Document NeXxp27N8VOmaLkVvmyX8J2Yg

it I s' .. Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., 4400 Fifth. Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. April 27, 1939. NOTE TO MEMBERS: Enclosed is a copy of Mellon Institute's annual report which has just been published and which contains a special section on the work of Air Hygiene' Foundation (see page 239). Parts of this section may interest various executives in your organization. May we ask, therefore, that you please bring the material to the attention of your associates? Also enclosed is a reprint of an important article on aluminum vs. silica dust. Extra copies of both reprints are available if desired. H. B. Meller Managing Director 0, w' rjt > . i Reprintedfrom News Edition, INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CllEMISTRY, Vol. 17, Page 233, April 10, 1030 Research at Mellon Institute during 1938-1939* specially prominent among the The xvork of the fellowship has included E institute's recent undertakings has a survey of manufacturing operations and been the inception of researches methods in use for the treatment and dis alonp; a broader front for greater serviceposal of spent pickle liquors in important to science, industry, and'humanity. In steel-producing districts of the country. vestigations have been begun in several Preliminary studies have been made of 35 hitherto little studied fields of engineering proposed, patented, or partially industrially materials and mechanical equipment for dex eloped processes for the treatment of manufacturing, construction, and trans waste pickle liquors, and detailed investiga portation. Another feature of the year tions are being conducted on a few of the 193S-39 has been the expansion of work in most promising procedures. Already, in public health, industrial hygiene and eco three of these processes, decided improx'e- nomics, pharmaceutical chemistry, electro ments have been effected, and in two other chemistry, textiles, plastics, and building processes engineers and chemists arc working technology. Special facilities and ap on suggested changes of likely benefit. A paratus have been furnished for these new series of experiments is well under way on investigations. possible uses for a material recoverable from The institute is the hub of the scientific spent pickle liquor, and plans are being made organizations in the Pittsburgh district, to carry on an investigation on the utiliza most of which meet regularly in its audi tion of pickle liquor and its chemical by torium. National conventions held dur products. The quantity of waste pickle ing the year in the institute's home in liquors produced by the iron and steel plants cluded those of the American Association of the United States has ueen variously of Anatomh- ;::>ecial Libraries Associa estimated at from 500,000,000 to S00.000.000 tion, Insula' Committee of the Na gallons per year. Hence the dex'elopment tional Rest - Council, Air Hygiene of suitable processes for the treatment of this Foundation, the Society of Rheology. immense quantity of industrial waste and General Information on the Insti tute's Researches the discovery of uses for the recoverable by products are indeed important. The iron and steel industry is determined to clean The S6 industrial fellowships--30 mul up as soon as possible this source of stream tiple and 56 individual fellowships--in operation during the institute's fiscal year March 1, 193S, to March 1, 1939, are listed at the end of this report. These programs of research have required the services of 101 fellows and 90 fellowship assistants during all or part of the year. Thirty-nine fellowships have been in operation 5 years or more, and of this number 20 have been active 10 years, 11 have concluded 15 years or more of re search, and 8 fellowships are 20 years of age or older. The institute spent 81,104,405 in conducting pure and applied science research in 193S-39. New Fellowships of 193S-39. Seven teen fellowships began operation during the year: Acid Recovery, Draft, Electro deposition, Ethanol, Felt, Filter, Gypsum, Iodine, Meter, Pearl, Printing, Rubber, Silk, Special Dves, Special Plastics, Tube, and Watch Technology. Four other fellow ships have been accepted and will start work soon. Brief accounts will be pre sented here of the research progress to date of those new fellowships whose estab lishment has been announced previously. In addition, information will be included regarding the electrodeposition, iodine, and pearl fellowships. On the fellowship on special dyes, at the end of the year, G. B. Fcild replaced \V. E. Holland as the incumbent; the latter then joined the donor's organization in a technical ca pacity. pollution. Research on Electrodkposition. On the fellowship of tho Standard Steel Spring Co., R. H. Lester has a broad program of investigation on electroplating of metals to produce corrosion resistance. In particular he will study the new electroplating process of the donor and will inx-estigate its application in various fields. This process can give a plating of a pore-free type that ha3 been found to be corrosion-resistant, especially in oil wells. The deposit can be made malle able and to withstand nbrasive as well as corrosive attack. Steel plated by the novel process has likely markets in the manufacture of pipe, tanks, barrels, special containers, and apparatus. Improvement of Air Filters. Last fall the American. Air Filter Co., Inc., set up a fellowship for the investigation of materials of value for the construction of fitters for air-conditioning systems. F. F. Rupert, the incumbent, is giving special attention to the chemical treatment and coating of steel wool and other filter materials to provide the greatest degree of durability and effi ciency. Basic Research on Gypsum Products. The fellowship held by II. E. Simpson is investigating for the U. S. Gypsum Co. the fundamental chemistry of plaster tech nology as related to the properties of the various products manufactured basically from gypsum and calcined gypsum. The Phevestion of Stream Pollution" hy objective is the development of new processes Waste Pickle Liquors. The fellow nml techniques which will have wide applica ship on acid recovery of the American Iron and Steel Instil,':o f\Y. \Y. Hodge, incumbent) was founded last summer to try to solve the problem of prevent ins stream pollution by waste pickle liquors. Concerted efforts arc being made to improve existing methods nml to evolve new ones so that event unity a technically and economically satisfactory process wilt bo developed for tho treatment of spent pickle liquors, to o!>tnin from waste liquets che.mical by-products anil to discover uses for them, and to produce from lie- acid waste liquors au diluent which will Ihi neutral in reaction and satisfactory to public health and industrial .authorities. tion in the field of building materials. Iodine Research Resumed. During the period January 1, 1933. to January 1, 1933, the Io.lino Educational Bureau, Inc., sus tained a series of fellowships in the institute whose purpo-e was to extend the uses for iodine. In the course of this investigational work G. M. Karus, the senior fellow, first studied the effeetixeness nf imbue in the con trol of smut on oats and. in cooperation with veterinarians, the place of iodine in veterinary medicine. He1 next carried nut a compre hensive research on tho behavior of iodine solutions at liquid-solid interfaces, from which came now' knowledge respecting the Abstract of the Twcnfv-Bitth Annual Hcpnrt of tint (lirretur, K. it. WriilleilL to tho trustees of tho institution. welting power of iodine from various anti septic solutions mid also a new iodine anti septic. Ho then collaborated ill nil extru- 233 mural pharmaceutical study of iodine solu tions for antisepsis, devised apparatus for use in the determination of iodine in very low concentrations, and participated in a thorough investigation of the x'afue of iodine for livestock in centrul Pennsylvania, con ducted at tho Pennsylvania State College. Early in 1939 the Iodine Educational Bureau again became a fellowship donor, having decided to support scopeful investiga tion on uses of ioditie in industry, animal husbandry, and pharmacy, and F. F. Johnson ha3 initiated this project. Studies in Meter Technology. The Pittsburgh Equitable Meter Co.'s fellowship on meter technology, with R. L. Wnkeraan as the incumbent, i3 inx'estigating the applica tions of synthetic resins and plastics as constructional materials for ga3 and liquid meters. Modern expansion in' the use of industrial cases, the development of products, such as propane and butane, and increased attention to materials balance and utiliza tion of meters in establishing this balance hax'e confronted the producer and consumer of these gases with circumstances xvbicb often make it desirable to replace leather diaphragms of meters with materials more suitable to the respectix-e conditions. This need has been recognized for several years by the American Gas Association, as xvit- nessed by the existence of an association com mittee to study meter diaphragms and the actix'e participation of L. M. Van der Pyl, of the Pittsburgh Equitable Meter Co., on this committee. The meter fellowship, with his collaboration, is pursuing a compre hensive inx'estigation of the properties of synthetic materials xvhich may be useful for this purpose. IVithin the past two or three decades, the necessity "for meters in the production and marketing of x-arious liquid commodities has increased in proportion to the expansion of the chemical, petroleum, brewing, and other industries, and the demand for meters to handle hot xvater and other hot liquids in industrial establishments has also grown enormously. This xvideued use of liquid meters and the increase in exacting re quirements placed upon them make desir able a search for new materials of construc tion. The current vigorous development of the chemistry and technology of synthetic resins, coupled with the x'ersatility of their properties and applications, suggests many new uses for them in the design of fluid meters of all types. AVith such applications in view, the meter fellowship is undertaking an in vestigation of the behavior of plastics under adverse conditions which may in the future become standard metering conditions. As tho dimensional tolerances in meters are necessarily loxvcr than those in most other articles in which plastics have heretofore been utilized, special methods have been dcx'c'.opccl for measuring heat resistance, deformation under load, and dimensional change in x'aricus liquid media, nml an at tempt is being made to correlate these and allied properties with the chemical nature and thermal history of synthetic plastics. New Knowledge on Pkahls. The members of Pearl Associates, Inc., repre senting tho leading retail and w hcV-.de dealers in natural oriental pearls in the I'nileil States, established a fellowship, with A. E. Alexander ns tho incumbent., to gather complete scientific data on all pearls originating in margnriliferons molluscs. Mieroseopio studies of thin-sectioned pearls by tho fellow hax'e rex'ealed that not nil pearls nru composed of the orthorhombic variety of caleium carbonate (magomh ). Several large natural salt water pearls on 0 i .! 7 J 231 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY VOL. 17, NO. 7 sectioning have been found to lie formed in pnrt of tiio imifli commoner hcxnuounl form of calcium carl lotiali: (calcitc). Discovery of (lie presence of calcitc in natural.salt water pearls proved important when sub sequent experiments were conducted on the use of Optical and x-ray equipment as a means of di-.linyuishinq cultured from natural pearls. The Japanese cultured pearl has been shown to possess a large core, which, in representative specimens, averages from 7i to 00 per cent of the total linear diameter. This finding is nt variance with implications in published statements generally accepted by the buying public ns valid. Another ph aso of the fellowship research has involved testing equipment in use to distinguish cul tured from natural pearls, to find methods whereby this equipment could be improved. A ease in point is x-ray procedure, employed for many years for pearl differentiation, wdiich has been modified to yield information on pearl substance quickly and accurately. The chemical, physical, and optical tests performed on pearls and the data obtained will form the basis for a comprehensive report. The work completed so far has demonstrated the superiority of the natural pearl in esthetic quality and homogeneous structure over all pearls made by artifice. Research in' Watch LvcrgcvTinx-. The Elgin National Watch Co. founded a fellow ship for the study of chemical aspects of technical problems in the watch industry, with G. E. Barker as the fellow. The first objective is the development of improved watch lubricants. The lubricant being sought must be nonvolatile, nonspreading, noncorfosive, and chemically stable; it must possess the proper viscosity, pourpoint, and solidification temperature, and must lubricate satisfactorily. Special meth ods have been developed by the fellow for measuring these properties. Among such accomplishments have been the design and construction of an instrument for evaluating the "oiliness" of watch lubricants. Par ticular attention has been devoted to a cor relation of the desired properties with chemical composition. These studies have led to an intensive investigation of manysynthetic organic chemicals, which have been learned to possess certain superior qualities over the older, commonly employed animal, fish, and mineral oils. Promising results have been obtained with some of these newproducts in actual watch tests. Completed Fellowship Research Programs. The following fellowships concluded their investigations during the year; Dairv Technology, Drying, Flavor ing, Food Container, Glazing, Household Utilities, Pharmaceuticals, and Stone. There follows a description of the general activities of and the development of "Thor" products for foundry use by the fellowship on dairy technology. Then there will be given the present status of flaked coffee, a creation of the food con tainer fellowship. The principal research accomplishments of the fellowships on pharmaceuticals and stone have been published. New Products from Skim-Milk Solids. Industrial uses for milk ingredients offer n eolation to the large problem of profitable disposal of dairy wastes and by-products. Though there is veiy htiie outright wastage in the processing of milk, there is a large amount of material which finds its way into feed markets ns an expedient for quick dis posal. Trea!inent of such milk products to yield industrially useful articles has been one objective of the dairy industry for a number of years. Casein glues and plasties nre already well established in commerce. Additional outlets for milk by-products were the objectives of tho fellowship sustained by the Borden Co. from Oetolier I, 1931, to January 1, 1030. The scope of this program was such as to include for investigation tho several types of material obtainable from milk--namely, casein, lantalbumin, and lactose, and the combinations thereof oc curring in 6kim milk nnd whey. The several projects were carried to varying stages of development. A new application of the adhesive proper ties of milk proteins is seen in the de velopment of a line of materials for foundry use. Three products, protected by patents, marketed in dry form under the trade name "Thor" by tho Borden casein division, have been made available: a core binder, a core paste, and a silica wash, the latter for em ployment in steel foundries. Adaptability of milk proteins to these uses has re sulted through the discovery of means of solubilizing and rendering effective the otherwise insoluble proteins. High adhesive strength, resistance to moisture, and unique burning qualities of these materials have enabled the formulation of products pos sessing features of special importance in foundry molds and cores. Tho research in cluded some new- measurements of proper ties of foundry binders, pastes, and washes. Simplified methods were devised for evaluat ing these products which bear on their employment in practice H. K. Salzberg, the holder of the fellow ship throughout its life, was promoted to the donor's technical staff in Bainbridge, N. Y., on January 1, to participate actively in the further development and commercial introduction of "Thor" products. Flaked Coffee. In 1934 the food con tainer fellowship of the Continental Can Co. announced the production of flaked coffee, ob tained by rolling freshly roasted and ground coffee [see News Ed., 12, 141 (1934)]. Flaked coffee offered to the consumer a better balanced cup of coffee and a greater economy in the use of coffee, because the flaking operation, by thoroughly crushing the cells, renders their contents more readily acces sible for extraction. This economy, in fact, amounts to a 50 per cent increase in tho number of cups of coffee per pound. Flaked coffee has been available for three years in packages, but its use has been limited to the brands so packed. The latest de velopment is a counter flaking mill for the retail food market, whereby any coffee, according to the customer's selection, may be flaked to order. This fiaker will also be useful in the hotel or restaurant kitchen. Coffee so processed has the same brewing characteristics as packaged flaked coffee, and it is believed this new development will greatly extend both the popularity and availability of coffee flakes. Bibliographic Statistics During the calendar year 1933, 17 bul letins, 27 research reports, and 43 other papers came from the institute. Twentyfour United States patents and 3S foreign patents on fellowship inventions proceeded to issue. The total publications for the 2S years ended December 31, 1933, have been 20 books, 174 bulletins, S03 research re ports, nnd 1225 miscellaneous articles; 714 United States patents were granted dur ing the same period. Annonnceable Rrogre.-.-. in Continued Industrial Fellowship Researches Uses von Anthracite. Completely automatic heat is readily obtained with Pennsylvania anthracite, without the necessity of any attention for weeks at a time. This remit is secured hy Using a stoker which withdraws anthraeitc from the bin, burns it under thermostatic rontroi, and drops the ash hy gravity into an ash-storage pit beneath the heater. Thu multiple fellowship of Anthracite Indus tries, Inc. (II. J. Rose, senior fellow) has made, engineering studies and prepared de signs for modern anthraeitc bins that set new standards of convenience, cleanliness, and appearance. Completed bulletins give working drawings, construction de tails, and estimates for gravity ash-rcmoval methods. In many cases, anthracite ashes may he used to advantage by tho householder, for it has been found that they improve the texture and tilth of clay soil. , The ashes also reduce soil cracking and erosion and help plants to withstand droughty con ditions. Ashes arc thought of simply as a soil-amendnient agent nnd not as a fertilizer. Research on uses for anthracite ashes and colliery refuse for the manufac ture of building materials has continued with interesting results, particularly in the field of heat-insulating materials. Data were collected on the inherent chemical and physical properties of anthra cite and on its combustion characteristics. A study of the potential smoke-producing tendencies of coals of various ranks was completed. In"Calconite" in Dairy Cleaning. consequence of laboratory and large-scale work conducted by the multiple fellowship of Calgon, Inc. (B. II. Gi!;..senior fel low), the use of "Calgoiiitc'' was found to be advantageous in the cleaning oi dairy pasteurizers, heat exchangers, and storage tanks, as well as in the washing of cans and bottles. The large-scale investigation of can and bottle washing was supplemented by a bacteriologic study which yielded further confirmation of the sanitational value of film-prevention in cleaning proc esses. Now in progress arc researches on the constitution of sodium metaphosphate and on the role of sodium metaphosphate in plant nutrition. Chains and Electric Welding Rods. In 1936 the McKay Co. established a fellowship for investigating problems of tire and industrial chain manufacture, with D. F. Helm as the incumbent. Later the study of flux'-coatcd shielded-arc welding electrodes-, another wire product, was added to the program of the fellowship, which was expanded to a multiple basis with the appointment of J. E. Harris as junior fellow. During 1933 a number of successful welding electrode coating com positions have been evolved by this re search group working in cooperation with the donor's laboratories. These products have been carried through the full cycle of development and are now in production. It is planned that researches will be pursued broadly along the lines now under way, including studies of the processes of manu facture and durability of chain products, origination of .shielded-arc welding elec trodes for special purposes, and investiga tion of general problems in the domain of welding technology. Commodity Standards. The multiple fellowship of Kaufmann Department Stores, Inc., which is concerned with problems of retail merchandising, has been in successful operation eight years. During the past year the fcHowship'sfaff, headed by Jules Labarthc, Jr., has had a program consisting of the following five general brandies: pre-evaluation of mer chandise offered to store buyers, estab lishment of specifications and "informative labels for own-brand and other staple merchandise items, evaluation of customer complaints about merchandise servicea bility or usefulness, rendering technical seiviee to the store maintenance depart ment, and education of salespeople and consumers. 'lhe pre-evaluation of merchandise has been eomluded ns far as possible ac cording to iccognized standard test inetli- 0 a d 7 -i 1 `."rryw.w.'g'y1 APIUUIO. 1M9 NEWS EDITION 235 ods. Two or more competitive items were invariably compared and the superior merchandise recommended for purchase. Ei^hty-two specification-standard staple items were added to the list begun two years ago, and the fellows prepared the copy to appear on the informative label for each of these articles. Eight hundred and forty adjustment cases were studied, of which 213 were judged to be justifiable complaints. ?." '-.'st common causes of failure c defective merchan- dfi m dyes affected ky at: . .. is, poor color fast- lit - ' j crocking, and inade- &5t: . in lower priced mer. .lows promulgated to the sal- '.motive material on mer chandise .i:ty and care, both in the form of written information and by occasional informal talks. The senior fellow ad dressed nearly 40 women's clubs and other consumer organizations of the Pittsburgh district. Four of the five phases of the program have become of direct benefit to the con sumer. The basis of every evaluationa! procedure deals with increasing merchan dise serviceability, determining the cause of occasional failure to give good service, and providing useful directions on how to judge quality in goods and how to care for them. In this day, when the so-called consumer movement is of such importance to retailers and manufacturers and labeling legislation is so general, the unbiased tech nical advice of this fellowship is of ever increasing value to the donor and the public. Cotton' Foundation' Fellowship. This multiple fellowship--supported by a philanthropic group of business men or ganized ns the Cotton Research Foun dation-devoted its first year to a com prehensive survey of the literature on cotton and cotton products and to a laboratory research program for the preliminarv examination of potential new uses. The provision of this activity by voluntary contributions from a large num ber of participants in this commendable movement is worthy of special note. Rroadiy speaking, the aim is to make both fundamental investigations and practical studies of any subjects that carry the possibility of improving the cot ton economy of this country. In order to progress as rapidly as possible, the initial fellowship Personnel--consisting of I). M. Mus-er, K. F. Nickerson, and II. S. Olcott--has been expanded by the addition of five assistants. A review of the literature on the proper ties of hull bran and of previous sugges tions for its utilization has been com pleted and submitted for publication. Moreover, a compre hensive chemical analysisof this material and a spoctrographie, examination or its ash have been carried out and will soon appear in print. The fellow ship has developed a sweeping compound based on cottonseed hull bran that is be lieved to bo more ef ficient than existing commercial types; con siderable interest has been shown in this product, and it is ex pected that a number of companies will un dertake its manufac ture in the near future. Problems concerned with the isolation and properties of cotton seed proteins have re ceived much investiga tion. Not only have methods been devised for carrying out the preparation of cotton seed globulin on a pilot-plant scale, but also a number of studies are in progress on possible industrial applications. Another project is an invouigation on the possibility of obtaining an effec tive activated carbon by the thermal decom position of cottonseed iniU bran. The nutri tional properties of cottonseed meal of various types are be ing thoroughly studied by means of growth experiments with lats. Rasie work on the properties of cotton lint relating to certain specialized industrial applications is in progress. Methods of prncc.s.-ing ami purification of hull linters arc being inspected. The Cotton Research Foundation, con tinuing its policy of providing financial aid to institutions proposing interesting re search projects for cotton utilization, has established, through the agency of Mellon Institute, three, fellowships or scholarships in southern universities in addition to that for which arrangements were made at the University of North Carolina last year. This latter problem is an investiga tion by G. C. llolroyd, under the leader ship of F. K. Cameron, of methods of pulping the entire cotton plant to provide an advantageous source of cellulose. At the University of Texas, in a program be ing supported jointly by that institution and the Cotton Research Foundation, 15. 15. Allen is studying the products of cata lytic hydrogenation of cotton with a view to developing uses for linters and offgrades of lint. W. E. Richards, at the 0id7o *V<HHWPCa.'T I 236 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY vuu n, ivu. 4 Texas Technological College, isdetermin ing nnd examining tlio (constituents of cotton lmrrs. A fellowship, of which K. A. .Siithcihiml is the incumbent, on the utilization of cotton-ecd hull bran as a source of lignin and furfural, has recently been put in operation at the University of Tennessee. Realizin'; that economic as pects are of vital significance in the de velopment of new ti.-es, a novel departure is seen in the fellowship on cellulose eco nomics at the University of Pittsburgh. G. D. Richer, whose undergraduate and preliminary graduate training has been in the Geld of chemistry, in addition to pursuing a curriculum of studies as a candi date for a higher degree in the department of economics, will correlate the results of the investigative activities with analyses of .the economic situation in cotton tech nology. New Foods. The major accomplish ment of the multiple fellowship on food varieties of II. J. Iieinz Co. (E. R. Hard ing, senior fellow) has been the complete technological development of a line of special foods for the feeding of children beyond the strained foods ago. These new products are the result of a demand from physicians and mothers for foods for young children that are oi ,.t texture and require chewing, afford good nutritive bal ance with special emphasis on the content of vitamins and minerals, are of easy di gestibility and free from spices and other unsuitable ingredients, and have interest ing variety and appealing palutability. These foods are aLo particularly suitable for convalescents and other adults on special diets who need easily digestible foods of high nutritive value. Nine of these foods have been put into production in the donor's factories and three others are ready for manufacture. Most of these products are composed of a number of in gredients combined according to new and unusual recipes planned especially for food factory adaptability. Many prob lems had to be solved in preparing, cook ing, packaging, and sterilizing these foods in order to preserve flavor, color, and food value to the most favorable degree. The twelve varieties include vegetables, both plain and creamed, meat products, fruit, and puddings. Specifically, the names adopted for this line of "Junior Foods'' are Creamed Given Vegetables, Creamed Diced Vegetables, Creamed Tomato and Rice, Creamed Diced Potatoes, Lamb and Liver, Chicken Farina Vegetable Por ridge, Chopped Spinach, Chopped Car rots, Chopped Mixed Vegetables, Pine apple Rice Pudding, Prune Pudding, and Apple-Fig-and-Date Dessert. The nutritional studies of the fellowship have been carried forward, and vitamin assays have been completed on most of the junior foods, as well as on several strained foods. A new variety in the strained foods line--namely, strained pears and pineapple--has been developed and put into production following the establish ment of its nutritive value. Surface Haupnf.ss of Glass. The term "hardness" admits of no explicit defi nition; it is indeed generally used with out regard to definition, bringing thereby confusion rather than clarity into many statements. Hat Jim.-; nmy have as many meanings when applied to glass as when applied to other materials, lint, as one of the specific advantages of glass is its ability to transmit light, attempts have been made by the multiple lellowship on technical glassware of the Cuming Class Co. (R. R. McGregor, senior fellow) to determine the ability of different com positions to resist surface altciation of a type thill would reduce duect light trans mission. Methods and appaiatus have been developed ttint enable the appraisal of surface hardness according to that point of view. It has been found that this sur face1 stability has in>t necessarily any rela tion to the structural stability or mechani cal strength of the glass. Attempts arc being made to evaluate certain glasses on tlie basis of the services required of them. Heat Insulation Research. The multiple fellowship of the Philip Carey Co. (R. II. Heilman, senior fellow) has been active in making thermal conductivity de terminations on low-temperature or build ing insulation. A study of the thermal and physical characteristics of various heatinsulating cements has also been con ducted. Considerable time lias been ex pended by the fellowship in experimental investigations leading towards standard' methods for determining the thermal and physical characteristics of heat-insulating materials. This work has been carried on in collaboration with various committees of the A. S. T. M. Since the Morro Castle disaster on September 9, 1931, when many lives were lost, stringent specifications have been de veloped for materials used in ship con struction to eliminate the hazard of fire at sea. As a means of preventing the spread of fire on shipboard, it is as...vary to have fireproof construction for bulkheads, cabin enclosures, and storerooms, and "Carey Fircfoil" has been developed for this pur pose. This material, which can be pro duced commercially in large panels suitable for fire-safe bulkhead construction, is made of alternate layers of flat and cor rugated asbestos felts having eight cor rugations per inch of thickness. The lay ers of asbestos felt are joined with a newly developed waterproof adhesive, resulting in a board or panel that is hard, rigid, light, and strong. The 1-inch thick Fircfoil core weighs approximately 2 pounds per square foot. It has sufficient strength after soaking in water for 72 hours to withstand a pressure of approximately 75 pounds applied to a 1-inch square die on the surface. Fircfoil is nianufaeUued in widths up to -IS inches and can be furnished in any thickness from l/: inch up by `/s inch increments. The fellowship has as sisted in the acquisition, of technical in formation on this new product, which has already found a number of uses other than in ship construction, including boiler and furnace casings, oven walls, casings for airconditioning units, interior building units, and insulating linings for stacks. The fellowship has also allied in secur ing additional technical information on the Carey all-asbestos insulating air duct, de scribed last year, which is having a steadily increasing acceptance in the air-condi tioning field. Laboratory Constructional Ma terials. "Kemitc" and "Karcite," lowshrinkage, acid-resistant ceramic bodies, the pores of which are filled with carbon in the form of coke, conceived and de veloped by S. M. Phelps, of the institute's refractories fellowship, have kept in largescale production through the year. These products have been specified for many new laboratory installations, and the reports concerning the ware which has been in use for longer periods have been uniformly favorable. The table fops, sinks, window sills, and diain pipe employed in the in stitute's building have continued to give excellent service. During the fourth year of the fellowship maintained by the Ceramic Products Co., with E. E. Marbaker us incumbent, prospective new raw materials wcie evaluated, studies looking towards the development of additional properties were carried out, and new applications were investigated. Meat Tenhiiiiiz avion. _ A fellowship was established November 10, 1935, by the Kroger Food Foundation of the Kroger Grocery and Raking Co. (M. I>. Coulter, fellow), for the application of current scientific developments to the solution of naturally occurring problems in the retail merchandising of the meat supply of the country. Three and a half years of research have culminated in the development to com mercial status of a new process making an improvement in the palutability of beef through increase in tenderness and juici ness. The process parallels that long practiced in the "hanging'' of beef for periods of 4 to 6 weeks to produce steaks and roasts of high quality and price. By acceleration of the reactions occurring in the beef there are avoided the large capital investment involved in "hanging" beef and the losses due to trimming and shrinkage. In a period of days a tender product of superior juiciness can be pro duced in the price range of the general market without applying any treatment to the meat other than altering the atmospheric conditions under which it is hung. Beef 13 made up of small muscle fibers `/cm inch in diameter and */ inch long filled with liquid materials containing protein, fatlike substances, and amino acids. These fibers arc bound together by a light connective tissue composed for the most part of collagen ana elastin. The degree of toughness of beef is caused in major part by the comparative tough ness and weight of the connective tissue. Softening or weakening of the connective tissue results in appreciable increase in tenderness. In well-conditioned animals of proper age deposition of fat occurs within the connective tissue, destroying its continuity and weakening it, with the result that the "marbling" of the meat grades is one of the more reliable criteria of excellence. During the "hanging" operation a slow softening of the connec tive tissue occurs because of the action of enzymes naturally present. At chill stor age temperatures (33 " to 3S F.) the reac tion proceeds very slowly. Increase of temperature accelerates this reaction with the result that, while a period of weeks is required for the desired degree of comple tion at 33 F., uniform tenderness is at tained in 5 days at 55 F., in 2 days at 65 F., and in a few hours at S5 F, Reduc tion of shrinkage losses is accomplished by raising the relative humidity of the proc essing and storage coolers to a preferred range of 85 to 90 per cent as compared with the 70 to S3 per cent usually maintained. It has been demonstrated that no deterio ration of meat will occur if protection against the exterior attack of bacteria is atiorded. The combination of higher temperatures and a more humid atmosphere presents an ideal situation for the growth of bacteria and mold, and therefore means of over coming this growth are required. While many agencies for maintaining surface sterility have been long available, no practicable means applicable to this problem had been found prior to the de velopment of the Wcstinghouse "Sterikuii]>." In the presence of high tempera ture and relative humidity it- is possible with this lamp to maintain r. practical degree of surface sterility on all sides of hanging licet without damage to the car cass or untoward action on workmen con stantly employed in the cooler. Ultra violet sources previously known were not limited in radiation characteristics so as to confine the radiation to bactericidal wave lengths with elimination of wave lengths damaging to organic tissue and fat. In connection with radiation, a slow circula tion of cooler uir is required and must he of the volume to provido for atmospherie 010 7 6 ` -:v. change without windHi"--of the beef or undue loss by shrinkage. In a practical way it has been found preferable to maintain a temperature of 00 F. in the proc essing cooler .to enable the treat ment of the heaviest quarters in a suitable period of time. At ap preciably lower temperatures the firocessing period is unreasonably ong and at higher temperatures an extremely accurate control of the time period is required to avoid either "under-processing" or processing to a degree greater than that which is believed de sirable for general consumption. Relative humidity is maintained in the previously indicated So to 90 per cent range with a gradual replacement of cooler air by con ditioned air taken from the out side. A special refrigeration problem was encountered in the design of such a cooler, involving the maintenance of the relative humidity level desired without inducing n too high velocity of air circulation through the condi tioning npparatu.-. Following processing the beef is moved to a chilling cooler maintained at 33 F., where the interior tem peratures of the quarters are reduced prior to removal to chill storage to avoid the tempera ture fluctuations that would inevitably occur with the in troduction of n load of beef at the process ing temperature. In storage the meat is handled according to present packing house practice with the exception of atmos pheric conditions. In the present case storage is at 30c F. to provide a rigid piece of beef for butchering. Under the condi tions of storage a higher storage tempera ture may be employed with savings on re frigeration costs but it is reflected in less rigidity of the beef tor cutting. Ultra violet radiation is provided during proc essing, chilling, amt storage, and relative humidity is he'd at $.1 to 90 per cent. The latter condition is diiiicnlt to attain in the early stages of the chilling operation hut is kept as high as possible. Tin: intensity level of radiation is hold ns low as possible, employing a larger number of lamps at low intensity in preference to a smaller number operating at high inlcnsitv. App oration of the new process lias been made to the entire beef carcass. Thu 0 a ,1 7 usual steak cuts employed fur broiling and frying arc increased in tenderness. Tlie, effect is evident in rib and chuck cuts commonly served ns roasts. In rounds, the eye, tenderloin tip, and top round are tendered, hut results with the frequently flexed bottom round muscles arc not uni form. Flavor is inappreciably altered. The juiciness of the beef is greatly in creased. "Graininess" is lessened, tlic presence of individual fibers lcinj^ unde tectable, differin'; in this respect from originally tender beef that lias been neither processed nor hung. The general effect is judged as advancing the beef at least one government grade in general palatability. The foregoing conclusions have been derived from physical and chemical ex aminations, submittal of samples to com petent authorities in meat merchandising and in culinary art, palatability te.-ts, and consumer acceptance tests on the produc tion of an experimental unit plant over a period of a year and a half. Science in the Use of Natural Gas. On the Hope Natural Gas Co.'s fellowship (J. B. Garner, incumbent) many problems Upper left-hand. Basic re search in the development of a "Junior Food" Center. View in one of con ditioning units in the re search on meat tenderizing, showing the "Sterilamps'' (upper right) and tempera ture and humidity recorders (center right). Left to right, H. C. Rentschler (perfocter of the "Sterilarap"), G. D. Be3l (the fellowship adviser), and M. D. Coulter are examining "a quarter of "Tenderayed" beef Lower right-hand. A mo ment of record in a study of the Industrial Fellowship on Chemical Hygiene 2:hi INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY VOL. 17. NO. 7 having to do with factors in tlio distri bution ami utilization of natural gas have been' studied. this leakage, conditions, such ns prevail in the streets, alleys, schools, churches, motion-picture thea ters, and ho-pitals in the greater Pitts burgh district, have been surveyed. The application of corrective measures lias followed and consequently the hazards of gas leakage have been greatly lessened. Cases of carbon monoxide poisoning, caused by either improper adjustment of appl'.'.nces or inadequate venting, have had attention. A summaiy of this in vestigation appeared in Pittsburgh's Health, June, 193k. Three problems of economic importance have merited the study it lias been possible to give them, and further research on a larger scale lias been scheduled, Refer ence is had to inhibition of hydrate forma tion when natural gas is tnm.-poitcd under high pressures and at relatively low tem peratures; removal of hydrogen sulfide and organic sulfur from natural gas (tre mendous volumes of "sour" natural gas are available for treatment) by a new method evolved by the fellowship which, it js believed, will De more efficient than the procedures now in use; and liquefac tion of the hydrocarbons of natural gas and their subsequent separation at .low tem peratures. A comprehensive general survey' of the entire natural gas industry of the United States lias been prepared and is to be published. Organic Synthesis Keeps to the Fore. The Carbide and Carbon Chemi cals Corp.'s multiple fellowship (H. K. Robertson, senior fellow) entered its twenty-fifth year of continuous activity with a unit of the Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. as a donor. During this period of time the manufacture of syn thetic organic chemicals has grown to such proportions that it is now one of the im portant industries of the country, owing largely to the production of an ever in creasing number of new chemicals having an expanding sphere of usefulness. In 1933-39 the fellowship lias followed this trend by carrying onward the preparation of new compounds on an experimental scale and by investigating possible appli cations of these compounds and those of others already available. \Yo:k has been kept up in the field of amines, and some new derivatives of this class of com pounds were found that appear to be of potential industrial importance as textile softeneis, wetting agents, and pickling and corrosion inhibitors. Other novel prepa rations enable the formulation of emul sions under conditions that make the usual emulsifying agents unsuitable. In addi tion, many application problems involving the use of the now more generally known amines, such as the etlianolaiiiines, ethyl ene amines, and morpholines, were in vestigated. The preparation of new derivatives of dikcteiie and ii.-> dimer, dehydracetic acid, lias been extended. Some of the com pounds prepared are of interest its pla-tieizers and as pharmaceutical and dyestuff intennediat'-s. Curing to the potential usefulness of dikcteiie as an intermediate in the synthesis of a huge number of new materials, a paper, to he published soon, wiil describe many of the reactions of this interesting compound. Work was maintained on the prepara tion of new -olvents of the ethylene and propylene glycol seiies, ns were experi ments on new uses for llmse derivatives already eotamei dally available. Imln -- tlial apphee.tioii.s investigated included the ll-e i.I these uialel'ial. as coolants or hoal-tian-fer media, as softeners, pla-li- ei/ei-. or conditioning agents, and as de hydration agents of gases. Various prob lems involving solvents, other than those of the glycol scries, were also studied. This work embraced the refining of lubri cating oils by solvent methods, degreasing experiments, and many other problems. The alkyl silicates have continued to be of interest and several of their uses, such as in the formulation of coatings resistant to heat and alkalies, were investigated. Research has also proceeded in the field of vinyl resin coatings with particular empha sis being placed on adapting the commer cially available vinyl resins to specific applications. Resides the investigation carried out on coatings, experiments were conducted on other uses for these resins, such as in hot melts. New Devices for Petkoi.kum Re search. In connection with a broad study of the constitution of certain pe troleum products, which the multiple fellowship of the Gulf Research & De velopment Co. (W. A. Gruse, senior fel low) has been carrying on over a period of several. years, the need has arisen for quick and accurate measurements of the physical constants of oil hydrocarbons, when only very sma" <=-<~of the. ma terials are available. To meet this re quirement, the development of a series of applicable methods has been undertaken. For viscosity determination, the design of a new type of equipment was necessary. The resulting instrument, although in tended primarily for samples less than 0.1 gram in amount, is quite satisfactory for general viscometry. The principle involved is the determination of lire rate of fall of a short segment of liquid entirely contained in a longer capillary tube. The apparatus is a small, self-contained, port able unit having an absolute accuracy of the order of 3 per cent, which compares favorably' with that of the better instru ments now current. The precision, how ever, is w ithin 0.1 per cent-, and a complete determination by an unskilled operator takes only 10 minutes. J. R. Bowman, of the fellowship staff, plans to describe the instrument in a paper in the near future. The determination of the apparent molecular weight of petroleum oils has always given much trouble, the available methods being either fairly slow and in accurate or moderately precise while, veryslow and clumsy. The devising of an improved procedure was taken up by IV. E. Hanson and J. R. Bowman, and the result of their study is based in principle on the Cottrell type boiler, employing a Menz.ies-Wright differential thermometer. No adjustments are necessary and the apparatus is rugged and simple. It- is satisfactory for many types of chemical compounds as well as oils, is quite rapid, does not require a purified solvent, ami operates with an error of less than 1 per cent. As it is believed the appliance will be quite useful in laboratories of organic chemistry, a description of it will be pub lished. D. It. Stevens and assistants have com pleted a basic study of the chemistry of the gasoline sweetening process, by which offensive and harmful sulfur compounds are removed or converted into less objec tionable substances, and they expect. to report the results shortly. Imi'Hovemenis in' ruv.ssiNr: Muhinery. Among the several fellowships working on problems in textile technology is that of the l\ S. llolfman Machiueiy Corp. with E. It. Clark as fellow. Main tained continuously since 192S, the work commenced with a study of the cherts of heat, mui-tuie, mid pressure on wool and silk fabrics. The research was next ex tended to aid in the design of improved pressing inm hineiv for use by tailors, dry- cleaners, and clothing manufacturers. Better average quality of workmanship and greater production per operator with less fatigue have been attained in .several fields, notably in the refini-hing of silk dresses after cleaning operations. The. extension of the donor's activities into the fields of dry-cleaning and laundering ma chinery construction broadened the. scope of the. fellowship, anil contributions to the arts involved have been made as to filters and stills for purifying the liquids u-ed and as to complete compact unit plants which permit even the smaller establishments to give high-grade service. A new, safer, and purer type of petroleum naphtha has been widely introduced to replace "dtoddard solvent"--a development for which a former institute fellowship was largely re sponsible--where fire insurance rates in volved in the use of the latter were pro hibitive. This naphtha, known as "1-10-F solvent," is a thoroughly refined, sharply- fractionated product with a "Tag" closcdcup flash above 1-10 F. and an A. S. T. M. end point below 410 F. Despite its high boiling point, it is effectively- removed at safe temperatures in special drying devices. Protective Coatings. The multiple fellowship of Stoner-Mudge, Inc. (G. II. Young, senior fellow) has progressed in investigations on the fundamental struc ture and properties of organic resin films on metals and other surfaces. Consider able attention has been focused on the mechanism of surface-catalyzed thermal decomposition of halogen-containing ther moplastics, and kinetic studies on such breakdown have led to the. development of suitable thermal stabilizers for incorpora tion in films expected to withstand ele vated temperatures. The first of a series of patents covering such stabilized coating compositions has been issued (U. S. Patent 2,130,92-1). Researches in the field of thermosetting polymers were primarilydirected at evolving suitable base-coat primers for use under the familiar vinyl and acrylic copolymers. In connection with these studies, a detailed investigation of the mechanism and reaction kinetics of the phenol-aldehyde condensation has been undertaken. Studies on the nature of metal surfaces, with particular emphasis on the modification of such surfaces by chemical pretreatment prior to coating, have been continued. An investigation of the effect on organic coatings of residual oil and metal soap contamination resulting from improper cleaning of tinplate was successfully concluded, and the necessity for careful control of cleaning operations was clearly demonstrated. Forward steps were made in studies of resin emulsion application to wood, textile, and paper surfaces. Research on Refractories. In its twenty-second year the multiple fellow ship of the American Refractories Institute (ti. M. I'helps, senior fellow) provided technical service to the refractories indus try by conducting studies for individual concerns and by carrying out researches of broad nature for the benefit of the whole industry. Some of this work lias had to do with the development of new test methods for use in controlling the quality of products and for the study of their probable behavior in actual service. Co operation has been extended to many useis of refractories in lle-ir problem- and in tin: writing of specifications. An investigation of general interest lias peitaiued to silica brick, particularly those In ink known in tin: trade as "mottled." In the routine manufacture of silica brick, it occasionally happens that some, of the brick as they conic from the kiln are dis colored in varying degrees. This dis coloration occurs as small spots, or may increase in size to large blot dies which may cover over hall the surface of the APIS II. 10. 1930 NEWS EDITION 239 brick; it may vary from a light brown to dark reddirii brown. Manufacture's have studied (Ids behavior from time to time, but no reliable remedy bus been brought forth. Although them are no records that such brick are inferior to the mole apirealing cream-colored product, nevertheless some consumers liavc taken the attitude that they would not give comparable service. Because of this fact it was de cided that the fellowship should compare tlie two types of brick in all their proper ties. The information obtained from this research shows there is no significant differ ent.' between the colored and normal brick. It lias long been known that heating a discolored brick in a neutral or oxidizing atmosphere to a moderately high temperature will cause the discoloration to diminish or to disappear, which indicates that, it is caused by some material winch is oxidized by the aid of the heat treatment. Petrographic examination has demon strated that the darkened areas arc caused by iron oxide in solid solution in the cal cium silicate glass which forms the bond of the brick. This iron is present in both the normal and mottled brick, and the state of oxidation is responsible for the color. In view of this finding, differences in physical properties cf i-h- tvo types are not to he expected, especially because the total amount of iron in any silica brick is very small. Novel Silica Products. A study of the properties of "Garspar" in ceramic bodies, enamels, and glasses has consti tuted one of the main projects of the min eral products multiple fellowship sustained by Xorbcrt S. Garbisch and headed by G. J. Bair. Garspar, the new ceramic raw material developed by the fellowship, con sists of an exceedingly fine-grained, homo geneous mixture of quartz and processed glass, produced by means of mechanical and chemical treatment which contiols both its chemical composition and physical properties. Garspar is being supplied from a large plant designed and built under fellowship diiection. In whiteware bodies, Garspar is used in place of flint, feldspar, talc, and auxiliary fluxes. It increases the workability of the plastic body, adds whiteness and strength to the fired ware, has a long vitrification range, shows r.o overfiring at cone 13, improves glaze fit, and decreases moisture expansion of the body. A new dusllcss batch-preparing process has been developed by the fellowship for compounding Garspar in glass and enamel batches. The outstanding characteristics of the new batch arc complete homoge neity, good heat conductivity, quick melt ing and firing,. absence of dust, and no danger of segregation during handling. An experimental unit, has been erected and is being operated by the fellowship. "Garbond" and "Gartex," in various grades, are some of the now products de veloped by the fellowship during 193S. Garbond is being successfully used in foundries as an admix to molding sands ami as a mold wash. Gartex is a special filler material, surfacc-proeesscd to obtain proper wetting by organic solvents. Progress in Steel Wire and Turing Technology. The fellowship of the Pittsburgh Steel Co. has been interested primarily in problems in the manufactiuc of steel wire, and since 1027 many de velopments in processing suitable for liighKjiceitieation materials have been ac complished by S. A. Brulcy. In 1937, 1). M. Babcock was added lo the, personnel of the fillowsbip for the express purpose of studying steel wire for the manufacture of coated cloctiodcs. This work lias pro gressed rapidly and much information on the oquilihiia existing between the steel base and the (lux coating placed thereon has been obtained. In the last two years stainless wire has been added to the line of products nf the donor and the principles of carbon w ire technulogv have been applied to the manufacture of stainless steel wire with beneficial results. Recently con siderable time has been spent on problems of manufacturing seamless tubing with the aim of increasing quality and decreasing production costs. .Specifications, finishes, corrosion, and coating problems, ns well as development workon paperbacked build ing fabrics, are the subject of continuing studies. New Uses for Sulfur. The investi gation of plasticized sulfur has been con ducted for the Texas Gulf Sulphur Co. with emphasis on the evaluation of both plasticized and ordinary types of sulfur cements. P. V. McKinney and associates on this fellowship have cooperated with the A. S. T. M. in outlining a program for the standardization of such tests. Traffic reflectors and other markers arc readily set in highway surfaces by the use of sulfur-jointing compounds. The sulfur composition which was used as a filler in the construction of brick roads is in its fourth year of service; it can now be pre pared at less expense. This type of ma terial is also under trial for We minting of glass blocks for skylights. Washing ma chines in which the tub and rim section are joined with a sulfur cement are now in the tenth month of consumer test. The prop erties of many porous materials are greatly changed by impregnation with sulfur. Sandstone imbued with sulfur has proved to have superior qualities as an abrasive in a special application. For a similar use abrasive aggregates have been bonded with sulfur cement. Water ab sorption of both sandstone and stoneware has been eliminated and the swelling of wood greatly reduced by impregnation with sulfur. Tough, pliable packaging materials have been produced by lamina tion of paper products with plasticized sulfur. Urban Air Pollution--A New In vestigation in Pittsburgh. During 193S the fellowship on air pollution control cooperated with the Department of Public Health of the City of Pittsburgh in a study of municipal air contamination. The program was carried on under a federal government grant- and it is expected this project will be continued through 1939. A sootfall survey is being made on a more elaborate scale than the studies of 1912-13, 1923-21, and 1929-30. Instead of 12 to 20 stations, there are 100 stations for the collection of precipitated solids and 50 field men who make direct observations of smoking chimneys. Data are tabulated according to the type of plant--heavy industrial, light industrial, commercial, and domestic. There are approximately 5000 stacks in the cla-ses regulated by the city's antismoke ordinance. There are 15-1,000 dwelling units, 119.000 of which burn coal for fuel, and none of them is sub ject to smoke regulation. Indications are that tlie dwelling units are the greatest, source of air pollution in Pittsburgh during the winter months. At several points the air is being sampled for the purpose of measuring suspended solids. Kstablishcd methods are used for comparison with re sults from instrumeni , dm eloped by the group of specialists associated with the project. The now instruments arc de signed to give continuous records of sus pended solids. The le.mlts may be re corded in terms of density as with the Owens automatic filter, by ob.-tructiou of light as indie.ited by photoelectric cells, or in pail ides rounted under a microscope. A spectroscope was built for the study of sundiine. Visible light, mar ultraviolet., and far ultraviolet me "rceoidcd sepa- raloly. Meteorological data obtained from the U. S. Weather Bureau are com pared with the records of sootfall, sus pended contaminants, and sunshine; The study of autopsy material is being continued at Singer Memorial Laboratory in the effort to determine possible effects of nir pollution as noted in Pittsburgh in causing or aggravating respiratory dis eases. In connection with this work and with the cooperation of the Dairymen's Cooperative Sides Association, Milk it Ice Cream Salesmen, Drivers and Dairy Employees Local No. 205, 100,000 ques tionnaires on the effects of smog were distributed to homes in the city. The Pittsburgh newspapers and radio stations aided actively in bringing this question naire to the attention of the public--assist ance that was of groat'value in stimulating returns. The answers have been tabu lated and will be appraised by medical specialists. Investigational Advances of Air Hygiene Foundation of America Historian J. T. Adams has observed that "Today people are thinking to a very great extent--some of them entirely--of what a corporation is doing for the general social good." The 250 corporations affili ated with Air Hygiene gounaauon have contributed to the welfare of their ap proximately 1,000,000 workmen, and therefore to "the general social good," through the work and accomplishments of this organization during 193S-39. Air Hygiene Foundation is a nonprofit, science organization with headquarters and a multiple fellowship at Mellon Institute. It represents a collective effort by em ployers in behalf of employee health. Tlie foundation, in addition to its pure, funda mental research in industrial health, pro vides member companies with practical, plant applications to prevent industrial illness and to foster industrial hygiene. During the year the foundation's pre ventive ctigineering committee, headed by Philip Drinker, of the Harvard School of Public Health, prepared and issued eight bulletins detailing chemical and engineer ing measures for safeguarding occupational health. These publications, coveting a wide range of current, everyday plant problems, are as follows: "Determination of Benzol Vapor in the Atmosphere," "Use and Care of Respirators," "Deter mination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Vapors," "Design of Exhaust Hoods," "Design of Duct Work for Exhaust Sys tems," "Determination of Lead in the Air," "Identification of Industrial Dusts," and "Routine Sampling for Control of Atmospheric Impurities." Each month the foundation issues a digest of latest pertinent literature on in dustrial hygiene, thereby keeping its member companies constantly posted on progress. Approximately 1000 separate articles were abstracted during the year. An exhaustive legal study covering "Com pensation Legislation--A Critical Re view" was completed and released early in the year, as were the full proceedings of the 1937 meeting. Two information circulars were produced. A number of si>ccial articles, describing activities of the foundation, were published in medical, engineering, and miuiageuientoi journals. Meanwhile, under research grants from the foundation, scientific investigations progressed at Mellon Institute, Harvard University, the University of .Pennsyl vania, and The. Saranac. Laboratory. Various well-indicated, slant-time stud ies are conducted at the institute under the supervision nf If. B. Metier, senior fellow. Blunt surveys and special investigations are being made almost continually fur member companies through the fintnda- oIj7a T i 210 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY VOL. 17. NO. 7 ti oil's laboratory in the in.stit.ule. Also through its headquarters lien: the foundation serves nr. n central agent for the col lection, cm relation, and dissemination of data on industrial health subjects. inis useful function helps curtail costly dupli cation and aids in orderly advancing our frontiers of knowledge. Two graduate fellowships were estab lished by the Inundation at Harvard Uni versity "to investigate engineering prob lems." These fellowshius will train men in industrial hygiene and help build up a skilled peisound to meet the increasing demand for specialists from industry and government, t >ne fellow will study funda mentals of hood design for control of gases and vapors where low velocities are per missible. The other fellowship will relate to the identification and distribution of dusts in tissue. The preventive engineering committee advises that The question of "what is the best appara tus and method lor dust determination?" is still about where it was a year ago. The Bureau of Minc3 has shown that the im- piogcr is inefficient for collecting lead.fumes .in air and suggests the use of an electrical precipitator. The Bureau of Mines has described a midget iin:;'neer which is run at a few liters of air per minute, instead of 1 cu. ft- (2S.3 liters). This equipment, very light and entirely hand operable, may gradu ally replace the large impir.fter, especially for work in mines. The various grab samplers are helpful, particularly for routine control. S. R. Warren, Jr., of the University of Pennsylvania, has reported on research in roentgenography being supported by the foundation which seeks to improve x-ray techniques for industrial purposes, as in large-scale medical examinations of groups of workmen. He and his associates ex perimented in taking parallel x-ray pic tures on paper and film, and showed their results to 35 of the country's leading roentgenologists. These pictures re vealed all stages of chests from normal to advanced forms of lung lesions. The ex perts were asked if the paper pictures were adequate for diagnosis and their answers were analyzed in order to prepare the groundwork for standardisation of roentgenographic procedure in industry. Ac cording to Warren, It is apparent from the data so obtained that paper roentgenograms may be used for survey work il the technique is at least equal to that used in the tests and if means are available for following up suspicious cases by the use of stereoscopic roentgenograms un x-ray film. This conclusion is qualified by the fact, noted by most of the men who examined the til ms, that x-ray film has a wider range of density than x-ray paper. In conclusion, the results of this survey are interpreted iri terms of the practical pro cedure necessary in industrial survey work. L. U. Gardner, director, The Saranac (X. V.) Laboratory, has disclosed his find ings in a study of "mixed" dusts and "pro tector" du-ts which he is conducting under foundation grant. His experimental data support the thesis that various minerals associated with silica tend to inhibil its action upon the body. While many substances may net as inhibitors, not nil are equally effective. When the proportion of silica reachc- 50 per cent or inure of the mixture, prolonged contact with the ti-'-in-s may ultimately eau-e fibrosis. Hsilv observations of metallic iiluminuin mol the hydroxides of alumi num and iron indicate that, each of these substameo may be. more potent in protec tive cfl'ei Is th in numerous other minerals examined in the tests, lie added: The data suggest that analysis of the rock being worked does not necessarily constitute a measure of the silica hazard in a particular industry. When more evidence has been analyzed it may be found practical to use tbe proportion of silica in the atmosphere as the basis of state codes. It is hoped that the modifying influences of other dusts may also be established upon a practical basis. The principles involved in those studies probably explain the variations in the rate of development of silicosis in different indus tries. Ultimately they may make it possible to neutralize the effects of silica upon the body. At present their influence is not sufficiently understood to be used in this manner. In the writer's opinion the major objective in the campaign against silicosis is still the elimination of silica dust from the working atmosphere. T. C. Waters, of Baltimore, chairman, Maryland Occupational Diseases Com mission and member of the foundation's legal committee, has commented on pres ent legal trends as follows: Twenty-one states have laws compensating disabilities arising from occupational dis eases. The laws already enacted have given rise to various controversial questions affect ing the relationship of employers nnd em ployees. Their preseni, ami future adminis tration will create further problems. The subject of time lost by industrial workers because of disabling illness, nnd the economic need for the prevention of such illness, with its attendant financial loss to employees, are of vital importance. As disabilities caused by those diseases which we call "occupational" are far less numerous than those caused by the other common ills of life, it is a matter of concern to indus trialists today that occupational disease laws should not be administered as general health insurance laws, to provide compensation for time lost by employees owing to common ills. The 1939 sessions of the legislatures will en act new laws relating to this subject or amend laws now effective. Careful consideration should be given to this legislative program. These laws are the result of definite economic need to afford to employees adequate com pensation for injuries they have sustained during the course of their employment. At the time of enactment employers were con cerned about the additional cost to which they would be subjected, but to date it does not appear that the laws now effective have placed an unjust burden upon indus try. It is too early to predict whether or not the administration of the laws presently enacted will be successful; but if they fail to accomplish the purposes for which they are designed, they should fail because of their inherent defects and inequalities, and not because of the attempt by employers to avoid the imposition upon them of costs for compensating injuries resulting from opera tions to which their employees have been subjected. Further employee health improvement was the theme of the third annual fall meeting of the foundation held at Mellon Institute November 17, 1933, which was attended by more than 200 indus trial executives representing companies throughout the country. Besides prog ress reports on research projects, authori ties diseased the social and economic im plications of the foundation's activities. W. E. lhitchki-s, of Carnegie Institute of Technology, former president of Armour Institute, pointed out that, according to competent estimates, 200,000,(100 working da_\ a are lost annually because of illness, meaning losses of huiidicds of millions of dollars to employers mid their employees. "The only question about the future of n problem like this," he continued, "is whether it is going to be bandied sanely and constructively, and in a consecutive way based on science, or whether it is going to be handled emotionally anil rcstrictedly and unintelligcritly." V. P. Altcurn, executive secretary, Na tional Industrial Sand Association, ex plained explicitly the interest of industry: A steady job, decent hours with good pay. is no longer the sole criterion. To that must Iks added industrial health. It is often characteristic of government that, when it swings with tho pendulum, it swings too far and thus aggravates rather than cures. Unwise occupational disease laws have hecn written, but who can deny that there is an irresistible trend toward the enactment of such laws in every State? Those laws are responsive to the apprehension of employees about health hazards in industry. Indus try will do well if it recognizes that fact and meets it intelligently. This question of industrial health is not the single problem of a single industry. Neither is it an emotional nor sentimental problem. It is a practical problem for industry as a whole to solve. Statutes of themselves will not provide industrial health. As in the case of industrial accidents, industry ha3 always shown a capacity, once it recognizes and confronts a problem realis tically, to make steady r.--rtoward its solution. Air Hygiene Foundation presents a useful vehicle through which industry can pool its forces in eliminating or controlling hazards to health in industry. Other addresses were made at the meet ing by E. P. Pendergrass, of the University' of Pennsylvania, member of the founda tion's medical committee, by R. R. Sayers, U. S. Public Health Service, also a member of the medical committee, and by T. F. Hatch, New York State Division of Indus trial Hygiene, a member of tbe preventive engineering committee. With the growth of industrial hygiene units in the various states (29 have been established to date) and the work of federal "agencies in this field, the founda tion has been able to cooperate to a con siderable extent in these governmental activities. Publications and data are ex changed and a mutually helpful spirit of collaboration has developed to an en couraging degree. The year has also been marked byr heavy requests from the public for information relating to industrial health subjects. The foundation makes every reasonable effort to fulfill such needs for facts. There is an increasing public insistence that the talents of industrial management be directed to a greater de gree toward public welfare, as well as toward private enterprise. And there are more and more indications that manage ment is heeding the demand for broadened socio-economic leadership. A concrete illustration is the existence of Air Hygiene Foundation which, beyond its contribu tions to workra-day health, reflects favor ably upon the progressive policies of those 250 companies and associations supporting this work, which benefits not only the employer, but also the employee and the community. Results in the Department of Research in Pure Chemistry CurMOTUfutArv ok Fxuumonta. In vestigations of chemotherapy in pneu monia, under way in this department (L. 11. Crctcher, head) for more than 10 years, have been actively pursued during the period covered by this report. C. L. Butler, Alice Renfrew, Mary Hostler, ami Mary Clapp have participated in the publication oT papers on the chemical re searches involved, and E. R. Mease has been in charge of pilot-scale production and engineering developments. The oijoo >-u. faayg'wfa^tfh.i i-,'^zc -*;m- ti*JtHSv.a>-`T- - ' :-r -fV,'aaftVrrg-in'niY n* 11 Al'IlIL 10, 1939 NEWS EDITION 211 study of derivatives of .qiocupreinc has been considerably extend'd by tin: prepa ration of a number of new alkyl niut hydroxyulkyl ethers. Certain modified sulfanilamide derivatives which contain C|uino!inc or cinchona substituents have been prepared and studies of other modi fications of the cinchona molecule are in progress. Patents have been applied for and some granted, both in this country and abroad, covering tbe more valuable substances developed and the methods for their preparation. The patents are being acquired in order that proper control may be bad over specifications and distribution to the best interests of the general public and rot for profit. The department has suffered the loss during the past year of C. L. 1 Sutler and Mary Hostler, who nc- ccpted positions elsewhere. New mem bers of the chemical staff will be an nounced later. To date tbe biological and clinical stud ies of the cinchonas under the institute's auspices have been necessarily limited to the pneumonia problem. It is planned to extend their application to other infectious diseases as opportunity offers. Though several interesting and active compounds have been discovered none has appeared to be as generally suitable as hydroxycthyl- np->. q.ireinc (No. 71), a compound which has ' -an mentioned in previous reports and i . scientific publications, both chemi cal r.: medical. .A yea.......v.y covering three years of clinical experience has just been published by the medical collabo rators, \V. W. G. MaclacT.lan, J. M. John ston, M. M. Bracken, and G. E. Crum. The conclusions reached in this paper are as follows: (1) The mortality figure in pneumo- coccic pneumonia in adults during the past year has been greatly reduced in those cases which received hydroxyethylapocuprc-ine. (2) In comparing the mortality figures of the chemically treated cases, which were of course smaller in number, with the scrum-trcated cases in Pittsburgh, for the same types of pneumonia during the same period of time, almost identical results were observed. (The drug, however, can be used effectively in all types of pneu monia.) (3) Hydroxycthylapocupreine has shown no evidence of disturbing vision. Arrangements have been made for clinical investigation of the material in cities other than Pittsburgh. Experimental work thus far completed, here aud elsewhere, has shown that, in identical doses within the effective ranges, hydroxyethylapooupreine will protect against pneumococcal septicemia in mice better than sulfanilamide and fully as well ns sulfapyridine. These comparative studies are being continued. Ntrrnnicu; and Dkntm, Caiuiis. Tbe pure research fellowship sustained by The Buhl Foundation, on the relation of nutri tion to various phases of denial caries (G. J. Cox, assisted by W. E. Walker, Sara Dixon, and Margaret Matusclmk), has made certain advances in techniques and has disclosed some new relationships of food to tooth decay in its work of 1038-39. As tooth decay is highly variable in its frequency, none but a statistical approach to the solution of the problem of preven tion of dental caries can be satisfactory. Obtaining tbe data necessary for conclu sions from any experiment in this field demands the use of a large number of ani mals--in this case albino rats--and the toil of examining the teeth becomes very time-consuming. During the past year a method of preparing serial ground sections of all the molars of 50 or more rats simul taneously has been developed. This method not only permits rapid grinding but also enables the easy accomplishment of the examination of the teeth and the re cording of the findings--tasks that are much more difficult with the usual serial sections. Previous findings of the fellow ship have been based solely on cavities observed in teeth without sectioning; now it is practical to make a complete study of tbe teeth of both past and future experi ments. Research on the beneficent effects of fluorides in the formation of teeth resistant to caries has not been entirely conclusive. Meanwhile there is evidence being accumu lated elsewhere to show that children with mottled enamel, as caused by fluoride in drinking water, have increased resistance to dental caries. Analyses by others have demonstrated more fluorine in enamel of sound teeth than in that from carious teeth in the same mouths. Two of three series of experiments by the fellowship have divulged that a minimum content of fluorine in the diet of rats during the for mation of the molars leads to diminished resistance to dental caries. A third ex periment was inconclusive. But the agreement of the two successful tests with the two lines of evidence cited above, as developed by others, indicates that ex perimental proof of this function of fluorine can bo supplied by the rat tech nique of the fellowship. In an attempt to determine what factors in meat confer caries resistance to rat teeth, a series of diets varying in protein content has bec-n fed to rats. No differ ence in caries susceptibility was noted from diets ranging by 5 per cent steps from 10 to 55 per cent protein. A similar study of varied calcium to phosphorus ratio showed that in the rat the mother (lining pregnancy and lactation cun pro vide calcium and phosphorus for good teeth over a wide range of ratio of calcium to phosphorus. On the low ratios, how ever, mothers nnd young displayed detrimental effects of the diets so far as body weight was concerned. Some preliminary experiments have indicated that suppression of saliva leads to promotion of decay. These results are in agreement with observations of others on the relation of supply of saliva and human dental caries. Researches nt the Western Pennsyl vania Hospital Under support of the.institute, a3 rec ommended by C. B. Schildecker, chemo therapeutic studies with aromatic sulfur compounds have been conducted by R. R. Mellon and his staff of eight, using princi pally pneumococci and streptococci as in fecting agents and rats and mice as ho3ts. Extended comparisons of effective dosage and protective values have been made with large numbers of animals and numer ous compounds. Investigation of the mode of action of sulfanilamide indicates that the compound likely permits the over-production of metabolic products by the infecting pneumococcus or strepto coccus, whicn results in an alteration of the growth rate or growth character of the latter. These results will be the basis for further study. Over and above journal publications, 1938 saw the issue of "Sulfanilamide Therapy in Bacterial In fections," a book that surveys the litera ture reporting the experimental and clini cal studies conducted in this country and abroad. Fundamental research in bacterial varia tion, using streptococci and tubercle bacilli, has provided additional experi mental evidence that transformations do occur within the present accepted classi fications. These findings are being ap plied both diagnostically and therapeuti cally as opportunity offers. Host factors, such as fatigue and shock, have been studied irr correlation with susceptibility to infections, as well as various forms of therapy which influence a subject's ability to resist infection. Always supplementing usefully any investigative activity is the contrivance of apparatus which will contribute to the elucidation of the problem. The chief product in 193S was a microcinematographic apparatus which provides suffi ciently high magnifications to record single bacterial cells. This device was put into use late in the year and earlv test films denote that it will facilitate the study of bacterial growth and variation. Industrial Fellowships in Operation at Mellon Institute during the Fiscal Year, March 1, 1938, to March 1, 1939* Fellowship Nave (WITH FOCSDAtlOS VtotJ Abrasives (1030) Acid Recovery (193S) Atr Hygiene (1935) Air Pollution Control Fellowship Name Fellows and Assistants A. P. Thompson W. \\\ Hodce I (with Focndation Year.) lione Products (1935) A. E. Cram, assistant, from Jan. 27 Bread (1930) II. il. Meller, senior fel low J. F. McMahon \V. II. Ruck, from June 1 F. F. Rupert, to Oct. 1 CalROniiinc (1933) Can (193S) II. R. M idler Carbon Black (1927) Amino (1937) Anthracite Industries (1937) R. V. Rice II. J. Rose, eenior fellow R. O. Johnson K. T. Seim. Jr. Miriam Gnllilh. assistant Ceramic Chemical* (1933) B. I*. Frtend, Jr., assist- | Chain (193G) mt, from July IS J. It. Shields, aasiatrint, from Sept. 10 Fellows and Assistants E. P. Barrett J. R. West, assistant II. A. Kohman B. H. Gilmore, senior fel low G. O. Hall C. B. Jones, senior fellow U. E. Henry W, J. Remington C. cjwetzer, senior fellow, to April 1 A. E. Crmy,, as>istant, to Oct. 15 \Y. J. Baldwin D. P. Helm, senior fellow J. K. Uni rts W. A. Seibert, Jr., as sistant, from Sept. 15 Fellowship Name (with Focndation Year) Fellows and Assistants Chemical Hygiene (1937) Chromium (193G) B. G. Marini, Jr., as sistant, from Jan. 10 II. F, Smyth, Jr. Jane Seaton, assistant Bouise Leslie, Assistant R. T. Scherer, asaistaot, from Sept. 19 M arc Darrin 1). F. Altimicr, assistant, from June 1 Dmu;! Snyder, assistant, from Mar. 21 to May Cir.aret Technology (1932) Commodity Standards UU.lt) J. K. Troutman, assist ant, to Mar. 21 C. F. Bailey, senior fellow A. \Vr. Pctre Julfs I.ttbarthe, Jr., sen ior fellow A. F. Trsi M. S. Morgmi Oi 38 t ./ s \ 2)2 INIH1ST1UAL AND UNCHM-IKIllNG ClIlvMISTItY VOL. 17, NO. 7 F Lt.O W eHf ** N AMR (WITH r*ilM'ATl'>.N Y kaii) FllLLOUM and AhM-sTaN Fi j Fku.owhuip Navi: | (urni Foundation* [ Ykak) Ci-ik (1937J K. G. King K. C. bhaibaugh, assist ant F. C. WrNscrt, assistant, from Feb. 15 1 I ! Colton Foundation <1037) Cotton Yarns (19-5) 1>. M. Musscr H. F. Nickerson II. S. Olrott C. P. Greon, assistant, from M ay IS T. I). Fontaine, assistant, /ram June G II. C. Engel, assistant, from July 25 G. L). Richer, assistant, from Sept. 1 C. I). Leapo, assistant, from Sept. 15 C. D. Thornton, assist ant, from Jan. 5 A. E. Goss, assistant, to May 10 C. F. Goldthwait H. L. Beulh-r, assistant R. G. Goldth'v;ut, as sistant, from June 8 to Sept. 4 Cottonseed Products (1930) Dairv Technology (1931) Dielectrics (1937) Drafv (1935) Drying 0520) Electrodeposition (1939) Enamels (1925) Ethanol (193S) A. W. Harvey H. K. Salzberg R. X. Wenzel K. J. Miller n. iv. Fulton Hetty Houser, assistant, from July 5 tu Nov. 4 R. H. Lester D. G. Bennett H. W. Coles W. E. Tournay, assist ant, from Oct. 3 Paper (1928) Pasteurization (1936) Pearl (1933) Petroleum Refining (1911) Felt (1939) R. R. Fulton Filter (193S) Flavoring (193S) Food Container(1930) F. F, Rupert F. F. Johnson O. O. Miller, senior fellow J. M. Boyd, to Jan. 1 Food Varieties (1921) E. R. Harding, senior fel low Helen Wign.sn L. L. Lachat, from Feb. 15 W. C. Bell, assistant Fred Peelor, assistant, f ' Pharmaceuticals (1922) from June 20 to Aug. | Plate Glass (193C) 10 Garment (1929) Glazing (1935) Gypsum (193S) Heating (1929) T. H. Swan, senior fellow H. C. Donaldson R. L. Wakeman H. E. Simpson J. L. Young Arthur Yeitz, assistant, to Dec. 1 Household Utilities (1936) Insecticides (1917) Insulation and Roofing (1916) E. P. Bicakey O. F. HeJenburg R. H. Heilman, fellow R. W. Ortmiller senior Iodine (1939) Laboratory Construc tional Materials (1935) Lead (1930) Meat Merchandising (1935) Meter (193s) Mineral IVuducts (1930) Nn! >a:d G.* (1315} New 1'Jastics (19 53) Niirocrn (\>nip<iund; (1933) y. F. Johnson E. E. Marbaker F. J. Williams M. D. Coulter G. J. Schcells, assistant J. F. McCarthy, assist ant, from Nov. 1 R. L. Wukemau G. J. Bair, senior fellow R. X. Palmer P. J. RicM.i, assistant, from Feb. 1 R. J. Sarraf, assistunt, from Feb. 1 T, R. Trcvorrow, assist ant, from Feb. 1 I [ Blessing Machinery (1928) J. B. Garner J Printing (1938) jj Protected Metals J. K. Simons (1913) P. J. W ils"n, Jr., senior felh*\v J. li. Wells Optical Glass 11931) Oij'ahic SvinlnMs 091-1) F. L. Jones I. 1). Klein, ask'dant, from July 6 to Aug. 31 ii. r. Ruiertson, penim fill., vv If. i: Fife * Lifted alphabetic:! lly uectitiliiig to name. Piotrrtive Coatings (1935) Fnu.nwti asiy AhMnTaNTa FELLOWSHIP N'aMK (with Foundation* Ykak) Fmmv and AnarArANTs A. B. RoOj*e, Jr. H. D. CogHii R. G. Uu.'irk W. K. .Schneider G. V . Seagren G. W , Gcrhardt, assist- 11 cion Wawll C. P. McClelland A. L. Wilson, from Jan. I J. M. Russ, Jr., from Jan. I D. C. Lewis, from Jan. 1 C. W. Patton, from Jnn. ] C. 0. Strother, from Jan. 1 E. C. Martin, assistant T. K. Maher, assistant C. I. Spessrird. assistant Richard Shitilcr, assist ant R. T. Hull, assistant Frank Snider, assistant 11. M. Stiles, RSi'.otnnt V. E. F rancisco, assistant W. B. Brown, ass-stant D. M. Clarke, assistant, from Dec. 1 B. G. Wilkes, to Aug. 1 Walter Kuras, assistant, to Dec. 20 R. C. Boltz, assistant, to Nov. 30 P. R. Davidson J. D. Alley, to May 0 o.W. D. Claus y h-)z K. A. Stegeman A. E. Alexander W, A. Gruse, senior fel low D. R. Stevens W. P, Ridenour John MetscM J. R. Bowman C. J. Livingstone W. E. Hanson J. E. Nickels C. L. Wolfe, assistant Gustave Sill, assistant J. D. McKinley, assistant S. K. KapfF, assistant, from June 1 R. C. Pannier, assistant, from Sept. 10 C, W. Statlcr, assistant, to Aug. 15 H. W. Coles, senior fellow Mary Dodd3 F. W. Adams, senior fel low Lee Devol J. D. Jenkins H. O. Farr Marion Maclean P. W. Crist, assistant C. A. Bishop, assistant W. G. Andrews, assistant H. R. Lelner, assistant H. W. Guenther, assist ant P. W. French, assistant Alexander Leggin, assist ant R. J. Cowles, assistant, irom Oct. 10 H. E. Simpson, to Dec. 15 K. B. McAlpiue, to May 16 P. H. Dewey, to May 10 C. b. Becker, to May 16 W. H. Lycan, to May 16 H. H. Douglas, to May 16 L. M. Adams, to April 1 W. R. Molfiu, assistant, to June G J. L. Evre, assistant, to May 7G J. B. Cobb, assistant, to May 10^ Turrcll I'leman, assist ant, to April 1 E. It. Clark Protein (1937) R not in (1936) Ravon (1933) Refractories (1917) Rubber (1933) Safety Fuse (1930) Shaving (1932) Silicate (1917) Silk (1939) Slag (1921) Soybean (1935) Special Dyes (193S) Special Plastics (1933) Steel (1927) Stone (1934) Sulfur (1931) Surgical Supplies (1930) Tar Acids (1933) Tar Properties (1937) Technical Glassware (1931) M. W , Weiss J. !!. Young. r (.4. lu\v P. W. Jenkins A. W. CnlTinn ri 1). S. llubbell G. K. DumlcxiM. ant sc.. wr Odum, a>istnrit MrCuhr, ns-,i->t:tnt. In. `'..h11'- 1 Leroy I lilHllpttri, uvsist- ant . from Fib. 1 G. H. Young, senior frl- low i1 Yextih* Vink-hing I (1W1) Thread (1935) ! Tl,i,n ! Batch Technology j (IVItS> ! Yrnsl i W. S. Claus, senior fellow W. L. Tbumpsnri J. W. Rnvnolds, senior fellow W. M. Kutz G. A. Webb E. E. Fleck, assistant, from May 10 J. W. McClune, assist ant, from June 13 F. F. Fox, assistant, from Apr. 21 to Doc. 1 D. M. Clarke, assistant, from May 25 to Dec. 1 G. H. Eadie, assistant, from June 27 to Dec. I Barton Barnes, assistant, from June 27 to Dec. 1 Martin Cermely. Jr., as sistant, from July l to Dec. 2 R. T. Scberer, assistant to May 15 W. B. Burnett, senior fel low R. O. Dem os W. B. Miller G. E. Alter, Jr., assist ant, from Nov. 7 W. B. Scott, assistant, to S. M. Phelps, senior fel low E. B. Read E. C. Pci rie R. W. Limes * J. P. Maloney, assUtaut R. C. Briant G. H. Eadie. assistant, from Feb. 2 D. E. Pearsall E. J. Casselnmn L. C. Hewitt R. F. Stuewer Tracy Bartholomew X. J. Beaber W. Ik Holland F. O. Alexander, assist ant, from Sept. 20 W. L. Bast S. A. Braicy, senior fellow D. E. Babcock R. C. Briant P. Y. McKinney, senior fellow M. G. Mayberry Winton Brown L. C. Rowe, assistant, to June C W. I/. Nelson F. P. Hnzleit, assistant, from Feb. 20 H. J. Cibula, assistant, from Sept. 2$ to Feb. IS W. E. Tournay, assistant, to Oct. 3 K. B. Hester R. If. Calderwood, assist ant W. L. Williams, assist ant, from June 14 to Sept. 10 W. F. Fair, Jr. H. R. Beck, assistant J. L. Keller, ussistant, from June 13 to Sept. 3 R. R. McGregor, senior fellow E. L. Warrick J. W. Jordun. assistant, from July 18 J. E. Troutman, assist ant, fiom Mar. 21 to Sept. 1 K. R. Ackley T. A. Wilson, senior fel low E. R. McLean I). I'. Menard G. Ik Barker J. J. Enright, senior fel low II. Foi*trt II. \Y. \\ iM.it, assistant Pauline linpfer, a.-d-Uunt Pmsiv.o is lr. S. A. 0 10 8 2 s - \.h