Document NeXNB9aMXppyq1N6KbYzQ8VGp

` 'T ';-i-iV-''V`V - \v.* J 4 '- vt t a trim ft* OI'*<t*r #f M#M m4 ff*+y U4 bt4vr(fi AmmMIm, Im. *tl Av . * * T*Hi \7, ft f. Ah*d wKh L+*d 'growgii tobruary U, 19A tau) noma *ro e*mt touan To Motor* of tin Laad laductrla* AuccUtUx, Ins.I Attacbod for your lnforaatlco ar* eoplaa of tw uctUnt papar* vOleh Varo (Ivan at tin lut uaatlac of tin Ataoelatloo cf Aaarlcaa Battaiy Muxifbcturan, Xne. la Chicago. V* tt Ini you vlU find tin idaaa axjtrauad to b* up to data and praetloal. tdn eopta* art avalUbla fra* tbla offto* If you aaad tin*. EOfiad too. (2) </ J Sou 0. Foular t xrrHODi po r rai PKEVEmai or v c a l p o is c h d w n nroosm a Robert A. Kabo*, X. D. Proa the Kettering Laboratory la tb* Departseect of Preventive Medicine o4 Industrial Keelth, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ctio Introduction The poisonous projxrtlaa of lsad aad easy of It* c o b mb Inorganic ecapounda bar* been known with varying degrees of understanding and xisunder standing for centuries. This situation persists, for tba growth of tw knowledge baa baan associated with a tremendous lag la lta dissemination, and with a at111 greater delay la lta application la clinical aadlelna and Industrial hygiene. i&ii Slaea elmoet avaryoo* baa baard or read something about load polacnlng, It la saetasd by aany people, and especially by physicians, generally, that they knar a great deal about It. Ifc* fact* art that layaaa, as a group, know virtually nothing about It that la of value to tbea, and that cooperatively fv physicians cn tba outside of Industry have bad any contact with parson* iho wre suffering froa lead poisoning, or any experience that vould qualify tbaa to dlsgnos* or treat this allaant, aucb la** to aak* a valid appraisal of tba coodltlona tsdar which tba disease occurs. It la not surprising, therefore, that aany eeaa* of lead poisoning, especially tboea which occur aaong vary young children, or aaoeg adult* who have no obvious exposure to lead, should go unrecognised. Still lass surprising, and actually of ccaaon occurrence, is tb* opposite situation that of case* of other type* of Illness, especially tboea cf aoanhat obacure character, being diagnosed as lead poisoning, Barely because tb* patient who present* blcself to a physician 1* found or said to be "working with lead,* or la saployed la a shop or Industrial plant In which lead la used. It la cans* for aucb acre surprls* and Indeed for great concern, that la a country la thleh technical knowledge sad skill bav* reached a very hlj$ point . In which research and development la Industry have become aegis words and deeds la our productive, coapstltlvs vconoeqr - wa should find so great a lag end such striking ineptitude la tb* application of thearellable technical knowledge la providing conditions la which tba uniquely useful physical and chemical properties of metallic lead sod It* ccapouads can be utlllced to the full, without exacting aa waduly high toll la sickness sad disability froa tb* sen and venen who work with thee* Baterials. Mich of a congratulatory nature bas been said, la aany places, cf tbs progress that be* bees aad* la Industrial asdlclas and hygiene la tb* Doited fftetss. Sons of this Is valid, especially that thleh baa been Halted to tb* contribution* to our knowledge which bav* been aad* la tb* past forty year* through research la laboratories of Industrial toxicology sod byglans, and through survey* and penlstent asdlcal sad hyglsnle supervision sod Investigation la various Industrial plant*. Out of these have eon* tbs basis lnfornatloo tad tb* practical astbods whereby fealllar type* cf Industrial Intoxlostloo bav* been brought radar eetla* factory control In sea* Industrial eetabllebaents la SOB* areas cf tb* ocratry. There ere, for sxaaple, Industrie* Is which large quantities of lead aad It* compound* are being wised In potentially dangerous operations, la whlab no csss* cf lead poisoning, even of the alldast type, bavt occurred for aany years, sod la which tba risk of lead poisoning Is winder ocaplets control. In contrast to this ere Industrial plants, usually, but not elveye, aaall, la which occupational exposure to lead, in operation* that are well-known to be dangerous, occur* practically wrlthout control, and la utter disregard of nay Presentation aad* at tb* 196} Pall Meeting of The Association of Aaerteaa Battery Manufacturer*, las., loveaher lb, 1$6), Chicago. cjfMijWWPfAl iii.i mtmm ii N 213.01 ....A -- >,--------- -- .In.-/'-'^ -2- prlnclples tod praetloes of I nduatrial hygleot. It It equally tru* that, at tha utility of lead and lta ocmpouads Is aodarn technology hart taken thaaa materials Into a large mn^er of highly varied typaa of Industry, many of thoaa who art responsible for production. In thalr preoccupation vlth tha technology of production, hart had no thought for hygienic technology. Itching faalllarlty vlth thaaa nattara, themselves, and having no experienced or trained tachnloal or aedloal repreeentatlvea of Industrial hygiene In their organisations. Thua It tranaplraa that tha Isolded o # of laad poisoning In American Industry It high, tad vhlla moat of tha caeei of poltoolng are caeparatlvuly alld, wre at111 tea, from tine to tlae, cases that c copere In severity tad In their capacity for producing peroaaest disability, vlth thoae hlch occurred la tha darkest periods of Industrial history* In bringing these dreary facta bone to this audience, I mat also Cephaslie the fact that the aaaufacture of electrical storage batteries is responsible for a large Dwber of csset of lead .oleaning in the Doited Gtetee - probably a larger maber then any other one Industry and that to ay personal knowledge there have been caeca, vlthIn tha present year, of a type that occur only aa the consequence of massive, essentially uncontrolled exposure to lead In tha fora of dust and fins. These things are occurring la this Industry at a tins when there la sccpls lsforaatloo vlth respect to both the methods of control and the criteria of human safety, hereby laad pMa/ming can be eliminated coapletely from among tha occupational diseases* It la ay purpose to bring to you tha evidence In proof of the latter etatenant, end to discuss vlth you the baste reasons for the failure, la presentday America, to apply veil established Bethode of Industrial hygiene to tha protection of the health of vurkncu sod tha preservation of their ability to earn a livlag for thacselves and their faalllaa. Hygienic Standards for the Appraisal cf Exposure to Lead Let ua first consider tha results of certain precise Observations that bavu been aads over long periods of time la various lead-uslog Industries la this country, whereby occupational eoadltlcoa which art dexterous can be differentiated froa those which are safe. la Obtaining such results one panne* bavu failed to perceive the major features of tbs Industrial operations sod of tbs conditions under vhleh they are carried out, which have rendered tbca dangerous oo tbs cos bond, sod safe oo the other. These conditions will be dealt vlth at greater Usgtb, separately. It Is laposslhls in tbs time svaliable for the discussion of this object even to neatton the principal Investigations froa which our present knowledge of the behavior of lead la the human body has been derived. Suffice It to say that co tha basts of such physiologic facts, tbs dstsrmlnstloo of tbs rate of the excretion of lead la the urlas and the aeasuresant of the concentration of lead la tbs blood provide definitive aasne for establishing, Indirectly, the approximate level of the absorption of lead Into the body, voder appropriate conditions, aad for estimating the severity sad the hygienic significance of aa occupational exposure to lead, ky carrying out analytical surveys of vorkman at suitable Intervals owr s aufflclaot period of time, ooe oan demonstrate the fluctuations sod tbs general trends la their current rate of absorbing lead, and thus establish the quality of tbs conditions under which these an wrork, wrlth respect to the relative severity cf their expoeure to lead, by maintaining aa adequate aedloal supervision of such vorkmso, la concurrence wrltb the analytical regimen, ooe eaa also determine, la aa entirely factual Banner, whether the analytical findings both la Individuals sod also la the group, sad bsoos tbs individual or collective r'.-.V-,. -3- oooujatlol axpoeure to lead, la associated vltb the ncumaot of lead polscoli^. by Bate* at systematic Observations of this type, carrlaA out onr periods at years Id a via* variety at lead-using Industries, It bu been possible to develop criteria by ifcleh dangerous occupational conditions con cart*Inly b distinguished fro tboee vhleh are safe. Moreover, varying degrees of bnrard can clearly be protreyed. Is terns of tba physiological and clinical responses of vurimea to tba aooAitlcaa under vhleh they vort. lhere art tremendous advantages la baring Information at baad vhlcb demonstrate! tba aztast of tba absorption of laaA by Individuals la a groat, aaA by tba croup aa tba composite representation of a specific Industrial plant, for ooa tblaf. It la ao loocar aacaaaary to apcculata aa to tba extent aaA tba alcalflcaaoa of tba axpoeure of tba vortaaaa to laaA. This la revealed aa claarly aaA aa meaningfully, by analytical aaaaa, aa ara tba dlacnalone of aa artlela la productloo, by lastruBtatal measurements. Aa for aaotbar gala la reasonable eartalnty, la cootraat vltb tba general fuxtlacee of foraar lay aaA aedlaal opinion, tba factor of Individual susceptibility to tba absorption of laaA, vhleh baa baaa ooa of tba potent obstaclea to sound earlrccesotal control of laaA . exposure, baa been reduced to a level of practical Insignificance. Ooa Dead sot ecocera or AaluAa blaseIf vltb tba Idea tbat this, that or tba otbar set of eoaAltlooa la not dangerous, or tbat this specific compound or alxturs of coapouola la tba fora aaA Banner in thlch It la being bandied, la act absorbable. Un fact of abaorptloo cannot be alaeed, provided eetabllahed aetboda of Investigation ara eaplqyed vltb aufflclaat skill and care, and if tba ai*lytlcal resuite are Inter* prated on tba basis of sound physiologic facta and principles. Tba latter Mean** tloo calls for a vord at caution. The developoent of oatboda of analysis vhleh cannot be anpleyed ueceearuHy la ordinary clinical diagnostic laboratories or la tba usual quality control laboratorlaa of Industry, baa placed this analytical service la tbs bands of highly competent chemists la specially designed ISboratarlaSe So far ao good. In Insuring tbs validity of tbs analytical results. The problaa of obtaining satisfactory oacplee of blood. Sad especially of urine, bovevar. Is up to tba phyelclaa, aa la also tba reepooetblllty for Interpreting tba resulte and actlag upon them. By no stretching of bis function can tba cbesilet or industrial hygiene engineer properly eastern tbsse reapooslbllltlea. Tbs handling and supervis lco of on vbo are threatened by disease la a Bedleal function, both by tradition and lav, and alnca tba satisfactory placement or displacement of vortoan often arises out of. these analytical results, such results should be dealth vltb aa tba confid ential data at medical records. Vbea they ara aade available to, and discussed vltb, Ben me Ileal personnel, especially eortman, through otbar than confidential medical consultations vltb Individual vorkaea, they create situations Uhlch are often fraught vltb grave difficulties. Including misunderstanding, apprehension, gossip, and labor sranageoent cootroveraise. (It la fairly Obvious tbat eedical oattare are often involved la collective bargaining, but it la squally trident tbat this la not tba deslrablt retbod of arriving at sound Bedleal policies la industry.) It >ay be noted, vltb acme surprise or ocraero, tbat tba Alaouailcn of standards of safety baa not Included, thua far, reference to tba tolerable limit (or limits) of tba ecoeentretlon of lead and tt* copounda la tba ataoephara of Induatrlal eetablletoeote. It Bl<t have bean supposed, for reasons of eon* vecleoee and aoooooy, aa vail aa historical sequence, tbat such a standard (or standards) of safety vould have bean considered herein la advance of any other. It la not through accident or prejudice, hovever, tbat this natter baa baaa releg ated to a secondary pee Itloo la lta re latloo to buean safety vltb respect to tba absorption of lead. The foct la tbat tba measurement of tba concentre!ion of laaA 1 mt*m ;-,3 ;sv?$ ';.v - t 0 In the ataosifctr* afford* non? practical advantage* la coonaetlon with th* op*ratloo of a plant In ldilcb lead It bln4 used, and specifically in th* appraisal of tha efficacy of th* naaaurea for coot rollIn* th* laad c octant of th* atmc*pbrm. At baat, however, cat 1* deal1x4 hart vlth "rules of thumb," In ralatlcn to degr*** of hatard. Th* latter a*ry vlth th* phyalcal and chaaleal characteristics of th* particle* dlaperaad In th* air, and, therefor*, Idles* the a* characteristics (l.e. the nature of the pacific compound (or ecepounde) In th* stmo*ifc*r*, and tha distribution of th* partlclet aa to alt*, ahap* and anaa) an ascertained and art interpreted In tarn of their potential sh*ort>ablllty, they prorld* Uttl* nor* than an educated goal a aa to th* severity of th* overall barard *uataln*d by nan iho work In th* t*at*d area* of th* plant. Tha nantloo of "tatted area** should bring to th* nlnd of th* experienced industrial hyglsn* eoginetr th* problans pn**ot*d by th* nany operation* idilch an csrrlsd out In nany different anas of an Industrial plant, and by th* nsnlfold varieties* In th* volta* of th*** operation* frea day to day, nocth to nooth, or year to yssr. Th* adequacy of tbs sailing progrsa, as to ntthoda sod th* satisfactory coverage of such variable* as changes In th* overall or localised volts* of production, deterioration of production and eoctroi equipment, and nary others, la always open to qutrtlco and Is subject to budgetary* as vail as technical, obstacle*. Th* significance of th* occeeotration of lead In th* air In th* vicinity . of verkmen, even If It 1* to determined a* to relate coly to respirable lead, is still aa Incomplete expression of th* occupational exposure to lead, for this 1* not th* only toure* of significant exposure. Unices car* la taken to Unit th* Introduction of lead Into th* digestive tract, through th* prcmotlcscf habit* cf cleanliness on the pert cf lb* nan, and through provision of confortshl* sod attractive vaah-rocn, 'change-house" and lunch-roca facllltUs, th* L**d that Is wallowed dally cootlnue* aa a source of absorption throughout th* 2A hour* of th* day sod over th* veek-esd (sine* tha nllasotary tract Is not snptl*d of It* reeldual coot*at* at th* termination of th* day's work). It is true, of ooure*, that th* absorption of lend fras th* allnectary tract 1* slow and Inccaplet* under th* ao*t favorable conditions, but It Is also true that land poisoning asp result solely frea such absorption, If th* quantity Ingested Is sufficient. 81no* It Is fairly assy, under suitable conditions, for th* workman to avoid tha lngsstlao of lead in th* ecairs* of his work, it 1* obvious that this contribution to that which b* lohal** frea th* air, under much loss easily avoidable slrew stances, should b* kept *t th* absolute alnlaun. In this connection It Is a fact of considerable Importance that tha large particle* of lsad-bearing materials (those In excess of 2 to 10 microns la diameter, or of *v*a larger dimension*) <4ilch aay remain airborne. In the tesdlat* vicinity of a vorkaan'* noatrlla, long enough to b* labeled, an depoltd for th* ao*t part la th* na**l and traebeo* bronchial paeug**, and that large mmhere of then reach th* nasopharynx and arc mllowed. Thu* it happens that tb alimentary treat may contain fras a few to My allllgrma* of laad every day, whloh an derived fro* th* du*t-ledn ataoaphera of a plant. Therefore, th* u* of aa elr-sampllng d*rlc* which exclude* th* larger partial** -- even the** <hlcb fell out of th* sir repldly--aay fall to reveal th* tru* significance of th* sxposur* of vorkmso Vo alrborn* lead. for all of tbs foregoing reasons, and for other* as well, th* sampling sad analysis of th* sir, as th* sol* or principal aaso* of measuring oooupatlocal lead haterds, aay fall partially or utterly to reveal th* tru* state of th* India trial snvtroascnt, sod It can never (or hardly ever) be expected to dlecloa* th* probably or actual basard of th* workman, *ap*o tally that of th* group of workmen (uch for xaapU, as th* amlutenano* and hou**cl*nlng persocnsl) who** work does not fit Into th* uaual pattern* of production operaUtn*. T - _-*r sr . o -i * Other criteria have bees and art being used to aalntala a check upon the status of workmen la the lsied trades. These iu(i fre* ic m fon of periodic ;bye leal omul nation to the uat of procedures of the cllalcal laboratory (either at supplements to physical examinations or at the tola measure* of medical exaslnetlcn), froa idileh ccoolutloot art drawn at to tba likelihood of tba cotat of lead Intoxication la a specific vorkaaa or asoog certain occupational troupe of vorkaen. the strlotly clinical examination* art Intended to pick out the lndlrlduale la a group of aen idio art threatened by lead Intoxication, or, more realistically, to discover Incipient Intoxication before It baa reached a aarloua or dlaabllag stage. Certain laboratory teete, among hlch the cesnonmst. the nlcroecople axnalnatlon of the blood for "slipping" of the erythrocytes (theat teete are often extended to Include other change In the formed elements In tba blood, euch ae reduction In the ouMbert and In tba hemoglobin ooctant of the erythrocytes) and, non recently, the exaalnatlon of the urine for the pretence of abooraal ijuantltlaa of porphyrin*, are being eeployed ae w*m of appraising the etate of health cf the workmen, or In reveree, the extent of the baaari of lead eheorptlco to tdileb they are being subjected. Without entering upon an 111-tlned dlacuaatco, bare, of the relative value of tbeee criteria for diagnostic purpoeee or for repealing certain nondisabling effecta of the aheorptlon of abooraal quantities of lead, It la sufflcleat for prceent purpose*, to eay that none of then, tlngly or In ecablnatlon with any or all of the ethers, la eatlefactory. In order to put this fact in perspective in the present state of preventive asdic toe, I trust that I nay, without Uproprlety, taka a firm professional position. I would not be willing to accept the rtepooelblllty for the safety of a group of workmen la an Industry la shlcb there la an actual barard of lead poisoning. If I bad to rely solely upon any coe or any combination of these clinical procedurea. In the light of present knowledge, these are not adequate ae procedures of preventive asdictoe In the lead-using industries. In an earlier period of occupational nodical practice, they were the best neons available; they are now but sakeshifts. Their only Justification la that they art easier and less costly la their perfanaaace. Let as hasten to any that, la leadusing Industrie# la vhlch tins and experience have demonstrated that tba exposure cf workmen to Iced in current, etehle operations la being so controlled as to be without haaard. It will not be necessary to resort to precise aeasureaent of the rata of the absorption of lead. Sven la euch Industries, however, sens of thick sue known to exist, soy laportant change in the type or aethod of the operat loos Met be reexamined for Its effects vpen the absorption of land by the relevant group (or groups) of vortann, If the health of the latter It to be adequately protected. Moreover, the equipment of the operations, as veil ae that of Industrial hygiene (ventilation, filtration, electrostatic precipitation) undergoes deteriora tion end Met be tested end salatalned at a higher level of efficiency. If satis factory eovirotmeotal conditions are to persist. Methods for the Control of fcenosure to Lead in Industry Ha principle that develops free* the general consideration of tbs preceding discussion, Is thet ths principal functions of the physician la the lead-using Industries are those of recognising the existence cf the danger of lead poisoning therein, vbeo It exists, and of estlaatlng the extent end the slgnlfloaeos of this danger, end of providing suitable specifications for Its ellslnetlcn. It te cleer then, thet the actual prevention of occupational laad poisoning, la all but escendary natters, resides In the control of the liherent opportunities for exposure to lead which derive frees the Industrial operations, lbs responelblllty for euch control Ilea la technical, not medical, bands, and is, fundamentally, a fuoctloo of nanageaent. This function, however, la our day, Bay properly be delegated to the Industrial hygiene engineer, provided the efforts of the latter are lsglemsntad adequately by aanagement, either directly or through the aedloal J.dwtBvisjua-I- .,1,'xMjjn^iw .,w.' 'tflilniVll`l f 11 i department. It U not v Im d o t realistic to assign fuel) responsibility to 0 physician, nor la ths physician true to hit kiMM roL* la soolety, If bo accepts such responsibility. Tbsre to d o lni( ncr medlcln*--oo chelating agent, BO food d o t drlot, ouch u milk or lemonade - -vbreby mi bo are absorbing daoterou* qusctltlee of load say now bo ahlslded from tho boraful offooto of ouch oboorptloe. Tbo tie* may eoao wbsa medical research vlll boro brought forth rodlcatlca thot vlll serve till purpose, but tbli boo DOt boon accomplished, mad tint 11 such o time, tho responsibility for tho ocourroseo of occupational load poisoning roata beavlly upon tho Tisgeneat of tho lsad-uslng loduotrlo*. There aro eortala aoaauroa thick coo bo employed usefully aod offoctlvoly for abort pxrloda of time, or la unusual situations or emergencies, 5 ebsreby tho nodical guldonc# of tho musgsmant In tho dlopooltlca of vortassn cour bo uood for tho protoctlca of tho lottor la Obviously dangerous situation*. Such coodltlcoo should oot bo tolorotod longer than la required to arrive at a sound conclusion as to tho nature of tho existing situation and tho propor msans of dealing vlth It over tbo long pull. Tho specific methodology of anvlrorasntal control la lead-us log Industries nsod not and should not ba spelled out la this discussion. Bufflos It bars to say that technical experience and exportatts aro Involved In the location sad design of an industrial plant. Its opsratlcns sod Its equlpxaeat, to asst tbo requirements of production, along vlth those of Industrial hyglona and public health. (The more noctlon of appropriate methods for tho disposal of airborne end vmtsrborn* vaatoo Is sufficient, for prosent purposss, to Justify coneIds mtlcns of public health.) Obviously, It la much mors difficult to achlsvs satis. fartcs7 rvsuits in tho conversion of an old plant to s nsv or rsviasd use. Ibis Is a matter vhleta should be cons Idsrod expertly la tbs hygienic appraisal of aa Industrial project of this typo. It Is not an uncfflnon experience to find that a nsv plant has boon designed to achlsvs certain advantages In production, la disregard of tbs requirement* of Industrial hyglaos. Almost squally disconcerting Is tbs outccoo* of tbs attempt to utllli* an available or conveniently acquired building (or group of buildings), only to find, too lata, that tbs coat of re modeling, vlthout achieving a satisfactory result, vas greater than that of constructing a orv, proparly desLgxed and safe plant. Before concluding those brief eoacarots on tbs method* of environmental eoctroi la the lead trades of tbs present and future, at least on* other general principle should ba enunciated, this tie* from tbs point of vlov of the physic lea In Industry, oboe* duty, among others, 1* to cultivate omeng Vorkuta tbo utmost 1m kaovlodgoeble compliance vlth the requirement* in personal performance. These requirements must be reasoned* In their demands upon both tho understanding and the behavior of the vorkxmn. On* oannot nek* light of the haxarde of the day's i ii; work, sad st the same ties put tbs responsibility for mstleulous care la tba avoidance of batard upon tbs unInstructed vorisen. Tba Intelligent and effective usa of a duet respirator la Indeed a setter ubicb requires both understanding and mstleulous car*. Horsover, If the requirement of th* us* of the dust respirator Is to be mors than a gesture cf piety, against th* ovsrvfcalmlng probability that ' ? i it vlll not be used effectively by untrained and uneupervlaed workmen, th* ' l\ respirator vlll have to be selected, inspected, cleansed and fitted to tba volt men by aa appropriately trained reprotentative of th* aaoagsnsnt, and Its proper usa t vlll have to be assured by so effective system of aupervlaloo. As tbs preceding ecamonts suggest, than are tltustlcns vhlcb require tbs us* of personal ; respiratory protective equipment from time to tins and there are a fee Jobe thick, It aosos, oannot be carried out vlth safety vlthout continuous use of such equip- { * l f i i I r ....... ------- , -------- - ."1' >, ; vds-. sJU*. J. xb -7- B*st. This la rare, fortunately, and each Instance nust be accepted as a reel -challenge to the Ingenuity of the designers of prociiMl asd equipment, since It la the ptnliUnt, nagging evidence of a departure froa ecund principles of both industrial engineering end envlrooaectal hygiene. It Is a function of the process engineer to tx equlpnent of production to secure the ulmi la efficiency and ecoocwy of production, consistent with tlx safety of those vbo carry out the operations. The contribution of the envlrocsasatal (industrial) hygiene engineer, la this relationship 1 to secure tlx Mf*ty end the aarlxx of convenience and ecafort of the workmen, to tha and that they shall sustain d o tapalrasat of tbalr capacity to work baoauaa of potential dangers of thalr occupation. the Baala for the Present Position of the Lead-Using Industries in Hattan of Industrial Medicine aril Rygleoe ta tlx preceding discussion It baa baan pointed out, with aoaa aapbasla, that tbara ara now aatlafactory criteria for the Identification aad apprmlaal of dangerous occupational condition!, with reapect to occupational expoaura to land, and that thara ara acthoda for tha ccapleta allalnatlon cf tha danger cf lead poisoning frtx lnduatry. The proof of the correctness of theae etetaaanta baa been furnlabed by tboaa vbo have fade affective uae of tha criteria for tha differentia* tton of aafa froa dangerous conditions, and have asployed aathods of enrlroeaestal control through vhleh these criteria have baan net over perlode of ya ara. tba bald fact tdilcb emerges fren theae atateaanta la that despite tba availability of adequate naans for tha prevention of lead poisoning, tha lnduatrlal users of lead and Its compounds la this country now permit tha occurraoca of lead poisoning ancca thalr asployaas, while our society la willing to accept a certain toll of tllnese, aad a ahartaalnc of buaaa Ufa, ehlla reaping tha baaaflta of a large aeries of Industrial products. tba question with which all gentle and responsible people ara confronted at this Juncture la--Why should theae things bet Sena partial answers to this question ara worthy of consIdsration, not ao nuch for the appsasenent of our collectIra guilt, aa for a clearer view of the way vhleh Ilea ahead. First, vbat la true of tha lead-usleg Industries la true, la greater or laaaar degree, of all of tha basardoua trades In tha United States. Tba evidence la not aa clear, la nany of these, aa It la In those Involved Is the use of lead, aa to tha aatlafactory naans for controlling tha batard, but tha preetloee of Industrial nadlelae and hygiene are hardly aver on a jar with tha knewledge that la available, eves In tha noat forward-looking and beat lnfornad Industrial circles, while. In nany others, perforaance lags far behind knowledge. Tbara la probably no State la tha United States Is which there la not a vary wide dlfferenoe between those Industries la which tha practices ara good and those la which they ara less good or actually bad. If this la tha oaaa within oartslB outstandingly active states, la natters of Industrial hygiene, thara la ao even greater divergeoca eaoeg the etatea, acne of which occupy a prlaltlve piece la this setting, and neks hardly a gesture toward occupational health, (it la for tha latter reason that our society aa a whole cannot scape aoaa share la tba responsibility for tha poor quality of lnduatrlal hygiene that la to be found U aaey arses of tha country. If tha govsroseat of tha people la *>oUy or partially unaware of Ita obligations, tha people too sue blind.) It ta hardly to be expected, therefore, that tha lead-using Industries should out-distance lnduatry In general, la tta hygleole performance, despite tha fact that bunas experience In tba handling of lead la old, eves ancient, while that associated with nany other saterials la In Its Infancy. There la also, aa baa bean aald previously, a vary great variation. i-i moat the lead-using Industries, la their fMIUrlty with the principles ead applications of Industrial aedlclae ead hygiene. Baa* have Ht flat examples la performance, othere have re, leted sucoesefully every effort to via their ad* herence to good practical, while (till other, have engaged la the production (neatly of rev producta) without area considering aay need to protact their employees against lead polsonlng. It 1* all too trident that the principles of good aedlcal and engineering practice la the Atarican laduttrlal ecarunlty ere extremely apotty la their dlatealaetloo ead application, ead that there caaaot he eald to be an effective profaaalocal representation of laduttrlal nrdiclaa and hygiene vlthla the laduatrlea of thla country. Thla la alaoat equally true, at praaant, of rtate, Count/ and municipal health departurecte, deaplta the azUtaaca at Dotahla exceptions to thla generalisation. Under theee circumstances, It la act aurprlalng that there le little by rey of effective Implementation of atata leglaletloo in Bettere of Induetrial hygiene la nany areaa of thla Increasingly Industrialised country. A second feature, which goaa far to explain the laxity of hygienic performoca In aany lead-uelng laduatrlea, la the Insidious and often slid character of the Intoxication Induced by the absorption of noderate quantities at lead. Men eho theaaelvea have worked for aasy yeare la lead-uelng lnduetrlee, and have eupervleed other workmen, me^vr the eeny sea idio, aeealngly, have eecaped lllnets, or have not been eerlouely dlaablad, and forget the snaller auaber of men who had severe caaea of poleoalag, aa wall aa the larger nudser of men eho vara off work free tint to tine, but returned again aad again to the Job with ehlch they ware fanlllar. (It la ueually in thla latter froup**thoee who have Buffered repeated attacka of lead lntoxlcatlca of varying eeverlty over a period of yaara, that our caaea of eevere aad often paraeaent dlsablcacnt--encephalopathy aad palay--are found. respite their relative Infrequency theee caaea atlll occur.) Tbe veterana la the Industry, eapeolally for--en and superintendents la the older types of plants and operations, will recount acne at their earlier experlenoee, and Insist, with truth, that present conditions are so nueb Improved aa to bear little reacablaoca to those of aa earliar day. The fact la that the paoaltlaa of compensation coats and the stress of personnel problana. Including collective bargaining, have focused aa Increasing amount of attention upon the hygienic problana of the lead trades, and have raaultad In greater aad nors widespread efforts toward esrlrocneatal control. Many of theee efforts have bean poorly directed toward 111-defined goals, however, aad have achieved varying degrees of laprovesect In the occupational conditions, without elimination of the hazard. Vhat has occurred, therefore, baa bean n fairly general reduction la the severity of the cases of lead poisoning, without a pronounced affect upon the Incidence at the disease. Thua it la that oaaaa at lead lntoxlcatlca atlll occur la well-established Industries. Moreover, aa this natal aad Its ccnpounda find their way steadily Into new uses, aa increasing onfear of workmen are being sub jected to Inadequately centrolled occupational exposure, and the decrease! la the Incidence of lead poisoning, In sons sagaanta at Industry, are eexasterented by Increases In others. A cursory exasslnatlon of the foregoing atat--ante would seen to feoa ua with aa old and frustrating dlleana on which aany attempts to solve the lead problem In Industry have bogged down--Maely aa unpredictable variability la htmaa susceptibility to lead poisoning. This, however, la not the ones, for 0 ec--thing new sod decisive baa bean added to our knowledge la recent yaara, with the aaaeelng of overwhelming evidence that, when the rata of the absorption at lead by nan la kept within certain veil-defined limits, no Intoxication oocura. It la thla fact ehlch eats tbs standard of Industrial nadlalaa aad hygiene vhleh ; i. S - f- - V, y,\ .-- .`3 ..-A; 2 e * titb achieved In tba lead-using Industrie*. It ta also this fact *\loh dispels uab of th# uncertainty *6lota ha* plagued tbe physician In th* land trad** for so loot, u to vhat to axpact of n oartala Mt of occupational condition*. Certainly not all parson* edio ara subjected to a dangerous degree of exposure to load Yenran 111 at tba saaa tin* or even ultimately, tut all ar* la danger and any bacon* HI at an utterly unpredictable tin*, and, aa tba severity of tba axpoaura la fotnd to lneraaaa fron ana occupation to another, tba niaber and severity of eaaa* of poleonlng lnoroaaa. Cm** oaaa* occur within a daflnlto raaca of ordinary bio* logical variability, fitting therefore Into tba uaual pattans of biological phcnoncaa. Yvcn nor* laportactly, for our profaaalooal peace of Bind, at n sharply daflnad point In tba progree*lv* dacraaaa In occupational axpoaura, eaaa* of Intoxication no longer occur, and tba only avldaoea of tba occupational sbeorp. tloo of laad that can ba found la that of aoa* alavatlcn, above that of tba ordinary nomal Individual In tba general population, of tla aoDcaotratlon of land la tba ' tlaauaa and body flulda of tba vartan. buy Dm astlra atfestaoe* of tba pracadlnc dlacuaalcn, apart fron tba preeenta tloo of tba avldaoea on edileb It la baaed, nay ba represented briefly In tba following nmanxy. (l) Cm naans by which dangerous occupational exposure to laad nay now ba differentiated fron that efelch la benlaas, are now available and have bean put to tba practical teat of tins and uee. (?) Method*, darlvad asaantlally fro* engineering techniques, are also avallabl* whereby occupational expoaure to laad can ba bro^bt and aalntalned witfaln tba Unit* of safety. these bare proved tbalr adequacy In nan and are capabln of gaoaral application. - (3) Cm calnad nodare nrnanantarlun of Industrial nadlelna and byglezM can ba < so applied aa to allnlnata lead polaoolog fren American Industry, vban tba datarnlnatlcn to do so baa baccn* a general policy cf Industrial i  TTiiil II 1 -Wi'iittaiwiffit itttitii-il'lii aii-iiMnStetetL : i . * is UAH AMORmCS OCOTTOL Ey V. K. faille** 1b# Hectrlo Storage fctury Conjany, Maaagar, In&iatrlel dyglane ad 8*f*ty, IhlleOalphU, Naaaylvaala Sw madxr 0.3 ha* special significance la lead abeorptlcn control. It la tba Thrvahold Llalt Value (or TLV) for lead. Tba 313 la tba tcecactretIon at vhloh aaterlel la the air of the voxkplace kwoH a poealble danger to the health of the sorter. It la a nrt value about ebleh tba coaocstretlco M7 fluctuate aa loos aa tba fluctuation* axe not axcesalea aod tba tin* weighted average does sot exceed tba Halt var aa 0 hour parlod. Ubat nay b* eoealdarad excessive depends on, a atafear of factor* tba eblaf eoa bale* tba Datura of tba actios tfelch tba notarial baa oo tba body, you nay also baaa ba^rd about K*l Allowable Concentrations, W*r1w Fvrulaslbla Concentrations, Marina Acceptable Concentrations, ate. Ybaaa ere attests to naaeurs tba aaaa thing aa tba TUT but ecnetlaee with a all^it dlffaraoea. Tba Martae! Aceeptabla Coooaotratlos (aa published by tba Aaerlcan Standards Aaaocatlen) la aa Upper Halt of etaoajherle contamination Uilcb abould sot b* exceeded. In practice tbara la very Httla difference. Ha tx7 to stay under 0.3 for any length of exposure. m a dlacuaaloB of Threadold Halt Valuta of toxic antarlala, a toxicologist ay aat up two elaaaaa - self-policing aod non-self-policing. Most of you ara quite faalUar vltb at laaat coa needier of aacb of tbaaa elaaaaa. Sulfuric acid alat baa a IbraaboU Halt Value of 1 ag. par cifele aatar aad axpoauraa to blab concentrations can eauaa laflJMatloa of tba uppar raaplratcry tract. But ccocantratlena above tba : TUT ara ^ilte dlaagreaiMs aad fv people vlU tolerate tbla axpoaura. 3bua tba 3UT for aulfurlc eeld la aaIf-policing. ^ ^ >(i Tba situation vltb lead la quite different. The TEV for laai la 0.3 *g. per*^ obit aatar. Kxpoeuzea to hl4> concentrations eaa produoa pataanant disability tad idaatb. Boat paopla clale to taata lead la tbs air. I eaoBot, but I understand It la oot aa uaplaaaast taste aad tbara la Httla lsfcsaatlca available coocarnlng teeteble levala. go lead la non-self-policing. Tba policing euat be teten ears of * by tbs aedlcal control progrua. Oar prleary control le the deteralnatlca of the urine lead level. V* used to , do stippled cell count*, * have checked urinary porphyrin levels, other* have tried urine delta-anlno-levullalc acid levels. AH tbaaa ara affected by lead axpoaura aod eaa ba uead to affaot s u m aaaaura of control but they ara avldaaeae of Inter* ^ farenca by lead vltb tba ooraal f\nctlonlxg of aoat body processes. Va faal that tbaaa Interferences ara tbloga vfelcb our control prograa abould prevent. He eootlao* ^ to study tba problsa but expect to reaaln vltb urine lead*. Odomlly urlaa lead ' level* lea* than 0.30 ag/Utar of urine are con*Id*red to represent boa-baaardoue - , ~- Ivvry aentb every eaployae ubo ba* sor* than a casual contact vltb lead, sends a urine aai^le to the Industrial Kyglao* laboratory In Rilled*lphla. Tba urine lead level telle aotblng aooeeralng the eoadltloo of a aas's health, it aaraiot be used aa avldaaoe of lead polaoalng exoept, possibly, at very blpi levels. Ibat It dose do le r*fleet a Ban*a axpoaura. A hlpj urlaa level do** not naoaaaarlly ladleate lead poleoalng but It Boat assuredly does Indicate excessive axpoaura. - htMttUUOO It thl 1963 f*H Of ft! UClltiM of AarlC4* IWictuwrii Xnaf loirtir 1$63# &!<>. *; f "sT! Tb* tSB program Includes air sampling for lead. tut with the increase la urine aempllng the importance of air sampling has gradually decreased, Moat air escplea attempt to duplicate aa nearly aa poaalbla the coodltlceia In the breathing sons of tha worker. The raaulta auat ba extrapolated to cover a full day's vork to determine tfcether the aaa'a eotlra expoeure exceeds tha TLX. trn with assy samples to ccrrar aa much of tha job aa poaalbla tha overall expoeure le guess vork. With urine sampling tha a*n hlaaelf can be looked on aa the senpllng device. The air senpled la tha air actually breathed. Tbe only trouble la that all people don't absorb and excreta lead In exactly tha same vay. Urlna lead concentration under alallar expoeure ccodltlcne varlae fm peraoo to peracn and even from day to day for the ease peraoo. Kit In group expoeure* urine samples and air sables will follow parallel couraaa and the urlna aaeplaa will Indicate average air corcentratIona. It la unfortunate that Individual urlna levels don't always follow air concentrations but there la one way to compensate for this at least partially. Urlna specific (rarity meeaurement (Ives a rou> Indication of the way all aaterlala In the urine are beln( excreted. If the (rarity la low It la an Indication that the lead excretion rate la reduced. Sene laboratories make It a practice to correct urine lead levels to a standard or average, specific (rarity. This la usually 1.02k. Ve don't eake this correction because there does not appear to ha any sotad selectIflc basis for doing It. (Also In our experience 1.02k la too blb for aa average specific gravity.) To ay knowledge the practice of correcting for gravity la not followed for any other substance assured In urine. Ve do* however, tend to Ignore sasplea with low gravities and tha lower they are the lees reliance la placed on the*. A single low gravity can be ignored but a consistent run of low gravities on one individual Beans that ve get no reliable determination of bla lead exposure. The cause of tha lack of concentration should ha determined to tee If there la anything wrong via tha asm's kidneys hut la tha Beentlma ve need acme erasure of hit lead absorption. This la one of tha situations in vtfcb we turn to blood lead analysis. In this case tha blood lead la used aa a substitute for urlna lead determination. The blood determination haa another Important function tha confirmation of n diagnosis of lead intoxication. Aa mentioned previously, urlna lead levels reflect exposure and absorption but tall very little about Its effects In the body. The effects of lead are very much more closely related to the level la tha blood. A concentration 0.00 mg. of lead per 100 grant of blood la generally regarded as the danger level. Kit levels abova 0.00 do not automatically mean lead poisoning exists but art referred to aa levels ccmpallbla with aymptoa# of land Intoxication. A tingle urine lesri In excess of 0.20 la not regarded aa especially algslf leant. However, a recheck le made and If It checks out at 0.20 or more, two things happen, first, tha doctor takas a blood sample for lead analysis, Secood, tha Job la studied (usually by tha nan's laedleta supervisor) to see If tha eouroe of the exposure can be determined. Often this added attention from the doctor end the foreaan la enough to correct the problem. If It la not corrected, tha urlna lead will remain abova 0.20 and tha blood level will rise slowly and eventually exceed 0.00. At this point (when 2 consecutive blood levels have exceeded 0.06) tha Individual's exposure must ba terminated by assignment to ooc-leed vork. Hare Individuals nay reach a blood lead level of 00 aa soon aa or before the urlna level reaches 0.20. To detect these people our program Includes a periodic blood lead survey of everyone with expoeure regardless of urine lead levels. F** 3 Cm blood lead level has a legal significance. Bren thoutfi a level la escesa of 0.0S aay not b used medically by ItMlf to make diagnosis of 1m4 potaonlng It will ba aufflclant to aupport a vorkaen'e compensation data for laad polscolng. la such a altuatloa sycptau of alaoat any Ulnaaa bare baao eooatniad to ba ayapuaa of laad poisoning. Tha doctor' a part la tha follow-up of hlgi larala la l^xirtaat but arm aora Important la tba follow-up la tha plant. Tb* forrmn aay ba ahla to detaoslna tha aourca of tha laad alaply by watching tba Job being parfonaad. People doing tha aaaa Job don't do tha Job la erectly tha earn aaaaar. Plates nay ba pllad oo a bid by alldlag than togathar gantly or ala. ping thaa down ooa oo top of another. Both method* ganarata dual but tha sacood eaa ganarmta oaay tlaaa aora thaa tha flrat and tha dlffaraaca oaa aaally ba tha dlffareoea batvaan a normal and arpactad lnduatrlal exposure and a bazardoua axpoaura. In droaalng a laad pot, droaa can ba dropped oo tha floor or thrown caralaaaly Into o dna or It eaa ba carefully deposited la a Irw. b correcting theaa thlnga tha objection vlll lnrorlahly arlaa that doing tha Job oarefully aaana doing tha Job alowly, ihla aay ba trua at tlaaa and It Bay ba oacaaaaxy to alow tha Job down a bit) but I find that tba careful worker often baa aora work dona at tha and of tha day than tha fallow ifco la alwaya la * hsny. tfcat paaaai far opted la ngthlng but vaatad notion. In addition to tha Job 1tatIf tbare an acaa otbtr factor* thick ahould ba retched. Personal claanllntaa la cee of great laportaoca. I barn earn reasonably good laad control idMre aeo do not taka a abowtr at tha and of tha ahlft and B Xiare ualfores are not worn on laad Job*. But without thaa* two factor* a plant will usually optrata to eloaa to tha batardoua lorela that any change* auch as : orartlaa will cauaa trouble. Cm Ideal would ba a clean uniform erery day but this ahould not ordinarily ba nacaaaary. Cn acaa Jobs a weakly <*"g haa prerrad to ba aufflclant but on other* auch aa paata airing 8 or 3 change* a weak are not careen. An Important thing In my change achadula la to haw* prcrrlalco* for aa aaargaocy change In ca*a of accident or uauaual conditions. . t Cm lnatltutloo of dally thornr* should oot ba nearly aa auch trailla as tha change of clothes bacauaa llttl* aapanaa la lnrolvad. Apparently, though, may paopls do not Ilka taking ahowtr* so there 1* a real problem of enforcement. X knar of a maker of plant* mart the dally ahewer la now a condition of a^ilnymnt. Achiairing thla cm ba troUblaaoaa but It can ba doo* and la wall worth tha trouble. \ Another factor wall worth sectioning la housekeeping. Cm general rule* for naming * neat and orderly plant, apply la a battery plant. Of special Intermit 1* bow to keep tha floors clam. I hare bean asked a hundred tlaaa what do X think of vacuum . claanare, acrubbers, awaaplcg eimpounds, ate. X have seen all of than used and ' aacy of thaa alauaad or dropped In disgust over the reaulta, but X hart also aaaa Boat of thaa do a good Job. Certainly plant eoodltlona (a.g. mount of opt* apace, alt* of alalae) affect tha applicability of tha various methods. But X have reached tha inescapable cooolualon that tha beat nathod of keeping floor* clean in any plant 1* tha cm micb the plant people will apply diligently and follow religiously. X bare aaan mcblnea given up In disgust In ons plant, >4)11* doing an excellent Job la anothar quit* e 1*1 lsr plant. Cm difference la, that only a haIf-hearted effort vaa aada la tha flrat plant. r X believe that till concrete floor* ahould be treated regularly with a aaalar and bardnar. IXiatlag concrete la unsightly In any plant hut In our bualnaaa It aakaa It poaelbU to tall if a floor la clam. ,*7gts- '..v fU.u.v'.: - - ; iV ; * - At 'j i P Pag* V When etudy of housekeeping, personal hygiene and other factor* rtTMli bo obvious source for lead, tvo further step* ar* taken ranttltlan veloolty aeaaumwnta ar* Bade and air aaaples ar* taken. Bo ventilation system can b* expected to run Indefinitely without trouble. In adjustable syetea* gate* ar* opened and closed, drive belt* etretch and allp or break, duct* fill vlth duet, etc. Va Bake an annual check cc all ventilation ayateaa whether troUbla la euepected or not. Ventilation Baaaureaeota can b* vary eceplex vltb pitot tube* for Beaeuring duct valoeltlaa, aeeeureaest* of atatte preaauraa In ducta, calculation* of duct loaaa* and fan horsepower requirement*. But aoat of this can be left to the engineer who designs tti eyatea. Vbat V* needed la a neaauraaent of valoclty at the point at which duat la generated. A eaall velcaeter vlth ecalee of 0-200 end 0-850 ft/aln. 1* quite eatlefectory. After the aeaeureaecte are a*** they suit be Interpreted. There are no exact etandexda ableh can be applied. The flrat thing to look for la any ebang* froa paat reading*. If there bad bean no trouble vltb lead on a apeclfle job In the pact and If urine and air aa^le* had run low It la a reasonable ueunptlon that the ventilation velocities vere eatlefectory end eny chesgee new neasured ahould be regarded vlth auaplclon. But thla doaan't help when aettlng up nev jdb* or In situation* there saaethlng other than ventilation aay be the cause at the trouble. Ob* vay to approach the problem at aettlng air velocity requirements la to sake thaa *o high that they ar* aura to do the job. Thl* vtll vork but In cooler . cllaata* there la a very real problca of heating all the air which tha ventilation uaaa. Also vectlletloo can he strong enough to suck up heavy object* Such a* glove* and can affect the flue at a torch so that a proper job of burning cannot be don*. ovaver, there are a few basic principle* to reaader. 1) A person's soviet* aod open vtndov* can generate air floe valoeltlaa of 75 ft/aln. cr eor*. This vlll cause air and duat to b* blown out of a hood If the hood valoclty la not above this. 2) Velocity Bust be aeaeured where the duet le generated. If *a operation le In froct of n hood, the velocity of the hood vlll not give an accurate Indication of Its affect because valoclty drop# off aa distance In front of the hood Increase*. Taka the Beaaureaact at the job. At tines it aay be necessary to aaaaure at the hood aod gueaa at Its effect vbere the duet le generated. In asking such aa attlaat* it Bust be reaeObered that valoeltlaa fall off auch Bore rapidly vlth distance frea a snail opening than fren a large one. j) Ventilation Bust be de signed so that the sir is not carried through the breathing tons of the vorter. If a Ban can pit hie head In a hood over the vork and breathe air cosliv frea tha vork you might as veil not bare any ventilation except for the protection It gives other* la the area. In general, it might be stated that 200 ft/aln. la a good velocity for lead duet end fia* control and 1J0 ft/aln. ecaetlaee doe* a good job but at tlaee a far higher velocity nay be needed. la addition to changing tha job nethod. Improving housekeeplug and personal hygiene and ualng ventllatlcn, there la on* other vay to reduce lead ahsorption UM a respirator. A suitable reiplretor properly vorn vlll la Boat caaea terminate the exposure because in battery aanufacturlng the aajor part of the lead absorbed ester* the body through the lungs, gven la those frv cues where n coneldersble eaount Of lead 1* being abeortslby Ingestion, the reduction In respired lead nay be enough to reduce the exposure to a eaft level. Unfortunately, the tvo conditions of tultabll* Ity and proper use are not often net. the respirator must b* an approved type vlth aa approved filter, the approval la by tha Bureau of Mines and It Insures that tha respirator la suitable for protection against duet not significantly sore toxl* thaa lead, this approval la for dust only aod extremely fine particles Ilk* lead ';i 4 i fiwatei j ...... r** 9 fiwi Win not b stopped by a dust filter. There ere filter* available far the removal of fuse and Is ace* reeplretor* the fvae filter le directly lntsrchangeabls with the duet filter. But to filler finer particle* the fuse filter Bust bee* a&llar onstage eo sir (see through It with greeter difficulty. This reeulte la Increased breathing resistance sad e greeter filter ere* le Deeded to keep bre*thing reelsteoce withla acceptable Unite. In prectlce fuse filter* ere used only with respirator fsc* piece* with duel filter holder*. A fer nor* lnportest problea le thet of Insuring tbet reeplretor* ere won properly, tvery epproved reeplretor 1* eupplled with loetructlac* for It* use. thee* lnstructlcn* ere elnoet never reed by foresen or by the sea vbo veer the reeplretor*. A reeplretor doesn't fit eutanetlcelly everytlat It 1* put Co. It urt he teeted for fit (ee described Is the Instruct lone) end adjusted until it does fit. this tskee only seconds. Oee seek csnnletert end cbeolcel reeplretor cartridges ere gradually used up Is use sad eventually leek. The filter In e dust reeplretor is never used 19 la this sens*. As It gets dirty the pore* fill up end the filter gets better sad better but breathing reelsteoce locreeeee niter* should be changed before breath ing reelsteoce Increase* noticeably not when they begin to look dirty. However, a respirator should be cleaned every day and cleaning tine 1* a good tine to chaise , the filter whether It le especially dirty or not. After watching n good assy hundreds of aen asking better!**, I bar* aed* the stataaeot thet If I could take ay pick of thee* aen I would rta a battery plant without ventilation end not have any trcubl* with lead poisoning. I was tryliy to be draaatlo and went a bit over board but as I think about It, I an not at all sur* that It couldn't be done, So bs people appear to be able to tolerate lead exposure better than other*. With enough of these people all but the worst exposure could be Ignored. But there 1* a better ' way which la to use people *>o can work without rale leg clouds of duet. As I Motioned before, people's work bablts vary as such as their sensitivity to lead. Ve don't knew bow to change the sensitivity and would be reluctant to axperlssat with It If we did, but we do know bow to change work habits (although with scat people It asy be difficult). The wy work habits are changed la through training. Tbs aen to do this training l* the supervisor. If be is going to change the way bis people week, be aust know how they work and shat 1* wrong with It. It la Meeting bow little foreaaa knew about the details of the Jobs which people are doing under their supervision. I believe thet there would be e reaarkable laproveoeot In housekeeping end lead absorption If every foreaaa would, 00 sans periodic basis, watch every detail of every Jcb in hla department. Too aany foremen think that doing a good job Mans being In motion all the tlM. They spend too much time doing things idilch their employees should be trained to do. They've got to underetend that their Job la working with people end helping these people to do a better Job and the way they do this is through constant 1net ruction and training. If ve get this point across. It Isn't only health and safety that Is going to Improve but the whole operation will Improve. In ccnolualoo, X would like to very quickly rate for relative batard k m of the Jcbs found In a storage battery plant according to my experience with then. Among the worst jobs are asking car handling oalde, reclaiming lead la plates by Mlt* down and most Jobs Involving handling of plate*. Jobs Involving molding of part* and such things a* post and connector burning In aany cases can almost bo rated a* noo-lead Job*. lead cannot be absorbed through th* skin to there Is no batard la handling lead or lead parts.