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FILE NAME Brakes BRK DATE 2013 DOC BRK220 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Journal Article - Mesothelioma and Employment in Massachusetts AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE Mesothelioma and Employment in Massachusetts Analysis of Cancer Registry Data 1988-2003 Cora R. Roelofs SCD Gabriela J. Kernan ms Letitia K. Davis ScD Richard W. Clapp DSC and Phillip R. Hunt PhD4 Background Cancer registries can be used to monitor mesothelioma cases and to identify occupations and industries previously and newly associated with mesothelioma asbestos exposure by using standard registry data on the usual occupation and industry of the case Methods We used the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Standardized Occupational Industry Coding Software to code 564 mesothelioma cases for occupation and 543 for industry of the 1,424 incident mesothelioma in the Massachusetts Cancer Registry from 1988 to 2003. Additionally we coded the occupation and industry of 80,184 comparison cancer cases 35 of comparison cases in our database These were used to compute Standardized Morbidity Odds Ratios SMORS Results Seventeen occupations and 11 industries had statistically significant elevated SMORS for mesothelioma Occupations and industries historically associated with mesothelioma remained elevated in these results However we also found statistically significant elevated SMORS for several occupations and industries for which there was previously weak or no association such as chemical engineers machine operators and automobile mechanics and machine manufacturing railroads and the U.S Postal Service Conclusions Incident cases of mesothelioma do not appear to be declining in Massachusetts as legacy exposures to asbestos continue to produce cases in individuals involved in shipbuilding and construction Exposures in occupations and industries not previously associated with mesothelioma also contribute cases Cancer registries with improved data collection should continue to be monitored for mesothelioma cases and asbestos exposures Am J. Med '2013 Wiley Periodicals Inc. KEY WORDS mesothelioma asbestos exposure surveillance system occupations industries cancer Department of Work Environment University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts 2Occupational Health Surveillance Program Massachusetts Department of Public Health Boston Massachusetts Department of Environmental Health Boston University Boston Massachusetts Social Sectors Development StrategieInsc Boston Massachusetts Contract grant sponsor Brigham and Women's Hospital International Mesothelioma Program Research completed at University of Massachusetts Lowell and Massachusetts Department of Public Health Disclosure Statement The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose CorrespRoelofo s.ScD Den partd mente Workn Envic ronme entUnt ivero sity 'Massachusetts Lowell Kitson 200,1 University Avenue Lowell MA 01854 mail uml.e @ ud ml.u edu Accepted 20 May 2013 DOI ajim.22218 Published online Wiley Online Library wileyonlinelibrary.com wileyonlinelibrary.com '2013 Wiley Periodicals Inc. 2 Roelofs et al INTRODUCTION Mesothelioma is a rare and highly fatal cancer of the chest or abdominal lining caused by exposure to asbestos fibers Selikoff et al 1964 Investigations of mesothelioma cases generally record experience of asbestos exposure in the workplace although environmental exposure exposure to products and exposure to home asbestos have also been documented Albin et al 1999 Miller 2005 Rake et al 2009 Carbone et al 2011 Public health surveillance of mesothelioma can reveal the burden of occupational and environmental disease in the population evaluate the impact of prevention efforts over time and identify previously unrecognized settings in which workers and community members may continue to be at risk of asbestos exposure Hillerdal 1999 Mirabelli et al 2010 About 97 cases of mesothelioma have been reported to the Massachusetts Cancer Registry MCR annually since 2000. The ageadjusted incidence rate of mesothelioma in Massachusetts for 2007 was 17.9 per million residents 1.4 times the estimated national rate 12.6 Occupational Health Surveillance Program Massachusetts Department of Public Health April 2011 The adjusted death rate for mesothelioma in Massachusetts between 1999 and 2005 was million residents placing Massachusetts at the tenth highest mesothelioma death rate in the U.S. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health March 2009 Massachusetts long history of shipbuilding an industry where many thousands of workers were exposed to asbestos plays a significant part in explaining this higher than average rate Recent analyses of national data predicted that mesothelioma incidence would peak in the United States in between 2005 and 2010 and decline sharply thereafter Price and Ware 2009 However it is not clear that a peak has occurred in Massachusetts see Fig ) Despite the dramatic decline in the use of asbestos and increases in worker and environmental regulatory protections individuals continue to be exposed to asbestos at work and in other settings U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 2011 In particular an evolving category 120 110 100 28RBA 28RBA 70 ----, ----, 28RBA ve tenet te ee nee ef 50 DLS FIGURE Mesothelioma incident cases diagnosed in Massachusetts 1988-2009 of exposure to place asbestos in buildings- may result in mesothelioma cases in maintenance and abatement workers as well as building occupants In 2009 there were 165 licensed asbestos contractors in Massachusetts These companies employ hundreds of workers many of whom are new immigrants While these workers may be protected by Occupational Safety and Health Administration's OSHA strict asbestos standard and additional Massachusetts regulations annual reports of enforcement actions against illegal asbestos removal suggest that exposure may occur despite the new regulatory environment In this context we initiated a surveillance investigation to examine mesothelioma incidence using data reported to the MCR 1988 200u3pdating a prior report based on similar methods for the years 1983-1987 Occupational Health Surveillance Program Massachusetts Department of Public Health 1991 The goal of the study funded by the International Mesothelioma Program of the Division of Thoracic Surgery at the Brigham and Women's Hospital was to examine the association between mesothelioma incidence and usual industry and occupation and to identify changes in patterns over time by comparing results with those of the previous study MATERIALS AND METHODS The MCR was established in 1982 to collect information on the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the state All hospitals or organizations holding a clinic license in Massachusetts are required to report newly diagnosed cancer cases to MCR within 6 months of initial diagnosis Physicians offices and pathology laboratories began reporting in 2001 radiation therapy centers in 2002. Case reports contain diagnostic and demographic information including the case's description of their usual occupation and industry International Classification of Diseases for Oncology ICD codes for primary cancer site and histology in the MCR are assigned by tumor registrars at the reporting hospitals http://www.who.int/classifications/ adaptations Following a research protocol and data request review by the University of Massachusetts Lowell Institutional Review Board and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health Human Research Review Committee identified mesothelioma and comparison cancer cases among Massachusetts residents diagnosed in 1988 through 2003 and reported to the MCR were obtained for the analysis Mesothelioma cases were defined by ICD histology codes 9050-9053 Comparison cancer cases included cases with cancers that have not been associated with asbestos fibers penis and scrotum prostate gland testis bone and joints connective and soft tissue vagina and labia vulva Mesothelioma in Massachusetts 1988-2003 3 cervix uteri corpus uteri other female genitalia breast melanoma leukemia and lymphoma All other cancers including lung cancer were excluded Usual industry and occupation information reported to the MCR is not routinely coded Industry and occupation codes were assigned using Standardized Occupational Industry Coding Software SOIC developed by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health http www.cdc.gov/niosh/soic/SOIC_About.html SOIC uses codes from the 1990 U.S. Bureau of the Census Alphabetical Index of Industries and Occupations Data were cleaned prior to the application of SOIC to make text uniform in order to maximize assignment of codes and minimize coding errors MCR narrative fields could vary for the same occupation For example a case with usual occupation carpenter who was retired at the time of diagnosis could be described as ret Carpenter carpenterretired retired carpenter retired carpenter at home carpenter etc. Thus we cleaned the text to read only carpenter to be coded by SOIC Initial frequency analysis of SOIC assigned codes indicated that multi occupation and industry strings were often assigned codes 900 and above indicating unknown or unspecified Many current homemakers or disabled had had previous jobs that were recorded as the second word in the narrative As a result these jobs were not initially coded by SOIC We modified the descriptions in order to assign codes based on these second words for all multi strings initially coded greater than 900. Applying this strategy to codes less than 900 was not feasible as it would have required a manual review of all cases ANALYSIS Because only numerator data were available for this study we used Standardized Morbidity Odds Ratios SMORs to measure the association between mesothelioma and specific occupations and industry Miettinen and Wang 1981 Smith and Kliewer 1995 The SMOR compares the ratio of mesothelioma to other cancers in the occupation or industry of interest exposed group cases with other known occupations or industries unexposed group The SMOR for a given occupation or industry can also be thought of as the ratio of the observed number of cases in that group divided by the number expected where the expected is based on the ratio of mesothelioma cases to comparison cancer cases in those employed in other industries and occupations Cases employed in the shipbuilding or construction industries or in 32 construction occupations that are known to have asbestos exposure for example plumbers insulation workers carpenters were excluded from the unexposed industry and occupation groups Cases with unknown occupation or industry were excluded from the analysis as it was not possible to determine the exposure status A SMOR greater than one indicates increased risk of mesothelioma cancer in the occupational group compared to the exposed reference group Logistic regression was used to compute SMORS and 95 Wald Confidence Limits for each industry and occupation group with five or more observed cases of mesothelioma controlling for gender and age An SMOR was also computed for homemakers Age was examined in three distribution groups in the final model 20 5y4ear of age 55-69 years of age and 70 and above We tested 10- and year intervals initially in order to control adequately for age differences between cases and the comparison cancers group The stability of confidence interval was the same and in light of mesothelioma's long latency we used a parsimonious approach Cases younger than 18 years old n = 2 were excluded from the analyses Analyses were performed using SAS v 9.1 RESULTS There were 1,424 cases of mesothelioma in the MCR 1988-2003 Table I shows the demographic distribution of the mesothelioma cases This distribution is similar to the distribution seen in the previous study except that the current results include more younger cases 19 cases younger than 40 The majority of the cases were from counties and towns with history of shipbuilding industries We were able to code 564 mesothelioma cases 40 for occupation excluding retired unknown and disabled and 543 38 for industry The majority of the cases and the comparison group were reported as retired unknown or disabled and were excluded The comparison group consisted of 80,184 cancer cases coded for occupation and industry 35 of the total comparison cases As shown in Table II 17 occupations had statistically significant elevated SMORS for mesothelioma Most of these occupations historically have been associated with asbestos exposure and mesothelioma TABLE 1. Characteristics of Mesothelioma Cases the Massachusetts Cancer Registry 1988-2003 Total cases Male White Age 59 or younger Age 60 or older Occupation coded Occupation coded excluding unknown disabled retired Industry coded Industry coded excluding unknown disabled retired n % 1,424 1,166 82 1,371 96 221 16 1,202 84 1,258 88 564 40 1,324 93 543 38 4 Roelofs et al TABLE II Occupations With 5 or More Mesothelioma Cases Massachusetts Cancer Registry 1988-2003 Occupation Insulation workers Boiler makers Plumbers pipefitters and steamfitters Welders and cutters Chemical engineers Electricians Brickmasons and stonemasons Stationary engineers Machine operators not specified Drafting occupations Sheet metal workers Construction laborers Production inspectors checkers and examiners Military occupations Firefighting occupations Automobile mechanics Carpenters Technicians n.e Designers Cooks Machinists Secretaries Painters construction and maintenance Mail carriers Janitors and cleaners Miscellaneous machine operators Social workers Postal clerk Bookkeepers accounting auditing clerks Electric and electronic engineers Homemakers Police and detectives Construction supervisors n.e.c. Sales supervisors sales occupations Truck drivers Managers and administrators n.e.c. Teachers elementary school Laborers except construction Lawyers Sales workers Accountants and auditors Registered nurses Funeral directors Engineers n.e.c. General office clerks Code 593 643 585 783 48 575 563 579 779 217 653 869 796 905 417 505 567 235 185 436 637 313 579 355 453 777 174 354 337 55 914 418 558 243 804 22 156 889 178 274 23 95 19 59 379 Number of Cases 9 5 49 22 5 31 9 7 12 5 7 23 7 12 19 10 25 9 5 6 20 14 7 5 23 7 5 7 5 7 35 9 6 17 14 21 19 8 8 12 8 6 10 5 Confidence intervals were rounded to the nearest digit Statistically significant SMORs are bolded SMOR 38.4 22.6 9.5 10.1 5.3 5.1 4.6 1.6 3.5 3.0 3.5 2.9 2.9 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.9 09 07 0.7 0.7 07 0.7 0.7 06 95 Cl 17.7-83.5 8.5-60.5 7.0-12.8 6.5-15.8 2.1-13.1 3.5-7.4 24-90 0.8-3.5 2.0-6.3 1.2-7.2 1.6-7.4 19-4.4 1.4-6.1 1.3-41 1.4-3.4 1.1-4.0 15-33 0.9-3.5 0.7-4.3 0.8-3.9 1.2-2.9 1.0-2.8 0.8-3.5 0.6-3.7 0.9-2.1 0.7-3.2 0.7-4.0 0.6-2.7 0.6-3.5 0.5-2.0 0.8-1.6 0.4-1.8 0.5-2.6 0.6-1.6 0.5-1.7 0.5-1.1 0.5-1.4 0.5-1.8 0.4-1.4 0.4-1.3 0.4-1.4 0.3-1.6 0.4-1.3 0.4-1.4 0.2-1.4 Mesothelioma in Massachusetts 1988-2003 5 however some including chemical engineers brickmasons machine operators drafting occupations production inspectors military occupations firefighting occupations and automobile mechanics are less commonly identified as having elevated rates of mesothelioma in comparisons to other occupational groups Several other occupations had elevated SMORS that approached statistical significance including technicians not otherwise classified stationary engineers painters secretaries and janitors and cleaners The ship and boat building and repairing and construction industries contributed the largest numbers of cases 96 and 127 respectively among the 11 industries with statistically significant elevated SMORS but other industrics such as justice public order and safety also contributed a large number of cases Table III Ship and boat building and repair had the highest SMOR by far 38.2 with the next highest at 7.3 for miscellaneous repair services According to the Standard Industrial Classification system miscellaneous repair services includes several diverse repair activities including of air conditioning machinery farm machinery clocks furniture lawn mowers and sewers Water transportation construction and the military also had highly elevated SMORS Apparel footwear manufacturing and motor vehicle dealers showed SMORs that were notably elevated although their SMORS were statistically significant DISCUSSION Public health surveillance using data collected in disease registries can monitor patterns of disease in certain populations known to be at risk and can gencrate new hypotheses about populations potentially exposed to disease risk factors Kang et al 2008 This study confirms that occupations and industries historically associated with asbestos exposure continue to be sources of cases of mesothelioma at elevated levels The long latency period of this disease means that historic exposures are still producing cases of this deadly disease Additionally despite increased regulation compliance and awareness asbestos exposures may have continued in the asbestos and removing industries Little is known about the disease potential of occupational and environmental exposures to inplace asbestos in buildings and other settings Our results point to specific industries and occupations where exposures should be characterized Our study analyzed data from the MCR from the years 1988 to 2003. Because we used a similar analysis strategy to that employed in a previous study for the years 1982-1987 we were able to compare the SMORS of occupations and industries in these two time periods Occupations with statistically significant elevated risk in both studies included insulation workers boilermakers plumbers pipe and steamfitters construction workers carpenters and engineers may include chemical The construction and ship and boat building industry sectors were also at elevated risk at a statistically significant level in both studies A few differences between these two studies warrant attention We were able to find a greater number of occupations and industries with statistically significant elevated risk in the second study due to the greater number of cases in the dataset and greater specificity of occupational coding Many of the occupations that newly appeared elevated at a statistically significant level chemical cngineers brick and stonemasons drafting occupations machine operators automobile mechanics and military occupations may have been included in broader occupational categories such as engineers construction laborers and mechanics and repairers which were elevated in the earlier study Industries that showed statistically significant elevated risk in the later study but not the earlier one were railroads U.S Postal Service machine manufacturing and the military Analysis of publically available cancer incidence and mortality data poses both advantages and limitations for understanding the patterns of mesothelioma Levy et al 2001 The large number of cases in the MCR allowed us to find a relatively great number of SMORs for occupations and industries that were statistically significant based on 95 confidence level However in some instances SMORS were computed based on small number of cases resulting in wide confidence intervals Additionally while demographic information is thought to be highly reliable for these cases the occupation and industry categories are more problematic Less than 40 of the mesothelioma cases and comparison cancers had sufficient information in the MCR occupation and industry narrative fields to allow coding Additionally we conducted a validation study on a subset of cases to compare manual and SOIC coding and found that SOIC correctly coded about 70 of the occupations and industries leaving about 30 of information vulnerable to exposure misclassi- fication However this misclassification would likely be nondifferential i.e. to the same degree in cases and the comparison group and hence bias the results towards the null Due to the size of the database it was not feasible to manually code the occupations and industries however we used SAS to identify cases where we could improve the uniformity of the text narrative and thereby improve the completeness and specificity of SOIC coding This strategy minimized observer coder bias since the same consistent approach was used to assign appropriate industrial tional codes to all cancer cases Little bias is likely to have been introduced from these data limitations however since there is no reason to believe they would be more or less likely to occur for mesothelioma versus comparison cancer cases Additionally we were not able to compare the comparison cancer cases to Massachusetts population data over the time period of the study to determine if this large group is representative of the Massachusetts population as a whole 6 Roelofs et al TABLE III Industry Groups and Subgroups With Five or More Reported Mesothelioma Cases Massachusetts Cancer Registry 1988-2003 Construction Manufacturing Yarn thread and fabric mills Apparel and accessories except knit Pulp paper and paperboard mills Printing publishing and allied industries except newspaper Footwear except rubber and plastic Machine except electrical n.e.c. Ship and boat building and repairing Not specified Transportation Railroads Trucking service U.S. Postal Service Water transportation Communication Telephone communication Utilities and sanitary services Electric light and power Retail trade Motor vehicle dealers Eating and drinking places Finance insurance and real estate Banking Real estate including estate insurance offices Business and repair services Business services n.e.c. Automotive repair and related services Miscellaneous repair services Professional and related services Hospitals Health services n.e.c. Legal services Elementary and secondary schools Colleges and universities Engineering architectural and surveying services Accounting auditing and bookkeeping services Public administration General government n.e.c. Justice public order and safety National security and international affairs Military Code 060 142 151 160 172 221 331 360 392 400 410 412 420 441 450 612 641 700 712 741 751 760 831 840 841 842 850 882 890 901 910 932 942 Number of cases 127 149 5 6 5 5 5 9 96 18 39 7 7 19 6 10 10 8 8 14 7 7 14 6 8 27 6 11 10 95 15 7 9 31 11 17 5 70 16 33 8 17 SMOR 3.2 1.1 2.7 2.9 0.8 2.5 2.7 38.2 1.4 3.2 0.7 1.7 3.4 1.2 1.5 2.1 0.8 09 1.0 1.4 2.2 7.3 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.6 1.3 1.6 08 18 1.8 3.3 95 CI 2.6-3.9 0.4-3.3 1.0-7.3 1.2-7.1 0.2-2.4 08-28 08-28 1.3-55 29.4-49.7 09-2.4 1.4-7.3 0.3-1.6 11-27 1.5-7.7 0.6-2.5 0.6-4.1 1.0-4.5 0.4-1.6 0.4-2.1 0.5-2.0 0.6-31 0.6-31 1.2-3.9 3.8-13.9 0.5-1.7 0.4-1.7 0.5-2.0 06-1.3 0.3-1.1 0.8-2.1 0.7-3.9 04-14 1.1-2.2 0.7-4.3 1.8-6.1 Confidence intervals were rounded to the nearest digit Statistically significant SMDRs are bolded The major limitation of a cancer registry surveillance strategy is that recorded usual industry and occupation is a limited surrogate fora detailed exposure history Reported usual occupation and industry may miss or mask the true source of the asbestos exposures or may suggest universal exposure for uniform occupations For example our study found an elevated SMOR for the U.S. Postal Service Postal workers may have had exposure to asbestos at work Mesothelioma in Massachusetts 1988-2003 7 but is also possible that U.S. Postal Service hiring may favor veterans many of whom may have had asbestos exposure through their military service Additionally we found elevated SMORs for automobile mechanics and janitors and cleaners statistically significant In both cases and unlike insulation work these occupations include a wide variety of tasks and job settings only some of which may involve exposure to asbestos Some automobile mechanics may be exposed to asbestos when cleaning worn asbestoscontaining vehicle brakes Janitors and cleaners may also face exposure to place asbestos put into buildings by the historically risk construction industry While not all automobile mechanics or janitors and cleaners are exposed to asbestos on the job our findings support the continue monitoring of these occupations and efforts to prevent exposure to asbestos from place asbestos and asbestos products Despite the limitations of this surrogate exposure monitoring for a latency disease the large number of cases reported to the Registry allows us to describe trends and to find suspect occupations and industries that may warrant further investigation of potential causing exposures CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Many results of the study are consistent with previous investigations of the association ofparticular occupations and industries with mesothelioma Industries and occupations with historical asbestos exposure such as insulation workers and those who worked in ship and boat building and construction have continued to be at risk of developing disease There are number of occupations such as drafting occupations and occupations related to U.S. Postal Service such as mail carriers or postal clerks that were not previously reported to be at risk for mesothelioma It is not possible in this analysis to determine if these cases resulted from exposure to asbestos experienced during employment in the reported usual occupation i.e. work in a post office or if these cases were exposed to asbestos in a prior occupation such as ship building or in the military or in another occupation or exposure context not reported as their usual occupation However there should be further surveillance and investigation of potential asbestos exposure for all occupations and industries with elevated SMORs for which there has not been a previously demonstrated risk or characterized exposure The limited number of code occupation and industry fields points to a recommendation for improvement in data collection In many cases the fields were blank and in many others hospital registrars recorded retired disabled or unemployed Comparison of cancer registry data to death certificates may help improve data capture and accuracy Davis et al 1992 Hence electronic data linkage should be considered as a routine strategy in cancer registry- based surveillance Despite the usual long latency between exposure and disease a continuing program of mesothelioma surveillance is recommended to monitor the progress of exposure control and prevention and to identify suspect exposures Teschke et al 1997 Even with the increasing federal and state regulation of asbestos exposure through the last decades of the twentieth century and even most recently with OSHA's National Emphasis Program on Shipbreaking issued in 2010 some workers such as those performing asbestos abatement activities or those with exposure to place asbestos in buildings and products may be at risk of the disease Improved medical record keeping and reporting could help support an effective public health surveillance system for asbestos diseases and other diseases related to occupational exposures ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dr. David Wegman and Dr. David Kriebel provided essential assistance to this study We are also grateful to the staff of the Massachusetts Cancer Registry and to the anonymous reviewers who contributed significantly to the revised manuscript REFERENCES Albin M Magnani C Krstev S Rapiti E Shefer 1999 Asbestos and cancer An overview of current trends in Europe Environ Health Perspect Suppl .289 298 Carbone M Ly BH Dodson RF Pagano I Moms PT Dogan UA Gazdar AF Pass HI Yang H 2011 Malignant mesothelioma Facts myths and hypotheses J Cell Physiol 227 44-58 Davis LK Mart~-n TR Kligler B. 1992. 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