Document NeQ5Mxxd0pR69j1a1NEY5rNe8

FILE NAME: Asbestos in Hair Dryers (HD) DATE: 1978 DOC#: HD011 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Report to CPSC - Review of NIOSH Testing of 30 Hand Held and Standing Hair Dryers for Asbestos Release Review of NIOSH Testing of 30 Hand Held and Standing Hair Dryers for Asbestos Release Report to CPSC Contract # CPSC-C-78-0109 William J. Nicholson, Fh. D. Mount Sinai School of Medicine ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LABORATORY m o u n t S in ai S C H O O L Of MEDICINE O f THE C l T v u n i v EKSITV O* NEW y o u COCI GI00001 introduction This report is in response to a request by the Consumer Froduct Safety Commission (.CPSC) to revisv the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) study of asbestos emissions from various hand held and standing hair dryers. The reviev includes a discussion of the sampling and analytical techniques utilized by NIOSH, a comparison of results obtained by NIOSH vith other environmental asbestos measurements, and, in an appendix, a discussion of possible health consequences from asbestos concentrations that are found in the effluent of some hair dryers. Sampling and Analytical Techniques The procedures developed to sample the effluent air from hair dryers are, by far, the best utilized in any available report to date. Care is taken to assure that clean air, uncontaminated by asbestos fibers, enters the dryer and a good determination is made of total dryer effluent and the fraction collected for analysis. While isokinetic sampling was not utilized, this would be difficult to achieve under the circumstances of testing high velocity air streams from a variety of dryers. The absence of isokinetic conditions may result in an underestimate (as the air velocity through the sampling head exceeded the duct air velocity), but this would be a relatively small effect. A greater underestimate of fiber release from the dryers may occur from the analytical procedures used to quantitate the number and mass of asbestos fibers released. Firstly, collection of fibers on Millipore filters and the subsequent dissolution of the filters by a Jaffe wick method can lead to significant fiber loss (perhaps up to 80Z) unless extreme care is taken. . C0 02 GI00002 percent of the effluents measured were typical of the ambient air. However, without further data it is not possible to determine if this is an attribute of the model tested or the particular dryer tested (in its current state of use). Special concern must be paid to standing dryers because of the possibility of their nearly continuous use, often in confined spaces, in hair salons. Here a build up of asbestos concentrations in excess of that in dryer effluents can occur. SUMMARY Using analytical techniques which may underestimate the concentration of asbestos, NIOSH has clearly demonstrated that some hair dryers release considerable quantities of asbestos fiber. The fiber concentrations in the effluent of some dryers exceeded the highest we have measured in eight years of surveillance of environmental asbestos contamination. Appendix 1 discusses the possible health risks of such concentrations. u m ift the risk to an individual from the intermittent use of an asbestos emitting hair dryer is less than that from many current occupational asbestos exposures, the large number of individuals that may be exposed clearly calls for the elimination of the exposure. e 003 GI00003 Appendix 1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASBESTOS CONTAMINATION AND HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS Report to CFSC Contract # CPSC-C-78-0109 William J. Nicholson, Fh. D. Mount Sinai School of Medicine CO 04 GI00004 ' The contamination from spray sites was extensive, with asbestos debris o i covering the sidewalks and streets adjacent to the building. Attempts were made on some Job sites to contain the spray by tarpaulins, but these were often torn, loosely secured, and ineffective as containment. It is difficult to imagine contamination about a factory, even forty years ago, exceeding that from the direct spraying of asbestos materials into a community from a building 40 or more stories high. The evaluation of building air was in schools in which damage, sometimes extensive, had occurred to friable asbestos surfacing material in hallways or cafeterias. In some schools, the students had reached up to the ceiling and physically dislodged asbestos material. The household measurements were made in the homes of workers employed in chrysotile mining operations in California and Newfoundland. At the time neither shower facilities nor adequate change rooms were available to the workers.' Thus, the households sar 'ed oecassionally had visible asbestos fibers in the living areas of the house as well as dusty clothes awaiting cleaning in laundry facilities. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES In these measurements, the same analytical techniques have been utilized . as were originally developed for the analysis of ambient air samples of chrysotile asbestos.^ Thus, there is a direct comparability in the results of all analyses reported here. All samples were collected on 0.8 pm pore size membrane filters and analyzed using electron microscopic techniques that determined the amount of chrysotile asbestos in each specimen. This variety of asbestos was quantitated because it could easily'be identified on the basis of its unique tubular structure. Amphibole asbestos (either amosite or crocidolite) could also be present in the air of buildings or in the ambient air, but it is much less commonly found. However, if sent in the air sampled, such asbestos would add to the concentrations reported here. . G005 GI00005 A ' ^rs, higher values than those mentioned above were obtained.^ These were six-to-eight hour samples collected between 8:00 A.M. and 5:00 P.M., and' reflect what could be intermittently higher concentrations during those hours compared to night time periods, for example. Table 2 records the chrysotile content of 22 samples collected in the five boroughs of New York. It should be noted that the samples analyzed in all of the studies discussed above were taken during a period when fireproofing high rise buildings by spraying asbestos- containing materials was permitted. The practice was especially common in New York City. While no sampling station was known to be located adjacent to an active construction site, unusually high levels could nevertheless have from the procedure. Other sources that may have'.contributed to these air concentrations include automobile braking, other construction activities, consumer use of asbestos products and maintenance or repair activities of asbestos-containing materials (thermal insulation, for example). ' CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS CONCENTRATIONS ABOUT CONSTRUCTION SITES To determine if construction activities could Indeed be a significant source of chrysotile fiber in the ambient air, six--to--eight hour daytime sampling was conducted in lower Manhattan in 1969 about sites where extensive spraying of asbestos-containing fireproofing material was taking place. 4,7 Eight sampling sites were established about the World Trade Center'construction site during the period when asbestos materials were sprayed on the steelwork of. the. first tower. Table 3 shows the results of those sites located within one-half mile of the Trade Center site and demonstrated that spray fireproofing can contribute significantly to asbestos air pollution. In some Instances, cb atile asbestos levels approximately 100 times the concentrations typically found in the ambient air were observed. 006 GI00006 6 CHRYSOTILE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE HOMES OF WORKERS The finding of asbestos disease in family contacts of individuals occupa tionally exposed to the fiber directs attention to air concentrations in the homes of such workers. Thirteen samples have been collected in the homes of asbestos mine and mill employees and analyzed for chrysotile. The workers were employed at mine operations in California and Newfoundland and did not, at the time of sampling (1973 and 1976) have access to shower facilities nor commonly change clothes before going home. Table 5 lists the concentrations range of these samples. Three samples taken in homes of non-miners in Newfoundland yielded concentrations of 32, 45, and 65 ng/m^. In contrast, the workers homes were much higher, pointing to the need for appropriate shower and change facilities in asbestos workplaces. As asbestos cancers have been documented in family contacts of ww_.cers, concentrations such as seen here should be viewed with particular concern. DISCUSSION Three sets of data have been obtained demonstrating significant environ mental contamination by asbestos in different circumstances. Seventeen samples collected at various sites about the World Trade Center during the spraying of asbestos materials on the steelwork for fireproofing purposes were analyzed for chrysotile asbestos. Twenty-seven samples collected in public schools with damaged asbestos surfaces and 13 in the homes of asbestos mine and mill employees were also studied. In all cases the sampling was designed to reflect the more serious instances of contamination in these circumstances. The severity o ame of the conditions sampled was sufficiently great that it is difficult to imagine conditions even in past years, more egregious than those considered here. ' C007 GI00007 8 would primarily consist of deaths from mesothelioma and lung cancer. Other data are in hand linking the incidence of lung cancer in workers engaged in asbestos mining and milling and asbestos products manufacturing to total dust concentrations in the workplace. The best fit to these data demonstrate a linear relationship between total dust and the rate of excess mortality from bronchogenic carcinoma. Even though fiber concentrations are unavailable in these studies, the linear relationship, with no evidence of a threshold below which disease does not appear, suggests that any extrapolation of the risk of asbestos disease in occupational circumstances to environmental exposures should utilize a linear relationship. If 10% of the deaths in workers exposed to 60,000 ng/m^ are asbestos related, such an extrapolation suggests that 1/6000 deaths will be asbestos related,at daily- environmental exposures of 100 ng/m^ and 1/600 at 1000 ng/m^. If the exposures are intermittent, the risk would be correspondingly reduced. While these risks are considerably less than those of occupational circumstances, concern arises from the fact chat millions of people may be exposed to multiple sources of lover concentrations through the daily use of such products as asbestos insulated hair dryers, habitation of public and private buildings containing asbestos-materials as fireproofing, acoustic or thermal insulation, and in other environmental circumstances. C008 GI00008 Table 2 Distribution of 4- to 8-hour daytime chrysotile asbestos concentrations in the ambient air of New York City 1969 - 1970 Asbestos concentration (ng/m^) Less than Number of samples Percentage of samples 1 0 0.0 2 1 4.5 5 4 18.1 10 8 36.4 20 16 72.7 50 21 95.4 100 22 100.0 00C9 GI00009 Table 4 Distribution of chrysotile asbestos concentrations in 4- to 8-hour samples talcen in public schools vith damaged asbestos surfaces Asbestos concentration (ng/n3) Less than Number of Percentage samples of samples 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 0 0.0 1 3.7 1 3.7 6 22.2 12 . 44.4 19 70.4 25 92.6 26 96.3 27 100.0 COiO GI00010 it r References 1. Nicholson, W. J. Cancer following occupational exposure to asbestos ' and vinyl chloride. 197?. Cancer 39:1792-1801. 2. Newhouse, M. and Thompson, H.. Mesothelioma of pleura and peritoneum following exposure to asbestos in the London area. Br. J. Ind. Med. 22:261-269.(1965) 3. Anderson, E. A. et al. Asbestosis among household contacts of asbestos factory workers. Ann. N. 7. Acad. Sei. In press. (1979) 4. Greenberg, M. and Davies, T.A. Mesothelioma Register 1967-68. Bt. J. of Ind. Med. 31_:91-104. 1974 5. Nicholson, W. J. and Pundsack, F. L. Asbestos in the environment. Biological effects of Asbestos, Lyon, International Agency for . Research on Cancer, 126-130. (1973) " 6. Nicholson, W. J. Measurement of asbestos in ambient air, Final Report, Contract CPA 70-92, National Air Pollution Control Administration (1971). 7. Nicholson, V. J. , Rohl, A. N. and Ferrand, E. F. Asbestos air pollution - : in New York City. In Proceedings of the Second Clean Air Congress, ' (eds.) England, H. M. and Barry, W. T. Academic Press, New York (1971) 8. Nicholson, W. J. et al. Contamination of U.S. Schools by asbestos surfacing materials. N. Y. Acad. Sei. In Press. (1979) 9. U.S. Environmental Protection. National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants. Federal Register 2113:8820 (April 6) 10. Peto, J. The hygiene standard for chrysotile asbestos. Lancet <l:484-489. (1978) 11. Committee on Hygiene Standards. Hygiene standards for chrysotile asbestos dust. British Occupational Hygiene Society. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 11:47-69 12. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Criteria for asbestos in water. (1979) 13. McDonald, J.C. Mortality in Canadian miners and millers exposed to chrysotile. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sei. In press. 1979 14. Henderson, V. L. and Enterline, Philip. Asbestos exposure factors associated with excess cancer and respitatory disease mortality. .Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei. In press. 1979 0011 GI00011 TESTING OF KAIR DRYERS FOR ASBESTOS EMISSIONS Charles L. Geriei, Jr., Fh.D. Paul A. Baron, Ph.D. Janes V. Carter Dav-id L. Smith \ Interagency Agreement NIOSH IA-79-29 with U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Health Service Center for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering Cincinnati, Ohio September, 1979 G012 GI00012 t e s t i n g o f h a i r d r y e p .s FOR ASBESTOS EMISSIONS Charles L. Gerici, Jr, Ph.D. Paul A. Baron, Ph.D. Jaaes W . Career David L. Smith \ Interagency Agreement NIOSH IA-79-- 29 with .S. Consumer Product Safety Commission D. S. D e partment of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Health Service Center for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering Cincinnati, Ohio September, 1979 0012 GI00012 REPORT TO THE U.S. COMSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION ON TESTING OF HAIR DRYERS FOR ASBESTOS EMISSIONS BY THE DIVISION OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Background Beginning in April 1979, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) furnished to the Consumer Product Safety Commission '(CPSC) the laboratory and other support services necessary-to test the effluent air of hand-held hair dryers for asbestos fibers. The need to determine the possible release of asbestos fibers from h a n d-held hair dryers containing asbestos insulation materials was realized by CPSC as a result of news media disclosure of asbestos release and a petition by the Environmental Defense Fund, Inc. (EDF). The petition presented by EDF requested that CPSC proceed under the Consumer Product Safety Act to remove hair dryers containing asbestos from the consumer marketplace. Preliminary evidence was presented by EDF which allegedly demonstrated the ability of several hair dryers containing asbestos insulation material to emit asbestos fibers. To fully evaluate the potential consumer exposure tc asbestos from asbestos containing hand-held hair dryers CPSC determined that the identification and quantitation of fibers emitted by the dryers having lengths and diameters of as little as 1 micrometer (um) or less would be necessary. To accomplish this task any samples generated woulc require analysis by a transmission electron microscope (TEH) capable of performing energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX) and selected are* electron diffraction (SAED). The actual sampling of effluent air from thi hair dryers would also require expertise and capabilities in the area of C013 GI00013 air sampling and Che fabrication of controlled atmosphere test systems Both the sanpl-ing and analysis experience necessary to perforn a study o this type reside within the Division of Physical Sciences and Engineerin (DPSE) of NIOSH. On April 12, 1979, NIOSH and CPSC entered into a Interagency Agreement to accomplish the task of evaluating potentia consumer exposure to asbestos released by hair dryers. Ob 1e c tive The primary objective of the project was to quantitate and identif asbestos structures in the effluent air of hand-held hair dryers durin operation. Making this determination would require the following: 1. A count of asbestos structures and fibers sampled during operatio of the product. 2. Qualitative Identification by EDAX or SAED of fibers sampled a being asbestos or non-asbestos. 3. Determination of the size distribution of sampled asbestos fibe lengths and diameters. A. D e t e rmination of fiber count and fiber mass per cubic meter o effluent air. To meet the needs of the project a system to determine asbesto emissions from hair dryers was fabricated and validated by NIOSH. sampling of hair dryers, new and used, that contained asbestos wa collected by CPSC and submitted to IIIOSH for testing. All dryers wer - 2- . . 0014 GI00014 tested as received from CPSC. Test Syster. The valid determination of asbestos release from the hair dryers demanded the test system meet several reqairements Previous tests (1-4) indicated that a valid determination of the amount of asbestos emitted by various hair dryers would require a clean sampling system capable of accurately determining asbestos concentrations over a vide range. Therefore, the air entering the hair dryers in the test system was filtered to eliminate the possibility of external asbestos contamination and to reduce the amount of background particulate that m i g h t Interfere with the electron microscope analysis of the samples. Th e high flovrate of air through many of the dryers precluded complete collection of the effluent.'- Therefore, the test system vas designed to obtain an accurate represent- ;tive sample of the hair dryer effluent. The hair dryer test system consisted of several components Including a clean air source, a sampling duct assembly, several types of monitoring equipment and filter samplers. A schematic of the test system is shown in Figure 1. 3 The high flovrate (up to 2 n /min) produced by some hair dryers required a high flowrate, clean air source to eliminate background Interferences during testing. A test tunnel in the NIOSH dust laboratory was adapted for these tests. Two 60 cm x 60 cm high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in series were used to remove ambient particulate. The ducting around the high flowrate blower was sealed to prevent -3- 0015 GI00015 .ricontanmation ^ of the air introduced into the specially constructed clear air test chamber (volume*' 1 m^). The airstream entering the test chanber was deflected by a netal plate and diffused through a punched-hol< screen. Excess air exhausted from the test chamber via a 25 cm square pori through which the sampling duct entered. With the entire systei operational and a hair dryer operating, a positive pressure in the hood oi approximately 0.15 cm 1120 was obtained. This pressure was low enough to preclude any significant, effect on hair dryer operation. The aij velocity through the exit port was high enough ( 100 cm/sec) to prevent turbulent back diffusion of ambient air into the hood. That portion of tht test s ystem in which the dryer was placed is herein referred to as thi clean air hood. A dry box glove was fitted to the side of the hood to permit manipulation of the hair dryer controls during a test run without contaminating the hood with ambient air. The air exhausting from the sampling duct was fed back into the inlet of the test tunnel HEP filter to prevent potential the laboratory. . asbestos escape intc A velocity profile was obtained in the return air duct in order tc. estimate the total air flow through the clean air supply. The velocity it the 12.7 cm diameter duct was uniformly 762 cm/sec indicating a flowrate of 3 5.78n/min. . The sampling duct assembly consisted of a one meter length of 18 cn diameter duct and various tapered adapters which allowed direct connectior to the outlet of various shaped hair dryers. The duct was selected to be -4- C01G GI00016 large enough to easily contain three side by side '37 on filter cassette samplers. Millipore The sampling protocol was subsequently changed to use a single 3* aerosol open-type 47 nn filter holder with a stainless steel body and support screen. The walls of the duct and tapered sections were coated with oil to prevent reentrainment of particles fron the surface of th duct, thereby assuring that particulate from any one dryer would not be detected during subsequent tests. Based on w o r k by Liu and Agarwal (S) the losses in the duct of part icles smaller than S us aerodynamic diameter were expected to be less tha 10Z for the flowrates of all the hair dryers tested. The air "flow througl the duct for these flowrates was in the turbulent regime indicating that the potential source of any primary particle losses expected would bt turbulent i m paction on th of the duct rather than gravitational settelini of the particles. Sampling the hair dryer air supply and effluent was accomplished b; using 37 mm and 47 mm filter cassettes, respectively, and 0.8 um po.n size mixed cellulose ester membrane filters. These filters have greate than 99Z effic i e n c y for all particles of interest (6). A vacuum pump was used to draw 69.4 liters per minute of air throug' the 47 mm filter cassettee. The sampling system was calibrated using a American Meter Company 150 liter spirometer. An MSA Model C pump was use to sample the supply air at 2 liters per minute with a 37 mm open-fac cassette. C a l i b r a t i o n of this system was accomplished with a soap fil bubble meter. -5001 f GI00017 Sampling at 69-4 L/min allowed collection of a sufficient volume of effluent in a reasonable amount of time to allow an accurate determination of airborne particulate concentrations. Any possible error because of the resulting anisokinetic sampling was judged negligible since the major source of error lies with particles larger and heavier than those expected from the hair dryers. Also, most treatments of anisokinetic sampling error assume laminar flow in the sample stream. As stated previously, the flow in the sampling duct was turbulent and not laminar. Three different real time particle monitors were used during the assembly and initial testing of the hair dryer test system. These instruments included, a E.oyco Model 225 connected, to a multichannel analyzer, a Particle Measuring Systems (PMS) ASAS-X particle spectrometer and a ' CCA Fibrous Aerosol Monitor (FAH). All of these instruments detect particles by their light scattering properties. The Royco Model 225 was used to determine the uniformity of distribution of particles across the sampling duct. Monodisperse, 12 urn potassium biphthalate particles were generated using a TSI, Berglund-Liu generator. These particles were injected into the duct just downstream of an operating hair dryer which produced a duct air velocity of 58 cm/sec. A probe connected to the Royco particle counter was Inserted into the duct at the sampling location and nine representative locations across the duct were sampled. The coefficient of variation at these nine traverse ppint locations was less than 0.08, indicating acceptably uniform distribution of particles within the duct. Sampling the hair dryer effluent at various locations within the duct was thus expected to be r eprsenttive of the -6- 0018 GI00018 entire effluent. The PMS ASAS-X aerosol spectroneter was used to monitor the effectiveness of the air cleaning system. Particles in the 0.15 to 0.30 um range were monitored with the ASAS-X since this size produced a rapid instrument response and was expected to have the highest penetration into the clean air system. Ambient particle concentrations (0.15 - 0.30 um) were reduced by a factor of 40 in the clean air hood (see Table 1). Background filter samples were found to be quite clean by electron microscopy! so no further effort was made to. reduce this concentration. The production of particles by some of the hair dryers was also noted with the ASAS-X. TABLE I ' Particles Larger than 0.15 um Using ASAS-X Spectroneter . 3 Ambient air 35-50 particles/cm . Clean air hood ' Test duct, dryer on 1-2 particles/cn^ 3 2-4 particles/cm These particles were apparently generated by motor bearing or electrical brush wear, although these concentrations were barely above the clean air background. . The clean air sy s t e m was found to be entirely adequate to supply air to all the dryers. Using the ASAS-X, it was found that the particle c o ncen tration in the hood was brought down to its baseline level less than one minute after the high volume blower was turned on. The third monitoring instrument used was the FAH. This device was used -7- 0019 GI00019 to indicate the fiber concentration in the hair dryer effluent. The FAM responds only to the larger fibers (and not just to asbestos) visible by light microscopy. The FAM was used with several hair, dryers. In some cases, a single fiber was noted in a two hour period, and in others, none were detected. A one fiber count in a two hour period indicated approximately 0.01 fibers/cc. The statistical significance of one fiber counted in the size range limitations of the FAM was questionable for this study. Use of the FAM on this study was discontinued because of its lack of sensitivity at such low concentrations. It should be noted that the,FAM was designed to operate primarily in the 0.1 to 20 fiber/cc range to meet the requirements of the OSHA standard for asbestos (7). Sampling Procedure . Before positioning the dryer to be tested in the clean air hood, the appropriate reducer was attached to the sampling duct. Various size reducers were fabricated to ensure the best interface possible between the dryer and sampling duct. The dryer was firmly clamped into position and sealed to the sampling duct reducer with duct tape. The dryer was then plugged Into the power supply located inside the clean air hood. The clean air supply blower was then turned on and allowed to flush the clean air hood for 15 minutes and the dryer was then turned on. An air velocity profile was determined in the sampling duct using a Sierra Instruments Model 440 thermo-anemometer. A uniform velocity profile indicated a good placement of the dryer. If the velocity profile indicated nonhoraogeneous flow, the dryer was repositioned to produce uniform flow. Dryer velocities - 8 0020 GI00020 were determined with a Taylor rotating vane anemometer. Dryer flow rates were also checked by interfacing a 2 inch plastic pipe to the dryer inlet nd determining the air velocity with the thermo-anemometer. A 47 mm diameter filter, Millipore AAWP, was placed in the stainless steel filter holder and the assembly placed in the sampling duct. Also, a 37 m e filter, Hillipore AAWP preloaded in a styrene open-faced cassette was positioned inside the clean air hood near th.e dryer inlet. Pumps for both filter samplers were started and the dryer effluent was sampled for 2 hours. The dryer was accessed when necessary during the high-heat-lov-heat cycle via the glove port in the clean air hood.wall. At the end of the sampling period the 47 mm filter sample was removed from the filter holder and carefully placed in a 47 mm petri dish and brought to the TEM laboratory for examination. Background samples were obtained both in the clean air hood and at the end of the sampling tunnel while operated without a dryer in the test chamber* . TEH Analysis ' The asbestos analyses for the study were performed on a JEQL 100B electron microscope equipped with both selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX). The microscope magnification was calibrated using 0.5 uo Latex spheres, and during the course of the study Individual fibers were Identified on a random basis by diffraction patterns and metal content. Due to the light loading of fibers seen on samples obtained early in the study, the decision was made to scan the entire grid in order to -9- 0021 GI00021 Co acquire a representative sample* Each grid contained approximately 200 fields each measuring 80 x 80 un. Counting time varied from 2 hours for lightly loaded samples to 3.5 days for the most heavily loaded samples. Background samples o.f the supply air shoved very clean, fiber free filters. A detection limit of one fiber per grid would result in a sensitivity of 9 x 10 5 fiber/cc. Representative photomicrographs are presented in Appendix 1. Sample Preparation . The Millipore AA filters used in sampling the- effluent from the hair dryers were prepared for analysis following the standard HIOSH procedure described in Technical Information Bulletin $77-204 (8). A disk was removed from the center of each filter with a No. 5 cork bore. The sample disks were affixed to a clean glass slide and allowed to clear in acetone vapor for 5 minutes. The samples were then coated with a thin carbon film .n a vacuum evaporator to provide an electron beam transparent surface to which the collected particles could adhere. After coating the cleared filter disks were cut out and placed upside down on pre-coated 200 mesh copper grids which had been placed in a petri dish on absorbent Whatman $41 filters. The Whatman filters were carefully saturated with acetone and left to sit overnight to allow complete dissolution of the sample filters. When dry, the preparations were ready for analysis by electron microscopy. Fiber Count The sample grids were scanned initially to ensure that at least 70S of the preparation remained intact. A fiber search was carried out at a magnification of 1700X and fibers were sized and counted at a magni f i c a t i o n of 10,000X. Fiber clumps and bundles which exhibited unequal or ambiguous -in . 0022 GI00022 dimensions were "sized in segments or were ass-igned an average diametc based on 3 or more measurements. In all cases, multiple measurements' takei on fiber bundles, clumps, and clusters were bracketed in the data record t indicate that they be treated as a single airborne structure in calculatin air concentrations. The length and diameter of each individual fiber was determined t allow calculation of the volume of each fiber. Calculating the volume o each fiber allowed an accurate estimation of fiber mass. The onl assumption made was that each fiber approximated a solid cylinder. All recorded data were reduced by computer to obtain air concentration and fiber size distributions. A description of the calculation can b found in A p p e n d i x I, Test Data. .. Summary . ' During the testing program conducted for CPSC, 30 dryers were tested Of these, 25 were home use hand-held appliances, 3 were table-top hood models, one was a hobby heat gun, and one was a heavy duty commercial sale style dryer. A i r b o r n e asbestos concentrations generated by these dryei ranged from 0 to 0.11 structures/cc and the mass concentrations ranged fre 0 to- 7652 ng/o^. During the test program, one asbestos fiber was detected in the entire group-of background samples. The pooled results < these background samples resulted in a b ackground concentration of 3 10"5 fibers/ec. The pairs of results obtained by running each hair dryer on high he versus cycled heat were used to determine an upper limit on the v a r i a b i l i of the sampling and analysis. The geometric mean of the ratios of t -11- 0023 GI00023 5 tructurc-s /cc concentrations of high heat to cycled heat for 21 pairs of non-zero results was 1.19 with a 95X confidence interval of 0.82 to 1.73. Thus, the successive sample ratio for each dryer cannot be' considered significantly different from unity, indicating no significant differance between samples taken at high heat or at cycled heat. The paired samples were evaluated to find the variability due to sampling and analysis techniques. The geometric standard deviation was used to determine the upper and lower 95Z confidence limits on any measurement, N. These limits can be determined by respectively multiplying and dividing N by the factor 3.4. In other words, at a 95X confidence the true value for any measurement, N, is between N X 3.4 and N/3.4. ' Figures 2 and 3 show frequency distribution graphs of the hair dryer test results as a function of the number of asbestos structures emitted, and the mass of asbestos emitted, respectively. In each figure, th bar on the extreme left indicates the number of dryers from which aero emissions were observed. - 12- C024 GI00024 REFERENCES 1. "Asbestos Discharge fron Six Hair Dryers in a Two-Hour Test". El'V Associates, March 19, 1979. ' 2. "Hair Dryer Asbestos Enissions". Health, Safety and Environment Department, Johns-Manville Corporation, April 10, 1979. . 3. "Asbestos Analyses: Son-of-a-Gun Hair Dryers Model TD-1 and TD-2". Report to Clairol, Inc. by Wa l t e r C. McCrone Asssociates, Inc., April 30, 1979. . . A. "Examination of Hair. Dryers from CPSC (#7166 and # 7267 ) for Asbestos". Memorandum to Consumer Product Safety Commission from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, May 2, 1979. 5. Liu, B. and Agarual, J. Experimental Observations of Aerosol Deposition in Turbulent Flow. Aerosol Science, 5:145, 1974 6. A i r Sampling Instruments from Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants, 5th Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, p N-6, Cincinnati, Ohio 1978. ~ 7. OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Federal Regulations, Part 1910.1001, Asbestos. Title 29, Code of 8. Zumwalde, R.D. and Dement, J.M. Review and Evaluation of Analytical Methods for Environmental Studies of Fibrous Particulate Exposures. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication Ho. 77-204. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio. -13- 0025 GI00025 Figure 1. Schematic of Test System -14- 0026 GI00026 Number Concentration Frequency 20 -, 1 CO CD 15 - XI u cd 10 - 0 3 5 J zZS; LI yA \ 0 " `b lO"5 1 v O " 12, & \0"v Number of Fiber Structures per cc Figure 2 -15- 0027 GI00027 Mass Concentration Frequency Figure 3 -16- 0028 GI00028 APPENDIX I . SAMPLING TEST DATA AND AND ANALYSIS INFORMATION 1. Sanpling race: 69.4 L/nin (2.45 cfn) 2. Sanpling cine: 2 hours 3. Fiber councs are presented as follows: I Individual fibers not pare of a clunp or bundle B/C - Nunber of bundles or clunps T - Nunber of individual fibers (I) plus the number of fibers contained in each clump or bundle 4. The structures/cc calculation treats each bundle or clunp as one airborne structure e.g.: froc a count of I 5, B/C ), and T 45... the nunber used to calculate structures/cc would be I + B/C - 12. Structures/cc - (FC/TEM) x ECA VOL FC - Total structures counted (I + B/C) TEM - TEM grid area examined (on ) _ ECA - Effective filter collecting area (960 on j VOL - Sample volume in cc Example Calculation: If: 1 - 5 5 TEM - 1.22 m m 2 . B/C - 30 VOL - 8328000 cc . Then: Airborne structures/cc - (85/1.22)960 0.008 (8328000) ' If effluent volume is 170 ra2 , total a i r b o r n e structures in effluent - (0.008 s t r uctures/cc) x (1.7 x 105*8 cc) - 1.36 X 10 structures 5. The volume of each fiber counted, both individual fibers and those in clunps (T value), is calculated and its mass d e t e r m i n e d using a density of 2.4 grans/cc for chrysotile asbestos. Tota.1 fiber mass as reported is a sum of individual massess. -17- . . 0029 GI00029 Sample Number: D-8 70-5361 . 'ianufacCurer/Uistributor: New York Merchandise Co. Dryer Mane: ' Mighty 1200 . Model/Series: Modell0/2100 . Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin): Effluent Volune (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Hich Heat 673 8.1 X 10* 8 328 1-171 B/C-4 T-181 Hip.h-H eat -Low-Heat 673 8.1 X 10* 8328 1-23 B/C-l T-25 Airborne Structures/cc: Jtal Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Mass (ng/n ): Total Fiber Mass in Ef fluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (u b ) : M ean Fiber Length (u b ): Fiber Diameter Range (urn): Mean Fiber Diameter (u b ): Total TEH Fie ield Area Examined (am ) : 1.6 X 10" 2 1.3 X 106 13.9 1121 ' 0.6-26 3.7 0.05-1.2 0.21 1.24 7.1 X 10" 3 5.7- X 105 8.8 709 . 0.8-23 4.1 0.005-0.8 0.22 0.39 I-Individual Fibers B/C-3undles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -18- 0030 GI00030 Sample Dunbar: U-S35-3535 Manufacturer/Distributor: Schick ' Dryer Wane: Shick 1000 llodel/Series: PD-100.1A Asbestos Use and Co nncnts: Used, hand --held hair dryer The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Hiflh Heat 2632 3.16 X 105 832S . Hiah-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 2632 3.16 X 105 - 8328 " 1-6 B/C-0 T-6 1-13 B/C-2 T-20 irborne Structures/cc: 5.2 X 10~A Total Structures in Effluent: 1.6 X 105 3 Fiber Hass (ng/m ): C. 22 . Total Fiber Hass in Effluent (ng): 71 Fiber Length Range (uo): 0.8-13.2 Mean Fiber Length (un): 5.0 Fiber Diameter Range (ua): 0.06-0.3 Mean Fiber Diameter (urn): 0.2 Total TEM Fielg Area Examined (am ): 1.32 . 1.3 X 10" 3 4.1 X 105 2.2 693 0 .7-9.0 3.5 0.05-1.2 0.2 1.3 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps 1+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps Humber 0031 GI00031 Sample Number: CPSC-2 lianufacturer/Distributor: General Electric Dryer Kane: Power Turbo 1200 Watts liodel/Series: .Sl-5115-0 Asbestos Use and Comments: Used hand held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (1/min): Effluent Volume (1): Sample Volume (1 ): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1089 135161 8328 1-8 B/C-4 T-29 Airborne Scructures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/n3): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (na): Fiber Length Ranze (urn): Mean Fiber Length (ua): Fiber Diameter Range (un): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TD-I Fiel^ Area Examined (mm ): 1.4 X 10" 3 1.9 X 105 15 2027 0.6-15 3.8 0.05-1 0.25 0.98 High-Heat-Low-Heat 1089 135'.61 8328 1-5 B/C-l . T-9 6.5 X 10`A 1.1 X 105 13 1757 1.3-11.5 3.8 0.1-1 .3 0.31 1.07 I*Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clunos . revised 6/3/1980 I+B/CAirborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clunos 0032 GI00032 Sande Kur.ber: E-100-375 lanufacturer/Distributor : General Electric Dryer Nane: Super-Pro 1400 Model/Series: S1-5H2-0 Asbestos Use and Coonents: Used, hand held, hair dryer. The asbes insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel Dryer Flow Rate (1/min): Effluent Volune (1 ): Sample Volune (1 ): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Hizh Heat 1398 167760 8328 1-37 B/C-0 T-37 Hifih^Heat-Lov-Heat 1398 167760 ' 8328 1-8 B/C-l T-10 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/o3): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (un): Mean Fiber Length (un): fiber Diameter Range Cun)! Mean Fiber Diameter (un): Total TEH Field Area Exanined (no2): 3.6 X 10" 3 6 X 105 0.44 73.8 0.8-23 4.7 0.05-8 0.2 1.19 l.l X 10" 3 1.8 X 105 0.69 168 ' 1.8-13 5.7 0.15-1.4 0.4 0.95 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clunps *revised 6/3/1980 I+B/C*Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estiaated Nunber of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps C03 a GI00033 Sanple Number: CPSC-8 i.cnufacturer/Dis:ributor: Dryer Kane: Norelco 1000 North American Phillips Corp. ' Mode 1/Series : UB1700 , Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin): Effluent Volume (L): Sanple Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 849 95880 8328 1-18 B/C- 6 T-30 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cvrlo 849 ' 95880 3 32 8 - 1-21 B/C-6 T-56 Airborne Struetures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber liass (ng/a^) : Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng) : Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (urn): Fiber Diameter Range (un): Mean Fiber Di ameter (un): Total TEM Field Area Examined (aa j : 2.5 X 10" 3 2.4 X 105 15 1438 0.5-12 3.4 0.05-2 0.31 ' 1.2 2.7 XIO- 3 2.6 X 105 8.6 1822 : . * 0.7-22 3.2 0.05-1.2 0.23 1.25 1-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated of F i b e r s in B u n d l e s or C l u m p s Number - 20- 0034 GI00034 Sample Number: E-100-352 lianu fact urer/Lis cribu tor: Conair . jryer Name: Prostyle 1200 Ilode 1/Series : 065 Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer* The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of- the barrel. Dryer Flow Kate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L) : Sample Volume (L) : Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Kinh Heat 1284 154080 8323 1-1 B/C-0 T-l High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1284 154080 8328 - 1-4 B/C-0 T-4 ' Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Mass (ng/a ): Total Fiber Mass . in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length Cum): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEi-i Fielg Area Examined (mia ) : 1.15 X 10" 4 1.77 X 104 0.096 14.7 no range 7 . 1 no range 0.25 1.0 4.2 X I 0 ~ l 6.5 X 104 7.7 1.2 X 10J 3.8-36 12.9 0.05-1 0.5 1.05 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Humber . of Fibers in Bundles or Cluaps - 21- C035 GI00035 S an l e Nunber: E-- 100-- 377 Manuf a c tu r e r / D i s t r i b u c o r : Ge n e r a l E l e c t r i c ' . Dryer 'Jane: Power Pro 1000 Mode 1/ Seri es : 5105-013 Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel Dryer Flow Kate (L/nin)i Effluent Volume (L): Saaple Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1035 124200 8328 ' 1-16 B/C-l T-l 8 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1035 124200 . 8 3 28 " 1-92 B/C-6 T-108 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/n3): . Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (un): Me a n Fiber Length (un): Fiber Diameter Range (un): Mean Fiber Dlaaeter (un): Total TEn Fielg Area Examined (am ): 1.7 X 10" 3 2.1 X 105 29 361 0.8-25 6.9 0.03-0.7 0.25 1.17 0 1 in o o 9.3 X 10" 1.2 X 106 17 2148 0.7-45 5.2 0.22 1.2 I " I n i vi du al Fibers B/Ciiundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estiaated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps ' - 22- C036 GI00036 Sanple Number: E - 840-5924 iianu factu re r /D ist ribu tor : Zayre Corp. . ' Dryer Name: 1 200 Foldaway Mode1/Series: JK-115 Asbestos Use and Comnents: Hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a lining to the barrel Iiryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume CL)! Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted; High Heat 418 170160 8328 1-7 B/C-l T-l 3 High-Heat-Low-Keat Cycle 415 ` 170160 8328 - 1-1 B/C-0 T-l Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Mass (ng/n ) : 7 X 10" 4 1.2 X 105 35 Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn); Mean Fiber Length (urn); Fiber Diameter Range (urn): 6609 1.0-25 ' . 8.6 C.03-3.0 o On Mean Fiber Diameter (um)s Total TEM Fielg Area Examined (mm ): 1.31 ' . o X 00 H 1.1 X 10" 0.098 ' 16 no range 5.3 no range 0.3 1.06 I-Individual Fibers B / O S u n d l e s or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clunps 0037 GI00037 Sanple Number: E-100-361 Manuiacturer/L'istributor: Hamilton Beach . Dryer Ilane: Crooner II .lodel/Serles: 423 Asbestos Dse and Comments: Used, hand-held, coab type dryer* ihe asbestos was present as a lining to the barrel* Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos ' Structures Counted: High Heat 184 19017 8328 1-7 B/C-3 T-l 7 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle Dryer has only one'settin 8 328 _ Airborne Structures/cc: " 'tal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3): Total Fiber Mass . in Effluent (ng): ' Fiber Length R.ange (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel Area Examined (on ): 1.1 X 10"3 2.1 X 104 2.2 42 1-21 6.4 0.05-0 .8 0*25 1.06 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Kumber of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -25 ' 0039 GI00039 Sanple Dumber: -100-376 Manufacturer/Distributor: Montgomery Ward .ryer Mace: Montgomery Ward 1200 M o d e 1/Series: 53-19375 As bestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair d ry e r The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Voluce (L) : Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Hich Heat 1104 132460 8328 ' 1-2 B/C-l T-4 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1104 132480 < 8 32 8 " 1-5 B/C-0 T-5 ' `Irborne Structures/cc: 3.0 X 10" 4 Total Structures in Effluent : 4.0 X 104 Fiber Mass (ng/a^): 0.22 Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): 29 Fiber Length Range Cum): 3.5-17 Mean Fiber Length (urn): 9.75 Fiber Diameter Range (ua): 0.08-0.3 ' Mean Fiber Diameter (ua): 0.17 Total TEM Fiel^ Area Examined (mm ): 1.16 4.6 X 10" 4 6.1 X 104 0.16 21 1.5-5.5 3.44 0.07-0.4 0.2 ; 1.25 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+L/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps Hunber 0040 GI00040 Sample Kuaber: E-10G-360 Manufaeturer/Distributor: Cille cce >ryer ane: 'Super Max Mod e l/ Se ries : HD-5 . Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos was present as a component of the support for the heati ng element. Dryer Flow Rate (L/cin): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Kish Heat 618 74 160 8328 1-314 B/C-24 T- 386 Hijrh-Heat-Low-11eat Cycle 618 74160 - 8328 " 1-177 B/C-8 T-206 ' / Airborne Structures/cc: vocal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng) : Fiber Length Range (un): Mean Fiber Length (un): Fiber Diameter Range (un): Mean Fiber Diameter (un): Total TEM Fielg Area Examined (mo ): 3.4 X 10"2 . 2.5 X 106 34 2.5 X 103 0.3-50 4.1 0.05-1.3 0.2 1.23 2.0 X 1C" 2 1.5 X 106 21 1.6 X 103 0.4-40 3.5 0.05-1.1 0.2 1.22 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Humber of Fibers in Bundles or Clunps C041 GI00041 Sample iiunber: E-100-390 Ha nu factu rcr/D istri butor: Fraz ier jryer liane: Frazier Slow Out Comb Styler rode 1 /S e ri es : W-069-1 Asbestos Use ana Comments: Used, hand-held, comb type dryer The asbestos was present as a conical lining around the heating element * Uncountable due to high background level of amo rp hou s,opaque material from the dryer. Insulation material in dryer was identified as chrysotile asbestos. . ** Low speed inoperative; therefore, only high heat test conducted. High Heat High --Heat--Low-Heat Cycle Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin): 99 ** Effluent Volume (L): 11880 Sample Volume (L): 8328 Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: * Airborne Struetures/ee: Total Structures in Effluent: ' Fiber Mass (ng/m^): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): ' . Fiber Length Range (urn): - Mean Fiber Length (ua): - Fiber Diameter Range (ui): Mean Fiber Diameter (ua): Total 7 EM Fiel Area Examined (so ): IIndividual Fibers 3/C-Eundles or Clumps I+B/CAirborne Structures Counted T-lndividual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Sundles or Clumps 0042 GI00042 Sanple Humber: E-- 100 --355 Manuf a ct urer/D is cr i bu tor : M o nt g o m er y i.'ard Dryer Name: Variable Power 1400 M o de 1/ S er i es : 5 2-1 9361 Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volune (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos . Structures Counted: High Heat 1417 1.7 X 105 8328 1-28 B/C-5 T-41 High -Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1417 1.7 X 105 8328 _ 1-3 B/C-4 T-30 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Hass (ng/in ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (an): Mean Fiber Length (urn): Fiber Diameter Range (urn): Mean Fiber Diameter (urn): Total TEM Fiel Area Examined (ram ): 3.1 X 10~3 5.3 X 105 3 5.15 X 102 0.5-48 4.9 0.03-0.7 0.19 1.18 o CM O o 1.1 X 10~ 3 1.9 X 105 0.35 60 0.7-10.5 2.9 0.12 1.16 I-Individual Fibers B/CBundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps Mu mb e r - 29- C043 GI00043 Sample Number: E-100-375 . Manufacturer/Distributor: General Electric Dryer Name: Super-Pro 1A00 Mode 1 /S eri es : Sl-5112-0 Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. . Dryer Flow Rate (L/rain): Effluent Volume CL): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted. High Heat 1398 1697760 8328 1>37 B/C-0 T-37 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/n3) : Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (uc): Total TEM Field Area Examined (am;: 3.6 X 10" 3 6 X 105 0.44 740 0.8-23 4.7 0.05-8 0.2 1.19 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cyel ' 1398 1697760 8328 .. 1-8 B/C-l T-l 0 : ; 1.1 X 10 1.8 X 10 0.69 1179 1.8-13 5.7 . 0.15-1.4 0.4 0.95 I-Individual Fibers B /C -Bu nd les or C lum ps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted TIndividual Fibers Plus Estimated of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps Number - 30- 0044 GI00044 Sar.ple Nunber: E - 8 G 5 - 1 2 9 2 M a n u f a c t u r e r / D i s t ri b u t o r : Co n a i r Dryer Uar.e: Professional Elow Cocb ' ' iodel/S e r i e s : Model 067 Asbestos Use and Connents: Used, hand-held comb type dryer. The dryer was of a configuration such that the inside could not be inspected for asbestos position. Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin): Effluent Volume (L): .Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Hich Heat . 98.7 11844 8328 ' Hij^h-Heat-Low-Heat Cvcli ' 98.7 ' 11844 8328 " 1-0 B/C-0 T-0 ' 1-1 B/C-0 T-l ' ' Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ag/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (un): Mean Fiber Length (urn): Fiber Diameter Range (un): Mean Fiber Diameter (un): Total TEM Fiel^ Area Exanined (no4): ' 0.98 . ' 9.1 X 10" 5 1.1 X 103 0.02 0.25 no range 20 no range . 0.25 1.27 I-Individual Fibers B/C=5undles or Clunps I+B/CAirborne Structures Counted TIndividual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clunps C045 GI00045 Sample Number: CPSC-3 Nanufacturer/Distrifcutor: Dryer Name: Sears 1000 Sears iiodel/Series: 25 3-8 75-4 . Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flov Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Saaple Volume (L): Airborne Aabestos Structures Counted: High Keat 863 103560 8328 1-267 B/C-16 T-304 H i g h - H e a t - Low- He at CvcTe 863 103560 8328 1-139 B/C-10 T-163 Airborne Struetures/cc: Jtal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Hass (ng/m2 ): Total Fiber Hass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Me a n Fiber Length (urn): Fiber Diameter Range (ua): Me an Fiber Diameter (um): Total TH Field Area Examined (mia ): 0.031 3.2 X .10 16 1.6 X 10 0.3-55 3.5 0.02-0.9 0.12 1.15 0.016 1.6 X 106 1.9 2 X 102 0.4-24 2.5 0.02-0.5 0.1 1-11 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps Number -32- 0046 GI00046 5ample Number: E-100-354 'anu fa c turer/bis t ribu to r : Uartaan . Dryer Name: PRO 1000 Hodel/S eri e s : Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/ain): Effluent Volume (L) : Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 696 83400 8328 1-32 B/C-8 T-64 Airborne Structures/cc: Jtal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3 ): Total Fiber Hass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (us): Mean Fiber Length (un): Fiber Dia met er Range (urn): Mean Fiber Diameter (un): Total TEH Fiel| Area Examined (nm ): 4.4 X 10" 3 3.7 X 105 5*3 439 0 .8 - 1 2 3.3 0.05-1.4 0.22 1.13 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 696 83400 8328 - 1-9 B/C-5 T-2 7 1.5 X ,10" 3 1.3 X 105 1.4 118 0.4-14 3.2 . 0.05-1.0 0.18 1.13 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps Number -33- C047 GI00047 Sample Number: CPSC-2 Mar.uiaccurer/Distribu tor: General Electric . Dryer Name: Power Turbo 1200 Watts . M o d e l / S e r i e s : S 1-- 5115--0 Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1089 39960 8328 1-8 B/C-4 T-29 Hlnh-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1089 39960 8328 - 1-5 . B/C-l T-9 Airborne Structures/cc: lotal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ag/m3 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber.Length (urn): Fiber Diameter Range (un): Mean Fiber Diameter (un): Total TEK Fielg Area Examined ( m m ; : 1.4 X 10" 3 5.6 X 105 15 604 0.6-15 3.8 . 0.05-1 0.25 0.98 6.5 X 10" 4 2.6 X 1 0 5 13 5 36 1.3-11 .5 3.8 0 .1 - 1 .3 . 0.31 1.07 I"Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted TIndividual Fibers Plus Estimated of F i be rs in B u n d l e s or Clumps Humber 0048 GI00048 Sample Humber: F.-- 100 --359 Manufacturer/Distributor: Korvettes Dryer. N a m e : S u pe r . 1400 ' ilodel/Series : 1IA-1214S Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin): Effluent Volume (L) : Sample Volume (L) : Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1064 127680 8328 1-1 B/C-l T-3 Airborne Structures/ec: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Hass (ng/a ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (un): Fiber Diameter Range (urn): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Field Area Examined ( m m ; : 1.9 X 10" 4 2.4 X 104 0.23 29 1.5-9.5 4.5 . 0.15-0.6 0.35 1.2 High-Heat-Low-Heat C v c U 1064 127680 8328 " 1-0 ` B/C-0 T-0 ' " 1.24 l" Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps . I+B/CAirborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps Number -35- CO 49 GI00049 Sample Number: C^SC-l i.anuiuccurvir/Miseri butor: 5a ny c i Corp. Dryer Name: Sanyei Corp. . Model/Serics: E-2100 . . Asbestos Lse and Comments: Used) hand-held hair dryer* The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1104 132480 8328 1-256 B/C-27 T-318 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1104 . 132480 8328 " 1-141 B/C-l5 T-181 ` . Airborne S triicture s /cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber hass (ng/n^): Total Fiber tlass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (ua): Mean Fiber Length (uo): Fiber Diameter Range (urn): Mean Fiber Diameter (uo): Total TEM Fielg Area Examined (mta ): 2.9 X 10" 2 3.8 X 106 8.7 1200 0.5-42 2.6 0 .0 1 - 1 0.14 1.25 \0 o H X o e CM 1.5 X 10" 2 4.3 560 0.3-35 3.0 0.03-7 0.14 1.23 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clump's I+E/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated of Fibers in Bundles or Clunps Number -36- coso GI00050 Sanple iiui..ber: CPSC-9 lianufacturer/Distributor: General Electric Tryer Hare: Super-Pro 1400 flodel/Serios : S 1-5112-0 Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. * Fiber dimensions could not be determined Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin): Effluent Volume (L): Sanple Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos - Structures Counted: High Heat 1398 167760 8328 1-0 B/C-l T-2 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1398 167760 8328 - . 1-0 B/C-l T-l Airborne Struetures/ec: otal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/n2): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (un): lean Fiber Length (un): Fiber Diameter Range (un): lean Fiber Di aneter (un): Total TEM Fiel Area Exaained (un ): 1 X 10" A 1.7 X 10A 1 . 1 x io" 2 1.9 1.5-2.5 2.0 0 . 0 5 - . 15 0.1 1.17 1 X 10~ 4 1.7 X 10 * 0.96 I"Individual Fibers B/C3undles or Clumps I+3/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated of Fibers in Bu ndles or Clumps Humber -37 0051 GI00051 Sample. N u m b e r : E - 1 0 0 - 3 5 3 iiur.ufucturer/Distributor: Sunbeam Dryer Name: Prof e'ssionaire .1000 . Node1/Se ri e s : 52-9C Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/rain): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Rich Heat 967 116440 8328 1-1 B/C-0 T-l Hiah-Heat-Low-Heat 987 118440 8328 1-1 B/C-0 T-l Airborne Struetures/cc: tal Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Mass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (un): Mean Fiber Length (urn): Fiber Diameter Range (urn): Mean Fiber Diameter (urn): . Total TEM Fielg Area Examined (mm ) : 1.1 X 10" 4 1.3 X 104 17 no range 4.6 no range 0.4 1.09 1.5 X 10" 4 . 1.8 X 104 3*1 no range . 4.1 . no range 0.15 0.75 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborae Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated of Fibe r s in B u n d l e s or C l u m p s Number -38- G052 ' GI00052 Sample Number: E-100-374 Manufacturer/Distributor: Presto Mist Dryer Name: Presto Mist Hair Dryer Model/Series: PP-19A Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, table top hood type dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a sheet under the heating element. Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin): Effluent Volume CL): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1302 . 8328 1-12 B/C-0 T-12 High-Heat-Low-Heat .1302 . 8328 1-15 B/C-0 T-12 o i o H X H --f Airborne Struetures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/a3): 1.7 X 105 19.8 Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): 3104 Fiber Length Range (urn): 1.3-48 ` Mean Fiber Length (um): V Fiber Diameter Range (ua): 7.5 0.1-1.5 Mean Fiber Diameter (um): 0.3 Total TEli Field Area Examined (mm2 ): 1.22 OO 1.4 X 10~3 2.2 X 1 0 5 ' 0.278 43 1 .1 - 6 0.05-0.3 0.17 1.21 I-Individual Fibers B/CBundles or Clumps 1+3/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps Number -40- 0054 GI00054 Sanple Number: CPSC-26 Manufacturer/!/iscrifcutor: Dryer Dane: Westinghouse Mode 1 /S eri es : H 10-2 Asbestos Us. and Coonents: Ds.d, table top bonnet type dryer. position Of any asbestos insulation was not noted. The Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 277 33240 8328 1-0 B/C-0 T-0 Hich-Heat-Low-Heat Cyri- 277 33240 8328 - 1-0 B/C-0 T-0 Airborne Structures/cc: iOtal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Hass (ng/m^): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (un): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total 7EM Field Area Examined (mm 1.1 I" Individual Fibers E/C*Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Kumber of Fibers in Bundles or,Clumps -41 0055 GI00055 Sample Humber: CPSC-22 ' lai:uiac tu re r/D is trihu to r : General Electric Dryer Kane: Professional Hair Dryer Hodel/Series: HD51 Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, table top hood type dryer, The asbestos was present as a pad under the heating element. Dryer Flou Rate (L/cin): Effluent Volume (L): .Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 2207 264340 8328 1-0 B/C-0 T-0 Bifh-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 2207 264840 8328 - 1-0 B/C-0 . T-0 Airborne Structures/cc: .'otal Structures in Effluents Fiber Hass (ng/m^): Total Fiber Mass, in Effluent (ng): ^iber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Hean Fiber Diameter (un): Total TEM Field Area Examined (mm ): 1.13 1.23 I-lndividual Fibers 3 / C - B u n d l e s or C l u m p s I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -42 0056 GI00056 Sanple Number:. E-- 850 --5327 Ha nu facturer/Distributor: Zonae Inc. Dryer Nan e : Eonse Blower Dryer Mode1/Series : Model 10 Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, stand mounted professional, dryer, The asbestos insulation was present as a lining to the barrel. Dryer Flow Hate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L) : Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1044 125312 8328 1-650 B/C-137 T-1375 Airborne Structures/ee: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber liass (ng/n3 ) : Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (un): Mean Fiber Length (urn): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel Area Examined (mm;: 0.11 1.3 X 107 7652 918211 0.15-95 7.1 0.04-15 0.4 0.83 High-Heat-Low-Hear Cycle 1044 125312 8328 1-450 B/C-72 T-720 - 0.08 9.6 X 10 6 651 78088 0.2-95 6.1 . 0.01-3.5 0.3 0.73 I-Individua1 Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps Number -43- 057 GI00057 Sample Number: E-860-1440 ' Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: Super Zap Clairol Mode1/Series: SZ-1 ' Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The insulation was present as a lining to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Hieh Heat 687 82440 8328 1-18 B/C-l . T-20 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cv c Ip 687 ' 82440 8328 -- 1-17 B/C-5 T-37 - Airborne Structures/cc: 2 X 10- 3 otal Structures -in Effluent: 1.6 X 105 Fiber Mass (ng/n^): 1 .1 Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): . 89 . Fiber Length Range (uo): ' 1.0-11.5 Mean Fiber Length (um): 3.5 Fiber Diameter Range (um): eo o Ul o e Mean Fiber Diamet er (um): Total TEM Field Area Examined (mm ; : 0.2 1.08 1.9 X 10" 3 1.6 X 15 9.6 789 0.9-31.5 5.0 . . 0.7-1.4 0.25 1.3 I-Individual Fibers B/ C- Bun dle s or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps Number -44- 0058 GI00058 Sample Number: E-805-1291 Manufacturer/Oistributor: Jheri Redding Jryer Name: Jr. Pro 1000 . Ilode 1 / Series : 066 Asbestos Use and Comments: Hand-held dryer. Its asbestos insulation was present as a lining to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 829 99480 8328 1-360 B/C-17 T-410 . Kigh-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 829 99480 8328 " 1-148 B/C-8 T - 17 4 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m2 ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (urn): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fielg Area Examined (mm ): 3.3 X 10" 2 3.6 X 106 26 2627 0.3-43 3.2 0.03-1.2 0.18 1.3 . 1.4 X 10- 2 1.5 X 106 30 2975 0.1-95 4.9 0.0 5-1.5 0.2 1.32 I-Individual Fibers B/C-3undles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated .of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -45- 0059 GI00059 Sample Number: D-815-0580 Manufacturer/Distributor: Topflite . Dryer Kane: Monolcote Heat Cun Mode1/Series: none present Asbestos Use and Comments: Hand-held hobby heat gun. insulation was present as a lining of the barrel. The asbestos Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L) : Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Hich Heat 1S2 21840 8328 1-324 B/C-20 T-439 Hieh-Hent-Low-Heat Cvcle 182 21840 8 328 - 1-100 E/C-6 T-121 ; Airborne Struetures/cc: Jtal Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Mass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Hass in Effluent ( n g): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (ua): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Di ameter (urn): Total TEU Fielg Area Examined (mm ): 3.8 X 10" 2 8.4 X 105 4154 91395 0.8-90 6.3 0.05-13 0.36 1.05 1.3 X 10" 2 2.9 X 105 168 3700 0.4-60 6.2 0.03-3.5 0.33 0.93 1" Individual Fibers 3/C-Bundlcs or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps - 46- C060 GI00060 Sample Number: E-840-4024 :.auufacture:/L'iscri jutor: Cer.air I-ryer Name: Pro Style 1200 Watts Iiodel/Series: Ho del 065 Series 0278 sbescos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held dryer. lio asbestos was present in the dryer. It was run as a control. Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1284 154080 8328 1*0 B/C-0 T - 0 Hig h - K e at-Lov-Keat Cv p Ip 1284 154080 8328 1-0 ' B/C-0 T-0 Airborne Strue Cures/cc: 'otal Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m^): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (ua): Fiber Diameter Range (ua): Mean Fiber Diameter (ua): Total TEM Field Area Examined (cm2 ): 0.83 1.29 I" Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps Number -47- 0061 GI00061 APPENDIX II PHOTOMICROGRAPHS 1* (Plate 479) - Supply air sanple showing absence of dust and fibers in supply air (Nag. - 1000X). 2. (Plate 548) - Very long asbestos fibers associated in a loose cluster (Nag. - 2000X). 3. (Plate 549) - Typical asbestos fiber bundle showing splayed ends and snail fibril fragnents (Mag. - 2700X). 4. (Plate 555) -Typical asbestos elunp/bundle association showing random orientation of sone fibril. (Mag. - 50 0 0X ) . 5. (Plate 551) - A large cluster of individual fibers, large bundles, and clunps deposited as a single structure on filter (Mag. 3300X). 6 . (Plate 562) - Numerous asbestos fibers and bundle structures deposited in close proximity on filter (Mag 1300X). 7* (Plate 553) - Typical small chrysotile fiber bundle deposited sihely- (Mag - 2000X). 8 . (Plate 556) - Extre me ly large chrysotile bundle 15 to 25 um in diameter deposited on filter. (Mag - 1700X). 9. (Plate 552) - Asbestos fiber bundles with organic globular particulates adhering to surface (Mag - 6700X). 10. (Plate 563) - Large asbestos bundles deposited as a single structure on filter (Mag -1700X). 11. (Plate 560) (Mag - 1200X). Large asbestos fibers associated in a single cluster. 12. (Plate 560) - Large asbestos bundle and fibrils associated as a single structure. (Mag - 2000X). ' 13. (Plate 557) - Typical heavy loading of asbestos structures on filter, (hag - 1000X). 14. (Plate 465) - Sample of bulk insulation material taken from a dryer. 15. Example EDAX spectrum from a dryer air sample. -48- C062 GI00062