pub. Health. 17. S1S-22 (1927). R.B. Ladoo. Non-Metallic Minerals: Occurrence, "preparation. Utilization. McGraw-Hill Book Co.. N. Y.. 1925. F. H. Lajhcy. Oesophageal diverticula. Boston Med. Sr Surt Jour . 138, 355-61 (1923). and other pneumokonioses. Pub. S. African Inst, for Med. Research, No. 15 (March 31. 1922). Contribution to the study of miners' phthisis. Ibid., Dec., 1926. E. R. Mbrewkther. Occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis and other pulmonary affections in asbestos workers. Jour. Ind. Hy[.. 12, 198-222; 239-57 (1930). E. R. Merewether and C. W. Price. Report on effects of asbestos dust on the lungs and dust suppression in the asbestos industry. H. M. Stationery Office. Lon don. 1930. E. L. Middleton. Study of pulmonary silicosis. Jour. Ind. Hyi-, 2, 433 (1920-1921) Present position of sili cosis in industry in Britain. Brtl. Med. Jour., 2 , 485-89 (1929). W. S. Miller. Essential points in anatomy of lung. Amer. Jour. Rcenl[cnal., 4, 269-79 (1917). Studies on tuberculous infection. III. Lymphatics and lymph flow in human lung. Amer. Ret. Tuberc.. 3, 193-209 (1919). Key points in lung structure. Rcdioto[y, 4, 173-77 (1925). Miners' Phthisis Medical Bur.; Rept. for year ended July 31. 1927. Pretoria Printing and Stationery Office, 1928. Miners' Phthisis Prevention Committee. Real., p. IS (1919). ' P. F. Moller. Radiographic picture in chaiicosis. and its differential diagnosis from other affections of the lungs. Acui radial.. 8, 193-208 (1927). E. von Muller. Pneumokoniosis from sandblasting Zmtr. Ccuxrbehyi. Unfallvcrhul., 5, 148-50 (192S); ao- stracted in Bull. Hyz.. 31, 953-54 (1928). M. Murray. Charing Cross Hosp. Gar.. 1900. (Rc-~~ ferred to by Cooke.) B. S. Nicholson. Dusted lung, with special reference to inhalation of silica dust (SiO>) and its relation to pul monary tuberculosis. Jour. Ind. Hyz,, 5, 220--12 (1923). R. C. OsxaN. Contribution to knowledge ofroentgeno-__ logical appearance of silicosis. Acta radial., 9, 266-8S (1928). T. Oliver. Pulmonary asbestosis; a sociomedical study. Arch. Gcuterbepalhol. Gewerbehyz.. 1, 67-76 (1930). Pulmonary asbestosis in its clinical aspects. Jour. Ind. Hyt-, 9, 483-85 (1927). Clinical aspects of pulmonary asbestosis. J3rf(. Med. Jour., 2, 1026-27 (1927). C. R. Orr. Discussion on A. E. RussclL Jour. Amer Med. Assn.. 95, 1714 (1930). K. K. Pancoast and E. P. Pendergrass. Review of present knowledge of pneumoconiosis, based upon roent genologic studies, with notes on the pathology of the condition. Amer. Jour. Roenl{cnal. er Radium Therapy. 14, 381--423 (1925). Pneumoconiosis (Silicosis): A Roentgenological Study with Notes on Pathology. Paul B. Hoeber, Inc.. New York. 1926. H. EL Pbrkar. Function of the endothelial cell io pathological conditions, especially in tuberculosis. Amer. Ret. Tuberc., 9, 507-1S (1924). Pulmonary asbestosis. Jour. Amer. Med. Assn., 95, 1431 (1930). A. R. Riddell. Case of silicosis with autopsy. Cm. Med. Assn. Jour.. 15. S39-41 (1925). A. R. Riddell and R. E. Rothwell. Clinical and H. ?. M. Landis. Reiauon of organic dust to pneumo- pathologic observations on silicosis in Ontario. Jour. eoni'isis. ,'vjr Ind. .Vv .7. 1-5 11925). Ind. Hyz.. 10, 147-57 (!92S). NOTES AND NEWS A- Russell. Personal communication. Oust and rulmor.arv disease. Jour. Amcr. Med. Asm.. 05, I 71 -1 --: 7 v '930) A. E. Russell. R. H. Britten. L. R. Thompson, and J. Bloomfield. Health workers in dusty trades. II. iiposure to siliceous dust (granite industry). V S. ?ub. Health BuJl.. No. 137 'July. 1929). . R. R. Savers V. S. Bur. Mines Circulars. Nos. 0039. jl96. 6245. 6+39. Silicosis among miners. L\ S. Bur. slices Tech. Paper, No. 372. R. R. Savers and F. V. Meriwether. Miliary lung iiseise due to unknown cause. Pub. Health Pept., <5, ;994-3009 (1930). A. Schlossmann. Anthracosis and tuberculosis. Klin. Wochschr., 5, 1730-87 (1926); abstracted in Jour. Amcr. Jled. Assn.. 87, 1955 (1926). H. E. Seiler. Case of pneumoconiosis; result of in halation of asbestos dust. Brit. Med. Jour., 2, 982 (1923). F. V\ Simson. Pulmonary asbestosis in S. Africa. 3nt. Med. Jour., 1, 885-37 (1923). A. R. Smith. Silicosis among the rock drillers, blasters, and excavators in New York City. Jour. Ind. Hy., 11, 39-69 -,1329). Personal communication. W. S. Smith and E. L. Coll.'S. Report on manufac ture of silica brick. H. M. Stationery Office. 1917. (Quoted by Herfeman.) H. F. Smvth and H. F. Smvth. Jr. Spray painting karards as determined by the Pennsylvania and the National Safety Council surveys. Jour. Ind. Hyg., 10, 163-214 ('.92S). W. B. Soper. Pulmonary asbestosis; report of a case and a review. Amcr. Res. Tubetc.. 22, 571-84 (1930). South African Silicosis Act. experiences in administra tion of Ind. Doctor, 2, 124 (1925). J. V Sparks. Personal communication. Spray painting in Pennsylvania. Dept. Labor and " 'ustrv, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Hamsourg. sal 'Bull.. No. 16 (1925). - cl. Stewart and A. C. Haddow. Demonstration of the peculiar bodies of puimonary asbestosis ("asbestos bodies ') in material obtained by lung puncture and in the sputum. Jour. Pash. Bacl.. 32, 172 (1929). The imme diate lia.jr.05is of pulmonary asbestosis at neerepsv. 3rd. Med. Jour.. 2, 509 (1928). C. L. Sutherland and S. Brvson. Occurrence of disease oi the lungs frcm dust inhalation in the slate industry in the OwyT-ai District. H. M. Stationery Office. 1930. Abstracted in Jour. Ind. Hy12, 199 (1930). X. Tattersall. Occurrence and Clinical manifesta tions of silicosis among hard ground workers in coal mines. Jour. Ind. Hyi., 8, 466-80 (1926) L. R. Thompson and R. H. Britten. Silica dust hazard in granite cutting industry. Ibid.. 12, 123--47 (1930). L. R. Thompson and D K. BrundaCE. Study of exposure to calcium dusts generated in the manufacture of Portland cement. Ibid.. II, 182-93 (1929). Respira tory diseases in a Portland cement plant. Ibid., II, 266-77 (1929). . L. R. Thompson, D. K. Brunoace, A. E. Russell, and J. J. Bloomfield. Health of workers in a Portland cement plant. L". S. Pub. Health Bull., No. (76 (April. 1923). ' J. M. Wainwricht and H. J. Nichols. Relation be tween anthracosis and pulmonary tuberculosis. Amer. Jour. Med. Sci.. 130, 386-99 (1505). W. Wateins-Pitchpord. Silicosis of S. African gold mines, and changes produced in it by legislative and administrative efforts. Jour. Ind. Hyi-, 19, 109-39 (1927). Diagnosis of silicosis. Med. Jour. Australia. 2, 382-84 (1923). A. H. Watt, L. C. Irvine. J. p. Johnson, and W. Stewart. Silicosis (Miners' Phthisis) in the Witwatersrand. Miners' Phthisis Prevention Comm. o( S. Africa. Pretoria, Appendix No. 6, 1916. T. Wedekind. Anthracosis and pulmonary tubercu losis. Klin. Wochschr.. 7, S90-95 (192S); abstracted in Jour. Arner. Med. Ann.. 91, 214 (1928). H. S. Willis. Pulmonary effect of over three years' exposure of guinea pigs to silica cust. Amer. Res. Tubcrc.. 17 , 253-67 (1928). Pneumoconiosis and tuberculosis. Medicine, 9. 413-506 (1930). C.-E. A. Winslow and L. Greenburc. Study oi dust hazard in wet and dry grinding shops oi an ax factory. Pub. Health Rept., Oct. 8. 1920. (Quoted by Russell. Britten. Thompson, and Bloomffeld.) W. B. Wood. Pulmonary asbestosis; radiographic appearances in skiagrams of the chests of workers in asbestos. Tubercle, 10, 353-63 (1929). W. B. Wood and S. R. Glovne. Pulmonary asbes tosis. Lancet, 1, 445-48 (1930). W. 3. Wood and D. S. Pace. Case of pulmonary asbestosis. Tubercle, 10, 457-60 (1929). Workmen's Compensation Act. Ontario, with .Amend ments to 192S, Toronto. 1928. CERAMIC SCHOOL NOTES TEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF CERAMICS AT ALFRED UNIVERSITY Dedication Erercises (or the New Ceramic Building, at Alfred, New York, June 12, 1933 Introductory Remarks by Dean Major E. Holmes T should like to call attention to the background of these ation ceremonies which our friends have made pos ------ for us to arrange for today. The New York State College of Ceramics, recently ele- -Ated ,to that status from the status of a school, is the only institution in New York aevoied to higner education in ceramic;. For the ru.-r-r.: year u; enrollment is 217. this figure representing a 40^ increase over that of the preceding year. There is a staff of twelve instructors, each a specialist in his line of work. The College is or ganized on the basis of three departments, that of General Technology and Engineering. Glass Technology, and Ce ramic Art. The courses of study embrace ail 6elds of the ceramic industries in their three essential aspects of tech nology. engineering, and art. The school now consists of three buildings including the new one to be dedicated to day, and affords 40,000 square feet of floor space devoted to lecture rooms and laboratories. New. up-to-date equipment worth 5-40,000 has been installed in this new building during the past year and SIS.000 worth will be installed in the coming year. This large expansion program of the past year has more o' BULLETIN OF THE FERRO ASBESTOS MlTTS The same high quality . . . Prices lower than ever. Write for Ferro Monthly Price List FERRO ENAMEL CORP. Cleveland, O. The Journal of the Society of Glass Technology A quarterly Journal containing original paper* and abstracts of paper* covering the whole field of Glass Technology * ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS TO . SOCIETY (Including Journal"! Ordinary Members.................. ........................1.10:0 Collective Members........................................ 3. 3.0 Non-Members....................................................2. 0.0 Forms of application for membership may be obtained from the American Treasurer of the Society, Francis C. Flint, B.S., Washington, Pa. Address orders and inquiries: The Secretary, Society at Class Technology. The University, Sheffield, England To Avoid Misunderstandings ' We own two well-equipped Florida clay plants, each with large clay deposits. For vour benefit and tor economy's sake, we are concentrating production at our EPK mine. Ample Florida Clay capacity, plus recent refinements, is assured, with additional security of our Lake County mine capacity held in reserve. EDGAR PLASTIC KAOLIN CO. Home Office--Merucnen, N. J. EDGAR BROTHERS CO. New York Office--50 Church. St. Mines in Georgia and Florida 0 ACTIVITIES OF THE SOCIETY "WIN WITH WISDOM" CORPORATION MEMBERS' Paid Corporation Members of the American Ceramic Society be Engineering Co , 50 Church St.. New York, N. Y. (K. F. Kieinfeldt) C Spirt Plus Co . Flint. Mich. (T. G McDougal) :ron Porceiim Co . Akron. Ohio (F. W. Butler) nerican Encausuc Tiling Co.. Zanesville. Ohio (H. F. Crew) -nerican Gis Assr... -120 Lexington Ave.. New York. N. Y. (C. G. Segeler) nerican Lava Corp.. Chattanooga. Tenn. (P. J. Kruesi) T.erican Potash Sc Chemical Corp., 233 Broadway. New York, N. Y (C. M Dennis) n.ericar. Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio (F. J. Sut- phen) nerican Smelting Sc Refining Co.. Maurer. N. J. (W. F. Gross) rnencar. Stove Co.. 2001 S. Kingshighway Blvd., St. Louis. Mo. (Arthur Stockstrom, Quick Meal Stove Co.. (St. Louis. Mo.) nsler-Morton Co.. T20 Fulton Bldg.. Pittsburgh. Pa. (P. L. Geer) .tlantic Terra Cotta Co.. Perth Amboy, N. J. 0- W. Hixson) iabcock Sc Wilcox Co.. 130 Cedar St.. New York. N. Y. all Brothers Co.. Muncie, Ind. (C. A. Ball) ialtimore Enamel Sc Novelty Co.. Box E-4. Baltimore Md. (H. B. Little) iausch 3c Lomh Optical Co.. Rochester. N. Y. (Murray Scott) ieach Enameling Co.. Coshocton. Ohio (H. L. Beach) iclden Brick Co.. Canton. Ohio (P. B. Belden) Jortnot Co . Canton. Ohio (B. T. Bonnot) lo Pottery Co.. Buffalo. N. Y. (L. H. Sown) oosburg Pottery Co., Cannonsburg, Pa. (W. C. /"George) _ Canton Stamping Sr Enameling Co.. Canton. Ohio (E. r. Hoergerj Carborundum Co.. Niagara Falls, N. Y. (F. J. Tone) Carr-Lcwrey Class Co.. Salt-nort. Md. (C. B. McComas) Ceramic Color i Chemical Mfg. Co.. New Brighton. Pa. (W. F. Wenning) Champion Spark Plug Co.. Ceramic Division. Butler Ave. and Grand Trank R.R.. Detroit. Mica. (J. A. Jeffery) Chattanooga Stamping it Enameling Co.. Chattanooga. Tenn. <W. T. Mahoney) Clay Products Assn.. 11 West Washington Blvd.. Chicago. 111. (C. D Lenth) Clay Products Co., lac. ot Indiana. Brazil. Ind. (George Shoemaker) Columbian Enameling & Stamping Co.. Terra Haute. Ind. (W. M. Corby) Coors Porcelain Co., Golden. Colo. (A. Coors, Jr.) Corhart Reiractories Co., [nc.. loth Sc Lee Sts.. Louisville, Ky. (F. S. Thompson) " Corning Class Works. Coming, N. Y. (J. T. Littleton) Cortland Gnncing Wheels Co.. Chester, Mass. (C. B. Tilton) Crane Enamelware Co.. Chattanooga, Tenn. (A.. M. Nel son) Crossman Company. South Amboy. N. J. Crown Potteries Co.. Evansville. Ind. (J. P. Wendt) Detroit aiectnc Furnace Co.. 825 West Elizabeth St.. Detroit. Mich. (E. L. Crosby) Devilbiss Mfg. Co.. Toledo. Ohio (E. F. Frey) Joseph Dixon Crucible Co.. Jersey City. N. J. (H. P. Smith) kenield St Co., B. F., 45-47 Park Place. New York. . Y. (S. J. Courtney) Vdgar Plastic Kaolin Co.. Metuchen, N. J. (D. R. Edgar) mpire Steel Corp.. Mansfield. Ohio (C. H. Stamm) .Engeibard. Inc.. Charles. 90 Chestnut St.. N ewark. N. J. (W O Kebler) Names of voters are in parentheses. English China Clays Sales Corp.. 551 Fifth Ave.. New York. N. Y. Eureka Flint St Spar Co . Box 266, Trenton. N. J. (H. D Thropp) Federal Seaboard Terra Cotta Co.. Perth Amboy. N. J. Fostoria Glass Co.. Moundsville. W. Va. (W. F. Curtis) General Ceramics Co.. 71 West 35th St., New York. N. Y. (P. D. Helser) George Pottery Co., W. S.. East Palestine. Ohio (W. S. George) Gillindcr Bros.. Inc.. Port Jervis. N. Y. (James GiUinder) Gladding. McBean Sc Co.. tj(j0 Market St.. San Francisco, Calif. (Atholl McBean) - Gleason-Tiebout Glass Co.. 59 54th St.. Maspeth. N. Y. (C. H. Tiebout) . Glenwood Range Co.. Taunton. Mass. (J. L. Anthony) Golding-Keene Co.. Keene, N. H. (C. E. Golding) Golding Sons Co.. Trenton Trust Bldg., Trenton. N. J. (H. P. Margerum) Great Lakes Steel Corp.. Tecumseh Rd.. Encourse, De troit. Mich. (C. W. Given) Green Fire Brick Co.. A. P.. Mexico. Mo. (A; P. Green) Haeger Potteries. Inc., Dundee. 111. (E. H. Haeger) Hall China Co.. East Liverpool, Ohio (M. W. Thompson) Hanovia Chemical & Mfg. Co.. Chestnut St. 5c N. J. R.R. Ave.. Newark. N. J. (W. Riehl) ' Hardinge Co.. Inc., York. Pa. (F. E. Finch) Harshaw Chemical Co.. Intelligence Service Div., Cleve land. Ohio (D. C. Pierce) Hartford-Empire Co.. Hartford. Conn. (F. G. Smith) Haxel-AUas Class Co.. Wheeling. \V. Va. (J. H. McNash) Hommel Co., 0.. 209 Fourth Ave.. Pittsburgh, Pa. (O. Homme!) Houze Convex Class Co.. L. J.. Point Marion, Pa. (R. J. Houze) Hydraulic-Press Brick Co.. 705 Olive St.. St. Louis. Mo. (S. H. [very) Industrial Publications. Inc.. 59 E. Van Buren St.. Chi cago. 111. (F. A. Cuignon) International Lead Refining Co. (Anaconda Zinc Oxide Dept.). 151st St. Sc McCook Ave., East Chicago, Ind. (F. 0. Case) Kcntucky-Tennessee Clay Co.. Paris. Tenn. (R. C. Meeker) Knowles China Co.. Edwin M... Newell. W. Va. (J. W. Hepplewhite) Kohler Company. Kohler, Wis. (C. J. Kohler) Koppeis Research Corp.. 162S Koppers Bldg.. Pittsburgh. Pa. (O. O. Malleis) Laclede-Christy Clay Products Co., 1711 Ambassador Bldg., St. Louis. Mo. (W. J. Westphalen) Lapp Insulator Co.. Lnc.. Leroy. N. Y. (G. W. Lapp) Laughlin China Co., Homer. East Liverpool, Ohio (Joseph Wells) Lee Clay Products Co.. Clearfield. Ky. (M. S. Bowne) Libbey Class Mfg. Co.. W. Sc L. E. R.R. and Ash Sts.. Toledo. Ohio (H. R. Black) Lindemann 3c Hoverson Co., A. J., Milwaukee, Wis. (W. C. Lindemann) Locke Insulator Corp., Box A. Baltimore, Md. (F. H. Reagan) London Brick Co. Sc Forders, Ltd.. Africa House. Kings- way, London. W. C. 2. England (C. W. D. Rowe) Ludowid-Celadon Co.. 104 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago 111. (H. F. Beyer) McLain Fire Brick Co.. Wellsville. Ohio (J. B. Blewett) Macoeth-Evans Class Co.. Charleroi. Pa. (H. H. Blau) Mansfield Vitreous Enameling Co., Mansfield. Ohio (D. S Beal) Maryland Glass Corp.. Morrell Park Sta., Baltimore. Me (L- C. Roche) Matawan Tile Co.. Matawan. N. J. (B. K. Eskesen) AcnVITIES OF THE SOCIETY 261 Corporation Members (Ci/nitnutd) Metal i: Thermit Corp., 120 Broadway, New York. X Y. (Euger. 3ecber) Mississippi Class Co.. 220 Fifth Ave.. New York. X. V. (R. D. Humphreys) Mortals. Ltd.. Weston. Ontario. Canada (F. W. Moffat) Moore Sc Monger Co., 33 Rector St.. New Vork. N. V. (Murray Rushmore) Mosaic Tile Co . Zanesville. Ohio (R. P. Herrold) Mt. Clemens Pottery Co.. Ml. Clemens. Mich. (C. E. Doll) National Aluminate Corp.. 6216 W. 66th Place, Chicago, ru. (G. J. Fink) New Castle Refractories Co.. New Castle. Pa. (R. W. Rowland) New Jersey Porcelain Co.. New Vork Ave. Sc Plum St.. Trenton, N J. (Stephen Wenczel) Nippon Gaishi Kabushiki Kwaisha. Atsuta Minamiku. Nagoya. Japan (M. Eioye) Nippon Toki Kwaisha. Ltd., Noritalce. Nagoya. Japan (Jiro Ishikawa) North American Refractories Co.. National City Bank Bldg.. Cleveland. Ohio (E. M. Weinfurtner) North State Feldspar Corp.. Micahville, N. C. (W. F. Deneen) Northwestern Terra Cotta Co.. 4417 Oleatha St.. Si. Louis. Mo. (B. Purcell) Norton Company. Worcester. Mass. (A. T. Malm) Oberly Brick Co.. Wilmington. Del. (H. H. Oberly) Ohio Insulator Co.. Barberton. Ohio (M. W. Manx) Onondaga Pottery Co., Syracuse. N. V. (B. E. Salisbury) Owens-Illinois Glass Co.. Alton, 111. (F. T. Nesbitt) Owens-Illinois Pacific Coast Co.. 15th fit Folsom Sts . San Francisco. Calif. (Otto Rosenstein) Pacific Clay Products Co.. 650 Chamber of Commerce Bldg.. Los .Angeles. Calif. (Robert Linton) Paper Makers Importing Co.. Inc.. Easton. Pa. (Charles Brian) "ass Sc Seymour. Inc.. Solvay. N. V. (J. W. Brooks) .tirsylvania Pulverizing Co., Lewistown, Pa. (W. J. Woods! Pennsylvania Salt M/g. Co., 641 Union Trust Bldg., Pitts burgh. Pa. f] E. Hutchinson) Pfaudler Co . Rochester. N. Y. (O. L Chormann) Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Creighton. Pa. (C. E. Fulton) Polar Ware Co., Sheboygan, Wis. (W. J. Vollrath) Porcelain Enamel Sc MIg. Co.. Eastern 8c Pemco Aves., Baltimore. Md. OCarl Turk) Potters Supplv Co.. East Liverpool, Ohio (D. C. Irwin) Republic Steel Corp.. Youngstown. Ohio (L. D. Mercer) Ricimann. Dr.. Sc Rappe. C. m. b. H.. Chemiscbe Fabriken. Koln-Kuik. Germany (E. Rickmann) Riddel! Co.. W. A.. Bucyrus, Ohio (W. A. Riddell) ~ Roberts Sc Mander Stove Co.. Hatboro, Pa. (R. B. Schaal) Roessler Sc Hasslacher Chemical Co., Empire Slate Bldg., New York. N. Y. (T. H. McKeown) Roseville Pottery Co.. Zanesville. Ohio (Mrs. George Young) Ross-Tacony Crucible Co., Tacony. Philadelphia. Pa. (K. E. Buck) Ruadle MIg. Co.. Milwaukee. Wis. (A. C. Heid) Solera China Co.. Salem. Ohio Sebring Pottery Co.. Sebring. Ohio (C. L. Sebring) Shenango Pottery Co.. New Castle. Pa. (J. M. Smith) Simonds Worden White Co.. Dayton. Ohio (F. R. Henry) Simples Engineering Co.. Washington. Pa. (C. E. Frazier) Smith Sc Stone. Ltd.. Georgetown, Ontario. Canada (B. Stone) Southern California Gas Co., 17C0 Sance Fe Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. (Lee Holtz) Spinks Clay Co.. H. C.. Newport. Ky. (R. B. Carothers) Square D Company. 6060 Rivard St.. Detroit, Mich. (H. S. Freeman) Standard Pyrometric Cone Co., 1445 Summit St.. Colum' bus, Ohio (H. B. Henderson) Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co.. 1541 S. 7th Si., Louisville. Ky. (Erwin Sohn) Star Porcelain Co., Muirhead Ave., Trenton. N. J. (F. F. Gardinor) Stark Brick Co., Canton. Ohio (E. A. Stewart) Stettiner Chamottefabrik Akt.-Ges., Westfalische Str., 90, Berlin-Wilmersdorl, Germany Swindell-Dressier Corp.. P. O. Box 1753. Pittsburgh. Pa. (Philip Dressier) Taylor, Smith Sc Taylor Co., Chester. \V. Va. (W. L. Smith. Jr.) Titanium Alloy MIg. Co., Niagara Falls. N. Y. (R. S. Tabor) . Toyo Toki Kwaisha. Shinocaki. Kolcura City, Japan (S. Momoki) Trenton Potteries. Trenton. N. J. (J. A. Campbell) Tyler Co.. W. S.. Cleveland. Ohio (F. P. Nickerson) United Clay Mines Corp.. Oakland Sc Prospect Sts., Trenton. N. J. (K. E. Ward) Universal Clay Products Co.. Sandusky. Ohio Universal Dental Co.. 48th & Brown St.. Philadelphia. Pa. (Joseph Kohn) Universal Sanitary MIg. Co.. New Castle. Pa. W. Keith McAfee) Verreries Souchon Neuvesel. Siege Social, a Lyon S. 10 rue de la Bourse. France Vesuvius Crucible Co.. Swissvale. Pa. (F. L. Arensberg) Vitreous Enameling Co.. 71st St. & Grant Ave.. Cleveland. Ohio (E. H. Weil) Vitro Manufacturing Co., Corliss Sta.. Pittsburgh, Pa. (Josef Vollkommer) Vollrath Co.. Sheboygan. Wis. (J. C. Vollrath) Waltham Grinding Wheel Co.. Waltham. Mass. (M. F. Cunningham) Washington Porcelain Co.. Washington, N. J. (C. J. Rukenorod) Weber Electric Co.. Schenectady. N. Y. (August Weber. Jr.) Western Brick Co.. Danville. 111. (F. M. Butterworth) Western Electric Co.. Hawthorne Sta.. Chicago, 111. (W. G. Altepeter) West Gas Improvement Co.. 441 Lexington Ave.. New York. N. Y. (S. J. Beale) Westinghouse Electric Sc MIg. Co.. Derry, Pa. (E. H. Fritz) Westinghouse Lamp Co., Bloomfield, N. J. Wheeling Steel Corp.. Portsmouth Works. Portsmouth. Ohio (T. W. Jenkins) Whitall-Tatum Co.. Millville. N. J. (G. S. Bacon) >. 1934 Annual Meeting AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Hotel Netherland Plaza Cincinnati, Week of February Eleven M- % 26th aagsress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI OCTOBER 11 to OCTOBER 15, 1937 Municipal Auditorium Copynfhir t9J7, National SaMv Council, Inc. m ( : ,, oir&& jyd I , \\ " ( ' <TUM* Transaction! of the- Twenty-sixth National Safely X Congress, 1937, arc published by the National Safety (. imncii in two volumes. This, llic first, contains the general, tlic special subject, amt the Industrial Section sessions. The second volume contains the sessions of the Child Education, Home Safety, Street anti Highway Traffic, Commercial Ve hicle and Transit Sections. ' Alt* industrial members of the Council automatically receive Volume I. Volume It is sent to members believed to be inler' ested chiefly in the sessions it covers. Other Council incm- hers, however, may obtain it upon request. , Many members have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, anil others in an administrative or supervisory position who may make practical use of them for reference purposes. The fol lowing quantity prices are quoted on extra copies: 1 to It) copies of the large volume (Volume I), $2 each; 11 copies or more, $1/5 each; copies of the smaller volume (Volume II ,1, 75 cents each. rPHK Transactions are published as a condensed record of 1 the proceedings at the National Congress. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter and to abbreviate the less essential portions because of space limitations. Thus llic material herein presented is not a verbatim report of all the speeches presented at the Congress, but rather an abridged version made as compact as possible, yet without injury to the technical aspects of any address. The original manuscripts are on Ide in the Council's Durcau of Informa tion. where they arc available for additional reference. Where illustrations were sent hy the speakers to the Council, these also arc on fde. The National Safety Council at its Congresses seeks to ' eliminate from discussion matters w hich arc not pertinent to the aim of the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies. It cannot accept responsibility for the views ex pressed either in the papers presented or in the discussions based Upon the papers. , NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. 20 Notlh Wacfccr Dtive Chicasjo , . ) 1 Council Officers and Directors.......................... Council Purposes and Policies.................... Annual Meeting of Members......................... i Annual Banquet.................................................. Subject Sessions-- After Work Accidents.............................. Agricultural Safety.................................... Community Safety Organisation............. Fire Prevention ......................................... ' Healtlj.Serviee'in Industry....................... Industrial Dusts......................................... Imtuyjyjal Fumes, Oases and Vapors----Industrial Safety Lectures....................... Maintaining Interest in Safety................ Pressure Vessels ....................................... Safety Fundamentals ................................ Safety Inspectors .................................... Safety Training ................................. Safe Use of Acids..................................... Aeronautical Section....... ................................................... A.S.S.E.--Engineering Section......................................... Automotive and Machine Shop--Power Press Sections Cement and Quarry Sections............................................... Chemical Section .............................................................. * Construction Section....... e................................................ Food Section..................... .................. .................................. Industrial Nursing ....................................... s...................... . Marine Section ...................................................... ............. Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section Metals Section .............. ".................................................... Mining Section ..................................... ........... .................... Paper and Pulp Section........................................................ Petroleum Section ................................................................ Power Press Section............................................................. Public Utilities Section....... ................ ......................... Q_ uarry _Sect.ion.....'..................... ..............-.t.......................*..3... Refrigeration Section .......................................................... Rubber Section ................ ................ ............... .................. Safety Equipment Section............................................ ... Steam Railroad Meeting............................ `........;................ Textile Section ..................................................................... Wood Products Section....................................................... Index A I 4 '9 It 31 33 41 St 59 71 85 99 109 141 157 * 173 183 193 201 .211 .221 .225 .249 .271 .285 .307 .323 .341 .371 .381 , .401 .429 .489 .535 .537 .557 .559 .577 .581 -- .587 .60! .611 .621 agQOBloail ' iffity'CraHM:58f Isac HONORARY MEMBERS * As'on uion or Ikon* am Sit.r.i, Enhiniths s Kom KV \V. CvMIMM t I I.I.W In. r.M.Ml.N . OFFICERS (1937-1938) t>. 0. li.N.M.it, President . C. \V. I)t Mi'tsv, Vice-1*fJvut for Tinance and Treasurer Mamnv Guu.im kt, Vcc-Pre'ideitr for Membership Thank H. M.miwiso.v. Vice-President for Industrial Safely I lov. I (ahoi i> G. J Iwonx. Vice-President for Public Safely W.u.mi S. pAtNtr. Vice-President for Engineering A. V. Inohwi.iu.k. Vice'Problem for l.ocal Safety Councils A. \V. WmiNt.v, Vice-President for Education W. H Camiikon, Secretary and Managing Director , EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1937-1938) H. \\". AnuersoS, General Motors Corporation J. I. It wash, PaM President C. \V. Ill iir.nuivT. Past President . Himiv \V. Houcks*, Petroleum Section C. II. lhiUl.lT, ASSE-Engineering Section II. \V. Uout.TO.v, Automotive ami .Macliittc Shop Section II a Roi.ir S. Rutiemilim, The American City Magar.mc VV. II. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. Koiii.nt W. Camciii.i.i, Pa-t President Ivtrni.Kr I. CaiMN. .Aetna Casually *v Surely Company If. .A. ClimTN, Metals Section I.Mtt.-i A. Pi'.l'i.ois, Past President C. W. Pkmit.sy, Tlie Liquid Cat home Corporation Muni:s A. Ilutr, Past President I). I1. l'r.\M:i.i.. Consuliinv,' Engineer Jons 1(. Ginsu.s', Western Elccliie Company Hahhv Guii.nntr, Tlie l'nllinaii Company Prank II. Harrison, International Harvester Company P. I.. G. Hasskake, Lehigh Valley Safe!)' Council I Ion. H.ikni.n G. Hot i man. Governor, State of New Jersey S. II Honan.1., 1'ood Section Waitmi G. Kino, Past'President . ' , I OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued . Wst. C. Knki,k, Milwaukee Safety Commission Ions E. Long, Past President ' Tims. If. MacDonald, U. S. Department of Agriculture ' Wai.tkk II. Martin, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council I. \V. .Mii.i.aho, Industrial Gloves Company tl,uioi.tt I- Miner, E. 1. dti Pont d Nemourtf ft Co. Pttnv, Km,fa L. Morrison, Street {t Highway Traffic Section E. J. O'Hrien, Jr., Louisville Safety Council Weiiytip S. Paine, Aetna Life & Affiliated Cos. I.t.w r: Palmer, Past President C. EvjJjKTTUtnNE. Past President At.pert S. Kkgula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. I.T. Cijl. Henrv A. RfninCeh, Past President A. V. KimwioiH. Dulutti, Mlssahe {t Iron Range Railway Co. Gluhoi: E. Sanpord, General Electric Co. Charles II. Scott, Past President to. John H. Siiehiiurme, Massacliusclts Safety Council Judge Lee E. Skkei,, Cleveland Safety Ciuuicil C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company (hid.) Walter Dent Smith, Delaware Safely Council R. T. Solcnsten, Elliott Service Company "" C. P. Toi.MAN, Past President _ . . George G. Traver, Greater Chicago Safely Council, hie. ' Dr, C. H. Watson, Past President A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Iturvau T. A. Wii.son, Textile Section < W. E. Worth, International Harvester Co. Arthur H. Young, Past President . DIRECTORS (1937-1938) George J. Adams, Paper and Pulp Section II. W. Anderson, General Motors Corp. A. I.. Armstrong, Eastman Kodak Company II. II. ll.Mt.KV, Chattanooga Safety C.mmvil ^, J. I. llA.s'Astt, Consnltinit Engineer ' Cam. Parker, St. Louis Safely Council G. J. Harhett, Mining Section UkNEsT W. Peck, United States Ruhher Products, Inc. C. \V. IIergVji.tst, Western Electric Co. ..,K. I'. IIi.ank, Jones & Laughtin Steel Corp. Henry W. Bogci.ss, Petroleum Section II. E. P01.T, Sotilli Uend Civic Safety Council 5 Il ' FICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued C. H. Houut, ASSE-Unytnccrmg Section It. \V. Ilot/i/iox, Attinmotive & Machine Shop Section F. S. Ituows, Standard Accident Insurance Co, \V, A. IIicown, Safety Department, Nashville Chamber o( Commerce W. T. lh;cK:ii>`.t:, Fmpbnccs* Publication Sccium S. \V. lU'KCimt , Satui> Department, Automobile Chib of Rhode Island IImum.ii S, tl;nKMrM( The American City Magazine < H. J. Cam Contra Costa County Safety Council \V. H. Cami hon. National Safety Council, Inc. I Uav Cawnkv, Kenosha Safety Council Uom.itr I. Caii.is, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co.- I i R. A. CnAntN, Metals Section 1 Ki nnktii W. Coi max, Seattle TraOic & Safety Council J. E. Cut.MNi:v, Hviblchcm Steel Co. . I. i.wis A. Di.lh.ois, Consulting Engineer J. w K. DrcKUt, Ma^on City Safety Council ; C. \V. D:uri:sv, The I.hpild Carbonic Corp. J ami s It. Ilnunt. \s, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co, On. F.oifs I. Dowix. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. O. M. Emv.wros, J..#Safety Div(t Syracuse Chamber of Commerce W. i\ Fi-siun, Public Utilities Section - D. IK Vi.ssu.t., Consulting Engineer D. IT.nnj.!.!., Kuiih.t* City Safely Council Donai.d A. Finkm:im:u, Toledo Safely Council i Dh. Haht I. Fism, Chicago Rapid Transit Co. ' . | Onsrnt C. Fisk, llerkcley T radio Safely Commission IinivAko P. 1`OMn, J'mroughs Wellcome X: Co. (U.S.A.) Inc. Ai :xani>i:h IuiSTt.it, .ftt., Quarry Section . Jons 11. Gfitsnx, Western Electric Co. JlouAim F. Gu.w.kt, Elizabeth Safety Council Onto M. Gkavis, The General Crushed Stone Co. W. A. Calms, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. . . Harky Guu.ur.KT, The Pullman Co. ; Isaiah Hai.i:, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Kc Ry. Col C. II. Hakit.r, Refrigeration Section D. T. 11 MtuiNiitON, u. S. Ilnrcau of Mines Frank H. Hanuimjx. luteruaiional lfarvoter G*>. P. L. G. IIasskaki., I.ehigh Valley Safety Council ! R. C. Havcx. Commercial Vehicle Section . G. T. Hn.t.MCTM, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee RU. Co. Cuas. F.. ilui.. New York Central I.ims - i Ion. IIakoi.o G. IIoumvn, Governor. Slate of New Jersly J1C. C. Ilnit-iN, Jit.. Maipte Section . ' 6 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Everett IIiikii, Madison County Safety Council S. It. Houkili, Food Section H. C. Howsaji, Power Press Section II. Hunt, Cement Section ' Major Norman A. 1 mho:, Ctdtuulni* Safely Council K. I). Jewett, Springfield Safely Council Tiio.Was 1*. Kearns, Industrial Commission of Oliin Tims, L. Kei.i cv, I'alerson Safely Council J. M. Kerrigan, Rubber Section , ' Wsi.'Tfi Knoi:i.k, Milwaukee Safely Commission VV.ihS. Knuuskn, Delroil Industrial Safely Council C. LTUaFountaine, Great Northern Railway Co. Milord C. Leh.er, Gold Education Section ll.Mt.vA- Levy, J*., Rochester Safety Council ' A. Augustus Low, Brooklyn Safety Council . Ttios. H. MacDonaeu, U. S. Department of Agriculture Walter D. Martin, Pcoria'Association of Commerce Safety Council F. W. Matson, Minnesota Safety Council R. A. McArthur, Transit Section , Mii.lkk McCuntock, Harvard University - I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Co. James K. Miller, Grand Rapids Safely Council Harold L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemonri 5; Co. R. 11. Moki.kv, Industrial Accident Prevention .Asms. Phue. Roger L. Morrison, Street & Highway Trathe Section Ili\esi Muki-iiv, Aliiatty Safety Council E. J. O'Uioen, Jr., Louisville Safely Council George C A. Off, Tlte Detroit Edison Co. ' Walter S. Paine, Aetna Lite & Aftiliptcd Cos. Lew R. Palmer, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U. S. David A. Patton, Newark Safety Council - Mrs. G. M. Felton, Evanston Safety Council Charles W. Pemdock, Safety Div. Milwaukee Association of Com merce C. E. Perndove, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Gi.n. George It. Pilesbukv. United States EngiticeAjilicc Arthur Potterton, Hudson County Safety Council Albert S. Rvxula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. , Lt. Col. Henrv A. Rf.nixgek, Lehigh Portland Cement Co. Bestor Roinson, Eastbav Safety Council " ,iA. V. Rouweder, Duluth, Missabc & Iron Range Ry. Co. Walter Roseniiaum, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council C..E, Saneoru, Grneral Electric Co. , Y' . \ 7 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued _ Mc.vr G. Scti,\fmr.K. Erie Suicty Council Karl G. ScHOEFrrxR. Rahway Safety Council Harry A. Schultz, United States Steel Corp. . K. E. Seely, Wood Products Section . ' Earl S. Siiartzer, Utica Safety Council Gen. John H. Sherburne. Massachusetts Safety Council Dr. L. A. Shoudy, Bethlehem Steel Co. ' . Ernest L. Smioxos, New Haven Safely Council A. E. Sinclair, Meat Packing, Tanning ft Leather Industries Section .. Judge Lee E. Skeel, Cleveland Safety Council - C W. Ssirnt. Standard Oil Company (Ind.) Emvix C Sxiitil Blackstonc Valley Safety Council Walter Dent Sumt, Delaware Safety Council W. A. Snow, Construction Section R. T. Solensten. Elliott Service Co. . E. C. String, Lanstlalc. Pa. George R. Stephens, Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber of Commerce -*f JoiisTStuavijj, Greater New York Safety Council . Arthur M. Tour, Consulting Marine Engineer George G. Travek. Greater Chicago Safely Council. Inc. , Major K. D. Trisible, Richmond Safety Council Frank E. Vitz. Superior Safety Council Dr C. H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Harry M. Wkiiuek, Wilmette, HI. Dr Davtd E. Wegleix, Baltimore Safety Council S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. . A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Bureau Howard R. Whitney, Worcester Safety Council T. A. Wilson, Textile Section \V. H. WinaNS, Union Carbide ft Carbon CorJ'. . F. H. Winslow, Safety Div,, Birmingham Chamber of Commerce W. E. Worth, international Harvester Co. If. J. Zauet, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber oi Commerce G. L. 7.wick, St. Joseph Safety Council purp Tii throe prevc plies direct lation Rec condi: diseas accidr tive i:. The profit. tion. It he seutiii. of tiie 400 ft.hcrsli: indiv;> hers o: tinus. cerns. the oii the V and r. Industrial Dusts WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 13, 1937 The meeting was called to order by Qutir- York City, and Vice-President tor Engineer man A. S. Honda. Executive Secretary, In ing National Safety Council, who intro dustrial Relations Counselors, Inc, New duced the speakers. What Industrial Dusts Are Harmful? Why? By SENIOR SURGEON R. R. SAYERS Chief, Division of Industrial Hygiene, U. S. Public Health Service . While dusts exist everywhere in the at is difficult to .establish a comprehensive^ mosphere, it has been recognized for cen definition for toxic dusts. Solimann,' after turies that workers in certain dusty analysis of various definitions for poison, occupations are less healthy than those not felt that it is very difficult to give a definition so, .exposed. ^Tlte number of persons ex which will not be ambiguous in some cases, posed-^i dujty occupations comprises one but believed that the following covers most ol the largest industrial groups. The occu of the points which must be considered in pational diseases of workers in dusty at classing a substance as such: r: mospheres Iiave been found to be due to entrance of dust into the system by inhala tion. by ingestion, by direct absorption through the skin, by irritation of the skin, or by a combination of the foregoing. The suspensions of particulate matter in air have been broadly termed dusts, fumes, and smokes. Such a classification is neces sarily arbitrary, since'the line of demarca tion between them is not very sharp, and the chief differentiation is based on the size of the particles. Investigations by the Pub lic Health Service in dusty industries' re "A poison is any substance which, act ing directly through its inherent chemic properties, and by its ordinary action, is capable of destroying life, or of seriously endangering health, when it is applied to the bods', externally, or in moderate doses (to 50 Cm.) internally." .'some dusts are known to be poisonous, while others, in the concentrations usually cnrountcrcd, are comparatively harmless. However, it may be stated tiiat breatUinq dust in high concentration is not desirable. vealed (hat aljuut 70 per cent of the dust According to Fairhall, the damaec arising particles examined were between I and 3 from the inhalation of toxic dust may be microns in size, only ahoitt 20 per cent were cither local or remote, and depends upon less than l microti, and the median size was whether the material is a protoplasmic poi 1J microns. Industrial dusts arc mainly less son. whether it is caustic in reaction, or than 10 microns in size. However, fibrous whether it is absorbed into the blood stream dusts in the air, such as asbestos, have been and carried to other centers which arc in found to contain particles as large as 200 turn affected.' 400 mircons in the greatest diameter. It is now well established that exposure While, generally speaking, according to to certain kinds of dusts, sucii as those con Coins, dusts arc more injurious as their taining considerable quantities of free silica, chemical com|iosition differs from tliat of lias increased the morbidity and mortality the human body, or from the elements of rate from respiratory diseases; while me which the Imdy is normally composed,' it tallic dusts, such as lead and its compounds. SS .ST f V l*.irc tA isochlcd with gcneint s>McmTc poisoninj:/ Dustj may be Mvallimcil with :iln.i. water, or food, and direct /'o'hohimjj been trnretl to atxornium tit' tlu$ uiiMIumI; fiiltcr dusts may ;ict as irritant* and produce nncctions ol (lie skit), irritate mhi* coirs membranes of nose, eves arid throat,, often eausmg inflaiuninlnry diseases of these organs.1 . 5omc moignuic dusts arc aide to pene trate Itic deep lung tissues and arc Miftidcntty insoluble lQ be retained there. Some of thc<c may bcMCtivc in ttc human tissue*, causing definite and permanent in jury. while others arc inert and may he retained for \C3rs, apparently without seri ous damage: some are gradually absorbed without causing pathological changes.1 AM inhaled particles are soluble, at least to a small extent. U harmless, cell activity is stimulated so that phagocytes remove the dust. II the solute is Ionic, the viability of the phagocyte is affected and an ineffective accumulation results. At the sa'me time, further solute may diffuse into neighboring tissues, setting up an irritation ami subse quent f\hro<is. The nature as well a< the pulmonary lubereulojls. .The second type of reaction is caused by toxic dusts like lead, cadmium, and radium. A third tjpc of mal ady follows the inhalaliotVof finely divided metallic fume particles tuth as zmr oxide, and is known as metal fmttc fever. The fourth reaction, allergic hV rltaractar, U caused by breathing organic dusts *wvh as pollen and certain types of pulverised wood and dour. In all four eases the sole cause of the disability may be dust inhalation, but the reactions from *oxie dnM* result from swallowing as vsell as from inhalation.19 For various reasons it is didicult to ?ct up an absolute classification for dusts. Opinion is tapidly changing regarding so- called inert or harmless dust* and further investigation may prove some n{ them to be injutiouv Some dusts may have both a toxic and an irritant action; while m the other hand, the poisoning rcsuUint; from ex posure to a dust may he the combined eflct t of more than one mode of entrance into the body. However, the following clarification of dusts, according to physical character istics and physiological effect, is used for convenience. solubility of the solute is art important fac I. Organic Dusts tor, hut of two substances of approximately equal toxicity, the more soluble form cnuc? the greater damage. However, sub stances of such low solubility as silica may ultimately produce extensive injury.4 Kettle has slated that harmful dusts, if inhaled into the lungs, may activate a latent tuberculous infection; they may exaggerate an active tuberculous lesion or a coincident infection. If sufficient quantities of a harmle*< dust arc inflated, some of it remains in the lungs and causes a mild degree of fibro sis merely through mechanical irritation, hut jukIi iihroMS is never sufficient to Inter fere w itli the function of the lung." Some writers state that while the iriHnnice of nonpoi<onons dusts on health Is a debatable subject, abnormally high death rate? from bronchitis amt pneumonia arc sometime* attributed to chronic exposure (o nontoxic dusts. Large amounts of dust arc t`vasioii;1l\ found in supposedly normal Organic dusts are (hose which contain carbon, and were originally supposed to come from organized substances derived from animal or plant life. Living dust? come under this classification, and arc thought to be of the same order of size as industrial dusts, with which they arc fre quently associated. Ihictcria arc usually be tween 0.5 and 3 microns, except jn a few ease*, such as the anthrax bacillus, which ranges from 1 to r.25 micron In breadth and 4.5 to 10 microns in length and 10 or 12 .microns in diawctnVyJlow ever, it is possiTde that the larger and heavier varieties, like the larger nmh-Jipavicr dust panicles settle dire to gravity,* and do not remain suspended in the air. Many thousand* of organic substances larhon-coutaining, are made synthetically by chemical professes, such ns dictluflf-, explosives, <:t\ lungs, at autopsy.4 I. XOXLlVhXC ORC.IXtC DVSTS. A< Aermding to Thinker, there arc four dif ferent types of reaction produced tu man by dc inhalation of tins!. The first and most important aic the pucumoconiose*. such as MUensis anil n*d>eslosfs, which cattle sperifu* lung |Mth<>h*::y and often are followed by the name implies, these are comprised nnuvinhlc particles, whirli may ni may imI he inhvtctUly toxic or irritant, hut whirli nevertheless /rroducc tmtonard effects in the human organism. "Allergic'* dw-ts, or those (t> which only ciMain person, arc oi mat ) i become hypersensitive, with resulting asthma, rhinitis, or other disturbances, are included in this classification. a. 7'o.iir nnii/or Irritant. Toxic or Irritant dusts arc all organic dusts svliicli produce untoward symptoms, either systemic or local. Those producing local symptoms are H-ually described as irritant; those produc ing general or systemic symptoms are termed toxic. A dust may be both toxic and irritant. In reported cases of injury or death fol lowing inhalation of dust from organic com pounds, among the chief offenders are pnramtrnnilinc, the dinitrobcnicncs, clilorodinitrohciucncs, trinitrophcnol. and nitre . naphthalene. Eye damage due to inflamma tion of the cornea has occurred among workers exposed to methyl violet dust. The dust from pampbcnylcnc diamine derivatives is particularly irritating and dangcrotjs, causing not only a severe form of derma titis where the dust comes in contact with the skin, but also producing acute inflamma tion of the mucous membrane of' the respiratory passages.* Toxig dusts may he generated during the handling of powdered dyes and in preliminary dyeing operations, particularly the hydro-extractor process, where particles arc disseminated in ail di rections." Coal tar and indigo dyes are substances most frequently used. Cases of amblyopia have been reported from exposure to inhalation of tobacco * dust." It has been found that inhaled to bacco dust e.xcrls a nicotine action on the organism fifteen times greater than that produced by the same quantity of smoked tobacco with ail equal nicotine content." Severe dermatitis is experienced by many workers handling powder containing T.N.T., which is used in making high explosives. Picric acid, which is also used for this pur pose, requires drying, and in this latter slate Ins been found to produce a dermatitis. Picric acid is also the obtest synthetic or ganic dyestuff." Dermatitis occurs among handlers of silk with varying frequency. Sails determined that a rash occurring among workers in a silk factory was due to dust from silk cocoons imported from Africa." Persons engaged in the inanniavlnrc of qnininc anti quinine prcparalions suffer from skin phenomena, which occur for (lie most part on exposed parts of the hotly, anil may hr caused by ingestion or liv quinine I dust, or powder form of the prcparatlct erling a direct irritating elfet I on the ! Dermatitis due to other vegetable such as vanilla, powdered arnica, | lltrtini, etc., have been reported." Denial lesions, of occupational oi have been reported among workers in si The gingivitis caused by sugar dust is sided as purely mechanical, with I developing caries. Digestive disor respiratory conditions, and cutaneous dilions (especially of the face) were found.0 Dock workers, transporters of g workers in grain and flour mills, etc. exposed lo dusts during lltcir work. ( from cereals tuny contain many itnpur wItich may cause an irritating action or respiratory passages, ns well as inflan lion of the skin. Digestive disturhat dental defects, diminution in hearing, conjunctivitis have been observed an millers, and have been attributed to the d to which such workers arc exposed." b. AtUrgic. Many apparently ionoct substances may produce reactions in sons ol peculiar personal susceptibility, term "allergy" is used to describe litis t rfilion of ltjperseosilivcncss or sutcrpi.i'd and allergic phenomena most Ircqnv manifest themselves in skin reactions. 11 ever, they may cause anile reactions e svlicrc its the hotly. When the respirat tract is involved sve have such well km diseases as hay fever or asthma. Tl diseases may develop as a rest.lt >f list sensitiveness to sstcis substance , as poll from plants, horsehair, rnlmitfur, b feathers, rtc. . - .. bor instance, furriers, woikcrs n cloth industries who arc expo-cd to worst tb etc., may sutler from hay fever or a-ltm It i< unnecessary for the rsftvi'diog du-t reach the depths of the lungs--l poll for example arc repotted to p.oducc ll effect after heing caught in tin tipper r piratory passages. Should snrlt : ,s offend substance he finely ground it t .11111 re lire alveoli and as a result probably physiologic reactions would be arrclcralr In a survey of a plant wltete resin mixed, grouod, anil iiintilcd. it was Ion that 8tl per cent of the ocenpational dvrw titis there wa- due to b\*tcr.svnsiih its liexattiellir Icnelcti aioioe a.id foruialdcfir eonlaiued in the dust 10 which the workr were expo-cd.'1 During the first pmec-. < tl to ffusl : Totlon-strfppcrs arc exj, (tom cotton busks anti fi. ulucti i, .ttuccft a typical form of Inna.* ( tnlinary vootl <lu<t ln* been of Interest to it* purely mecfiattical action, lmt H Krattr care is required in handling fain kiihl<, especially woods coming from road, because of flic essential oils impreg- line limn, wliirb when freed in llic dust v ait eel the benhli of flic worker* con ned. Some of ibe wood* capable of usim: 'kin lesion* arc llrazil wood, satin- od. teakwood, cumaru or tonka wood, ck rbonv wood. West Indian mahogany, .an( 'C tngax ns.in, roccolobn, cbcsfnutw.ootl, venotid. Olit'ornta sequoia, etc. All per ns who handle these woods are not in- red, only those particularly susceptible to e <uh<tam*cs thev contain becoming ec1cdc ` - >. unxa ORGJXIC DUSTS. TIicm? ntain particles capable of exhibiting the cnomena of life5 (especially the property reproduction or multiplication), such as icteria and fungi. They are usually found low concentration* and arc associated th nonliving dusts in the air. a. Bacteria. One of the most important nong the<c is the anthrax bacillus, which contained in the dust from skin*, fur*, not, and animal hair, liouw, hoofs, bone*, Thi< disease may occur in two forms: fju.'.'ift (in which flic organism affect* e skin), and /nifuicuiury (when it is inhaled. in the form of anthrax known as woolrtcr-* di-w a-t ).'* Case* of tetanus reported in connection ifh jute manufacture, were traced to the tw- material, the h.tcillu* having been found * the factory du<l.!* Diphtheria, ttthcrcit-f ds. smallpox, typhoid, or other bacillus* oduced diseases may result from exposure infected duK Bacterial sensitization can be the cause of iy of the allergic diseases, namely, asthma, rcnnial. hay fever, urticaria, angionetiroltf* dcnia, rezditn. or migraine headaches.** b. Pitniji. Dusts ronlaining the mycclia id spore* of parasitic fungi give rise to mm\ante anti di^eonifort. "Maltster'*" itch *nm the dust alone has been reported. In rovence, reed* used for ceiling* arc stacked bile still wet and undergo fermentation; :<y become covered with a whitv powder a dry fungus of the Mucor famib : Spurn- liiclmm dcrmatodcs), which k joattcml when the bark is stripped off. This powder Is irritating to the skin and tnncoit* mem brane*. Mycclia and spore* of unmddi arc commonly found to cause radrCs: for in stance. the black powder coming from macerated sugarcane stalks. Among basketmaker*, the mycelium and *pores, in the form of a white mould (h)phomyrcte) from the rbattan canes used, get shaken out when the cane* arc split, hammered, and cm. causing painful figure* to develop on the skin where they alight.'* A form of asthma or spasmodic cough, suffered by cotton weavers'am! known as aspergillod*, ha* been considered due to in halation of spore* of a mildew which some times occurs on the threads.8* In a study of silicosis among miners, made by the Public Health Service, a number of caes of typical miliary calcification were en countered. Unstained smears of those eases examined were positive for fungus, two types of A*pcrgilliis fungi being identified. All of the subjects but one were farmer?, teamsters, fecdmill workers, or residents of small agricultural town* where grain is marketed. Farmers are exposed to fungi in threshing wheat, baling hay,* nr handling various small grains.** Some other fungus diseases such as actino mycosis and blastomycosis are associated with occupational exposure to dut. The former occurs among worker* handling straw, hay, grn$, vegetable debrl* contami nated with mould, etc. Actinomycosis is likely to affect people engaged in commercial handling, storing, and cleansing nf grain (grain distilleries, Hour mills, grain crush ing. breweries, ami malting house*, etc.)/* If. Inorganic Dusts Inorganic compounds arc ut mineral origin, not requiring a living organism to produce them.*' A number of dusts not usually classed as toxic may, under some conditions, produce untoward effects on the human oiganism. Classified under inorganic arc toxic and/nr irritant, filiro<is-pioditcing, and nonliliroMS-produciiig dust*. a. Toxic uiui/or irritant. -Toxic dusts arc lho<r which are inherently toxic when in haled, ingested, or other wic absorbed. Among those which produce systemic poi<oning, some uf which are also irritant, are thr dust*, from heavy metals and their salts, *uch as had, inercui^, nrsrnb, radmiun*. cine, etc. Irritant dusts arc injurious by reason of their strong Irritative or corro sive properties. As a rule, inhaled Irritant substances Im mediately muse a reaction in the upper respiratory tract of such severity that they nre prevented from reaching the lungs, al though they may cause lung damage by extension of tuffammatimt If the mucous membrane is corroded,* Lime, calcium oxide, and the di-chromalrs are examples of irri tant dusts. An inorganic dust may possess both toxic ami irritant properties, and the poisoning produced niny be the combined effect of more than one mode of entrance into the body. Of the directly poisonous dusts, the nm*t widely prevalent are those of certain lead compound*, particularly the oxide, carbon ate aiul (he chromate. The dust Is readily absorbed hv the mucous membrane; some dust passes into the stomach and is dissolved by the gastric juice.* According to Falrhall, perforated nasal septum is a common occurrence among workers with bi-chromate dusts.* In a study marie by the U. S. Public Health Service it was fotjnd that continuous daily exposure to concentrations of chromic acid mist greater than 1 milligram in 10 cuhle meters is likely to cause definite injury to the nasal tissues.** It is believed that a similar concentration of the dust would be equally toxic. t In the case of poisoning from some heavy metals, exposure may be to both dust and vapor. For instance, investigations have shown the safe limit nf total exposure to lead oxide dust and fumes to be less than 1.5 mg. per 10 cubic meters of air, except for prolonged exposure.** In exposure to mercury dust and vapor, it wa> shown that the incidence of chronic mcrcurinlistn in crease* rapidly with increasing mercury concentration, after such concentration ex ceeds 2.0 mg. per 10 cubic meters.** Alkalis and metallic oxides arc common causes nf dermatoses. Lye, potash and lime are known to cause irritation to plas terers, cement-makers, bricklayers, mason*. Stonecutters, modellers, and metal platers.** Ulceration and perforation of the nasal sep tum occur among worker* exposed to the dust of soda ash; systemic poisoning also occur* from inhalation of calcium cyanimido dust." ; Cases of dermatitis, scleroderma and can- I ,p ecr arc reported Jo 1 ' been c; by exposure to dust o erne coit'pomitls. Certain aluminum salt, are skin i ritaut, nml aluminum dust, may cuutrihuli to tb.' Infection of skin ami mucous nirn,..r.inc, through mcchniiic.il actum.'* I>. Fibrotis-rrotincina Tin- mo-l Important ut these are the inorganic, slightly soluble dusts which cause fibrous changes in the lung tissues, some of which are seri ous, nml some of which cause little nr no disability.' So far as is known, no inorganic substances other than silicon derivatives cause more than a very moderate decree of fibrosis of the limp. Morcotct, there seems to be no evidence that any ot,.cr constituent of ordinary dusts can influence so unfavora bly a pulmonary inleclion.' Although other dusts, when inhaled in anlTicient concentrations over a long period of time, have been shown capable of pro ducing a pulmonary fibrosis, nevertheless, the pneumoconiosis characterized by nodu lar fibrosis has to date been shown clini cally and experimentally to be associated only with tbe inhalation of dusts containing free silica. Since this dust, to exert its harmful action, must enter the finer divisions of the lung, the particle size of the atmospheric dust may bear a definite relationship to tin: in jurious cfTect produced. The silica must In' present in tlm air in particles small enough to enter the finer air spaces and of such tlimcnsions that the phagocytic cells may engulf them. The greater majority ui par ticles found upon microscopic cxnminatio" of the lung fall within the limits nf from 1 to J microns." Examples of siliceous dust, are granite, cpinrt/, sand, pumice, slats', etc. In a recent stud)1 among anthracite miners, the correlations between exposure to du`t (which contained silica) and the evideneof constitutional changes left little doubt as to the etiological significance of Iho dint in the air breathed. Like correlations were found between the silica exposure ami tinextent of pulmonary changes." When tin inhaled dust consists of silica rondnnrd with bases, silicates, some degree of thangi in the ptilnv^nary tissue may result. In this respect ashestos dust seems to be unique among silicates itt the prevalence ami se verity of the disease it fames." The chief di-thietinn between silieo-is an-' conditions due In simple reaction- can-i by oilier duels is the aclite prolifciali' *A i' r tissues uliicli rebuilt In .'tf\'tc55ivi il.ition. uhennmc ;l:\hU*hcd, . .rmtgly predisposes the lungs o infection, especially villi tlc tubercle b.iciHtn. Cftronic interstitial pneumonia, Jironic broncliilt5, ami emphyU'nu arc fre- picnt complications of advanced degrees of ilKOs, The fetation of the acute respiratory in* cctions to flic reaction due to duM* other 'ban free silica lias never been r slaMidtcri, diotiqb n heightened incidence lias often tii shown statistically in workers in rliisfy ratios. It is fairly certain that a dust dam* v:cl lime;, whatever the eau-c, fans much -'r?c if an nettle infection tloc<- supervene iiunn it.* * In a study condncird f*y I lie U. S. I'uhlie Health Service among marlilc finishers in N crinont, it was fount! that marble dust 'hen inhalct! in tlic concentrations found in die examined plants produced ;v mild. hitatcrnl, linear fibrosis in some eases, but no 'Crions lung changes were noted and there "as no disability due to the dust, even after years of exposure.** c. A*0u/f6reji/-/V0</MCMi0 Dusts. These ire inert, that is. they do not cause fibrous tissue to he produced, hut may become encapsulated or lie free in the or they arc absorbed without production of fibrous tissue. Included among them are alumlum, coal, corundum, emery, limestone, magnesite, marble, plaster of parts (gyp -mu). am( polisher's rouge. Dust Control Kiigim cring and medical control ace the t"o most important factors in combating the industrial dust hazard, and arc to a lai.ee extent complementary * l:.n<fitn'crin>j Control. A Laura'1 lias sated in a recent paper, "It is a bade principle in dealing with n lul harnrd that the dust should he attached at ?is point of ui/m and thus presented from being di* '.miuated into the atmosphere." After the dint has been spread throughout the nil it i; diifictdt to deal with it, and reliance must l-e placed on individual protection, which is 'e\cr wholly satisfactory, bnnrn further cites various methods used :i controlling dust. These will he reviewed <ut briefly, since a paper dealing with the object of dust control in detail, will follow jn tins program. Dust may be entrapped at its .source by suction devices and thus removed and col lected. Familiar examples are exhaust hoods in grinding operations, ami (life devices used In rock drilling. ** Generally speaking, the exhaust ventila tion method, where applicable, talo he pre* ferred In controlling a dust hazard. Water may he used to entrap deist and prevent its dispersal, and under certain circumstance* it may he of advantage to combine the <e of water and the use ol suction. Sometimes a dusty process can he completely enclosed in a sealed room or compartment. U tmwt he remembered, however, that any mechani cal device of this kind offers adequate pro tection only if it is properly designed, installed, ami maintained. A great deal of attention has been given the .subject of individual protection fi'nn dust, and there arc many types of respira tory protective devices now available. These arc generally of two types*. tlw<c which provide fresh air from an 'imcontaminalerl source and those which rely upon a filtering medium for removing dust from the air breathed. Where the use of such a device is indicated, only one of the .types approved by the U. S. Unreal! of Mines should he used. As a rule, it may he said that masks, respirators, or other such protective device should he used only where exposure to the dust is intermittent am! brief, or where some unusual condition makes a more ade quate dust control impracticable.11 Where bacteria or other living dusls in the air are associated with a process, stcri- liration methods such as increased tempera ture, ultraviolet radiation, and chemicals like chlorine or other bactericidal substances, may he of use, Pasteurization temperature (about HO* P.) will kill most organisms except those beating Spores. Steam disin fection is used for horsehair, and proves to be practicable il the temperature lines not exceed 2.10* F. Wool fibres, however, lose their elasticity by steam disinfection, and the "I bickering" process now used in F.ngland includes soaking of the wool in a form aldehyde solution, and drjing in a current of air at a temperature of 160* F.`J There arc few occupations in which there would he a .sufficient concentration of dead bac teria to cause untoward effects in man. In the ease of dusts producing external irritation, auxiliary protective measures may include the of' protective clothing, gloves, goggles grid prcm$; as well as pro tective salves, ointments, or other com pounds to delay or diminish the Irritant admit. General rules for hygiene and good housekeeping should also be observed. Medical Control. Equally Important, and closely interrelated with the engineering phase, is medical control of occupational hazards. In addition to directing the proper placement ol new workers, and guarding the health of all employees, medical control is a cheek* on the efficacy of the engineering control methods already instituted, or a itwa-mre of the need for new* protective de of disease.* Sin ime occupational l cases fern) to c)c.\ and recur, records previous ortupations should be inrlmJcd the phj^ieal examinations. The Clique* of examinations should he determined the medical director, unless otherwise spe fied by law. Those exposed to known oc pational disease hazards may have wc*V or monthly examination*.* "ft should always he kept in mind that I basic principle of physical examinations industry is In keep men on the joh and n allow the physical examination to he mere a weeding out process"*' vices. It has been stated that "Industry has References found that the best way to treat industrial injuries ami illness is to prevent them/'*1 and medical control, through preemphninriit aitd periodic physical examinations, is t*w` of the most important factors in such prevention. * m.MHrvt'l. J. and tMtUVilL. J. \t. "1 t>*'it-rmin.W*on .nut Omtfid *f |nduiM.il Ihi.i," S. I'wMic Itralili HuIMm Nn, It*. W>td, P>3L * Coltis, Kdear I.. "ludiMri.il l,nriimneoni*i*- with special reference to ttaw Phthisis." Mitr ?.^cturc., tall. It. M.S.O., London. . * SoMmson. Torald, "A Marvral of Pharr* enltury.*' \V, II. Saunders d; Co., I'liHadrlpliia, 19 * tairliaU, Lawrence T. ^ "Yotie .* The preemployment examination is made Fumes.'* Journal of ImhiuriM Usv.icue and To to ih.tei initie the employee's physical and trdnev, November. I9jr, * ntnnmfteM. J. J. "The Sampling and Adv mental fitness for work. It serves to dis of Industrial Dutv" American Public Health A* close the presence of any contagions dis Clarion, Yearbook, * \V. K. "PiH llar.ird in litd'iury.** ease, reveals any minor physical defects Urmt. Lnmton, )9JS. which might later become serious, or whether- * Air Itjfivnc Fonntlnlnit nf Amrrira. Inc. *`S' cnts and Allied Dijnotprs.*' MrAical Series, Hnl the examinee's condition precludes Ids .em tin Nn. |, PitMhurcfi. I'.i. Af-rit ployment in certain or In all types of work. .Kettle, K. 11. "The Aftinn f ITvmful Pu-tInU. of Aliniue and Mcl.iUnrcy. Lon htn, tmw > It should be remembered that such preemfdoyment examinations arc not to he made I93L * "Ousts, Fumes, amt Smoke*.** O'* Uf'.ntnn a- Health Series, International Labour fvfire. tb-m- for the purpose of eliminating an employee, t9.ta. but rather for allocating him to the type of Drinker. Philip. "Carnation of !rumnro> o.u`J." fournal of Industrial Hvctetn am) Tn work for which he is physically suited. A toloev. October, 'worker should be given employment unless 11 wlVeine*" Occupation anil lU*anb Scii International Labour Office, Geneva. PMO. totally unfit, or unless his disability, even '* Lecce, Sir Thomas, ''tnduuri.il. Maladi-* though slight, would cause him to be a hai- Oafnrd University1 I'rcn, t.ondon, 19JJ. * Iturstein, A. ''Nicotine Action from fnluf. ard to himself or his associates. Further Tubacco f)ut." Journal nf (uduurial ft>cteue, l> more, the practice of prccmploymcnt (eetnber. 19-7. M White, R. Pros^tr. "Tbe Dtrmitvfeo**-*. examinations should he extended to include Occupational Affection* of tbe Skin-" M. K. executives and officials of industrial organi Co. Lttl., London, 19.11. ^ * Scliuartr, Louts. "Skin Hanrd- in Ainrn, sations. "The purpose of periodic physical Jn'Jnitry." U. 5, J'uldie Health JlnUctln No. Oetoher, 1911. . Dow uii*R, J. C. '`Industrial DermaiouM: Trr examinations is to secure ami maintain incut ami l.ceal Ateet-: Review of Iteeent f.iw lure." Journal of tiulu-tiiiit lt>Kuauc a physical fitness and thereby lengthen work Toxieotney, July, 19J5. span*.*'* Reexamination of employees some times result? in the discovery of defects and 11 "Occupational t.c*tn* In Workers fit Snev fiefeium f.ctter. Journal of American Medical A* clarion, Seyt. 10, 19J7. A*v|. Jomn.il *f liwtu-tr disabilities which were not observed at the llve.ivne, I vhruaiv, 19`S. "Flour Mill>.,` t>ccHp.iiM>u ,md Ifeihlt Set* time of employment* fn such ca<cs, an oc International Labour lien^ea, 1'Mtl. cupational adjustment should he made to, provide continued employment, hut remove ' Mavera|t>lav R. "Susrrptihiliiv to HermitM*- The Indu'tfral Hullctiu, Albany. S. V. Pvh. I91 ord. 1G, no. 2. ` the risk of permanent Injury. '* Drinker. rMlrn, and D.aich, Theodore "Tnd trial ilnst." McGraw.llill hook (.`ompinv. In Reexamination of employees 1$ required by law in certain occupations iu which the handling of poisonous or otherwise deleteri ous substances may result in (he contraction New York, 193f*. ' i! Schwartr. Louis. "Skin in Amef.. fndu*lry. Part It.** 1J. S. 1`uMie Health Hull. No. 22f>, Sept, * "I'ni-oumi- Wnnd*." Ofrnp.aiioij ami Hr.i Series, International Labour Dfiice. *'5ee* a. |9i0 t- i4iii<Ji >., .uni oiiliyP'lM, lrlnf *ntl HycUof," flsiUim, ...I ( * nro'n, H't*i-" So mJo. 1933. 'The Nis$m>`l of n McdlcM Journal, Vet, 3?, Ne . Ht. 193I, , * Stwr*. K. R, jch! ?ferw<ltr, F. V, "Millar jr l t<<ft<e Pie to Unknown Cium, U, S. PtiUlic tnlih Hcptift*. Urc. $, 19J9. ** ".'Uiinmnyfou." OtrupAHon and Mr*!h Srrl<, /iicrri.-i(Mist labour Office. Geneva. 1930, " Holland, J, W. "Tfxrhfjrtk I M<ltca1 CltemUuy nl ToMfolocy," W. D, Satindtfi Company, Phil*, rll-bia, 19?0. *' nioomf<M, J. J. *ml Dlun. Wm. "Health Flat. 'M in Chromium Fl.iiiog." U. f>. Public Health 'rvitf Rfprint No. 1215, Washington, 1930. * Ru'icH. ?onc% Blr>om6H1, Britton and Thump* *n, "l.e.-itl roisoninc in a Storage B.vtcrv riant.'* . .v PuMic Health Pullctni No. 20', )nr, >933. *' Nral, JonM. ntonmfirhl. PallaValle nnd ! mK "A S<ty of Chronic Mrituriali.utt In the 1 inert* Fur Cutline U, S. Cublie '-.Mth Bulletin No, 2Ut May, >9.17. " R. R. ,nd Iimu*. R.-R >nd Similar Un'l P*aarv' National ,Sitirnl< Con* frttntc, Washington, It, C,, April H* 19)C. HromSt.aiygrer,amniiooBmriftttceian,. D*a`AMnathVtaacllfo,-SJonlterns, ilR>tearm*fetnn#j JlaM Coal Minm." V. S. FMi llolth JlnlMtn No. 221, Heeemher, 1935. *. # MhMIrtnn, H. I*. ''ImUtittHt Pulmonary f)i- (,\C tint j* |lir inhalation of 1lt l.anrtl, July 4 amltt, I9J6. ** f>reeen, WoMemaf C. "lifted of Inhaled M*rMc fJmt *i Olerfed In Vermont MatMe Finiilirtt/' U. 5. Public Health Service Rel-ttnt No. 1630. 11 L.ini.i, A. J. "Contrn! and Prevention of Silt, emit/' S>mpouunt on Silicon*. California Tider. cutnsi* A*nciMtnn, San 1:ranci*fo 193?. M NevrquUt. M. N. "Medical Service In In.lu'.tty and Workmen** Comj*ett?atin American Collect of Stfrgeonv, Chicago. I?JJ. ,, ,f "Mriliral fl.ire of tlmial tmluMfUi Crffferre<ftntrtl. fc. N.v N'rw VorW, >0:6. The Engineer's Part in Eliminating Dust Hazards By ARTHUR S. JOHNSON Ajsisunt (o Manager, Engineering Department, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. U Ihii one rcalircS lltat control of tlic (Inst nrard depends upon the combined contrilmon> p( tlic pin tician ami <lie engineer, be ap- reriates ibat tlic solution requires scientific reatment. By sciciuinc treatment I mean the ctbidcal analysis of tbc liarard to discoscr lie causes nliicb contribute to injury or ill raltb, and tbe development of control inctli- ds wliieli obey pbjsical law and physiology, ml nldcb will be directed at causes Ibat liuit of most immediate ami economical reatment. That goes for handling tbc dust hazard in - eisen plant. It goes double lor tuquiting .n.nvlcdgc to the end that the whole prnbletn ray reach ultimate solution. Right trow our .mm ledge of tbe problem is in big chunks, nosely put together and largely empirical. There are estimates otrly to judge tbe inap titude of tbc dust health problem, and it i' so loscly associated with other health problems bat a ctcan-cut estirrratc of it alone is imossible. We do know that it is great in tbe "ggregate, and for the individual plant it may e 'cry bothersome and expensive. What actually makes quartz, (first cause ilicosis is not known. It does, so the air 'urather! by workmen must not contain Irarntnl quantities of respirable quartz dust. Inex pensive method* for making tlic air clean are still irt the realm of dreams. Much work must be done to know more about silicosis ami more bow to make atmospheres safe irrerperr. surly- As an accident prevention Job. dust corrtrol lies almost entirely within the admin istrative responsibility. The control measures are capital expenditures of considerable size. A plant .with a dust hazartl is sick, it nerds an expert diagnosis and scientific treatment, which may include expensive major opera tions. Home remedies arc ldom much good, and supervision and employee safely conscion-mess alone.cannot accomplish anything. There may be observed iifcyomilless shops installations for! exhausting dust which are derisively called! "tin knoc^agr" jobs in winch the horsepower dissipated is'out of all pro portion to the air-borne dust moved. Tonnage efficiency of material moved may be the proper yardstick for pneumatic conveyors hut if the material to be moved is air, contaminated with nearly svcightlcsi particles of dust, the entire health hazard can lie in the- half of one per cent o( material loot moved. I do not mean that unless a du?t snprvsiun job was engineered it can be no good. There arc many good installations that were never figurrd at all bu gresv like Topsy. The re sulting Ircciloin Irons dustiness was so satis, factory that eflicicrtcy held little interest to the nnner. This I, exceptional, huwever, ami I oiler the opinion that dust suppression jobs thmild he engineered. A du-t-supprcssion Installation I* a safety desire, designed and upcralcd to provide pro tection against possible disease ami provide a sense ot security which must be absolute. Its safety is nut rushing air and rattling chips but a minimal' residual dustiness. There Is m> more pathetic defeat for a dn<l control job than to find faith ill its effectiveness so low that workers must wear respirators to find the reasonable safely that was expectesl from the hoods, duets and fans. Diagnosis and Control Let us examine some of the features by which we recognize tins dust hazard problem, leaving out the socio-legal aspects. hi order to develop more ftilly the engi neer's place in this dust control program, it seems desirable to separate ns sharply a* ne can the diagnostic considerations from those which deal, with control. In the first com partment we ran place all the analytical com ponents which describe the hazard and its exposure,Mic probability nf its producing ill health and all the rest of the medical and industrial hygiene lads which make out a ease against the existing dust. In the second ciiui|iartmcot place the knowledge of physics and engineering necessary to plan the dust coiilrul program and so design it that when .installed its pertormance follows prediction that the probability of industrial disease is reduced to insignificance. The Industrial Hygienist Our first feature of interest would naturally be the specific and relative toxicity of silica, silica-hearing and other dusts which make up the dmt health hazard. Much might be said lo advantage about the quality and quantity of hazard in many dusts. The acquiring ol tin's knowledge has been, and must remain a medical problem. It involves gross and micro scopic pathology and x-rays, and experimental animals. Engineers do not talk that language. ^Industrial hygienists do; they arc a happy combination, hall doctor and half engineer. Many o! them are quite capable ol handling the dust health hazard In all its phases ol Investigation and control. For the purpose of this discussion I throw their interest in with the doctors. -:-3 I want to go * (r hi my upiulun as state that the ctq sfmuk. not attempt define tlic quality o. ocahh hazard .Its a ge plant or Industry, nor should he estald threshold limits of safe or permissible du nvss, Tlfis may be debatable, hut I shall n tend that the engineer svho writes the spt firatiuns ol hazard and dost tolerance is rea an industrial hygienist, and is using a vs much broader knowledge than enginctri alone. In the firM ea.e the qualify of tbe Iwa hazard is an opinion arrived at after study! all tbe environmental conditions ii.chiding t general sanitation, occupational a. alysis a a scientific analysis of the dust exposur lit the exploration ol dust exposures, t nature oi du-ly operation* must tie view from physical, cltemiral and merhanb aspects, the determinations of dustiness mt he not only Counted and ela-sified by partic late sizes, hut chemically ainl miueralogieal analyzed. The plant layout must be stinli with respect to dost production and distrih tinn, ami the housekeeping and existing do control equipment evaluated. Tbc presence Specific hazards, such as toxic gases, alum mal temperature and humidity conditions. tl> m<t he explored for their c unplicatlng efleupon the whole picture. This is distinct!*' a industrial hygiene job, and sonic nf the 100 critical data requires only medical viesspoin This Is ahinlute in the case of tiihcreulostndy mid the qualifying nf men for emplo. meut. So Jar. not one -Moot of ciigiueerittg t suppress thwt is involved. It i< entirely ana ysis of hazard. The. diagnosis mn-t be tit tbe du*tme*s is hazardous to health or that Is sale. If it is hazardous, it must he hrnug! down to a specified residue. 1( it isn't, hat it alone. On the second point, if the hygivni-t can not spicily threshold limits gradual, upward for relatively less hazardous dust let the engineer not worry about it. Th diagnosis is dust which is harmful and lo much of it. The remedy is control of the du* The engineer designs controls which w produce the lowest praetirat residual dust ness. He should not attempt to write his os* jpccificath^s of threshold limits or pcrittisihle dustiness. This may be ait iiu|K>rtat goal in the study of dust health hazards. Sale Limits At the present time the medical men ai hygienists believe that quartz dust is *a. i ..................On pxilieiCS, I III')' JCCllI will* trical phenomena which hear upon dust be m. ' He upward (o 20 million lor bailor. medium and 5(1 million lor low silica Those are all principles of physics which percentage*. l-'ive million particle* Is virtually explain the behavior ol dnst'.pnd upon which 'hot Irw, ami is scry itiOicnH ami expensive engineering practice mult be based. They P* achieve ami maintain. The tleriaratinn ol must he understood and he taken into account, -:iicly of Ihc imnallations niml remain In Ilia . Dust control Is not a matter only of general hand* <i| the nicdiral and hygiene groups id ventilation; the engineer must alndy the pro whose hands ntnv lies (lie responsibility lor duction as well as the dispersion. The pruhlctu determining (lie hazard. should lie analyzed lo determine the applica U`e mnv cultr the chapter ol our discussion bility ol segregation, enclosure, wetting, local hucntlcd lo demonstrate flicit dust control is exhaust and general ventilation, an engineering joh, that it must he given In some instances, substitution ol nun-haz -lentilic treatment, not guess wort,-, applying ardous material, or uon-t|ust-prodnciitg oper engineering methods which arc based upon a ations may have specific application, and they knowledge ol physical law, the behavior ol shotild be explored first. This implies plant du-t. the performance of air-moving machin engineering. I am convinced that many bad ery, etc. installations arc bad because plant engineering was not used. In the designing ol exhaust Prerequisite Knowledge systems installed hi capture the dust at the l.rt me recite briclly, a lew of the things which, in my opinion, the engineer should know to do this joh correctly. He must kumv Imw to make a survey. Surveys depend upon sampling, and sampling is. not a catch-asraich-ran proposition, it involves the .place, the timt. the frequency, the amount in a sam ple. and the nuiuhcr ol samples so that tuaximmn, minimum and average data mean some points of generation, the physical behavior ol air moving toward hoods and In duels must he known, and that knowledge used. I'ach system must consist of collection hoods, pip ing. air-cleaning plant and a sourre of suction. Before selecting a hood for a job the engineer must know dust dispersion by dynamic pro jection as well as dust dispersion by air cur rents, and design the hood accordingly. thing, so that credibility can he given them. Knowledge Needed l or the type ol' sample- imolvcd he must kmm how to weigh or count respirable dust, The aero-dynamic characteristics of suction as distinguished from large masses of tmn- Itood.s appear to be little known because little re-pirahle dust which complicate the picture, thought ivas given to them in designing lie must know how to observe the sources ot thousands of bonds which tail lie (mind every du-t floods as distinguished front conditions where-in industry. Aft the possibility lor of normal dustiness, lie imt't know the entrapping dust atwl much of the vflieiem v of sources of du-t and the principles involved the system lies in Ibis factor. .Air velocity, in the dispersion oi dust, lie must determine static suction, and rate of air flow arc all how much dust enters the problem because it related, and they must he known. It is essen is part of tlie material, ami ivhat dost is tial to use high velocity ol air in certain types created in the process In the fracturing of the id exhaust systems to entrap dust projected material. at high velocities as in the case of a granite Any less surcev cnnuol tell the engineer what l.is task ol dust control is. To visualize that ta-k intelligently he should know the physics of Ilrownian motion, laws of resistjuce to the motion of particles moving in air. surfacing machine, and low velocities must lie used in others, as in the ease of cleaning asbestos fibre of dust to prevent wasting material. Quantity ol air and tl* velocity must he hmh when the air is in turbulence and for determined, then the piping should be de stream-line motion. He should know terminal signed lo take into account the behavior of iclucities, movements line to centrifugal mo air-Hmv through pipes al low and high veloc tion; flocculation anti the effects of air motion ities. Where the problem is complicated by and the effects of humidification bn it. He the large sized particles which go along with must know all about the difficulties of wetting the fine dust, bow these behave must be taken and what is known about overcoming these into account. Pressure losses are very impor difln nliirs, 1 Ic should know the several elec tant elements in the design of an exhaust .. f system. Iim at toe liosxis, loss at me Deltas, and loss in the duets must not be guessed at. Pipe design must take Into account the gage nl the metal and reinforcing to withstand pressures ami erosion. . The selection of a fan and its motlie power Is a mailer of calculation, not guess work. Power consumption in the system is calcula ble. fans follow certain laws, so the engineer must know the behavior o( axial flow, pro peller type, radial flow, paddle wheel and other (an performance. More physics and engineering calculation goes into the air-cleaning apparatus. The selection ol gravitation, inertial or filtration method depends upon svhat the dust is, the calculation lor any methods requires knowl edge ol discharge through stacks, the deter mination ol sizes of settling chambers; the behavior of cyclones. The use or non-use ol a filter, and it so, what type, how it should perform, how big It should lie. svhat kind ol resistance and how inncli each kind offers, lo say nothing of their proper location with relation lo cleaning, accessibility, etc., are all items lor accurate engineering determination. Apparatus to check the behavior of Installa- V ,) $ doit* imut he kn'v" and med. f'vrfurtiM cannot be left to i *orlc, Supplying m clcni air to be cxi. .ted is part of the pr> tun. The same niny be said of licutim; Do f give the prtihfutl too severe a Inn up.* f think not. Remember dtese two thin* I. You .ire dealing with namduus tm rial so smalt in *ir.c nnd so little of it weight that it is as invisible ns the air t! heart it, I. I'hyshal laws involved in the beti.tv* ut dust ami air do not permit hicxpcmd methods of control. I am acquainted \s bwlqets set up for this purpose which mum h> more than a quarter of a uvMbm amt l know of ninny where 60 Ic K0 tlmma dollars is Involved. The need for this much enRimrr inn t< r* nfiiiizcd by men who know. /Mi ady inn has been done toward getting the know led into handbook shape. Perhaps the best j of this sort to dale is "t'undaincn'aU Uvhnw to Ihc Design and Operation >f Kxliun Systems** developed muter Amvr.can Stan ard< Association proccdtirc. __ The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Hazards By A. D. LAZENBY. M.D., F.A.C.S. Chief Surgeon, Maryland Casualty Co., Baltimore, Maryland Considerable confusion has existed in the past ns to just what is the physician's func tion in the prevention of dust diseases, ami just what is the engineer's. It is very ob vious upon even casual thought that the two sciences must work hand in hand in their efforts to solve tlie problem. The physician through Ids special training must be able to tell the engineer ivhat dusts are dangerous and ivhat are not. lie must know how those dusts enter the hotly and tlie manner in which they do their harm, lie must be traioed in the examination of per sons who are to be employed to work in dust, and to discover those who arc alreadydiseased, or are peculiarly susceptible to dust disease. He must be able to detect the first signs of disease in workers who arc exposed to dust, and must be prepared lo recognize the disease when it is fully d, (Velopcd, . It is not necessarily the physician's Inn. tion to analyze dust. That is a task for tl chemist and the petrographer. It is not tl physician's function to count ihc particles i dust in .1 Riven industrial atmosphere, Tha in reality, U the function of tlie engineer. I is not the physician's function to devi* ventilating equipment for the removal flint, nor even to be more ilinn nil mlvi** as to tlie mean* that mint be adopted t rentier thc,rfitmosphcrc safe. Tlie physician nevertheless imiM correlni with bis medical knowled.ee ami with lr studies of the industrial worker the Timlin of the engineer. A diagnosis of silicosis, ft- example, requires not merely clinrnrtcrisi< occupational history and characteristic phy* ' \. ffu-lj KUI I(IV M<Ht ICII^C tip UCII l<IA| * tin * btcn expnsctl to Imrardou. ugeroui concciilrMiutn. All <mijIi when iuliakil in excculvc i(ic* may be con.itlcm) .u luiritiful, but rule a few can be reganleil ;n ilaugtrous, 1 rum lli slamlpoSnt of tlivlr ilnngcruu. l>rnpirllo, they may be iliiiileil Into llnee Ccnctal group*. , 1. Tlm.c wliult are ikuigiruin liecai^u of llicir puUouoin acllim. miiIi :n b ad, nrwuic, mcrctoy, and similar substance.-.. 2. Those wltith came only irritation in llie respiratory trail, resulting iti Midi vomit* limn as bronchitis or local ioliamiiiation; suclt substances as vegetable ftltrc, cork dust, Hour, starch, and other relatively innocuous organic or inorganic materials. ' d. Those which tend lo produce 1'ibrosis of the lungs, thereby predisposing to respira tory infections, especially tuberculosis, such dusts as asbestos, silica dioxide or mag nesium silicate. I shall confine my remarks chiefly to dusts occurring in the latter category. It has been generally believed that the harmful effects of dusts inhaled into the lungs depended more upon their physical structure Ilian upon llicir chemical. It ivas believed, for example, that silica dioxide, or quartr, was particularly harmful because of its crystalline structure, and the hardness and sharpness of its particles. Tills concep tion is now known to be faulty. The dusts which cause their damage by incchaiiical interfcirucc with (unction arc the dusts which arc relatively innocuous, whose symptoms are transitory, and which subside upon re moval from exposure to the dust. Chemical Effect Is Harmful 1 lie disease of particular interest to us today, silicosis, owes its harmful effects very largely to a harmful chemical reaction oc curring between silica dioxide and the body tissues. It so happens that silica dioxide is decidedly a tissue irritant lo tiie body, re gardless of the part of the body it invades, it causes local irritation, local destruction of tissue, and the replacement of that tissue by scars. Thus, given a dust containing silica diox ide in sufficient concentration, in sires small enough to permit its entrance to the ultimate air spaces in the lungs, we have a situation which offers danger to the worker. ue nave no real knmilcUgc us lo > figures, but as a simple rule, wc can m (or practical purposes the thought that human body can withstand successfully n concentration of dust cnni.-tiuiug 100 per cent silica iltoxide in ft particulate sire less than 10 microns, in n concentration nut in excess of 5,1X10,000 p.nlilies per cubic {wit. It svt decrease the percentage of silica dioxide present ill tiie dust, wc can corrc'pomluigly increase the rnnccntiatiiiii with comparative safely. Wc luiisl, nf cuuisc. take into ac count the portion nf the worker's time spent in the dusty atmosphere. To arrive at a miigl> conception of a safe atmosphere, wc multiply tiie percentage of free silica in a given dust by the total num ber of particles per cubic font. If the result is under 5,000,000 the condition may he con sidered relatively safe. If the result is over 5,000,000 the condition nm<l he regarded as unsafe. Hear in mind loo tint silicosis i- essentially a disease of great clirnnicity. Except in a few exceptional instances it will require from seven to thirty years fur a worker to develop advanced silicosis. It is evident too that coincident dusts may cither retard the development of silicosis or hasten it. Recent research seems to indicate that the admix ture of aluminum dust to a siiicious dust will greatly inhibit the reaction of the latter; whereas a siiicious dust combined with some alkaline coincident dusts may hasten the de velopment of silicosis. Much research is now under wav in prob lems Ptich as tills. Wc have never learned how to cure silicosis, but wc are learning rapidly bow to prevent it. Our knowledge in this respect seems to lie limited to tin removal of dust from tiie breathing r.onc ol the worker. Eater discoveries may show us how to imodify existing dusts with contaminant dusts that will render silica dioxide innocu ous. ' Owing to its very great clirnnicity. it is only the rare case who actually develops disabling silicosis during his industrial life- lime. It is realircd, of tom.sc. that excep tional instances take place, but the coincident ravages of age usually keep pace with the effects of dust, so that much the dis ability usually ,i|ttribiilcd to silicosis is often, in fact, actually attributable lo other dis eases or incapacities - hicli advancing years bring in llicir wake. To me the great peril o( silicosis, the peril not only to the industrial ) wurKi-r nnntvit, nut ms lamtiy. co-worKrrs and the public generally. Is the accompany* lug susceptibility to tulicrculosis. Complicated by Tuberculosis MltcA uiomoc *\'ty hkt In ernl Activity A lurl oh* fr'it'M which in qtdc-'ccut or at. .cd, and u*t such a I* reactivated, the rivr,vt remote, , Silicosis per se does not kilt. Tuberculosis as a complicating factor of silicosis rarely recovers despite treatment, and the indi vidual so afflicted Is not only totally dis abled himself, but a definite ntciiarc In nil with wlioiti lie comes in contact, particularly (be felhm- worker who may have silicosis. 5n pci haps the most Important places In ivliirh the services of the physician in a dusty trade are necessary arc--first, along lines of discovering and barring from exposure In a siiicious dust those persons who may al ready have arrested tuberculosis; and sec ondly, discovering those persons already ex posed to dust, possibly already silicotic, in w'hnm tuberculous infections may have de veloped. It is well recugutzcd that no Individual should be exposed lo dust containing silica dioxide until lie has undergone a thorough physical. examination. Including carefully made and interpreted x-ray films of Ids chest. It is likewise obvious to anyone fa miliar vV itli silicosis that no person who is exposed to silirions dust should be denied the privilege of frequent physical examina tions and x-rays of the chest, not entirely lo discover the existence of possible silicosis, but to discover a coincident tuberculosis if such exists. The second problem which tmtfrmi! physician at the pre-employment phvdc: animation id whether a given tmiiviilu hy reason of secondary physical dc more susceptible to the development >< costs lh:m a normal, 1* tic sulternc* diseases nf the imsr. <r upper respir; tract, such as chronic sinusitis, disease o lung* or air pa^a^c*, or obstruction* v produce mouth breathing? We must rentetuher that silica dioxi not dangerous until it reaches the lungs that Die normal individual retains in nose and the upper air passage* a 1 quantity of the dust inhaled from the alt phcrc. In instances where this nasal ft lion is disturbed, exposure to silica dio dust may be dangerous to that indivii where it would not he to another. It Is believed that certain diseases of heart and circulation, of the ktdne>s, p hly syphilis, chronic coincident disease1 tic Jung?, alt may render a man more ceptiblc to silicosis than normal. The ph cian at his prc-cmplo) incut examination r follow certain established criteria m respect, and bar from exposure to d;nn;n dusts thpsc persons who through exi> disease may be more ready prey to silir or tuberculosis. A man so diseased should, in protection to himsvlf ami to all with whom he comes in contact, lie removed from industry. Let me emphasise the uselessness of a physical examination, unless it be accompanied by properly taken x-ray films, except in cases of gross tuberculosis. It is the function of the physician, there fore, to conduct in a thorough and an intelli gent tnamicr the pre-employment examina tion of all persons who are to be engaged in a dusty trade. The purpose of this ex amination should he threefold. First, to discover amt bar front employment in dust, any person who is suffering from tuber culosis in ait active, a quiescent or an ar rested state. A possible exception might be made in individuals suffering from a so called healed primary complex, or a healed childhood in fection. It is well known that exposure lo * Re-Examination Needed After the applicant for cmplosment successfully passed hi? physical c\amiiu and is engaged in a dnty trade, the of the physician is not yet ended. Thi* w man must be periodically re-examined, to discover the early appearance* of monary fibrosis, but what is even more portant, to detect the early evidence'complicating tuberculous infection. A man should not he dismissed from ployment in a dusty trade merely beenm has evidences of uon-diiat tin;; silk* Workers in dusty trades, especially s Cutters, moulders, pottery workers, similar craftsmen, ate usually *,uglily ski and it .seems unfortunate finin'a <ciul economic point of view lo du.y tin tn ployment so long as they are phydcults to carry on, especially since the actual aiding qualities of silicosis arc in doubt yx !':ccn;y-sixlh Xdlhuml Snjcly Couynss I hey should he denied employment in a lusty trade it that condition is iound at pre-employment examination, but they should not be barred from continuing art employment in which they arc already cu rsed. Of course, in such instances you. as engineers, must realize tliat you have failed, because if you had kept the breathing- zone of the worker free front dangerous dusts, silicosis would not be present on physical examination. intervals, conferring with the physician in an effort -to discover whether, in (lie light of their joint knowledge, working conditions arc dangerous. He must develop and install carefully designed ventilating equipment. He must arrange for modification of chemical and oilier industrial processes, where such modification is possiblccaud must bend his efforts toward removing from the danger zone of the worker the offending substance, whatever ir may be. In this work of preventing dost diseases in Too many engineers construe this function industry, it should be evident that the closest"' loosely. They pass on to the physician as and most intelligent cooperation between the his responsibility certain functions which cs- physician and the engineer is necessary. The entialiy arc theirs; such functions as dust physician must, through his knowledge and analyses, dust counts, and similar technical research, tell the engineer what dusts, or. duties. All too often it is considered ade for that matter, what other substances used quate merely to install a fan. in industry are harmful. He must tell the engineer how such dusts or other materials enter the body, how they leave the body and what they do in their passages through or their residence in the body. Ventilating devices in dusty work rooms must lie constructed only after careful en gineering study Jias given a know-ledge of the physical properties of the air and of suiislanrcs polluting it. It is possible to Must Make Analyses calculate to a very fine point tlie volume of air that must he removed irom a given spot Tbc engineer mut in turn tell the physi to-Temnve the dust originating at that place, cian of the harmful Whists and other sub and the engineer most approach his task stances surrounding his .workers. He must '"from just as scientific an angle as the physi make chemical and petrographic analyses of cian approaches his. 'j the dusts, and other indicated analyses of the Tliere is no room ill industry toC" hap atmosphere in the workshop. He must make hazard methods on the part of either the lust counts anti check his counts at regular phy-ii iau or the engineer. - ,iDfouK.\'Mi-:xr .? chcckv.l ami repaired *<nc. ami wv will give it on. In addition. I sug- a man from each do . nim in to mir satetv ->. rotating these men so ' tally liavc them all meet -tK these men a closer in:cty work and permit us to Msa I will, until further civ meetings with all the we can make clear the adat you men must assume, < to see that your men are <tr safety rules and the mployees. We can also iividuals who do not seem noe hundred per cent :fcty Work?* ephone Co. Chicago difficult problems facing m to the foreman his re e safe <U*iug of the ju!i measures, we have taken Ic must feel that the safe his responsibility and (eel to do something aliout it. there an accident on a deleted particularly liaz- .*ttt the foreman or r*w to conduct the work e rare that he doe.* and a profier training pro ne dat a majority vf at! cctdaits arc directly or e to the failure of superel to function properly, hat i|*ervi*ory training ig accidents is necessary. >f a supervisory training nore difficult procedure c of a technical or vocaz. Apart from the tech?d, there does not seem formula. There is, of Cfiih'iil mitt Ointrrv Scctum.* 2 57 course. sntne similarity of procedure in di reeling the work of any man on any juh; hut different industries employ sueli different types of iwnplc. under such a wide variety of eirrirmstanees, and place such a diver gence of ret|iiirentcnts ui>ui them that the problem of su|iervisory training in its more tvnnprehcnsivc asjtccts is peculiar to cadi type of industry. The general treatises on leadership give the groundwork, hut the subject matter for .-my supervisory training eoursc for any [ar ticular industry lies within that industry. H'c must go out ami see how i-nr Job is lciug Mt|ierviseil now; analyze the procedure of every furemau and sti|iervisor: comietrc them ami sclcrt the iwst; look U[ Ml supervision as a pnccss in itself, and sec lirnv Ixst to direct the work of tlic imiple. It is a log/\ tedious, and costly process, hut one whicli, carried thruugli to completion, will pay dividends in (lie end. WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 13, 1937 The Wednesday I.undicon session of the Cement and Quarry Sections was addressed by Isaiah Hale, Superintendent of Safety. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Kailrnad, .who spoke on "The Common Sense of Safety." The address was substantially the f same as another address by Mr. Haic before the Steam Railroad Meeting. The complete paper will be found in the Steam Railroad section ol this volume. . WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13, 1937 . Work of the National Silicosis Conference ,, By R. CAMPBELL STARR Assistant Safety Engineer, U. S. Department of Labor, Division of Labor Standards, Washington, D. C. Silicod* is strictly an occupational disease. Medical science has not reported silica dust as affecting any individuals except tliosc who, over relatively )oii pvriocK of. time, have worked in :m atmo-iplivrc where the air which they breathe contained excessive con centrations of free silica. The interest of the U. S. Department of Labor in a broad social and economic prob lem such as tliis lias its origin in the Organic Act, effective March 4, 1913, which created the Department. This act, ainom; other things, juices the Department of Labcir'ihc duty "to foster, promote, and develop the welfare of the wage earners of the United States, to improve their working conditions, ami to advance their opportunities for profit able employment.4' With this in mind, and believing that through joint effort of all concerned, much could he clone to eliminate the harard, the Secretary of Labor called together in Wash- m j i'c(iriar% IVJU a group C visors, one m tabor problem* udd unit V. . n representing leader* in Indus mining matters. trie* K . a silica problem, labor leaders, and outstanding representative* *f flu* mcdical, legal, and engineering profcssmli*. ;* well as inMtrancc carrier* and Slate ndiuiui** Imlur*. These vommithT member* served without compensation and gave fnjvh* of their time and t/Torl in studying the problem from their . respective view jaunts. After nine months of caieful and searching Mudyf these commit- After ecu-ddertng various pha-ws of the lees advised the Secretary of Labor that silio*<j< Hu* grmip generally agiod they uerc ready to report. (Vmsrquently, lb.it (brooch a pooling of kimwlvdvn: ami a on I'Vhrnary .1, PM/ the Second Naiuma! iijmU di-eU'-inn (hiough 11*' conference Silicosis Conference ua* catted in Washing- mctlmd important advances could be made Ion, At ibis time summary committee re toward, tir^t, overcoming the hysterical at ports were presented m ihsr Secretary and titude on the part of employe**, labor, and Considerable discussion was given them. others; second, after careful investigation, l> consolidate in one place all kqown data with repaid to the prerentive engineering methods; third, analysis and recommenda tions in connection with adequate standard* of compensation for those worker* disabled a< a result of the disease. Shortly after this second national confer ence the Department published, as I'nllctin No. I.) of the Division *f Labor Standards, the summary rcpoits <f the four committees referred to above, together with an abstract version containing the principal finding* and recommendation* written in mot-technical As :m outgrowth of this initial meeting, language. another group, similar in composition In the first conference, hut expanded to include -omv AMI indmduats, wa invited to come to U a.'hineton on Apiil 14, 19Jn to outline wn>* and means of attacking the prnhhm. After luarinm silicosis discussed from the stand* point of .the employer, labor, and the medical prufe-sioti, fry outstanding experts in the field, this large group endorsed the confer The full reports of the committees, com prising several thousand typewritten pages, arc now being edited and will go to the printer very shortly. It is expected that they will he issued in fouf separate volume* sometime during the fall or early winter. Nature and Extent of Silicosis ence method as proposed, and as a result four main narking committees were ap Physicians generally agree that silicosis, pointed hy the Secretary of Labor with the in the layman's language, is a disease of the ndiicc amt consent of the group to investi lung*, caused hy breathing ntr containing gate am! report upon (he out-landing phases silica {lust, in winch the normal lung tissue of the silicosis problem. These committees is replaced hv fibrous or scar tissue. were: . Silica dust is found in many industrial operations, but the haraid is acute only in ft) Committee on the Prevention of Sihco<is through Medical Control, * (2) Committee on the Prevention of Silicosis through Engineering Control, (J) Committee on the Economic, Legal and Insurance Phases of the Silicosis such industries as metal mining; anthracite mining; quarrying, drilling, and tunneling in granite, gnmstcr, ami sandstone; smelting and refilling; foundries; potteries; glass works; stone-products Industrie*; grinding; hulling; and sandblasting. Problem, f t) Committer on the l\Cgulalmy and Administrative Phases of the Silicosis Problem. Of the 49,000,000 worker* in the Tinted States, only I.OtlTI.OOO. or 2 per rent, it \< es timated, arc itt any way exposed to the haz ard of silicosis. About half of this number, or I per cent of the total number of worker* A fifth committee, known as the Correlat ing Committee, was named. It was under the chairmanship of W. H. Cameron. Managing Director of (he National Safety Council, ami consisted of the chairman of the four tech nical committees just mentioned ami two ad hi the country, arc exposed to a serious haz ard, and approximate!) 110.000 of these have silicosis in some degree. Medical examina tion `of men actually at work indicate* (hat between 4,1)00 and 5.000 workers are seri ously afTedrd liv the disease, in addition to v ) those idrcndy permanently detached from their employment hy reason of disabling $ilicosW, The statu* of,the 1,000,000 workers ex posed to the hazard of ftilicom w as analyzed thus hy the committees making the survey: A percentage of the 4,000 to 5,000 workers having silicosis are completely or feudally disabled because of this disease mid have (heir dirtivnhic* further com plicated with tuberculosis. The remainder of the 4,000 to 5,000 have silicod* and disability in some degree, but no tuberculosis. Approximately 105,000 have silicosis, hut no disability ami no tuberculosis. Approximately 900,000 arc exposed to silica dust, hut have not contracted the dis ease. Contrary to popular belief, stUcoits 1* Mow In develop. Usually it lake* seven year* or more of exposure In silica dust fur a worker to contract the disease. A few eases that have hevn known to develop hi a* shot! a period a* one and one-half year* occurred under extreme and unusual condiltmtxr On the other hand, many worker* have labored under ordinary exposures to silica for more than JO years without demonstrating any trouble whatever that could be diagnosed as silicosis. Silicosis Prevention Silicosis can he prevented in three general ways; Virst, by preventing the creation of silica dust; second, hy preventing the dis persion of dust into the atmosphere of a working area; and third, if it is impossible to apply the first two methods, hy the use of personal protective equipment such a* respirators, to prevent the inhalation of the dust. . In carrying out a prevention program, many agencies must cooperate. In the view of the committees studying (he problem, the employer is called on to do most of the work and to spend most of the money. Hut his work and money will never accomplish the maximum results unless the worker is wiltlug to cooperate and carry his share.of the responsibility for helping to control dust and for using the personal protective equip ment. In addition, physicians can pfay a definite part in prevcnting'sih'cosis, as can also en I ghieers, Insurant- panics, k'RlshhJrs, t ministrators, and *. _rs. i The reports of the conference rmmidtft on engineering control and mediral conn recommend specific procedure* for aunt log the problem through those two avcm> of prevention. A partial list of thcc recoi mrmlnihins follow*; Survey the working conditions hi dvtc mine the severity of the hazard and hid catr what need* to he done to Iccrcase * Secure information on best p uccdurc. Design plant for dust control.'. iTovidc building ventilation. * Store dusty material* in dustlif'd bins. Unclose matcrial-lmmllmg equipment. Isolate dusty processes. , Provide wet methods of operation.- Wnlcr, oil, and other liquids may be use effectively-- 1, *1 o suppress this! at the point of nrigi in such operations ns rock-drilling; hn dting, pulverizing, and milling rock an ore; grinding metal mi grindstone* ahrasivc-whevl cutting of granite ami sand slime. . 2. lo prevent the rcdispcrstoti of dothat lias settled on the lhirs, watts, an* other surfaces such as in (tie granite in dustry atql in foundries. Design equipment to control du-q. Establish good maintenance and house keeping procedure. J'mvide respirators. Instruct the workers. l * Responsibility of Workers The cooperation of the wot kef * is neves sary if the hazard of silicosis i* to he re duced to the minimum. The worker slmuh realize that the safe practices recommend?' and the equipment provided arc i.csigncd b prevent injury to himself and to his fellow employees. The equipment should ,>e used a directed ami every effort should h;- made h maintain it m good working order, "rurther more, the worker is frequently hi a post lion to observe faulty equipment and utisafi practices, and he should make it a point tr report all *nch conditions to his supervisor. Statutory Regulation While the primary approach to the proh Inn mu<1 he the prevention and diminution I 2G0 T;aculy-xixtli A'pihmal Safety Ctmtjre.ts o! the hazard, (he tact must be rccocnizcil tliat mud tiliroMs hat been wiped out. workers who now have the disease, as well as those who may eootrart it. must receive workmen's compensation just as do those workers who akc injured in accidents. Accordingly, the cummiUccs of the silico sis conference were unanimous in presenting the following rccominetulatious:. Coverage for silicosis in the compensa tion acts of all States. This coverage should be compulsory. Because of competition between the same or similar industries in various Stales, the laws, rules, and regulations of the several States should be as uniform as practicable. . Should Be Insured . The employer *should insure litre obliga tion (or compensation either through sellinsurance subject to the posting of adc - quale funds, or with an authorized in surance institution. Insurance should not he denied any em ployer. provided the State authorities certi fy that he complies with the State require ments as' to proper safe working condi tions. and lias's the premiums involved. Workers having active pulmonary tufrcrciilusis ami silicosis should he removed from employment. Such workers should . tic granted suitable compensation payments and medical care. Workers disabled from silicosis (hut with no tuberculosis) should ultimately lie granted the same amount of compensa tion as those disabled liv accidental in jury. Two years i a reasonable minimum limitation period for tiling claims subse quent to the' dale of the last exposure. Further Activities of the Department of Labor In carrying out its duty as stated in the liasic law, the U. S. Department of Lalmr has conceived that there is immediate need ior the conversion of known facts in the medical anil engineering fields working toward prevention, and in the legal, insurance and regulatory phases hulking toward ade quate workmen's compensation, into a prac tical. readily understood program which will adequately take carer nf the silicosis prob lem. In its program of cooperation with the -IS States, the Department of Labor has in cluded a section covering silicosis and simi lar dust diseases. This breaks down into three main sub-headings: (1) Assistance in the preparation of reasonable and adequate codes, rules, and regulations prescribing methods of prevention; (2) assistance in the establishment of equitable standards of workmen's compensation for those em ployees disabled as a result of the disease; (a) a general educational program among State officials, factory inspectors, etc. so that they will be equipped with adequate knowledge concerning the disease, its method of prevention, and its proper treat ment under the workmen's compensation law . Follows Two Lines This application program, which is just now getting under wav has been commenced along two principal lines: (l) The compiling >>f practical information concerning actual dust control installations in typical silica hazardous plants, together with approxima tions as to co*t. nut only of installation, Imt also of maintenance of dust routrol equip ment in such plants; 12) a program of visual education supplementing the summary and full commiuev reports of the National Sili cosis Conference. It is contemplated lint in Uu- held such media a- film strips, lantern slides, posters, illustrated bulletins, etc. will lie utilized. Further, in eimncetion with the various exhibits of the department, shown at various large expositions, trade association meetings, lalmr and technical organization" meetings, etc., it is contemplated that much fai-ltial information will lie used, limiting toward ways ami means of correcting ihc hazard anil of establishing adequate standarils of workmen's compensation. Following the address by Mr. Starr a hazards in quarry operation look place. This round table disrussinn of outstanding conclutleil the Wedne-day program. S team Railroad Meeting \ <r WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION . October 13, 1937 Tlic session was called to order l<v W. W. nmrr, .Md., who presided, introducing lltc Wood, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Balti- s|>cakcrs and directing Cite discussion. , The Past, Present and Future of Railroad Safety By J. M. SYMES Vice President, Operations and Maintenance Department, Association of American Railroads, Washington, D. C. Set industry in tire world requires more diversified study and more exacting applica tion of safety principles than the steam rail road industry. Picture a quarter of a million miles of railroad line covering in a virtual network the vast expanse of the United States. Over this network arc operated a billion train miles annually. Vast yard and terminal operations arc necessary to make up the beginning of the journey of passengers and goods, and to break up at the end of that journey the 12 million trains that accumulate that billion miles. These trains carry 50ft million passengers and one billion tons of freight annually. It requires more than one million railroad employees to rim the trains, make them ready for road movement, su pervise and safeguard their movement ami maintain the equipment and rnadited, as well as perform the many other duties incidental to the production of railroad transportation. Safe!}4 has ip the past, is today, and always will lie the first principle in railroad opera tions. But it is within the past fifteen years that greatest advances have been made in railroad safety. During that period we have seen a complete remodeling and moderniza tion of railroad physical properties. Road beds have been strengthened: bridges, trestles and culverts rchuilt; tracks have been laid with heavier rail and with treated lies of greater service life and de pendability; grades and curves have been eliminated or reduced; signal systems have .been modernized and extended: other safety devices have been installed; hew and more powerful locomotives, embracing all modern safety devices, have been purchased; new cars, both freight and passenger, have been installed. This capital improvement program lias cost the railroads aliout eight billion dol lars since 1V2J. and a large part, if not all, of that huge sum had a beneficial effect, di rectly or indirectly, on the safety of opera tions. . But the engineer's job is never done. As soon as new equipment, new rail, or other devices me utslaiied titc engineers go to work to develop more efficient and safer units. The railroads spend millions of dollars annually in research and lalmratory work experimenting with engineering improve ments. In all this work safety is of primary importance. An invention whirl,i might mean great economics to the railroads would not find its way to a single locomotive or car if its use in any way lessened the opportunity ior safe operation. Conversely, any improve ment, mechanical or otherwise, promoting safety of operation immediately commends itself to railroad officers and employees. The search for greater safety will continue so long as railroad transportation is used. About a quarter of a century ago, the 5SSti tz&V-S jJjap=jrf. jj'-' xg&*:-. .. fcpo.a* ;:* rfSSsrOEX^: s'-i,, ` . >**5- =r.tr- =* *af kc---.'-.c -Sfespo-T'C =" jCfeaacT c-vrV:. ^t*Sti=s v.r.'J cjbESc. Tci mas: iirtfie 4=S> i-< --Aprr-K Vcc CV-l-'t jSaac career rynwarSji.T t---- -FV--::.-:lv VSBLSC eir EVC'i. * ie repeated .cecal cc. t:d : aeteliseu way jetac <uc old - *ye= led ming Sli'tim luiilnuul Mriiilit; 1 THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION ' October 14, 1937 .YU Safety, An Executive Operating Problem By R. C. WHITE Assistant General Manager, Missouri Pacific S. R., St. Louis, Mo. Satcty is an obligation of management. Without the constructive leadership and dayto-day urge from the executive and. operat ing heads, the movement would lapse into a perfumery activity. The safety movement is recognized by executive and operating officers as a medium for building up and maintaining that rela tionship, that fellowship, which broadens our views, enriches character, and brings the Golden Rule into practical application. Management recognizes tltat our economic system must-enable mgs. to live on an. in creasingly high iStanc. zit must enable them to fulfill their desires and satisfy their rea sonable wants, ana-give, them that feeling of security which is essential to happiness and efficiency. . Haring made the decision that safety is an executive problem and rcs|onsibility--that accidents must stop--it is then essential that management promulgate. and follow through, a plan that will definitely fix this decision in the minds of all the individuals who collectively comprise the industry- The follow through mint be such that department heads, superintendent*, and every member of the supervisory force will appreciate the need lor a constant, active interest in safety; will understand that passive interest will no more produce results than would the saute interest in production. Supervisors must be made to iecl that the prevention of accidents demands the same type of heads-up super vision that is given to the other problems affecting cost and service. The executive must find a way to indicate directly that it is the responsibility of the department heads to carry out management's program, that authority is placed in each superintendent's hands to put accident pre vention on the same basis as production. A complete.factual and descriptive report of each accident must be made. This must be followed by a thorough analysis to find the direct and underlying causes and the pro cedure necessary to prevent a recurrence. Proof of its sincerity will depend pri marily on whether management will make tlte first essential move in the program-- that is, authorize the cxiictidilure of money necessary to make the maintenance and op erating plant a safe place to work. Safety and Efficiency Analysis of the underlying causes of in dustrial accidents and preventive measures to be applied has nude it increasingly appar ent that those factors which arc producing accidents arc very largely the same factors which tend to lower the quantity and quality of production. Expressed in another nay. Safety and efficiency arc as inseparable as though one word. ** In coupling satcty with efficiency I have not minimized it as an executive problem, but have endeavored to indicate that its solu tion is an executive responsibility, both to liis individual industry and to the employees that make it a going concern. . Rail transportation is a scientific business in which laboratory research, expert engi neering, trained builders, and skilled workers sliare a part. One of tlte main factors is a group of employees who arc loyal--who appreciate that their railroad must give the kind of service that will stimulate and accelerate the development of the territory traversed. The successful solution of our problem de mands the type of aggressive individualism in executive leadership that will attract and entnmaiid'loyal, collective , cooperative effort on the part of all who produce rail transpor tation. , Our major concern is leadership--leader- fm tdo February (0. 1994 T hereby certify that the attached copies of the Bulletin of the American Ceramic Society. Volume 12, 1933. arc true and accurate copies, the original of which is maintained in the normal course of business at the American Ceramic Society, 735 Ceramic Place. Westerville. Ohio 43081. . C Christine Schnitzcr Product Manager Ceramic Information Center 72S Csfcrr.'c ^cce '..'-Ttts'vit"* C;mc t:ce'"?720 i=0 4720