Document NNmnLbev4EyoaYxVBex984Dby

S C -A L L -0 1 225 25th National Safety Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY OCTOBER 5 to OCTOBER 9, 1936 Ambassador, Chelsea, Rltx-Carlton Hotels and Atlantic City Auditorium SCF-ALLF-00375 HE Transactions of the Twenty-fifth National TSafety Congress, 1936. are published by the National Safety Council in two volumes. This, the first, contains the general, the special subject, and the Industrial Section sessions. The second volume contains the ses sions of the Child Education. Home Safety. Street and Highway Traffic and Vehicle Fleet Sections. All industrial members of the Council automatically receive Volume 1. Volume 11 is sent to members be lieved to be interested chiefly in the sessions it covers. Other Council members, however, may obtain it upon request. Many member* have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, and others in an administrative or supervisory position who may make practical use of them for reference purposes. The following quantity prices arc quoted on extra copies: 1 to 10 copies of the large volume. $1-50 each; 11 copies or more. Si-25 each: copies of the smaller volume. 3) cents each. HE Transactions arc published as a condensed record Tof the proceedings at the National Congress. The ivipcrs of each session or division of the Congress have been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter and to abbreviate the less essential portions because of space limitations. Thus the material herein presented is not a verbatim report of all the speeches presented at the Congress, hut rather an aliridged version made as com pact as possible, vet without injury to the technical aspects of any address. The original manuscripts are on file in the Council's Bureau of Information, where they are available for additional reference. Where illustra tions were sent by the speakers to the Council, these also arc on file. The National Safety Council at its Congresses seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not perti nent to the aim ot the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies. It cannot accept responsibility for the views expressed cither in the papers presented or in the discussions based upon the paper*. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc SO North Wacker Drive Contents Coonril Officers and Directors.............................................................. 4 Pmposes and Policies.............................................................. 9 Annual Meeting of Members................................................................ U Annual Banquet................................................................................................. 31 Subject Session*-- Exhaust Systems................................................................................. 37 Fire Prevention.............................................................. Industrial Health--American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons........................................................... 61 Industrial 'Nursing.t............................................................................... 69 Industrial Safety Lectures.................................................................... 79 Injured Worker. The.............................................................................. 99 Maintaining Interest in Safety................................................... 109 Occupational Diseases..................................................................... U7 Safety Behs ............:.............................................................................. 127 Safety Equipment .................................................................................. *41 Safety Exchange ..................................................................................... 161 Safety Fundamentals for Beginners.............................................. 159 Safety Training ....................................................................................... 171 Aeronautical Section........................................................................................ 181 A. &. S. E*--Engineering Section............................................................ 191 Automotive and Machine Shop Section................................................ 197 Cement Section........................................................... fhinifr >1 Section................................................................................................ 223 Construction Section......................................................................................... 241 Food Section....................................................................................................... *66 Marine Section......................................................................................................269 Meat Packing. Tanning and Industries Section..........287 Metals Section..............................................................................-.................299 Mining Section............................................................. Paper and Pulp Section...................................................................................347 Petroleum Section..............................................................................................361 Power Press Section....................................................................................... 396 Public UdHtiea Secdon..................................................................................405 Quarry Section.....................................................................................................425 Refrigeration Section........................................................................................443 Rubber Section....................................................................................................401 Safety Equipment Section..............................................................................483 Steam Railroad Meeting..................................................................................489 Textile Section.................................................................................................. 501 Transit Section.................................................................................................. 503 Wood Product* Secdon...................................................................................517 ...............................................................................................................- 531 53 205 219 National Safety Council, be. * / HONORARY MEMBERS Association- or Isox axd Steel Electrical Exct.vr.EBS Robert \V. Cam hull Arthur Williams Lew K. Palmes OFFICERS (1936-1937) Db. C. H. Watsox, President D. D. Fennol Vtcc-PrwidU for Pnblte Relation* Dm. Hart E. Fishes. Vice-President for Health * JotiX 0. Gibsox. Vice-President for Community Safety Councils Hox. Harold* G. Hoff max, Vice-President fur Public Safety Albert S. Rrcuu, Vice-President for Engineering A- V. RotiwEoea. Vice-President for Industrial Safety R. T. Solexstex. Vice-President for Membership Albert W. Whitney. Vice-President for Education W. E. Worth. Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer. W. H. Camkrox. Scuciary and Managing Director EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1936-1937) Gborce J. Aoaus. Paper and Pulp Section C M. Au.ex, Metals Section C n. Auo. Past President J. 1. Panasii. Past Prvodeiit C. W. Rcraqi'ist. Past President Harold S. BrntxiiOH, The American City Magacmc \V. H. Camewx, National Safety Council. Inc. Robert W. Campbell. Past President Robert I. Catux. Aetna Casualty & Surety Company Lewis A. DcBlair. Past President C W. Demfesy. Food Section Marcus A. Dow. Past President II. D. Fexxelu Consulting Engineer Da. Hart E. Fisher. Chicago Rapid Transit Company K. B. Fprtuix, l.chigh Valley Safety Council C W. Girrs. Mining Section Joitx R. Gibsox. Western Electric Company Harry Guurert. The Pollman Company Hox. Harold G. Hoffman. Governor of Sew Jersey OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued E. C. Holden. Jr. Marine Section Harry J. Kelley. Wood Products Section Walter G. Kixc, Past President Wu. C Kxoclk, Milwaukee Safety Cotnmisakin Johx E. Loxc. Past President Toos. H. MacDoxalil United States Department of Agriculture E, J. Meukex. iVitbnd Cement Asaociation W. J. Melville. Chippewa County Safety Council L W. MttAARD. Industrial Gloves Corporation Harold L. Mixer. K 1. do Pont dc Nemours & Company E. J. 0*Butx. Ja. Louisville Safety Council Lew R. Palmer. Past President C. E. Petttboxc. Past President Albert S. Rccvu. Industrial Relations Cwabclw*. Inc. Lt. Cot- Hexry A. Rexikcer. Past President A. V. Rohwedcr, Duluth. Missabe te Northern Railway Company D. L- Royol ASSE-Enginecring Section Geobce E. Saxrows. General Electric Company Charles B. Scott. Past President Carl L. Smith. aeveland Safety Council C W. Smith. Standard Oil Company (Indiana1 Walter Dent Smith. Delaware Safety Council R. T. Solexstex, Elliott Service Company C P. Tolmax, Past President Gtoads G. Traver. Chicago Safety Council Rosatr R. Wallace. Worcester Safety Council . Da. C. H. Watson, American Tclcphene & Telegraph Company A. VV. WnrrxcY, National Bureau of Casualty & Surely Underwriters W. E. Worth, International Harvester Company Aaynua H. Youxc. Past President DIRECTORS (1936-1937) Gtotfs J. Aoaus, Paper & Pulp Section C- M. Allcx. Metals Section S'tuox R. Axbersox, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council Fezzbouck Archer, Child Education Section A. L. Armstrong, Chemical Section J. L Baxasii. Consulting Engineer . Jonx J. Baras*, Public Utilities Section Ernest W. Beck. United States Rubber Products. Inc. C W. BeacgtttST, Western Electric Co. David S. Berta. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Curroo M. Btsnor. Brooklyn Safety Council OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued E. F. Blaxk, Jones & Uo|Win Steel Carp, C F. BoaxtsHACts. Kenosha Safety Council 5. D. Bom, York County Safety Council A. W. Bwiiaxp, Petroleum Section F. S- Baowx, Standard Accident Insurance Co. . S. W. Btmemn, Automobile Club of Rhode Island Harou S. BvrmHOM, The American Cly Magazine PaxsTO* D. Cauum. Baltimore Safety Council \V. M. Camoos, National Safety Council Rnm 1. Catux, Aetna Casualty & Surety Ca U. A. Cumc. Automotive and Machine Shop Section H. Ktxsm Coasox. Safety Department, KaslrnHe Chamber of Cos* metre Feaxc um Cox, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission * Roust W. Ctovran. Springfield. Massachusetts Safety Council J. E. Cviuxer, Bethlehem Steel Co. Lewis A. DcBlois, Consulting Engineer Jay E- Dtccn, Mason City Safety Council C W. Dutrur, Food Section Jauu B. Pot'CtAt. Philadelphia Gas Works Co. Da. Lotns l. Dtuix, Metropolitan life Insurance Co. D. D. Fcxxcu, Consulting Engineer Doxaiz A. Fixcnixd. Toledo Safety Council Da Hast E. Fishes. Chicago Rapid Transit Co. HotfAts B. Foxoa, Burroughs Wdlccme & Co. (U. S. A.) Inc. Wujuam FoasvTM, Superior, Wbcontin Safety Coundl R. B. Foxnnx, Lehigh Valley Safety Council Auxaxsiz Form. Jil. Ooarry Section C- \V. Gxaas, Mining Section Jonx B. Gtasox, Western Electric Co. Habst Guum, The Pullman Co. Isaiah Hals. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. Majo* Botuxc H. Haxoy. Richmond Safety Council D. T. Haimxerox. U. S. Bureau of Mines R. C. Haven. Vdiide Fleet Section G. T. Htusais, Chicago. North Shore & Milwaukee R. R. Co. Cras E. Hiu, New York Central Lina Hox. Hairs G. Hoffman. Governor of New Jersey E. C Holoxx, Jl, Marine Section FaxneucK B. Hcxt, Cement Section P. G. Huxna, Power Press Section Moons E. Humv, Easlbay Safety Council Majoo NoaxAx A. Issue. Columbus Safety Council Eawix A. Kayso, Sl Louis Safety Council Thomas P. Keaaxs. Industrial Commission of Ohio 6 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued K. T. Kextra. Detroit Industrial Safety Council Hairy J. Kelley, Wood Products Section ** Tros. L. Kzuey, Paterson Safety Coundl J. M. KnsrcAZ. Robber Section Wat. C. Kxaxxjc, Street & Highway Traffic Section C L. LaFovxtajxb, Great Northern Railway Co. A. H. Lavia, Madison County Safety Council J. E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation W. R. Loir* Safety Dir. Birmingham Omnber of Commerce L. T. McAaraua. Peoria, ffisoeii Safety Council Tsoa. H. MacDoxalo. United States Department of Agriculture Moan McCuxtocx, Traffic Audit Bureau T. H. MdCzxxrr, Retired F. W. Matsox, Minnesota Safety Council Jakes R. Mays. Elizabeth Safety Council & J. Masts*. Portland Cement Association W. J. Manlie. Chippewa County Safety Council I. W. MttLAam, Industrial Glora Corporation E. M. Mwjm. Employea Publication Section Jamas K. Mow, Grand Rapids Safety Council Hauo L. Mtxta, E. I. doPont de Nemours & Co. R. B, Moftuv, Industrial Accident Prevention Association EaxtsT Mrarar, Albany Safety Council E. J. O'Bmzx, Jo, Louisville Safety Council Grnocx C A. Ore. The Detroit Edison Ca Gea OmxBDun, Kansas City Safety Council Lew R. Pauox, The Equitable Life Assurance ' Society of the United States Wtuox Pauio, Mat Packing, Tanning & Lather Industries See* tioa A. E. Pabjcsi, Transit Section . ' Datio A. Patton. Newark Safety Coundl Mas. G. 11 Pcltox, Evanston Safety Council Crazies W. Ptxpocx, Safety Division, MDwaukee Assn, of Com merce C. E. Pcmaoxa, American Mutual Liability Insurance Ca Gzx. Grates B. Puss&vmr, United Stala Engineer Office Azratm Pot ixaiox. Hudson County Safety Coundl - Aunt S RsottiA, Industrial Retsdoos Counselors. Inc. Lt. Cot, Hcsar A. Rsxixco. Lehigh Portland Cement Ca A. V. RoHwtstz, Dahith, Missabe & Northern Railway Ca D. L. Roto, ASSE-Engmeering Section G. E- Saxroes, General Electric Ca Horny C ScHArrxzx. Erie Safety Coundl Kaa G. Scaocmn, Rahway Safely Council 7 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Haut A. Scmcvtc. Cubed State* Steel Corp. Eau S. Su.trtroL Utica Safety Council Gsx. Jons H. Siicutnm. MafMChuKtts Safety Council Dr. L A. Skol'dv. Bethlehem Steel Ca Eistsr L Siuokm, New Haven Safety Council Carl L Smith. Cleveland Safety Council C W. Smith. Standard Oil Cn. flnd.) Ewi$ C Smith. Blaciestone Valley Safety Council Walter Dext Smith. Delaware Safety Council W. A. Sxow, Construction Section R. T. Sclcxstex, Elliott Service Co. P. Earl SrtmtR. Contra Costa County' Safety Council E. C Sprixg. Lansdalc Pa. GtORCC R. Sttmens, Safety Bureau. Buffalo Chamber of Commerce Annut M. Ton, Consulting Martnt Engineer Harold M. Toombs. Refrigeraittm Secttoo Geo. G. Tu_\rta. Chicago Safety Council \V. W. Trexcii. Schenectady Safety Council W. D. Tvuniux, San Antonio Safety Council Roscbt R- Wauacl Worcester Safety Council Da. C H. Watson*. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Harry M. Wcbrol Retired IL T. Whiter. Western Pennsylvania Safety Council S. E. Wttmsc. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. A. \V. Whitxev. National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters T. A. Willsox, Acridezn Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Sec tion T. A. Wilsos. Textile Section W. H. Wi vaxs. Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation C. \V. \Vimi, Rochester Safety Council * Harry Wise, Sl, Qmitanooga Safety Council ]. M. Woltl Youngstown Sheet ft Tube Col W. W. Wooo, Steam Railroad Section W. E. Worth, International Harvester Co. E. J. Zauft. Safety Bureau. Duluth Chamber of Commerce Earl W. Zimixcrmax. Safety Dvr. Syracuse Chamber of Commerce G. L. Zwtcs. St. Joseph Safety Council 8 Council Purposes and Policies The fundamental purpose of the Na tional Safety Council is to conserve human life. It seeks this goal through a continuous campaign of accident preven tion that is nationwide in scope, applies to at! types of hatardons activity, and di rectly or indirectly reaches the entire citizenry. It is a non-profit organisation, non-sectarian, and free from political af filiations. Since its organization m 1913. it hat won respect as an essential national institution. Inseparable from accident prevention la the Council's work in improving health conditions and preventing* vocational dis eases in American industry. Today there are 4.000 member*, repre senting every state in the Union and many of the Canadian provinces. There are 400 foreign members. The member ship includes industrial corporations, firms, individuals, public officials, schools, chambers of commerce, clubs and civic organizations. ' About 70 per cent are in dustrial concerns, including the large steel companies, the oil companies, most of the railroads in the United Stales, the automotive industry, and others of outsanding importance in our natonal indus trial field. Origin and Growth The history of the Council, an absorb ing story, is too long to be detailed here. In brief, the First Co-Operative Safely Congress was held under auspices of the Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers in Milwaukee. m 1912, and, as a result, the National Safety Council was organized in New York the following year with fourteen members. During the first year the membership increased to 971. The pioneers of American safety worked on the sound premise that acci dents were unnecessary and that through application of proper remedial measures they could be avoided. They set about to nationalize this theory, and to develop the detailed methods and materials through which accidents could he pre vented. The members of the organiza tion now are more than ever convinced that accidents are unnecessary and that they can be and are being prevented. Striking examples of accident reduction m many fields prove (his contention. Result* of Organized Safety Since the National Safety Council was organized in 1913. the national accident death rate in all fields excepting motor vehicle has been reduced 39 per cent. The motor vehicle accident problem continue* to lie a serious one. While there was a slight decline in fatalities in 1932--4hc first drop that ever occurred--mcrcue* have occurred in succeeding years, wi;h an all-time high in 1935. Bettcr-tbanaverage results in motor vehicle safety hare been achieved among school chil dren. in commercial vehicle fleets, in states with properly administered drivers license laws and in cities with an effective community safety organization. These bright spots indicate that the national problem can lie solved by a careful study and application of the methods which have already prodoccd results. The National. Safety Council was started as an industrial safety organiza tion and tire best results are to be ex pected in this field. Here spectacular achievements have been made. The steam raOrosds, for instance, have re duced the accident rate among employees 78 per eent since 1923. A group of our 108 Tivcnty-fifth National Safety Congress effort on the individual in the interests of safety by supervision, medical and safety departments, should be the modern keynote to the movement; h offers the field of maximum opportunity end return to the worker in safety. ADJOURNMENT Maintaining Interest in Safety WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 7. 1936 The caoses of lagging interest in a safety program and the means of reviving this interest were discussed in the session on Maintaining Interest in Safety, which was held Wednesday afternoon. October 7. C. B. Beulet, Personnel Director, Wisconsin Public Service Corp^ Milwaukee, was chairman of the panel discussion. Panel participants were E. W. Beck. Supervisor of Safety. U. S. Rubber Prod' sets, Inc^ New York City; Roy S. Bonsib, Chief Safety Inspector. Staodand Oil Co. iNew Jersey). New York City: Clayton Braata, Personnel Director. Marathon Paper lilts Co, Rothschild. Wis.; \V. T. Ffltner. Supervisor of Safety, Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co, Youngstown, Ohio; G. A. Kuechenmeistcr, Personnel Manager. Do minion Forge and Stamping Co.,* WaUcerville. Ont,, Canada: T. E. LighifooV, Engr. in Charge of Accident Prevention and Compensation, Koppers Coal Ccl, Pittsburgh: G. E. Sanford. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.: and H. F. Webb, General Safety Director, West Penn System. Pittsburgh. Chairman Boulct: It is easy to Stan a safety program. With the blare of bands and the Sag waving everyone is tem porarily interested, ` and usually accident frequency will take a sharp drop. How ever, after you hare had a program for several years everyone takes it for granted, and the interest drops. Imme diately your frequency goes up. For this reason it is vitally important to find ways to maintain interest. But first we must find out what causes tack of interest. A. H. Nielan (Crown Cork St Seal, Baltimore): Is it possible that a let-down is due to a part-time safety director? Mr. Ughtfoot: Yes. A safety director's job is an all-time job. 1 feel that if you have a part-time safety director, you can look for a let-down. There may be an exceptional case of an umssual industry, or an unusual part-time safety director, of course. But it is hard to uridersland how any plant can maintain an efficient and defi nite safety program when the safety di rector or the safety engineer may sud denly be called away or directed to do something else. Chairman Boulct: K think that is the right slant for a big plant--a fun-time man; but t disagree on the small plant. 1 don't see how you can bare tL Mr. Titus (National Lock Washer. Newark, Ohio): It seems to me that if you take up these problems with the safety man, and he is not much interested In them because he has a lot of produc tion work to do, he just slips up on the job. Mr. Braata: If your management is thoroughly sold on safety, whether your safety director is part-time or not, your program will be successful. I am laying the blame* for a let-down in the safety program hi management's lap entirely. You men probably have had waste to contend with in the past, and your wastes have been overcome - by action through your management. Accidents are merely another form of waste, and when your management lays some emphasis on waste, you are going to get action, and not until then. . Mr. B. Lincoln (Indemnity of North America): A good foreman is recognised as a good example of the part-time safety man. His duties are multiple and impor tant in successful safety management. George Lexaeder (Socony Vacuum): Outside influences have a direct bearing on the let-down of your safety program 109 110 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress --interesting influences of nitiontl scope, such as bank holidays. Chairman Bouiet: Elections and world KTWK? Mr. Lexandef: Right. Mr. Beck: 1 disagree with the state* men! about the foreman doing safety work on a part-time basis. A foreman will do it in his own de partment. yes. but yon arc Interested in the whole plant. If you have a small plant you can maintain interest with a part-time safety man. but only if he is given responsibility. Chairman Bonlet: I think that clinches the part-time question: tn a large plant a fnO-time man is necessary, and in a small plant a part-time man can do a good job and maintain interest, provided he is definitely given the responsibility and authority. Mr. Turner (Bethlehem Steel): What influence has the depression had on the let-down of safety? Mr. Webb: A great deal, because our executives, even though they were safety minded and thought a great deal of safe ty. neglected it during the depression. Safety effort reached bottom during those years, but 1 think it is coming back fast. If is regaining executive assistance and support, and that is what you must have to maintain interest in safety. You must have a two-fisted executive who will go down the line and say. M1 am for safety, and I am going to liave fir Chairman Boulct: Does a continued good record cause a let-down in safety? F. M. Pepper (I(Knots Bell Telephone Company): There is a danger of that 1 am not a very strong advocate of con tests. and the reason ties right in with that I think there should be some form of appreciation of a job well* done, whether it is safety or something else, but I don't think we should pick out the safety job particularly and pin saucers and medals and other things on men's chests just because they did something the>* should be doing: and that goes for the supervisory people just as it does for the workers. A continuous and successful safety pro gram brings a danger of getting con tented with what we arc doing. The win ning of too many contests will lead to that to some extent, and it takes an ener getic executive to keep prodding us, to keep us out of that situation. K. P. Heyne (Industrial Commission of Ohio): I disagree. In Ohio we are interested in the community type of safety campaign, and in Cleveland some years ago we started a safety campaign among all the industries. We had 307 companies. This year on October 1 we completed our sixth annual campaign with 1.400 Cleveland companies. If there is any way - to maintain interest, and if there is aoy way to keep from getting too satisfied with a safety record. 1 believe this is one way of doing it Not only has it proved successful in industry but also in vehicle fleet man agement. As a matter of fact, the company that won in Cleveland this year has now won first place four times out of six years; and it employs 1.800 men. and works close to Z0OO.OOO hours, without a single lost time accident. I bcKere that the number of companies participating--307 in 1931. 500 in 1932. 650 in 1933. 715 in 1934. 1,100 in 1935. and 1,650 in 1926--is enough to bear out the value of the contest. George Hanley (Perfect Circle Co.. Hagerstown. Jnd.): I think the questrun of lack of interest in safety is measured by how busy the firm is. This old ques tion of dollars and cents enters into safety more than anything else, and when we have licked that, we have licked the whole problem. When the departments of a plant get so busy that they just haven't got time for safety, that is when accidents happen. When management and men really be come Interested in safety, not from a safety angle, but from the angle of peo ple going home whole and unhurt and well and in their normal condition, then we will have real safety; but until then, there isn't any contest nor anything of that sort (hat wiR answer the purpose. Mr. Beck: We have been conducting a safety contest for 10 years, and If I were asked to discontinue everything but one thing, 1 would hold onto the safety con test. One of the large rubber companies has just established a record of 6.000400 man hours without a lost-time accident Inter est has been stimulated through the rub- Jfginf<mmi Interest in Safety 111 ber section contest, and not a man can of the management, nor of the men. but afford to break that record. They are on of you. the safety engineer. their toes all the time. Bring in crutches? Dust off your bookshelves, read up on No, sir. safsty, and you will be able to stimulate The contest is based on compensable more Interest among your men than a accidents; and where money Is spent, it safety contest can do. counts against their experience. They To keep interest stimulated in a man. cannot cheat. The contest is tight and we must understand the individual. We sound. It b based on their improvement must know his domestic troubles, and on their previous three-year avenge, and sympathise with him. give him advice, they are all competing with themselves and not mistreat the confidence he has and nobody else. T. E. Ughtfoot: Why should we run contests in our plant, with only 250 men? We know their families, and we know these men. We simply tell them. "Don't get hurt, whether it b accidental or wflfnl or anything rise." . in us. When a safety engineer accom plishes this, he will not have a problem of stimulating interest. Chairman Bouiet: "What b the proper method of approach to the workers to in spire interest in safety?** Mr. Sanford: With various types of individuals the same method isn't going We don't say that contests are no good, to work. Suppose you have some ruling but my point is that they should be used that you would like to put through in the in a program if they fit. If you ean pre plant. You may start with your general vent injuries without contests, why not supervisory committee and diacoss it do it? Then let each one of those men go back You know what happens to production to the group of which he is chairman any time the supervisory staff loses in and discuss the thing, asking, "What do terest in it. Down it goes; and if it b you think of it?** Then sell the idea to true what we have been told for the last the next group, and so on, until you get five or ten years, that safety and produc to the workmen's committee. Get their tion go hand in hand, then why try to slant and bring it right back to the man separate them and run safety aa a pro agement. When the order comes out, gram or contest or something of that you will find these fellows saying. "There sort, when you don't do it and don't hare is something f had a hand m.** _ _ to do it with production? Get them to express their opinions, Chairman Bouiet: How many think and you may sell the Idea to them with contests are aU right? How many are out their realising that it is coming from opposed? the top down. The ayes have it. Another rather old-thne method b the T. A. Schlatscr (Davison Chemical Co- workmen's safety committee. 1 know of Baltiaore, Md.): The mam instrument one plant that arbitrarily picked out one for the prevention, not of accidents, but nun from ten. right down to the Door, of personal Injury, b education. If we telling him tie was on the safety commit conduct a contest, we don't do it for di tee. It was his job as long as there were rect commercial value, but for advertising no accidents. ^ value: and from that advertising we re It was surprising how accidents de ceive safety education. If you ean do this, creased immediately. Each man was tak by all means use your safety contest. ing care of hb brothers as well as him But if the manager of a plant pots an self. . injured man to work pushing a broom to V. I. Calkin (American Seating Com keep him from considering it a lost time pany): Sometimes these methods come accident, he is not kidding anyone but from the men themselves. In oor plant himself. The only valuable ^ information the men suggested that each foreman ap we get from a safety contest b how much better we are doing our job than we have done it before, and how much bet ter than the other fellow in the same line of work. If we are losing interest in our safety organisation, it b not the fault point one or two men in each department, for one month, to be the safety com mittee in that department. It was decided to try it for one month, and the results were such that the plan was used for a whole year. So far thb year we have 112 Tti'cnty-fifth National Safety Congress at least sixty men vitally interested in safety who were not greatly concerned with St before. Taeke Biehocr (American Seating Com* pany): We also instituted a safety dgar or candy bar plan. In any department which roc* without a lost-time accident for a month, every member gets a cigar at the end of that period. I think this has done more to interest our men in safety than anything else. W. I'. Coster (American Sugar Refin ing Co): What success have any indi vidual members had with strict enforce ment of discipline in inspiring safety or keeping up safety interest? 1. H. McNeil (Nebraska Power Co_ Omaha): A few years ago we used to give cigars away, and we threw the plan om. Strict enforcement of discipline and observance of safety rules will do more than anything else. A. IV Schiller (Coming Glass Works): About four rears ago in the. mixing room at the Coming Glass Works we had the problem of making the men wear gog gles and respirators. We used discipline, telling those men either to wear the gog gles and the respirators or to leave their jobs. Now they wear their protective equipment without being told. A. H. Trestrail (Ptckand*. Mather & Co. Caspian, Mich.): We had difficulty in training men to report accidents, but after we gave a man a three-day layoff, we didn't have any more trouble. We do give awards, however. We used cigar* for a long time, hut now have an accuniufated credit system. If a department goes a month without a lost time accident, we credit each man with 25 cents. After the second month this is increased to - 30 cents a month, and by the end of a year a man build* up a prise fund of about $3.50. By buying wholesale we can give him a reward of something worth about $7. Now. you can faugh at cigars, but we gave candy, cigarettes, cigars, and then we switched over to this accumulated credit system, and it works. Discipline has to be accompanied with some sort of contest. We couldn't teach men first-aid until we had first-aid contests. This stim ulated their interest enough to make them seek an education: if you can get a man interested in safety, he will seek his edu cation. but of course yon have to hare the educators ready to supply the infor mation. Mr. Ftlmer: Notice the wording of that. The best way is to inspire, not to compel. Action that b compelled is not spontaneous. It is likely to let up as soon as the compulsion Is removed. When you inspire, you appeal to the best there is In a man. and he responds became something inside of him is telling him that it is to his interest, not some body outside telling him, "Von do this, and you get a cigar." Possibly there is a selfish purpose behind it for the man. but where can you eliminate selfishness? Why ask a man to wear safety shoes? If he fails to protect his feet, his own toes will sulfer. Why ask him to wear the goggles? To save his own eyesight. Something inside of the man is telling him. "For your own interest, for the in terest of your family, for the interest of your future and yonr ability to carry on your job with all of your faculties--work safely. It is your problem, and not ours." You are then inspiring that man. and not compelling him. You have him work ing with you. and you don't have to worry so much about him after that. Mr. Kuechenmeister: How many of you men have a working agreement with your wife, that for every day she doesn't bum her finger, you will give her any little trinket? Do you promise your chil dren that if they come home from school without getting Hurl, you will buy them a lollipop? You haven't got your work ing program with your family, and you don't think it is necessary, because you suspect that bring hurt is very much like virtue--it has its own reward. Teach the man in the plant that it is his eyes, and his toes: but provide him with the necessary devices. Make it easy for him to buy safety shoes. Slum him that it U for his own protection, and that safety, or the lack of injury, has its own reward. Chairman Boolet: Jim Eaton, here, gives away safety shoes. Will you tell us why you do it. and whether it works? James P. Eaton (General Electric, Schenectady): 1 think the plan was sug gested by the men themselves, a group in the plant. If they go six months with out an accident, their name is put in a hat. and they get a pair of safety shoes Maintaining interest in Safety M3 free. I don't know how many accidents "Don't have a lost lime accident in your we have prevented, but it is creating a department" lot of interest. - He will say, "Rut what shall 1 do about Mr. J. L. Schaeffer (National Cash Reg ister Co^ Dayton, Ohio): One way to maintain Interest is to investigate every accident, minor or otherwise, aod discuss it with the injured aod with the men closely associated with him. That has a psychological effect on the whole depart ment. It shows that the foreman, super this?" We say it is up to him to figure it out. He calls his men in and says. "Men, we are not going to have a lost time accident." He work* with those men personally, and after atl, safety b a per sonal problem. When you get yonr foreman working with individual worker* in hi* department, visor, or the leaden of that department are interested in the man's welfare and that where anything can be done to pre vent some other workman from having a similar accident, it will be done. G. A* Cooper (Public Service Eleetric & Gas Co-. Newark): What about the "white elephant contest," m which ` the management provides a white elephant, and the foreman with the worst record for the previous month b obliged to keep the elephant on his desk and explain to all inquirers urhy it U there. Chairman Boulet: We have a white elephant in our company. Our company won national honors in the Public Utili ties section for three or four years, and then we bad a let-down. We decided our supervisory force was at fault We slarted thb contest on June 30. and we have not had a lost time acci dent since then. For the first time in the last three years we have gone more than 30 days without a lost time accident. I give the elephant some of the credit It is just a means to the end. In itself it doesn't mean a thing, but nobody wants it, and everybody is on hb toes. Let us see hands. This is a debatable you trill soon eliminate accidents. We have in each department a fore man's safety record, hanging on a bul letin board. If he has a dear record for the month, wc send him a gold star, and he gets his men together, and up goes the star. If he has a Inst time accident, he puts up a red star together with the man-hours of exposure, and his standing in comparison with other departments. H. E. Henset (Youngstown Sheet & Tube): If you want your men to be In terested in your accident prevention pro gram, give them a part in it. Several of our foremen developed thb idea. In the semi-monthly meetings of their men, they appoint a man from the ranks to talk on safety at the next gathering. When those fellows dig up facts on ac cident prevention, talk and think about hazards of their department, they can't very wctl go back into the department and commit unsafe practices. ^ Chairman Boulet: I think that b a hundred per cent right. R. B. Robinson (Washburn Crosby Company): The only man who can do the work safely b the man doing the job: but the foreman mast help him. We have used that principle for the last three question. Thb disciplinary action, and we years, getting the man himself to take will have the vote. part m our program with the help of the Somebody wants a vote here, so I am foreman, and you would be surprised at willing. How many favor disciplinary ac the practical ideas that will come from tion where it b needed? those men. How many say no? , Mr. Kinner (Aeeident Prevention As Well, here b a man that say* no. He sociation of Ontario): I want to give wants to talk again. another slant on thb disciplinary thing. Mr. Hanley (Perfect Circle Company): Some years ago I investigated fatality Regarding discipline and protective equip on a construction job. The victim had ment--wc hare no right to go into a been riding on the foot board of an en man's pocketbook. even though it is a gine. and the engine jumped the track. protection to himself, and take.the wages The man died from loss of blood and that belong to him and his family. There shock. is another approach to this disciplinary The foreman said "I warned him every* action that b much more effective. day for a week not to ride on the foot In our plant each foreman b told. board of the engine." I 114 Twenty-fifth Notional Safety Congress I uid, **lf you had fired him (he sec ond day yon caught him doing that**-- "Yea/* he said "he would probably be alive today.** 1 said, "I don't know whether he would or would not. but at least jour skirts would have been clean of any possibility of being blamed for his death.* There ii another point regarding dis ciplinary action. In Ontario we don't pay compensation until a man has been off for seven days, and we had one firm with an exceedingly large number of oneweek accidents. At the end of the sev enth day all the men were ready to come back to work. The boss, peered at this, said. "For every man that loses time through an accident that is hh own fault. 1 am going to deduct 3 cents an hour from his wages for the same number of hours that he loses through the acci dent." At the end of the next year he had taken 15 cents off his workmen's wages. Regarding the proper method of ap proach to inspire interest. 1 would sug gest the setting of a good example. Mr. Kuechcnmctster has a rule that the presi dent of the company can not come into the plant unless he wears goggles like the rest of the men. and that inspires in terest in his workmen. Mr. Braatx: E wonder how many of you men ever asked your foremen what they want to do about discipline? Our safety committee, composed of men in the ranks, set their own safety rules, and they follow them. David Snell (Kimball Class. Vineland, N*. J.l: I disagree with the thought that 75 per cent of the men will obey rules and be safe and that tbe other 25 per cent, for some reason, need discipline. The lat ter are intelligent enough to do their work, and certainly intelligent enough to Ivc safe. It is up to the men above them to take tbe responsibility. Mr. \Y. H. Hasam: If a man makes a recommendation regarding a hazard, sec that it is followed as quickly as possible. That shows your interest in his ideas, and he then takes a greater interest In his work. In discipline I believe we should be tolerant. If a man breaks the rules, talk to hhn almat it and reason with him: if lie continues to commit the crime, use your disciplinary measures. C V. Davison (Americas Rolling Mill Co, Middleton, Ohio): During the past few months we have Cakes on a lot of new men. fellows who hare, been out of work, or who have been out of school for possibly five or six years and have never worked before. Sometimes these boys get into trouble. I have found that in stead of using discipline it is better to talk to them like a Dutch uncle. Chairman Boulet: What is the respon sibility of the safety department, the management and the foremen, in stimulat ing interest in the program? E. J. Krch (Philadelphia Co, Pitts burgh): I think responsibility begins with the management. It is necessary first to get the support of the executive and work through him to get the support of the supervisors, and down through them to the men. J. P. Watson (Bureau of Indian Af fairs): The fact that an organization has a safety engineer is evidence that there is executive interest in safety. It is not the responsibility of management to direct the safety engineer. He was hired on the assumption that he knew his business. If he has the correct application and interpretation of the statistics m hand, then the interest on the part of other de partments will be self-evident. They will recognise the value of what he is trying to do. and the results will be, I think, sufficient remuneration. Mr. Bensib: I think the function of the safety engineer and the safety man b to act as a mainspring, to keep the thing moving. I don't think it is possible for any safety man to go m and tell a man what to do. but he should be the means of getting that employee to do what he should do--and to get the em ployee to see that the things that cause accidents are exactly the things that cause high production costs, waste, and inefficiency. The sooner we safety men stop talking safety and talk cJfidency and cost, the sooner we will get safety. The trouble is that the safety man is thinking only of how he can prevent ac cidents. and he forgets about the fact that the plant b trying to make dividends. If a guard interferes with production, it is going to be taken off: it is up to the safety man to work with the production Maintaining Interest in Safety 115 man and see that a guard is designed so that it helps production rather than hin ders it. That is simply a technical mat ter that can be worked out. Some of^ the guards these safety men design are ridic ulous. and I think that that b what has hurt the safety movement--thb failure of the safety man to realize that the produc situation, but everyone seems to agree that management must first be sold. It doesn't make any difference what the safety director or the foreman is--man agement b 100 per cent responsible for every accident that occurs. Until the management in our organization recog nised that fact, we got nowhere. tion has got to go on. Chairman Boulet: Let us go to the I want to repeat--the same thing that foreman. causes accidents causes inefficiency. Chairman Boulet: I suppose we might sum that up by saying that the job of the safety department b to act in an ad P. H. Sanvilk (Philadelphia Electric Co.): t was. until about a year ago. gen eral line foreman. My conception of safety was that it was entirely my Job to visory capacity. M. A. Gimbel (General Electric Co.): If a man b to be dbetplined. have you ever had your foreman say thb: "If 1 send that man home, we are penalizing sell it to the foremen and the linemen and the ground hands. That was in conjunc tion with the safety department. It was necessary that the safety de partment act as a clearing house for me. ourselves: we need the job." From the floor: Send the man home. You are driving for safety. If yoo^ get sentimental, and he gets hurt, then H is 1 had to get my facts from them. Still, I believe that the foreman is the only man who can carry safety through to those below him. your responsibility. Mr. Filmer: I wish this matter of Chairman Boulet: You think after one or two penalties you won't have the trouble again, and that an accident will management were aa simple as has been represented. I wonder if wc hare enough sympathy for the position of manage stop production, too. ment? The same men who are respon- . Suppose the foreman b responsible for siblc for safety at the top are also re- an accident? From the Floor: Any time that there is an accident in a department, we com pel the foreman to wear a big yellow but ton for the following week. We hold the foreman strictly responsible for every ac spnosible for production, for satisfying customers, for satisfying stockholders, for satisfying everybody, and they have to play all those things together. We must look to them for the estab lishment of a policy which they are able cident m his department. to fulfill. Wc must take safety cut of I. A. Brinkman (Madntosh-Hemphill the abstract and put it into the concrete Co^ Pittsburgh): The president of or and say. "W know tliat sometimes the company issued an order that if any man budget, will not permit tbe purchase of had an accident which goggles or safety this or that, or permit certain work to be shoes would have prevented, that man done, but wc don't want to stall on it." would lose hb job, and the foreman would The attitude of management b not un get a week off without pay. derstood by the man on the floor. The One fellow took the lenses out of his superintendent may not want to add to goggle frames and lost hb eye. He lost hb month's costs something that ought hb Job. and the foreman get the week off to be done. And the man on the floor b without pay. We haven*! had an acci going to say. "You talk to me about dent to an eye or a foot since. safety: why don't you hare that taken Chairman Boulet: Let us get down to the responsibility of the management. Mr. Wurtcn (Bayuk Cigar Co.) I am manager. Our plant has gene about four and a half million man-hours this year without a lost time accident. I have heard varying opinions here, that the foreman b the crux of the situation, or that the safety director b the crux of the care of?" ` Management's responsibility b to keep the man on the floor in sympathy, and management needs to be In sympathy with Utc man on the floor. Mr. Webb: When you produce some thing that you think b going to help stimulate the safety program, remember that it is not an all-time stimulator. Be- 116 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress tore long joa hire to think ol Mine* thing Uc to maintain the interest of the men. Mr. Bonstb: Remember that every thing that c do b a remit ot two great principles, pride and fear. Fear gets reoils, m the way of dbcipHoe. bot pride a the greatest instinct nun has. Lie awake at night thinking of how you can do your work better, and yoo win think of things that will appeal to the em ployees* pride. Fay attention to statis tics. but use them correctly. Get statis tics along /met that wilt show you where the trouble is, and what camel it. With inch statistics you can stimulate the competitive instinct, because deep down in bb bean every man honestly be lieve* he is just as good as somebody else, and he wants to show it. Chairman Boolet: The meeting b ad journed. ADJOURNMENT Occupational Diseases FRIDAY MORNING SESSION October 9, 1936 The session was called to order by the chairman. Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Vice-Prcsident for Health, National Safety Council, tfid Chief Surgeon, Chicago Rapid Transit Co^ Chicago, who presided, introducing the speakers. The Lesser Known Facts About Common Occupational Diseases By DR. ROBERT B. HUNT Medical Advisor, American Mutnal Liability Iasartneo Co* Boston Probably the leader in the parade of industrial diseases Is an acute or chrome inflammation of the slrin which we call dermatitis. Tbb disease may present it self in any type of shop, factory or foun dry. Any paste, powder, gas or liquid which comes In contact with the em ployee's skin, even the water supplied by the town m which he lives or works, may be the potential cause of sueh a akin disturbance. The wide diversity of casse# together with the varying susceptibility of differ ent Individuals makes the problem of control difficult. Much investigation is under way to determine why one person may be sus ceptible to a certain substance while an other is not It has been proved many times that a poisonous substance formed within the body has been able u> prolong the action started by some external influ ence. A printer developed a marked dermatitis from ink which persisted for two years. Finally food tests were made and showed that he was susceptible to lettuce, which, when removed from his diet cleared the skin. He returned to his usual occupation without a return of symptoms. The poisoning of allergic substances is usually an accumulative process. It takes time to produce a manifestation of dis ease, but let any other substance cause the disease, and the irritating food may be of sufficient strength to magnify its action. All cases of dermatitis cannot be cored by eliminating offending foods, but fur ther investigation along these lines may give ui a due with which to lessen the loss of time from work and the discom fort now produced by industrial derma titis. Lead Metals The distribution of lead poisoning b quite extensive. The skin of the body is a protective corering, and as long as it remains in tact it does a good job except in the case of tetraethyl lead, which is used in blend ing gasoline and which is readily absorbed through the skin, having a tendency to create changes in the nervous system. The effect of other forms of lead, through that avenue of entrance, is practically nil, which explains the extrrmdy low poisoning rate in typesetters, painters and others who continually come in contact with metallic lead. Lead In any form, introduced through the mouth, acts rather slowly when com pared with the inhalation of lead dust or fumes. However, no matter what the portal of entry may be, lead is acted upon by the body fluids and so converted that it may eventually be deposited with in the bones. Those bony safe deposit vaults may retain their lead contents for days or for years, and if the exposure it removed, may also free the employee of all signs 117 118 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress and symptoms of lead poisoning. Bat Imagine the surprise of that supposed!? cored person when years later, perhaps lettawing type of infectious disease or the excessive use of alcoholic bever- t(o. He awakes to find that he toffera the aches and pains and paralyses of an acute lead poisoning. As the body fluids alter lead that it may he deposited, so may those fluids attempt to de-lead the body, and too rapid absorption may pro* ducc the original disease with all its dis comforts. One can readily see. then, that in some eases investigation of previous occupa tions is quite aeeessary to determine the original contact with lead. Heating of molten lead causes a black scum of lead suboxide to form on its sur face. and the heat from the metal dis burses the fine powder into the air. Hence, m the process of smelting ores such as xinc. copper and silver, mixed with lead, we find a rather high lead poisoning rate. nose and mouth. The smaller the dust (the size of smoke particles for example) the greater the speed of absorption by the blood. Fumes from hot metals carry not only poisons but numerous minute dust particles. This captains the inca pacities occurring among those engaged in acetylene and electric cutting and welding. When men are so employed orer a prolonged period of time, the constant inhalation of fumes and dust might produce symptoms, of the metal upon which they work. In the ship building trade, particularly in the con struction of metal ships, we find occa sional cases of metal-fume fever. "Brass chills** and "speller shakes" from zinc arc names applied by the lay people to such diseases. The terrific heat ap plied to some of our common metals and alloys by acetylene torches produces suf ficient fumes to cause a temporary inca pacity in 24 hours. Permanent disability from such causes b rare, howerer. Those engaged in the manufacture of lead wire and cables, batteries, glass, pottery and rubber industries, plumbers and users of dry colors offer their share *i lead poisoning. IVobahty the greatest source of lead poisoning may be found among those who sandpaper, scrape, chip or burn lead paint, fro the dust and fumes caused by those activities are rather rapid in their action. Such workers may become in capacitated in a few* days because the inhalation of lead dust causes the maxi mum amount of absorption into the blood stream in the minimum space of time. Chromium Diseases Due to Dust Twenty-five per cent of ad workers exposed to high concentrations of inor ganic dost are expected to develop changes within their tuogs doc to that agency. We are at a loss to explain why the other seventy-five per cent are not so affected. Mining, quarrying, foundry work, grinding, sandblasting, abrasive soap manufacturing, asbestos work, the mak ing of emery and carborundum products and many other occupations offer op portunities for employees to inhale mic roscopic dost panicles and create a foun dation for possible future incapacity. Chromium is a metal widely used as a foundation for colors, and dusts from its various salts may produce lesions of the skin and raucous membranes of the nose. Chromium plating by electrolysis may cause fumes which are similarly irritat ing. Although chromium poisoning does not usually cause death, the number of days of absence from work on account of incapacity which h causes is gradu ally mcreasing. We are interested particularly in those men who work with sandstone, quartz, flint, granite, and sand, because they ex pose themselves to silica, and the chem ical changes between that dust and the body fluids, in* the presence of tubercu losis. may and usually do lead to a fatal ending. It is safe to say. in light of our present knowledge, that the action of other in organic dusts is much less virulent and incapacitating. That, however, does not Other JJrielu The most efficient portals of entry of foreign substances into the body arc the allow us to lower the vigilant methods to Improve dust control and protect em ployees, because all dusty occupations arc potential trouble makers. Occupational Diseases 119 Although the actions of various dusts hemorrhages are common: it may cause differ withio the body, the exposure to asbestos fibres, present in the weaving and grinding of dry asbestos material, offers another type of dust which may death. The fumes from benzol are heavier than air and lie near the floor, which is an im portant point in the engineering prob cause fatalities among workers. lem of ventilation. The organic dusts from cotton, silk, wool, tobacco, flour and similar sub stances are practically harmless. Such The members of the benzene group are absorbed through the skin, and more cases of poisoning are found when men perspire than when their bodies are coot dusts rarely reach the hrags but may Probably the answer to that is that the cause irritation of the windpipe and larg fumes may solidify as they cool and the er air tubes and mild bronchitis. result at the most in a ' powder may settle on the skin. sweat on the body may dissolve Tire this The factor which should be borne in dost so that it is more readily absorbed mind, particularly when doling with through the increased surface blood silicosis and asbestosis, relates to the progression of such disease. When supply. changes occur within the lungs as a re Chlorinated Hydrocarbons sult of the presence of such dusts, nature forms scar tissue to heal such lesions but may fail to stop when the job is finished. As a result, the continuation of that heal ing process may lead to such structural changes within the lungs that partial or total incapacity may follow months or years after the employee has been re moved from his dusty occupation. This group of petroleum derivatives lias been known to science for years but during the past deade its advance Into the industrial field has been widely dis tributed and most important. Led by carbon tetrachloride ami its chemically associated members, it has furnished in dustry with refrigerants for ice chests, excellent solvents for rubber, wax, oil Buasolu-Be&seae and grease, thraners for lacquers and a very fine household necessity for the re Benzol b a distillate of coal tar used extensively in industry. It is an essen tial ingredient in the manufacture of ex plosives. It b an excellent solvent fer grease, mis and cements, and because of moval of spots from clothes. Hospitals have been using it more and more for the removal of adhesive plaster. Due to the non-flammability of car bon tetrachloride, it is used in fire ex that property it b important in many phases of the rubber and cleaning indus tries. In the manufacture of shoes ben zol may be an ingredient of the dressing applied to the leather and of the cement which fastens the heels and teles Not only la the shoe trade but in other branches of industry where employees work with gummy, sticky material, the workers soon leans of the solvent and cleansing action of this liquid and use it freely for that purpose upon themselves. The subsequent outbreak of skin af flictions may be the first indication of such unauthorised use. Bcniol is extremely poisonous, enter ing either through the nose or mouth or absorbed through the skin. Its action within the body is varied and may pro duce a multitude of signs and symptoms. The hone marrow becomes affected which in turn alters the character of the blood: tinguishers. The rapid evaporation pro duces fumes which may smother a small blaze, but we must not forget that ex cessive heat of the actual fire may bring about combustion sufficient to produce such biproducts as hydrochloric add and phosgene gas. Like its associated mem ber. chloroform, it may ;*roduce sleep when inhaled by an individual, and only 1/J50 of an ounce in a quart of air is necessary to produce such action. That thought must be remembered when a large quantity of those liquid products is spilled on the floor, perhaps accidentally. Action should be started at once before the liquid gasifies, and employees should be notified to keep their heads up to avoid the low ceiling of gas. Chemists have developed and intro duced to Indastry many oew products, the basis of which is the chlorinated hy drocarbons. These derivatives of petro- 120 Txcrnly-fifth National Safrly Congress Icwn distillation are frequently combined with those from coal tar to form valua ble chemical combinations. Tbty have been placed on the .market so rapidly that medical science haa been unable to others of the danger. Even if removed from the poisonous gas at that period, the damage actually done by the gas may result to permanent physical damage. determine their physiological effect opott the health cd man. We have known that Infection some of these chemicals are opable of creating changes in the liver, and only recently in a city in Massachusetts one of these newer products caused the death of two employees and a battle to retain life among two others. The skm is a protective covering of the body against infection and is ex tremely efficient as long as it remains in tact. but allow h to be broken or punc tured. introduce bacteria, and a battle ensues between the offensive agencies of infection and the defensive powers of the Carbon Monoxide body. The winning of such struggle may determine the presence or absence of You remember the adage. "Where incapacity. Infections are common there is smoke, there is fire.** We might throughout industry* but two types are edd to that. "Where there is fire there is particularly prominent -- infection result carbon monoxide.** ing from anthrax and infection among This odorless but poisonous gat may meat packers and fishermen. occur in any industry or in any home, but Many of oar fur. hair or wool-covered the poorer the ventilation the better the animals may contract anthrax. The germs chance of producing physical incapacity. of that disease defy the ordinary methods Since the advent of the motor car. whose exhaust pipe may poor forth a* high as 6% of carbon monoxide, wc arc all exposed to that gas. particularly in crowded cities. The ordinary passenger car liberates about two cubic feet per emirate, and one can readily estimate the physical damage that may be done H such a motor is allowed to ran within the doors of a poorly ventilated garage or shop. Fortunately, serious cases of such poisoning are not common among those employed in public garages, but many of those employees are likely to complain of sterilisation and may linger on hides, bristles or hairs for long periods of time. Tanners, wool sorters, and basr or bristle woikers may introduce the anthrax spore beneath their skin and undergo much physical suffering and sometimes death. Infections are frequently found among meat and fish packers and those engaged in deep sea fishing. Although death rarely occurs, the toss of fingers, hands and nasty septic wounds are the result. Punctured wounds, cuts, abrasions, burns aod scratches are potential avenues of entrance for bacteria which would of headache and faintness at the end of a day's work, especially in colder weather when doors and windows remain closed. In the sled industry, where gat is used as the heating ageney in the blast fur nace*. care must be used to prpvide proper ventilation. Within the mines, workers arc warned to allow enough time seem to be waiting everywhere at all times for such a break in the skin. Early medical treatment might often save later surgical interference, not to mention the accompanying discomfort, incapacity and perhaps the loss of as essential body part. . Summary following blasts for the escape of this gas. Being a colorless, odorless and taste less gas, quick of action within the hu man body, the manifestation of the very first symptom may be too late to save a workman from partial or total incapacity or perhaps death. Because the exposed person suffers first from motor paralysis, he may be unable to help himself or even to warn 1 feel that the time has come when an employer must demand of a manufacturer the answers to two questions: 1. How will your product affect my business? 2. How will your product affect the health of my employees? That employer is entitled to honest answers based upon sufficient chemical and physiological examinations of the questionable product. That manufacturer Occttfvfioiial Diseases 121 should be held responsible for the tils produced by the use of his product and unless he can guarantee its safety, h has uo place in industry* Too many lives have been lost or jeopardised by too little knowledge of a prodoct** action upon those who handle h. The incidence of lost time due to ill ness and injury in industry has been greatly lessened by the many agencies working along lines of. safety. When in dustry has been made fool-proof by the substitution of non-toxic preparations for those now found to lie harmful, and when each employee is hnhued with the Idea that constant thoughtfulness and care arc most necessary for the maintenance ol health and happiness, then, and not un til that idealistic stage has been reached may vigilance and perseverance to main tain and preserve health, limb and life be lessened. Pre-Employment Examination as an Aid to the Control of Industrial Diseases By DR. W. C. TEMPLES Medical Dimeter, Coming Glass Works, Corning, N. Y. We may well ask whether or not phy death rate doe to tuberculosis. In (act, sical examination is of any value to the in the treatment of aU epidemic-type world at large, rather than limit the dis diseases that have so far been eradicated, cussion to the control of industrial di the examination of patients to determine seases. In the eonserration of life and the severity of symptoms and the im health much progress has been made In provement has been of foremost value. the eradication or control of such diseases Knowing that the average span of life as occur in epidemic form,* as well as has been increased eight years in the last that type of disease which is not truly quarter century and assuming that the epidemic; but occurs in such frequency above mentioned factors have had some that genera! health programs are neces bearing on it, could we decry the value sary. Much has been dons to control of physical examinations for the general such disabling illnesses as heart disease, population? arterio-sderesb, kidney disease and dia If we know that examinations made by betes; and something has been accom insurance companies and their associating plished in the control of morbidity, which examining institutions, the ditties tun by tends to, at least, make people happier the United States Public Health Service, through good health, even though an in aod the great mass of physicians, who aU creased span of life is not gained. carefully examine their clientele, have been of value m the control of disease, Physical examination hat played a large may we not assume that examinations fn role in accomplishing these tiringe, be industry w31 help control the incidence cause it was through physical examination and physical observations that investiga tors were led to exert themselves to find and extent of industrial disease, particu larly when the life expectancy of 'In dustrial workers is (ess than that of the a remedy for the cause of such condi tions. Smalhpox b no longer prevalent, doc to such observations, which led to its control by vaccination. Malaria and yellow fever have bees brought largely under control, and knowledge b now available in the control of venereal di general population? - In fact on April 14, 1936, at the na tional Conference on Silicosis and Similar Dust Diseases, called by the Secretary of Labor, Dr. R. R. Sayers ol the United States Public Health Service said. "Pre seases, if the proper physical examination and laboratory methods are used to arrive liminary and periodic physical and roent genological examination should be made at a diagnosis. We are all familiar with of all employees engaged In industrial the results obtained in decreasing the proceases where there is a potential if 124 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress What Can the Engineer Do to Eliminate the Hazards of Occupational Diseases? Br REUKL & STRATTON Supervising Cheaacal Baiiottr, Tba Travelers Insurance Cft. Hartford. Onuu If I trot asked. **Can the engineer pre While the problem confronting indi veal the majority of occupational disease vidual safety engineers varies according caso" my answer would be. "yes." Ob* to the industry, there are certain funda vioosly. with the exception of those mentals common to all such problems diseases brought a1*out through a sudden which provide a workable basis upon or accidental contact with a poisonous which an occupational disease prevention material or a virulent discasc*producmg program may be developed. Once these organism. if the exposure were controlled fundamentals are set in motion toward a by engineering technique, then there safe working environment, continuance Is would be no occupational disease. much the same whether the engineer is The engineer must rely upon the engaged with a large organization or with medical director to place individuals a small one The fundamentals follow this capable of working in hazardous occupa sequence; tions and to assist him in controlling (1) An occupational disease inventory these individuals through periodic physical it required. examinations when the men are exposed (2) A plan for correction of the ex to occupational disease hazards; bot the posures shown by the inventory requires engineer alcne is responsible for reducing development. generation of harmful substances and for (3) A concentrated attack upon the the control of employees* contact with major exposures first, following through processes using harmful materials. until all are corrected or eliminated. The ascribing of many and new occupa- An inventory of all materials used in a lionat diseases to industrial environment plant will astound the avenge engineer. has produced a problem for him. The He will find many items about which he engineer generally works with materials may have little or no knowledge. He which he can tee. but the study of in* may be confronted with Stems he had not dustrial disease control may require the recognized previously, even though he has handling of invisible materials. It is a been associated with the plant perhaps common fault to focus attention upon one many years. When this inventory is com object to such an extent that others of plete. he should card index it, placing equal importance may thereby be rele against the name of the material the health gated to obscurity. Today safety en hazard associated with it both from a gineers and industrial hygienists are con* material and a process viewpoint. Such centrating their attention upon diseases a card index should contain the com caused by the inhalation of dost, but I ponent parts or constituency of com do not believe the safety engineer h war* pounds. ranted in confining himself to the preven Process exposures should be studied in tion of diseases caused by dust alone.' His conjunction with hazardous materials. consideration should extend to include all Assistance in compiling such data may be materials produced in any manner that obtained in the bulletin "Occupation they may cause an effect upon a worker. Hazards and Diagnostic Signs," prepared The question of whether a material exists by Dublin and Vane of the Metropolitan as a gas. a vapor, or a dost is but one of Life Insurance Company, and in a publi particle size and chemical make-up. cation of the United States Public Health He most not forget that many such Service. Public Health Bulletin No. 216, diseases are produced by exposure to "The Potential Problems of Industrial vapors and gases as well as to dust, and Hygiene in a Typical Industrial Area in that the control of these industrial diseases the United States." . may be brought about by the application In addition the engineer should obtain of certain fundamental principles common all available information upon the ma to alL terials he Is required to study. New Ocfttpc/iouol Diseases 125 chemicals, solutions, dusts, degreasing agents, condensation products, paints, lac quers, dyes, abrasives, and other products the open air docs not always eliminate the danger; in fact, it may Increase the number of workers affected. too numerous to mention are being placed upon the market daily, and the average engineer** knowledge of their possible effects upon health is slight. Academic research determining the effect of these new materials open humans is progressing slowly, and serious injuries may be sna- Process Revision. To reduce transpor tation of materials and exposure to harm ful substances It Is desirable to have all processes mechanically continuous and. if possible, enclosed. When this cannot be accomplished, suitable physical divisions should be provided. The engineer should talned in Industrial application long before the toxicologist is able to determine the properties of the material and the maxi mum permissible amount to which a worker may be exposed. In seeking tins Information it is essential to determine In to far as possible the maximum per missible amount of contaminants which consider the substitution of wet processes for dry processes, providing at the same time for the disposal of the moist col lected material fn a safe place. He shonld consider the subititation of automatic operations for hazardous hand work or machine work. A change of abrasive materia] will often reduce the quantity of may exist in a work place without causing dust produced. an occupational disease. Armed with this information, the en gineer is in a position to locate property m his own plant the process and the operation m trMeh the exposore may exist. The engineer should study together with I can cite an example of how a little thought can cure a hazardous machine operation with little or no expense: A plant producing a finely pulverized material created large amounts of dust in bagging the material, using porous ticks. the plant physician the length of employ This high concentration of dust, not neces ment of exposed individuals and they sarily toxic, inconvenienced the workers. should jointly determine the normal ex pectancy or average length of employment for the specific exposure. From each data may be developed a factor of safety, and the maximum allowable period of em ployment in certain areas may be assigned. Naturally this study should be focused upon the more hazardous locations first, and when these are corrected, attention turned toward minor conditions- The cost of ventilating the department would have been prohibitive. By careful study the engineer determined that the fall of the material into the sacks forced the air out through the interstices of the material, carrying with it a quantity of the pulverized product. His problem, thos, was to provide a means whereby this air could be harmlessly expelled from tht sack prior to filling. Study led him to suggest and. apply the use of a collapsed Housing. One of the most Important paper bag which contained little or no considerations in attempting to control oc free air. The problem was solved. Dost cupational disease is housing. Whenever practical, any hazardous manufacturing process should be separately housed and Isolated; every effort should be made to generation was practically eliminated by this simple change. Many hazardous processes in ordinary manufacturing opera tions may be cured in like manner if tht arrest harmful substances---dust, vapors, or gases--et their source of generation. Bu3djag should be so constructed that accumulations of dost may be avoided. When physical separation of depart ments is required, such physical divisions should be dust or vapor tight. Floors should be tight to prevent transfer of materials to floors or departments below. The engineer should give study to the complete enclosure of machinery or process units as individual units and, if so required, vent each one separately. * * ~r into engineer exercises his ingenuity. Ventilation. Proper ventilation is of paramount importance in the control of any occupational exposure. Most of the chief occupational diseases other than dermatitis arise through the inhalation or the ingestion of foreign material. If ven tilating equipment ean reduce the concen tration of contaminating materials to a safe limit, the problem is solved. The en gineer should study each process sep arately and ventilate each separately. It " *<** wlu to Ttfy upon general ven- 126 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congreu iSilion. Instead, high relocitf veotibung apparatus should be installed, functioning as closely to the point of generation of the harmful substance as b possible. Individual machines should be so equipped if possible. Baffles may be in* trodoeed to prevent air stream disturb ances or to increase the intake efficiency at the nozzle. Down-draft systems should be preferred for the collection o! dost or gases of high specific gravity. Even after the installation of exhaust ever. the engineer interested in ascer taining not only exposure but also effi ciency of control should realize control cannot be folly effective nor the efficiency of any protective device determined with out scientific tests. Assumption, guess work. unscientific procedure or apparatus hare no place in an engineering program. The engineer must test each step unless it has been previously proved, carefully cal culating in advance to avoid false protec tion. systems, the engineer must study the He must be familiar with dost counting, type of maintenance required to keep air sampling, and chemical analysts tech them operating at i>eak efficiency. Noz nique. having such determinations made zles should not be permitted to become by established and proper methods. If covered nor moved out of proper posi tion. Exhaust piping must be kept dust tight. Mower efficiencies must be con soch tests are beyond the scope of his ability or equipment and if the engineer considers such tests absolutely essential, stantly checked to insure that intake ve locities arc proper. The best ventilating system is a false protection if it does not function property or if it is so poorly maintained that it falls below its designed rating. Tbe engineer must exercise ex then his executives should permit him to obtain experts qualified to make such sur veys as his problem may require. Tbe need for.an accurate engineering approach to any control measure cannot be over emphasized. treme rare to provide a dean source of replacement air for the work place. He Ceadastoa. Every engineer realises may find it necessary to install filtering control of any industrial disease expo and heating devices. The engineer must sure is divided, part of such control faff study the proper disposal of the collected ing- within the jurisdiction of the indus or expelled material to be positive it will trial physician and part within his own not drift back into the work plaee. engineering province. Medical knowledge Employee PiotctCon. While the pri mary engineering means of protection against possible occupational diseases should be mechanical correction, the en gineer will find instances where even the best systems must be supplemented by individual protection. He must carefully study such exposures to provide the high est efficiency of protection, yet obtain a is invaluable in tbe detection of early symptoms and in the administration of notable preventive treatment. The en gineer should gladly obtain the services of an industrial physician to make a study of the plant, to assist In the classi fication of the hazardous operations and working locations. By such coordination he will speed control of the exposure. device easy for the operator to wear con Each individual occupational disease tinuously. When the engineer has been exposure must be studied, analysed, and successful it) obtaining such a device, he controlled individually. While general must educate workers to use it. * data may be available upon common ex Sanitation. Gean washing facilities and toilets Should be provided. Lunch rooms should be not only clean bat also well lighted and attractive and should be un der the supervision of tbe plant physician. Scientific Tens. Up to this point the engineer haj deduced that an exposure posures. the solution can be found only in individual treatment. Such exposures cannot be compared to ordinary safety engineering efforts- A circular saw is a circular saw wherever it may be operat ing. but industrial disease exposure varies within plants and certainly varies between different manufacturing establishments, exists, and from accumulated data has even though they may produce a like devised his mettts of prevention. How product or article. ADJOURNMENT / K* A ff ^ Safety Belts TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 6, 1936 This session was called to order by the Detroit Edison Co. Detroit, Micfu, Chairman George Opp, Safety Engineer, who introduced the successive speakers: Safe Design and Construction of Safety Belts By DR M- F. SKIHKKR Assistant Director of Research. Brooklyn Efim Co.. Brooklyn, N. Y. Safety belts for linemen and for in frequent repair work will always be jus tified. This does not appear to be true of window cleaners* belts. Window cleaner acridents are so frequent that insurance costs as moefa as one dollar per day per 'man. This should be avoided by designs that would make window cleaners' belts unnecessary. Failure of a lineman's belt in service and of a new lineman's belt before going into service prompted our investigations. Many of the belts we had in service were found to be inadequate to meet an emer gency of reasonable expectancy. A study of the safety belt specifications and test data at that time made it apparent that safety belts were designed with tensile strength sufficient to hold a men securely while doing his task but with no definite requirement to allow for slipping or other accidents. The hardware was tested to 1,50) pounds but the leather seldom reached l,000 pounds. This seems ridicu lous since the leather deteriorates and the metal docs not. Wc purchased new fabric belts and tested all our old feather ones to destruc tion. In general the tough old leather one had little elongation ami those leather belts with considerable elongation did not have the proper strength. In changing to fabric belts we had another reason of more fundamental im portance. As legal evidence of adequate safety protection, records of periodic proof tests are mueh better than of visual in spections. Fabric in good condition may be given repeated proof tests without in jury to itself. Defective belts can be re moved from service by such proof tests plus Inspection. In contrast with this, leather is not uniform, and always stretches under test which will gradually wear out the belt; leather docs not have the original strength and it takes an ex pert to inspect leather even when new. In our experience, linemen's fabric safety belts that look badly worn and are dis carded have over 60 per cent of their original strength. Leather for this service must have suit able tanning and oiling to discourage dry rot and moisture. Similarly, fabric should be protected against mildew by rubber or by impregnation with suitable rot-proofing compound. In practice h is difficult to tell what compound is best because of the many variable faclors. To get tbe full use from the belting material the method of fastening the hard ware h of importance. Thera is consider able advantage in using large diameter rolls for any terminal equipment. II the roller or bar is small the outer layer of the material may take all the load and break, then the second layer and so on 127 142 Txcnity-fifth Notional Safety Congress Recent study and deretopment of tteet The regular maintenance crew about the scaffolding has made it possible for all plant can very readily erect h. Steel scaf industrial plants to avail themselves of folding can be used and adapted to meet superior maintenance equipment. Steel the most unusual conditions and because scaffolding is better than the old type of the smaller sice of its components as wood scaffold for several reasons: compared to wood, obstruction of light Is O) Elimination of fire hazard. reduced to a minimum. (21 Safer construction. Probably every industrial plant has had (3) More economical in maintenance. at tome time a block and fait swinging (4) Greater flexibility. scaffold. Some may still employ this in With wood scaffolding there is the ever their maintenance work, whereas others present hazard of fire. Although the fire hare discarded H for the more up to date hazard is not entirely eliminated in the and safer piece of equipment known as steel Mage--because wood planks must be a cable type safety stringing scaffold. used for the working platform- yet it is This may be a Tecent development to possible to obtain fireproof planks mod some. A machine and wire rope take the thus erect a scaffold which entirely elim inates the fire hazard. In Ike steel scaffold one need have no fear of snapping a member. There are no imperfections in steel comparable to place of the block and fall. It does away with the hazard of acid-eaten and dry-rot ropes, which have l*ecn the cause of so many fatal accidents. Both the block and fall and the cable swinging scaffolds are the knots and cross grain in lumber. sometimes referred to as single point sus These hazards are eliminated. pension scaffolds. We are all interested in keeping down costs. One element in operating econom ically is equipment that will stand up under service and will require little main- The latest and newest development in suspended swinging scaffolds is the twopomt suspension scaffold. In referring to these scaffolds, as "'single* and "Two- t-manre. Steel scaffolding is so durable that it is almost indestructible and ean be used for many years without replace ments. particularly when the components are gairanired. Lumber breaks up and crack* and is easily destroyed, requiring frequent replacements. Steel scaffolding is more flexible titan wood. It ean be used in places and un der conditions and in a manner to which wood would not adapt itself. Because it t less bulky than wood, steel scaffolding potnC I am considering suspension at one end of the swinging scaffold only, there being in reality two and four points of suspension respectively in each scaffold. This two-point suspension scaffold was designed to give a more stable scaffold and to permit more freedom for work men and less obstruction. It consists of two drums with channel and angle iron connections which support the platform. To each of these drams is attached a cable, one leading to a point directly takes op less room when erected, is less unsightly and gives a greater feeling of security. Steel components are uniform in size and thus require a minimum of storage space. above and the other passing down and around the under side of the platform and then upward to a point directly above the inside edge of the platform. The machine Steel scaffolding is of the tubular type, consisting of a hare plate. tuhuUr mem bers of various lengths with interlocking fittings at either end of the tubes and a coupler which connects the tubular mem ber*. There is nothing intricate about it. is operated by a single ratchet mecha nism to whieb are attached two driving pawls. Locking pawls arc provided to hold the scaffold In the required position. This type scaffold requires as part of its installation an outrigger to which the cable* are attached. - Discussion following the address was based cm these points: 1. Should ladders ever be painted? So. Paint would hide any defects that might be present or develop. If it is necessary to protect ladders from the weather, they may be treated with linseed oil and given a coat of white shellac. 2. What should be done with ladders in need of repair? Safety Equipment 143 They should never be patched Hap hazardly and turned back into service. Ladders needing repair should be tagged and turned over to the foreman, who should determine whether they ean be repaired. If he decides that repair is pos sible. he should turn the ladder over to the maintenance department. 3. What should be the angle of a lad der lesalag against the waO? In general practice the ladder should stand one-quarter of Hs own length away from the wall. _# 4. is it possible to use steel scaffolding lor temporary work? ,_ Yes. This type of scaffolding is easily erected and can l*e placed on rollers and easily moved about. 5. In purchasing a Udder how ean. it be determined whether (he tenons project far enough into the side rails to give a firm footing? There is no type of inspection that will determine this. The only way one can be sure the tenons arc firmly imbedded is to purchase a quality Udder. 6. Is the airpUnc cable or the solid steel bar the best form of re-enforcement la a Udder? The solid steel bar. ft gives the firmest and most dependable support. Cable reenlorcement is now practically obsolete. Unusual Developments in Leg Protection ByB.L WBSSI.BR In times of serious tltncss one always obtains the services of the best doctor available, buys the best medicine procura ble. from a reliable source. Is there any reason why protective apparel should be regarded differently? Is oot the preven tive as important as the cure? Part of the time almost any kind of protective apparel is good enough, but when the emergency arises, when real protection is needed, then is the time your men should be provided with the best pro tection obtainable. If protective apparel docs not protect against the extreme haz ard, H is absolutely worthless. Your men may complain that certain apparel b a bit cumbersome, a bit uncomfortable, but an accident is a thousand times more un comfortable, and usually results in loss of lime plus untold suffering. To be safe h must be sturdily made, though tt may not be 100 per cent comfortable: but complete working comfort without maxi mum protection u a compromise that does not make for safety. * There is now available standard leg protection that wffi safely meet every normal hazard in industry, and further more, it b possible to have made special products for specific hazards of almost any nature. Possibly because of the fact that the greatest number of them have been used in recent yean, the most unusual and varied development in Jrg protection has been centered on what are commonly called "foundry leggings.** The first leggings 1 know anything aboat consisted of bag-like tubes that hung from the waist or from the knee snd were made from anything that wouldn't explode upon coming in contact with molten metaL Early it was discov ered that ditvac leather was a good heat mister and gradually asbestos cloth was woven into a mere useable, pliable fabric, with fire-proofed duck used in some in stances. These three materials arc still chiefly used, with chrome leather leading. With more or less stabilization of basic materials, improvement in design came in for prompt attention. Leggings with snap buttons and straps were put on the mar ket, and arctic buckles were also used as a means of fastening. The knee length legging rapidly became the most popular style. It is a prime requisite that such a legging shall be so constructed that it win afford protection from the knee down to, and Including, the foot. Its design should be comfortable, but comfort should not be sacrified for satiety. It should be fully and quickly adjustable and instantly removable. 144 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress With iheit fondamenult in mind nrt* oos kinds of spring knee leggings were created--one of the first great improve ments in legging construction. However, in some cases there seemed to be justi fied complaints about the circular springs petting too hot for comfort and so the manufacturers promptly eliminated this by covering the springs nr insulating them. Spring knee leggings still are preferred by some and will undoubtedly be used for many years to come. Bui we find many new so-called spring less types of leggings appearing in the field. We also find that the old stunt of wrapping legs in wet burlap is almost ex tinct. thanks to the efforts of safety men. Subsequently the springiest type of leg ging further combined safety and comfort. The popular appeal oi this type was chiefly its greater comfort and finer ad justability. Every conceivable kind of fastener is here used to insure case of putting on and to assure quick removal. Entirely new fasteners have l>een devel oped and use has also been made of already existing types. Individual features carry their appeal to safety men. liet all recognized types of leggings on the market today are much more comfonabk and safe than those of a few year* back. Leg protection against acid splashes calls for not nearly so many styles of leggings but is adequately covered. The types of leggings and spats that protect against cuts, bruises, and similar injuries are many and varied. Some are made from a heavy leather base covered with metal reinforcing strips, properly placed to give the needed protection. Others are made entirely of heavy fibre with or with out metal flares as the hazard demands. Steel studded chrome leather is also osed in some cases. There are styles made from chrome leather reinforced with flexible reeds backed up by felt to act as a shock absorber. A most interesting anti-rattle snake legging is made in a sort of spring knee type, using fibre as a base and cover ing h with water-proofed duck as a fur ther protection while walking through long wet grass. Pore gram rubber mounted over light leather has been. successfully used at leg and foot protection against sand blast shot. Hip length leggings, while used in lesser numbers, are still standard equip ment hi foundries where protection is needed from the hip down. They range in style from regular pant leg shapes to extensions put on spring knee or spring less type leggings and are made from asbestos doth, fireproofed duck, and leather. A combination of chrome leather bottom with an attachable asbestos top has proved a very desirable style from both a safety and an economical stand point. Here again, as in the knee type, safety, comfort, adjustability, case of put ting on and taking off are important factors. Of course, almost any of these styles of leggings is adaptable for other uses, especially when sparks, molten metal or severe heat are encountered. In rather rare instances light leggings or spats have been used with more' or less success for teg and foot protection for women. IYoper protective apparel will speed up production, will keep men on the job. will keep them happy, and will increase profits. The following questions were brought out in the discussion: 1. Do spats give as good leg protection as leggings? Xo. 2. Why are spats worn at all? They are used when workmen have an aversion to leggings or when only low splashes of hot material arc expected. In the tatter case, however, the workman wearing spats b taking a gamble, bemuse, by the law of average*, the hot splashes may not always be low. 3. What material is the best heat re sister? Asbestos gives the best protection from severe heat, hot this material will not stand wear and friction as well as some other materials. Safety Equipment 145 Respiratory Protective Equipment for Use Against Dusts, Fumes and Gases By PHILIP DRINKER There appears to be some confusion as to the distinction between dusts, fumes, vapors, mists, and gases, with the result that respiratory equipment for pro tection against them occasionally is wrongly applied. The respirator manu facturers hare many examples of soch misunderstandings and often are blamed for errors which result solely from eon- fusion in nomenclature. Dusts include all types of dry earthy particles small enough to lie blown about by ordinary air currents. Dust suspen sions may be generated as the result of a grinding, blasting, or comminuting pro cess: or they may result from the han dling of finely divided material* as in mixing processes, in sweeping, or the blowing about of wood floor, plant pol len*. or common road dust. There is no chemical limitation implied by the term "dust** while the range in size of dust particles extends from the sob-microscop ic to small sand grains. Such materials can be caught very effectively by the modern type of dust respirator. Fomea embrace two definite kinds of atmospheric suspensions. It is unfortu nate that such double-naming exists in the trade but one had best admit the fact. Thus, "lead fume** is a very old term used to describe the visible dark grey suspension which evolves from lead heated to high temperatures. The ma terial in such suspensions is mostly tiny particles of lead (and lead oxide), much smaller in size than those of the average dust, with some lead in the gaseous state. When such a mixture is cooled down to the point where it can be breathed the contaminant is then the lead particles alone without any gaseous lead. The word "fume** is also used to de scribe the mixture of gas and mist which may come from a bath of Hot nitric acid, for example. Xone of the material in the suspension is dry--it is all In the form of a true mist (liquid droplets) or as a gas. yet it may have a thick brownish col or. One buys fuming sulfuric arid (a liquid) from any chemical supply house and one can see large plants for recover ing lead fume--a dry powder. Obvious ly. one does not want the same knuf of respiratory equipment for two such dif ferent substances yet the customer often asks for a respirator to protect against fumes. Lead fume happens to be very difficult to filter out so that the ordinary respir ator which catches dust particles may lie inadequate against lead fume. The acid fumes, containing both liquid particles and gas. require a filter to catch the drop lets and a gas absorbent to catch the gaseous constituent. Therefore. It usu ally happens that the respirator manufac turer. in self protection, advises the cus tomer to use an air-supplied or air-line respirator because he will then be ade quately protected whether the fume is of solid particles, like lead, or a liquid and gas mixture. If the customer stated ex actly what the suspension consisted of or told how it was generated he might be able to use less expensive equipment. A vapor is a gas which can be con verted into a liquid at ordinary temperatores and pressures. Thus, water vapor is a common constituent of the air and is contained in concentrations whieh vary with atmospheric conditions. Respira tory protective equipment is nsed against low concentrations of a great many va pors arising from common organic solv ents such as benzol. Many such sub stances arc absorbed by activated char coal as in gas masks. There is a small cartridge type respirator in which the cartridge ii filled with activated charcoal for absorbing a vapor such as benzol or with soda-lime for absorbing an acid gas such as carbon dioxide. Because these small cartridges contain comparatively little of the ahsorbant (heir use is lim ited to very low concentrations. They should not be used for emergency rescue work. A mist consists of a suspension of li quid droplets together with the gas from which the droplets condensed. The com monest example b atmospheric fog. 146 Turcnty-fifth National Safety Cotigress Droplets of mill arc mcrtnrilv micro scopic in sice or they would .sot retnain m suspension. At soon as several drop* lets collide and form a Urge drop Ike li quid settles out. Therefore, it is possi ble to dispel a true mist very readily by snntily slirrine up the air--ventilation or dilution ts unnecessary. Mist droplets can be filtered out by or dinary dust respirators--that is. the visi ble Ionian of a fog is easily removed by filtration--but the gaseous* constituent mar pass through the filter. If the mitt happens to he eorrosive to fabrics the re sultant effect upon a dust respirator is bad. Paint spraying' generates a mist and a certain amount of vapor. Protec tion usually consists of an air-line res pirator but it is not at all uncommon to use cartridge respirators containing acti vated charcoal and a filter. A gas contains no solid or liquid partides under ordinary atmospheric condi tions. The filter units of any of the common makes of respirators are inef fective against gases. Respiratory pro lectin equipment which catches gases al ways consuls in some chemical agent which cither absorbs the gas or converts it into some other substance which can be absorbed. Because one can rarely be sure of the gas concentration to be en countered it is common practice in ex ploring man holes, for instance, to use devices supplied with air or oxygen in order that the wearer may be safe, re gardless of the conditions he finds. The gas mask, however, and its outgrowth, the chemical cartridge respirator have a definite plaee in industry and are in wide use today. The U. S. Bureau of Mines has helped in the manufacture and use of respiratory protective equipment greatly by its issu ance of specifications for permissible equipment. Their present schedules do not include the air-supplied respirators such as those used in paint spraying or sand blasting but both the Bureau and the American Standards Association will issue such specifications presently. Discussion following the address was based on these points: 1. What protection is provided against a dangerous accumulation of air pressure in the ordinary fresh air hose mask? The helmet is not rigid. Air trill leak out long before a dangerous pressure ac cumulates. or a safety link, provided in some types of hose mask, will blow out. 2. Would a protective mask approved for lead dusts fiber out sine .vide? Yes. However, almost any type of mask will filler out xinc oxide, since these particle* arc easily trapped. S. Will the simple face mask filter out ordinary smoke or will it absorb it? ' ft Is impossible to answer such a ques tion. There are as many types of ordinary masks as there are ordinary dusts. A mask must be purchased to fit a specific need. This is not difficult, however, since all types are available. , Glass Used for the Protection of the Eyes Against Injurious Radiation By k d. tillyer Sonthbridge, Uu . The effect of excess visible light on the eye is immediately felt. If there is tou rourh. anyone except the sun gazers Im mediately turns away, doses the eyes or seeks some kind of relief. There is a tendency to use too dark glasses in weld ing. inherited from the days when even the blackest glasses gave practically no protection from the insidious invisible radiations. A proper rule is. use a shade number which gives good, immediately comfortable vision and insist that this glass give protection against the invisible radiations. The effects of the ultra-violet and the infra-red radiations are not as quickly noticed as the risible. We cannot say* as we said for the visible, "get good im mediately comfortable vision" because the first noticed effect of the ultra-violet oc Safety Equipment 147 curs several hours after the exposure and rate of precipitation of light denatured the infra-red effect is usually longer de protein when the lent is heated above layed. body temperature by exposure ' to large One outstanding piece of research was that of Sir Ww. Crookes on glasses to protect the eyes of glass workers. From statistical data. Crookes arrived at the sources of radiant heat, and when low concentrations of calcium or other sub stances producing a similar effect are present** conclusion that the ultra-violet and/or the We always have some ultra-violet in mfra-red produced cataract in the human untighL In welding, especially arc weld eye. This was important, but the real ing, we have extremely intense ultra importance of his research was that he violet Add to this the infra-red from found that the infra-red was absorbed by hot metal or "radiant heat" and combine iron in the ferrous state in ordinary glass. this with a very slight excess of calcium Also, he found that a cerium compound and we have the necessary and sufficient when added to glass was an excellent conditions to produce cataract* absorber of the ultra-violet. These two We have considered the more serious discoveries were important fat the manu results of radiations. The less serious, facture of good absorbing glasses, al although extremely uncomfortable at though full advantage was not taken im times, are more often experienced. The mediately because Crookes found no most common Is "sand in your eyes.** ultra-violet, but only infra-red. present In from ultra-violet falling on the conjunc the radiations to which glass blowers * tiva. This is not comfortable to say the were subjected during their working least and frequently is caused by reflec hours. These last fonr words should be tions from the original source reaching underlined from the indications of mod the side of the eyeball. Some white punts ern research. do not reflect the nltra-riolet while others A very important paper was published by Von der Hocvc of Leyden in 1920 which showed the tendency of ultra-violet to produce other cataract or macular de generation. Macular degeneration has do. One of the best reflectors is an oxi dized aluminum surface, one of the poor est is a highly polished silver surface, quite different from the way these mate rials refleet visible radiation. not been considered as frequently as cata The first felt action of infra-red on the ract in the literature. Probably it occurs eyes varies among different fasdhrMaala more frequently after the removal of the and with different regions of the infra crystalline lens in the cataract operation. red. The long wave infra-red (longer The crystalline lens is in many cases, than about 13) is absorbed by the water although not always, an effective screen in the tears or the conjunctiva at the very cutting out ultra-violet. surface of the eyeball, since water is ex Dr. Janet Clark has published an out standing research paper which appears to tie together both ultra-violet and infra tremely opaque to these radiations. Shorter wavelength radiations than this, but longer than the visible waves, pene red m its more serious forms of injury trate deeper and deeper into the eye. The to the human eye. that is, cataract. She simplest way to avoid the different types says: "The initial process of light dc- of eye troubles so produced Is Co elimi naturation may therefore occur in the lens nate both types of infra-red radiations. without any risible opacity, and it is prob The early glasses used for protection able that there is always some denatured were a delusion and a snare. The visible protein present as the result of exposure was reduced so much that the work could to sunlight." . . . "The second step in not be seen, in the hope that the eye tight coagulation by proteins Is very would be protected. Sometimes the ultra much accelerated by heat and occurs rap violet would be eliminated, sometimes not. idly at 40* C <10f" F.) . . . It is prob The infra-red was usually well trans able therefore that the higher incidence mitted. about as well as with two or of cataract in workers exposed to moften three layers of ordinary window glass. glass and metals ts due to an increased The infra-red was another matter, rarely being reduced much by accident. *Msny elher condition* ouy predme eatirsct beside* arcssire radiation* Only two eases do I remember, one an !.! ii: 190 Twenty-fifth Motional Safety Congress DISCUSSION la the discussion which followed the formal addresses Cot Kirtncjr endorsed the viewpoints of the speakers, com mended the "fine fpirit of cooperation rvidefleed by the National Safety Council** and expressed the opinion that an official resolution from the Ceuneil. supporting the Federal Government in a progressive policy of adequate appropriations for airtray atda in the but interests of pubEc safety and better business, trodId be most timely. Karl F. Ward, of the Boron of Air Commerce. Washington. D. C suggested that the state aviation officials cooperate frith the Federal Government in educat ing and encouraging the private pilot to tsse the airways traffic control system. He emphasized that this system is a directing rather than a policing agency and that it can function satisfactorily only if every one cooperates. He expressed the belief that much might be accomplished by the establish ment within each state of ao advisory council as an auxiliary to the State Avia tion Board. This council would be com posed of experienced pilots, one from each section of the state. The members would cooperate on a non-remanemtive basis frith tbe state officials for the advance ment of safety in aviation. Kach member would be of soffictent prestige to dis courage hazardous flying in his section of the state. ' Cel. I. C. Cone, of the Bureau of Air Commerce. Washington, D. C, discussing the direction finder, expressed the belief that the ultimate solution would be a combination of tbe radio direction finder on the ground and the radio compass. He emphasized the need of obtaining pub lic interest In supporting the establish ment of additional aids. Jerome F. Lcdcrcr. of the Aero Insur ance Underwriters, New York Gty, sup ported Lieut. Barker's contention regard ing the safety of air transportation and pointed out that even the non-traveling public s benefited by the more rapid ex change of ideas, goods and people. He stated that air transportation accelerates tbe creation of wealth for everybody. The session unanimously approved CoL Hactncj'e suggestion that a resolution be prepared and submitted to the Executive Committee of the National Safety Council for its official approval, with the sugges tion that copies be sent to the incoming members of the Senate and House of RtpresctPativea. Mr. Lcderer. Mr. Aid- worth and Mr. Ainsworth were authorized to prepare the resolution, which was drafted as follows: Resolution WHEREAS. Safety is the foundation of public confidence in air transport: and WHEREAS. The Federal Government, along with the several States, can, by the maintenance of proper navigational aids and the adoption of an adequate airport pro gram. along with wise regulation and vigorous promotion, guarantee safety to the nying public; therefore BE IT RESOLVED. That the Federal Government be urged to materially in crease the present inadequate navigational aids and inaugurate an airport program based on service to tbe public and national safety requirements: and. That the United States Department of Commerce increase its personnel and provide necessary trans portation in order that an adequate inspection service can be rendered, together with such promotional development as will point the way toward sonpiHication of flight procedure; and. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That the various States be urged to promote uniformity of regulation, tbe development of air marking projects, state planning of airport facilities, and the dissemination of accurate information concerning aeronautical development. . A motion picture on cloud formation and dispersion was shown by Dr. D. M. Little. Qrief of Aerological Division, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. After re-election of officers the meeting was adjourned. ADJOURNMENT American Society of Safety Engineers--Engineering Section Officers 1935-36 Central Chairman--C W. Ssirrtf, Standard Oil Co. find-). Chicago, lit I^VeCtowiHW-- C B. Bouvet, Wboonstn Public Service Com, Milwaukee. Win D. L Ron*. Ocean Accident end Guaranty Carp*. Ken* York, N\ Y. SVrnrfary--W. Deax Kcsrxh, National Safety Council. Chicago, lit Jlrnkri at Large-- Cratt Aixswoxrn. American Standards Association, New York. N. Y. Co-C B. Ausv, Westinghouse Electric ami Manufacturing East Pittsburgh, Pa- tl. Baxasii, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, IlL W. Bscx, United States Rubber Products, Inc, New York, N. Y. H. R. Bixua, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan WC.haFn.teBr.o) euxo.I. B. Stetson Co^ Philadelphia. Pa. {Philadelphia C hapter.) E. W. Bouakp, c D. Bullard Cou San Francisco. Calif. (San Francisco Chapter.) R. E. Doxotax. Standard 09 Company of California. San Francisco, Calif. Ror M. Comm\ Philadelphia Hktiric Company. Philadelphia. Pa. (Philadelphia WC. hMa.ptGerr.a) ft, National Bureau of Casualty & Safety Underwrites. New York. N, Y. R. McA. Ktows, Industrial Cenriima of Wisconsin. Madtson, WIs. - Ectrstt F. Kixc, Lever Brothers Cs, Cambridge. Mats, (Boston Chapter..) E. J. Kiui, Philadelphia Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council Chapter.) Thomas fi. Ltcirnwr. Koppers Goaf Gou Pittsburgh, Pa M. G. Lloto, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C W. &. pAixg Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co. Hartford. Conn- * Gza F. Ptuwsc. Union Oil Company of California. Los Angeles, CaliL C. E. Ralxtox, Pittsburgh Plate Glam C*, Pittsburgh, Pa. A. S. Recvu, Industrial Relations Counselors. Inc, New York. N. Y. Joux Russox, JtL, Public Service Electric & Gas Co- Newark. N. J. (Northern New g/e^amSb, t^eoera! Electric Co, Schenectady. N- Y. K. S. Surra, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp^ New York, N- Y. R. C Stsuttox, The Travelers Insurance Co, Hartford, Com. k F. TnAixn, Brid Motor Company. Flint, Mkh. S. E. Wtimxo, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co,, Boston, Mass. WrujAM P. Ya-vt. U. & Bureau of Mine*, Pittsburgh, Pa. , Officers Elected for 1936-37 Central Chairman--D. L Rorsa, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Carp- New York, N. YFiff-CWnm-C B. Bouvrr, Wisconsin Public Service Com. Milwaukee, Wlv Vter-Chairaiflt) R. E. Doxovak, Standard OH Company of California, San Francisco, Calif. Sttre/ary--W. Dcax Keens. National Safety Council, Chicago^ IlL OtttiMi 191 192 Tuvuty-fifth Xaiioval Safety Congress Members at l^iroe*-- CvajL Ain**u*ustii. American Standards A>ittinin. New Ynrk. X. Y. C fl. Arex. ttYMitighMUM* Electric and Manufacturing Co.. ICast Pittsfrargh. fti. 1. |l.\XA>iii. Gwaliinc Ivnginwr. Chtcams III. * ' r- . Ufa'K. Cniutl Stater Rubber Prixlnetr. Inc- New York. X. V. ' II. K. IIixles. L'nitn tarlmlr and CarUm Cn_ Xew Yurie. X. V. (MetrutxJitan Chapter! !r \V- *- u.- BdUrd C- San Frenciscu. Calit (San I'rancitc. Chapter) H. K GiLnerr. American CjanamiH C_ IJndcn. X. I. (Nen Jcr>r Chapter) Knv M. Cmm-ix. Philadcli-hu Kkrtric Cia. 1'hiladclnlua. Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter) \v. M. Graff. National llurrau of Caraativ St Surety Underwriter*. New York. X. Y. H. J. GairriTu. Jones & l-aaShlin Steel Gutl. Pitt-Uurrch. Pa. (Western Pennsylvania* Safeljr Oumctl Chapter) R. Mc.\. Ktflwx. Industrial Cornmisrion oi Wisconsin. Madison. Wis. J. SJ. Kkbbigan. UnitH States RuMicr Reclaiming Gl. Inc- Buffalo, X. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chajter) EraBrr F. King. 1-cver firmhers Co- Camhrwlpe. Mas*. (Hoston Chapter) thioim K. l.M:iiTTrr. Tlte Koppvrs Cil Cg. Pittsburgh. Pa. M. Ci. I .tovo. National Bureau of Sisnthnh. Washington. II. C. H. 1- Minks. K. I. dn Pn Jc Xetiumr* & C- Wtimfatgtun. J)d. W. 5. Paine. Aetna Ca#uall Sc Insnrance Gv. Hanford. C<in. Gw>. F. ParssiNc. Unnei Otl Company nf Calibuma, !.* Angeles. Calif. C. K Ralston. ISttshuruh Plate Glass Cu_ Pittsburgh. Pa. A S. Rccixa, Industrial Rdatwim Counselors, Inc- New York. X. Y. G. K. SANioan. General Electric Cn- Schenectady. X. Y. C. W. Smith. Standard Oil Co. find.). Chteagol IU. H. S. Smith. Union Carbide and Carbon Gup- Xew York. X. Y. R. C. Stmttox. The Travelers Insurance C- Hartford, Com. R. F. TMALNra. Rtdek Motor Company. Flint. Midi S. K. WitmSG. Liberty Mwm) Insurance Ok. Rattan. Mass. William P. Yant. Mine Safety A|pliancrs Ci_ Pittsburgh. Pa. WEDNESDAY NOON SESSION October. 7. 1936 The annual meeting i tlw ASSEEngineerhig Section oi the National Safety Council folUneed a luncheon ami convened with C. W. Smith. Standard tlil In. {Ind. >. Chicago. gs*neral chair* ntatL presiding. All ropuns had l>ccn miimrographcd. and M|iic* were distrib* oted at the luncheon. )>r. Francis .1*. l.iteas. Member. Tech* meal StalT. Ueil Telephone laltoratork^. Xew York City, and international au thority on microscopy and photomicrogra phy. spoke on "Laic l>evclopmcm* in High Power am) Ultra Violet Micro* scopv.** The rc|>ort of the nominating commit* tee wai presented by A. S. Kcgnla. chair man- Other memliers of the committee were S. I*. Whiling. R. I*. Tlialner, C B. Auek and Dr. M. G. Lloyd. The com mittee's list of officers, as elected, will l>c found elsewhere in this sectional record. Other sessions S|*onsored by the ASSEEnginccring Section included those on "Safety Belt*,** "Safely Training.** "Ex haust Systems.** "Safety Exchange Round Table.** and "Occupational Diseases.** Report* of these sessions will be fount! elsewhere m the Transaction*. American Society of Safety Engineers--Engineering Section 193 Late Developments in High Power and Ultra Violet Microscopy --Their Value from an Accident Prevention Viewpoint for Detecting Flaws in Metal Structures By DR. FRANCIS F. LUCAS Member Technical Staff and Head of Microscopic Laboratories, Beil Telephone Laboratories. Inc. New York City Dr. Lucas used about 30 lantern slides and discussed each briefly. The high power and ultra-violet microscopes were first illustrated and described. Following this was a group of four slides showing the development of high power metallography. The first photograph showed a specimen of chrome iron (stainless iron) st 200 diameters magnification. The structure was so fine that at this magnification little could be seen. The next photograph, at 1000-X, began to show some structure. Ordinarily . this would be regarded as a high power micrograph- Next the structure was shown st 4000-X with the best apochromatlc system the world affords. The structure was then resolved to better advantage, but not fully. The `final micrograph was of the same specimen but photographed with the new mono-brcm-naphthalene immersion system of N. A. 1.60 and showed the structure completely resolved. _ Details of structure -- minute carbides of iron and chromium -- measuring about 150 atom di ameters in size were very distinctly resolved. Dr. Lucas showed how this high resolving power system could. be applied to a stody of fatigue cracks, which vary in width from about 150 atom diameters upward. Cracks to metal bring to mind fatigue phenomena as the cause. If one arrived at this possible conclusion, he would not be far wrong. I shall not be concerned particularly with methods of test, test data and the outward characteristic ap pearance of fatigue fractures. To review very briefly some of the ideas now com monly held on the subject by metallur gists and engineers may refresh the memory. It may be an aid to a better understanding of the new subject of in ternal stress raisers and their influence on the propagation and trend of fatigue cracks. It is asserted by competent authorities that a very high percentage of metal fail ures occurring in service are of the type denoted as fatigue failures. All fast moving mechanisms whose loads are cither intermittent or reversed cycles of stress may develop fatigue type failures. Literally thousands of things m every day use, from a giant ocean liner to the hair spring of a delicate watch, may be subject to fatigue type failures. The advent of the railroad seems to have been responsible for stimulating thooght on the subject of the fatigue of metals under repeated stress. A German engineer prevailed upon Prussian State Railways to undertake such an investi gation, and his results have become a classic. His repeated stress tests were reported in the London publication "En gineering" for 1871. The fracture resulting from repeated stress is a brittle, jagged-appearing one. so that at first engineers and investiga tors concluded that the fibre of the metal underwent some change. Oftentimes the fractured surface appears bright and shin ing as though' composed of large crys tals. Observers of these fractures in ferred that a change had occurred in the metal and from the appearance to the eye the theory seems to hart developed that the metal had crystallized and hence had failed. No one seems to have ad vanced any good reason why a crystal lised metal should be weaker and more susceptible to cracking than a non-crys talline one, assuming such existed. But at any rate the crystallisation theory per sisted, and it took almost two decades and much microscopy to dispel the delu sion. Even today echoes of this old crys tallization theory may be heard from en gineers. As a matter of fact, metals are inher ently crystalline. The crystals at times may be large and eqai-axed or they may Automotive and Machine Shop Section Officers 1935-36 Cmeral Chairman--C. T. WtxeiUB. Clirj-der CWimiratton. Detroit, Mich. I'iee-Cheirma*--Mastin' Hunt. Rudd Wheel Col. Detroit. Mkh. Secretary--M. A. Clark, U. S. Rnhher Products. Inc. Detroit. Mich. ,Vrw Letter Editor AV. H. Fratul Cadillac Mitur Car Co- Detroit. Mkh. a.onnTiit0 Committee Chairman G. & SAxroan. General Electric Co. Schenectady, K. Y. Hcoith Committee Chairman Da. A. I. Bkooks. Fisher iVidy Detroit Die. General Motors Corp. Detroit Mkh. Membership Committee Chairman--1. R. Jcnsox. Timken Detroit Axle Co. Detroit Mkh. Poster Committee Chairman--W. fltsnftr. I.ycromng Mamifacturmp Co. Williamsport, Pa. Program Committee Chairman H. W. Boutrox, Marray Corp. of America. Detroit, Mich. Publicity Committee Chairman--Ktxaax H. Krsca. The Stodcfnker Corfu Sooth Bend, Ind. Statistics Committee Chairman--\\7. W. JsNtnt Seaman Rody Co. Milwaukee, Wit Members at Large-- L E. Amu. Chicago Ek Shield Co^ Detroit Mkh. C M. Domain. Revere Copper and Brass. Inc.. Detroit. Mich. Horr L. Fkacmes. Detroit Steel Products Co^ Detroit Mich. Mou C Hals, General Motors Corfu Detroit Midi. M. J. McCarthy. Fisher Body Corfu, Detroit Mkh. R. A. Shaw, Murray Curp. ot America. Detroit Midi. Carl L. Stock, Ddco Products Cora. Dayton. Oho. R. F. TtiAisn, Btnck Motor Ctu Flmt. Mach. Officers Elected for 1936-37 Central Chairman--IS. A. Clark. U. S. Rubber Products. Inc. Detroit. Mkh. Vice-Chairman--H. W. Boultox, Murray Corp. of America. Detroit Mkh. Secretary--W. H. Fratsr. Cadillac Motor Car Col. Detroit Mich. . .Vmr Letter Edita**--W. W. Jaxscb, Scsman Body Corp^ Milwaukee, Wit. Engineering Committee Chairman--L. B. Loomis, Ternttcdt Manufacturing Div., General Motors Corp^ Detroit Mkh. . Health Committee Chairman--Da. A. L. Bbooks, Fisher Body Detroit Die., Getcral Motors Corp, Detroit Midi. t Membership Committee Chairman--C. W. Bisnor, Lycoming Manufactoring Co* Williams port Pa. Paster Committee Chairman--E. Mascxtatc. Motor Products Com. Detroit Mich. Program Committee Chairman >\V. A. Bccmtx, Chrysler Corfu Detroit Mkh. Puvtirity Committee Chairman Paul A. Dome, Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co, Detroit, Mkh. Statistics Committee Chatman--G. E. Saxfobo, General Electric Co^ Schenectady, K. Y. Members ot Large L. E. Avtnu, Chiogo Eye Shield Co.. Detroit Midi. 197 198 Twenty-fifth Xatiouaf Safety Congress C M. IfcrrTTJcr.n. Revere Copper and Dmi Ine_ Detroit. Mich. Hoyt I. FtM`iir.iL iMruit Steel Product* Co_ Detroit. Midi. Mesue C. Half, General Motors Corp.. Detroit. Midi. M. J. McCaittiiv. Kbher Hodv Corp. Detroit. MtcK. K. A. Shaw. Murray Corp. n! America. Detroit. Mich. Cabs. I- Snxei'K. Delco Product* Cnrp. Dt)lon. Ohio. R. F. Tiialx**. fluidr Motor Co^ Flint. Midi. C. T. Wixm.Mi. Chrysler Corp. Detroit. Midi. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 5. 1936 The Seuuw was called to order bjr ler Corporation. l>etroit, Mich.. who pre (cneral Chairman C. T. Wincgar. Chrys aided. introducing the speakers: What Makes a Safety Program Effective By J. F. KOLB Director. Department of ladostrial Rrlarimra, National Metal Trades Association. Chicago An adequate inogram of industrial safe ty cannot be established and succession)* maintained without a comprehensive study of company policies, practices, equipment, and \er#ontiel. and a subse quent adjustment of such factors to con form to desirable standards. In many cases safety programs have' failed to function effectively because com pany policies (1) were so limited in scope as to be quite inadequate and too often have been treated as matters of cxie* diency. (3) trere confusing to line or staff officers because delegated authority and responsibility were not definitely defined and allocated, and (3) were seldom prop erly transmitted to all employees m well written, easily understood language. Too often a subordinate officer who was interested in enlarging his sphere of activities, hoping to attract the attention of his superiors, has been iwrmitlcd to work unassisted in the development of safety programs. In many such cases lack of special preparation for the job prevented this officer from comprehend' tng the ramifications of industrial safety. Further, the uncertainty of official co operation. foreman reprisal, and insecur ity of his position because of manage ment's incomplete cooperation, have se riously retarded such safety programs. The effectiveness of a plant safety pro gram is directly proportional to the in terest. support, and leadership of the plant management. Therefore, the man ager in cooperation with his staff should develop policies and operating plans that conform to standard practice. He should delegate the administration to competent personnel. The policies and plans should indicate the extent of the program and allocate responsibility and define author ity for execution of the plan. The per sonnel should be impressed with the importance of safety service to the com pany and each employee. In actual prac tice some adjustments may be needed to assure accomplishment of objectives. In developing safety a plant can build AutotnotnT and Maehiue Shop Section 199 one of the most satisfactory organisa tions and programs or. through lack of intelligent cooperation or actual oppo sition, reduce the effectiveness of safety work to a point where employees will disregard an rules and ridicule the spas modic efforts of the management to pro tect their persons against koown hazard*. Employees tend to disregard certain safety rules or orders merely because such orders were given in a disparaging man ner which caused them to believe they might disregard them with impunity so far as their immediate superior was con cerned. Occasional clashes hare occurred between production foremen, maintenance foremen and the director of safety, when either the machine or the mechanical guarding was partially out of order or was being improperly used. In seme cases the foremen's interest in obtaining maximum production caused them deliberately to remove guards or permit employees to do so: in other cases, they have ordered an employee to con tinue using a machine when they knew that either the machine or the guarding was defective and injury might result to the employee at any time. Sometimes, because of the forceful demands of certain plant officials, those in charge of safety permitted the operation of hazardous equipment until a serious accident forced upon the attention of higher officials the knowledge of neglect or insubordination. When employees are permitted or en couraged to avoid the use of protective devices, even on jobs when the hazard is slight, they probably will take the next step and encroach in this field until a major accident occurs. Regardless of the amount of responsi bility reserved to the manager, the com pany's line and staff organizations should be folly instructed regarding their duties, and some major official should periodic ally check up on their performance to be certain that their efforts are property co ordinated and producing anticipated re sults. Since the Hoe organisation is largely responsible for action and the staff organisation for gathering and as sisting the line in the dissemination of information, we can easily determine any officer's function aod responsibility in re lation to the safety program. The value of the contacts established and maintained by the line and staff officers in this field will be measurable in terms of red or black accounting and In terms of em ployee satisfaction or dissatisfaction. When the staff gathers and prepare* information for dissemination to employ ees. every line officer should transmit it unimpaired so that employees will accept it in the right manner and make the best possible use of such help.. When improper mechanical guarding or defec tive equipment is reported, the line offi cers should cooperate folly m guarding or rehabilitating the equipment before using H again and induce employees to use such equipment in the apptroed way. Further, good management-employee re lations help locate and eliminate hazards before men or equipment are damaged. Proper coordination of effort win cause all employees to be so conscious of the need for safely that they will refuse to operate machines or processes when im properly guarded. The rapid mechanization ol industry and the employment of a much larger number of men of limited training and experience has increased industrial haz ards to a remarkable extent. Although seme of our newer machine tools are ef fectively guarded, there is so much old equipment still in use by inexperienced men and so much more mechanical equip ment in use in general, that we will have to increase our activities in the field of safety if we expect to keep our accident ratios about their present level or to re duce them. Regular and rigorous re-examination of equipment and guarding will provide re ports of hazards that in most cases can be eliminated by mechanical treatment. In many cases these reports can be re inforced by periodic analyses of reports on plant experience, including workmen's compensation cases and other shop cases classified as to the type, cause, point of occurrence, severity, loss of time, and recurrence. In certain eases a combina tion of these studies will indicate that guarded equipment is improperly guarded, and even though such reports do not in dicate the solution, they will at least di rect attention to a problem that must be solved. Management should take the initiative m promoting these studies and not de pend entirely upon the reports of inspec- 252 Turuty-fifth National Safety Congress In each industrial center, therefore, will he set up a local or district Construction Safety Council composed of representa tives of the employer and employee, who shall be selected by and through employ ers* organizations and employees' organ izations. lu each center will he held ed ucational and instructive meetings to ac quaint both employer and employee with the seriousness of the accident situation and to instruct them in the proper method of promoting plans for safety contests. These meetings will also emphasize the proper manner in which to construct, erect and use the temporary facilities, safeguards and devices commonly found on every construction job. Where heretofore the safety efforts have been largely directed by the employ ers, under the present plan joint action of both employers and employees is be ing pursued. It is felt that, since safety rewards are mutually beneficial, safety activities should be a matter of mutual responsibility. We believe this method is the only logical approach to the prob lem of safety in the industry. How well it works out will be made more apparent when the activities of the council are more thoroughly co-ordinated, which should be early in the coming year. One feature of the new Ohio campaign that makes it predestined for success is that the industry is not satisfied with a position of entire dependency upon state agencies. The leaders of the movement have approached their problems in a business way. The entire plan of organisation is to create a medium by which and through which the industry* will control its acci dent frequency and which will further serve as a counseling body between the industry* and the Industrial Commission on all matters pertaining to accident preventioh. ADJOURNMENT Food Section Officers 1935-36 General Chairman--C. W. Dempesv, Liquid Carbonic Corp., Chicago, 111. ]'iee-Chairman in Charge of Program---S. B. Horrfll, The Carey Salt Co., Hutchinson, Kan. Secretary and Publicity Committee Chairman--D. M. Clark, Society* of Grain Elevator Superintendents of North America, Chicago, III. Xczvs Letter Editor--C. W. Turning, Goddard and Hciusclman, Minneapolis, Minn. Engineering Committee Chairman--Frank A. Hasse, Corn Products Refining Co., Chi cago, 111. Health Committer Chairman--G. H. Sibley. Jewel Tea Co., Inc.. Barrington, III. Membership Committee Chairman--Fred A. Wpo, Borden-Wicland, Inc., Chicago, 111. Poster Committee Chairman--G. L. Gore. Bruce Dodson and Co.. Kansas City, Mo. Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--Robert Flemish, Battle Creek, Mich. Statisties Committee Chairman--G. L. Rhys, John Morrell & Co., Ottumwa, Iowa. Directors-- H. J. Aldrich, Spencer Kellogg and Sons, Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. Ruth E. Cade, A. E. Staley Manufacturing Co., Decatur, 111. ( R. R. Chaney, Coffee Products of America, Inc., Ltd., Los Angeles, Calif. Ray J. Culkix, Rockwood 8c Co., Brooklyn, X. Y. A. B. Dean, Commander-Larabee Corp, Minneapolis, Minn. Alexander Diexst, The National Sugar Refining Co, Long Island City, N. Y. E. E Drews, Libby, McNeill 8c Libby, Chicago, 111. _ A. D. Ferrari, Bohemian Distributing Co, Ltd, Los Angeles, Calif. Paul C. Goodnouhii, The Quaker Oats Co, Chicago. III. D. R. Grant, Beechnut Packing Co, Canajoharie, N. Y. L. O. Green, Wilson & Co, Inc., Chicago. 111. t E. C. Grether, The American Sugar Refining Co, New York, N. Y. Theodore Krueger, Pennsylvania Hotel, New York, N. Y. Henry J. Mineur, The Borden Co, New York, N. Y. T. A. Sciiendex, West Disinfecting Co, Chicago, 111. A. C. Senroeder. Church & Dwight Co, Syracuse, N. Y. t Dr. Wilmer H. Schulze, Director, Bureau of Environmental Hygiene, Health Dept, City of Baltimore, Md. . R. M. Seeker, Anheuser-Busch, Inc, St. Louis, Mo. W. W. Smith, Smith Brothers. Inc, Poughkeepsie N. Y. W. E. Stexvig, General Mills, Inc, Minneapolis, Minn. W. A. Sullivan. Loose-Wiles Biscuit Co, Kansas City, Mo. Vern D. Sutton, Postum Company, Inc. Battle Creek, Mich. Wilbur Thomas, Hage's. Limited, San Diego, Calif. Officers Elected for 1936-37 Genera! Chairman--C. W. Dempesy, Liquid Carbonic Corp, Chicago, III. Pice-Chairman tu Charge of Program--S. B. Horrell. The Carey Salt Co, Hutchinson, Kansas. 253 254 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress I 'iee-Chatrman in Charge of Membership--Fred A. Webb, Borden-Wicland, Inc.. Chicago. 111. Seeretary--D. M. Clark. Society of Grain Elevator Superintendents of North America, Chicago. 111. .Vfta Letter Editor--C. W. Turning. Goddard & Hcinsclmau, Minneapolis, Minn. Eupiurrriup Committee Chairman---G. L. Gore. Bruce Dodson and Co.. Kansas City. Mo. Health Committee Chairman--V)k Wilmer H. Schulze. Director, Bureau of Environ mental Hygiene. Health Dept- City of Baltimore, Md. Poster Committee Chairman--F. A. Hasse. Com Products Refining Co., Chicago, III. Publicity Committee Chairman--\Vilbub Thomas. Hage's. Limited, San Diego, Calif. Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--H. J. Alorjcii. Spencer Kellogg and Sons. Inc., Buffalo. XT. Y. Statistics Committee Chairman--Rav M. Seeker. Anheuser-Busch. Inc- St. Louis, Mo. Directors-- Fred Anderson. Adv & Crowe Mercantile Co. Denver, Colo. H. A. Barker. Hotel New Yorker, National Hotel Management, Inc., New York. N. Y. A. I- Brown. Post Products Dv.. General Foods Corn- Battle Creek. Mich. Ruth E. Cade. A. E- Staley Manufacturing Co., Decatur, Ilk R. R. Chaney. Coffee Products of America, Inc- Ltd- Los Angeles, Calif. Ray J. Culkin. Rockwood & Co- Brooktvn. N. Y. A. B. Dean. Commander-Larahec Corp.. Minneapolis, Minn. E. E. Drews. Libby. McNeill & Libby. Chicago. 111.. J. T. Farrell. Waldorf System. Inc.. Boston. Mass. A. D. Ferrari, Bohemian Distributing Co.. Ltd- Los Angeles. Calif. Paul C. Goodnovgii. The Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. D. R. Grant. Beechnut Packing Co- Canajoharie, N. Y. I- O. Green. Wilson & Co- Inc.. Chicago. III. R. C. Haven. Continental Baking Co- New York, N. Y. C. W. Knowles. El Dorado Oil Mills & Fertilizer Co., El Dorado, Ark. I- R. McCasii. Hentrich Brewing Co.. Seattle. Wash. . W J. Maze. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. Honolulu. Hawaii. Henry J. Mixeur, The Borden Co.. New York, N. Y. I. H. Morgan. Morgan Packing Co., Austin, Ind. James L. Oliver. American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages, Washington, D. C. Douglas Pears. Walgreen Drug Stores, Chicago, 111. George T. Peckham. Jr- Clinton Co- Clinton. Iowa. G. F. Pfeiffer. Moorman Manufacturing Co- Quincy, 111. C. 1- Ruvs. John Morrell & Co- Ottumwa. Iowa. A. C. Sciiroeder. Church & Dwight Co- Syracuse. N. Y. John R. Sellers, Joseph S. Finch & Co- Schenley, Pa. G. H. Sibley. Jewel Tea Co.. Inc- Barrington, 111. W. W. Smith. Smith Brothers. Inc- Poughkeepsie, N. Y. W. A. Sullivan. Loose-Wiles Biscuit Co- Kansas City. Mo. Leon G. Tutague. National Food Products Co- New Orleans, La. Lionel W. Udell. United Fruit Co., Boston. Mass. H. E. Wheeler. Jr.. Henry Heide. Inc- New York, N. Y. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 6, 1936 The first session of the Food Section was called to order by General Chairman C. W. Dempesv. Liquid Carbonic Corp- Chicago. who presided. Chairman Deropcsv welcomed the delegates and intro duced the speakers. Food Section 255 Safety and Health in Food Handling By WILMER H. SCHULZE, Phar. D. Director, Bureau of Environmental Hygiene, Baltimore City Health Department While accident prevention programs have been effective in the reduction of loss of life and limb in our industrial population, there exists another field of activity which requires the cooperative in terest of all engaged in safety work, namely, the health of the industrial worker. At present health programs in many plants have a status comparable to the safety program of some years ago. Such a state of undevelopment is only natural, however, when it is considered that bodily injuries resulting from acci dents are usually instantaneous and the cause is generally evident and corrective or preventive measures can be applied in most instances. On the other hand, injuries to health are seldom apparent within a brief period, and frequently it may be months or years before unhcahhfu] working conditions ex hibit detectable injury to the employees* health. The time is now opportune for focusing attention upon those factors in industrial environments which have a direct or indirect effect upon the workers* health. National health and labor officials. State departments of health and labor and some municipal health departments are giving the matter of industrial health serious consideration. For a number of years the staff of the office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanita tion of the United States Public Health Service has been carrying on studies of those industrial environments which react unfavorably on the health of workers. The publication of the data pertaining to these investigations has stimulated an in creased interest on the part of health offi cials, labor departments and industrialists. The United States Public Health Service has recently completed the collection of data in the field as part of an Occupa tional Morbidity and Mortality Survey conducted on a nation wide basis. The statistical data obtainable from this survey will no doubt furnish valuable information and guidance for the future establishment and development of industrial health pro grams. During the early part of 1936 the Divi sion of Standards of the United States Department of Labor conducted the first Training Course for State Factory In spectors in Baltimore, with the coopera tion of the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, and the assist ance of the Maryland State Accident Commission and the Baltimore City Health Department. The course consisted of a series of lectures and field inspections covering accident prevention and health protection in industry. Similar courses will be offered to other groups of factory inspectors in other sections of the country. This training of State industrial inspectors in the recognition and means of correction of accident and health hazards will no doubt increase the value of the services of factory inspectors to industry. Both State and municipal health officials are awakening to the fact that in order to guard the health of the community they cannot ignore industrial conditions. Con necticut has a well established Bureau of Occupational Diseases in the State De partment of Health. In a number of other States progress is being made in the establishment of industrial hygiene services, cither in health departments or in departments of labor. The Health De partment of St. 'Louis, with the guidance of the United States Public Health Serv ice. recently completed a survey of repre sentative industries in that city to determine the existent potential industrial health hazards. In the Baltimore City Health Depart ment a group of industrial hygiene in spectors devotes its entire time to the study of health hazards in local industrial plants. This service has been extended by the establishment of a Bureau of Occupa tional Diseases under the direction of a physician with industrial hygiene expe rience. As a result of these technical and medical service*, plant officials have wel comed visits to and studies of working conditions with subsequent discussions and recommendations in connection with any health hazards found to exist. 298 Tnxnly-fiflh National Safety Congress 1. Ovcriiisliaf m*t Mr. McClellan Mbtniild bine prints oi a properly de signed fcoob and also of a portable plat form which had reduced accidents in this operation. 2. Safety shoes and non-slip boots. The nse of safety shoes with fibre toes rather than steel toes had been found advisable in refrigerating rooms to avoid frosting inside the shoe. Mr. Palmer re ported that some of their employees had objected to the stiff tees, claiming misfit and chafing. In such cases the shoe com pany had taken X-ray pictures of the employees' feet with the shoes on until they had found whether the complaint was justified. By following this proced ure they succeeded in getting satisfaction in all cases. Leather soles bad been found the least likely to slip in almost all opera tion*. but that oothtng satisfactory for use on the vitrified brick floors had been developed and thoroughly tried. 1 Mesh gloves. Mesh gloves have been used In two weights. Lighter weight gloves are satisfactory where there is oot much chance of tearing against the bene, but the heavier glove has bcett developed to resist this tearing and is proving much more satisfactory. although some men ob jected to the increased weight- 4. Knife guards. The use of guarded knives on beef killing floors Is largely a matter of education. Some of the old time workmen feeling that It is a reflection upon their skill to have to use a guarded knife. 5. Non-efip floor*. The vitrified brick floors now being in stalled in some locations are more slip pery than the old type. An asphalt floor with plenty of grit is about the least slip pery floor so far developed. Concrete floors that have been troweled to a smooth surface can be roughened by (rearing with concentrated sulphuric acid and then flushing with water. adjournment Metals Section Officers 1935-36 . General Chairman H. \V. Dam. Bethlehem Sted Co* Johnstown, Pa. f/irr-Chnnon--A. Bcsotnst. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co* Rust Chicago, ln4 t'irC'Cfuirvijn C M. Aupr. The American Roftmg Mill Co.. Middletown, Ohio. /'ire'Chairman (la Charge of //<*//&)--Du R. C Exco. Corrigan-McKmnry Di*, Republic Steel Corp, Cleveland, Ohio. Secretary and Kerrs Latter Editor--*R. A. CriAmv. Continental Steel Corfu. Kokomo. Ind. Contest Committee Chairman -Rohm L. Sen jjitt, Lmuitk Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co. Louisville, Ky. Engineering Committee Chairman--J. E. Ccluxct. Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem, P*. Foundry Committee Chairman--\awix A- BmXkuax. Mackintosh. Hemphill Co, Pitts burgh, Pa. Membership Committee Chairman -Mai. E. Tbaumcll Gulf States Steel Co., Alafaama City, Ala. Poster Committee Chairmen R. H. Foctunx. Republic Steel Corp. Cleveland, Ohio. Program Committee Chairman--H. M. CanottAV. Inland Steel Co, East ChSmga, Ind. PaMwify Couuuilirr Choirmo--C. W. HAXKn, Pittsburgh Steel Co, Moncutn, Pa. Railway Car Builders Committee Chairman--V. J. BttA.vn. Pullman Standard Car Manu facturing Corp, Pullman, Chicago* Ht Slide* and Safely Kink* Committee Chairman--). A. Oaktei. Carnegic-1llinra* Steel Corp, Pittsburgh. Pa. Statistic* Committee Chairman--\V, J. IsrxAsco, Kidder Ci, Kohler. Wis. Members at Large-- ' F. G. Bkxxctt. The Backer* Steel Cssimc* Co, Columbus, Ohio. E. F. Blaxk, Jones & Laugh]in Steel Owp, Pittsburgh. Pa. J. A. Corntx. National Radiator Cum, Johnstown, Pa. G. A. Dans. Camegie-Illinois Sled Corp, Chicago. Ilk - M. \V. Duxnoac, Beloit Iron Works Co,'Hrkrit. Wis. Jails P. Em. Camnle-llHitois Steel Corp, Joliet, Ilk \Y. T. Faun, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co* Youngstown, Ohio. A. C Gissox. Spang. Chalfant ft Co* Inc, Phtsburgh. pa. O. F. Haim. American Or and Foundry Co, New York, X. Y. S. E. Hawses, MtcWhyk Co* Kenosha, Wis. H. H. Htxir, Otis Steel Co* Cleveland. Ohio. H. G. Hutto, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co, Chicago, Ifl. W. A. Jasvjs. The Chase Companies. Waterbtiry. Conn. * F. A. Lauouax, Republic Sled Corp, South Chtcagn. IfL T. H. McKaxxcr. Chicago. IU. . D. V. Mebaur. Intertake Iron Corp, Chicago. I1L Jonx OHoutK. Bethlehem Steel Ca, Sparrows Point, Md. C. E. Rauiox, Pittsburg Plate Glass Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. Fuse Roux. Wheeling Steel Corp, Portsmouth, Ohm. Huuias Sroeaxa. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co* Evanston, IH. j. K. STAmnok Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co, Decatur. lit J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp, Cleveland. Ohio. 299 300 Twiilv-fifih National Safrt? Cangrris Officers Elected for 1936-37 Crwrat Chairman--C. U. Aucc, The American Rollins Mill Co, Middletown, O. t'iee-Chairman R. .V Cuaitin. Continental Steel Conw Kokomo. Ini ` Secretary and .Wav Letter Editor--cu. E. Traumeu. Coif States Steel Co* Alabama, Canter* ^Committee Chairman--Robott L. Schmitt. Louisrille Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co* LoeisWUe. Ky. Ettptncerittp Committee Chairman--K_ H. FtlCCtOX, ReptMie Steel Corp* Oeveland. O. !:owdrx Committee Chairman--Ixvix A. Bwskmax. Maekiniosh-Hempntll Co* Pitts burgh. Pa. Health Committee Chairmen--Da. R. C. Esccu Republic Steel Cora* Cleveland, 0. Membership Committee Chairman H. J. Caimni. Jones & Laughfm Steel Corp* Pitts burgh. PL _ Poster Committee Chairman H. H. Hitxsr. Otis Steel Co* Cleveland. Prphtmm Committee Chairman---C. W. Haxxo. Pittsburgh Steel Co* Monetsen, Pa. Publicity Committee Chainson--C E. Ralstox. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co* Pittsburgh. Pm. PeHtray Car Rnilders Committee Chairman--P. J. Buss, Pullman Standard Car Manu facturing Owp* Pullman. Chicago. ................ Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--}. A. Oaxto* Carnegte-Inmob Steel Co* Pittsburgh. Pa. _ Statistics Committee Chairman--\V. T. Ftutfju The toimgstown Sheet and Tube Co* Youngstown. Ohio. Members ct fjtrpe-- F. G. Bex sett. The Buckeye Steel Castings Co* Columbus. O. R. A. Bern. Central Tube Co* Amhridg. Pa. C A. Diaxcsii. H. H. .Robertson Co* Amhridge. Pa. . H F. Busk, Jones & Laughltn Steel Corp* Pittsburgh, Pa. J. A. Cntraix. Kational Radiator Corp* Johnstown, Pa. C. S. CMieatu, lieMen Manufacturing Co* Chian. IIL H. M. Canr.iiAX. Inland Steel Co* East Chicago, Iitd. J. K. .Ct'cuxrv. Bethlehem Steel Co* Bethlehem. Pa. H, W. Dau. Bethlehem Steel Co* Johnstown. Pa. M. \V. Uumwfi, Beloit Iran Works Co* Beloit. M il It T. Dvr. Republic Steel Corp* Warren. O. joftx P. Eta. Caroegte-Illinois Steel Corp* Joliet, lit K. A. Klus, Wheeling Steel Corp* Wheeling. W. \ a. ^ J. P. Gatiiesvm, Great Lakes Steel Corn* Ecorse. Midi. A. C. Giasox. Spang Chalfant Co* Inc* Pittsburgh. Pa. O. F. Haxvxy. American Car and Foundry Co* New \ork, N. V S. E. Hawkra, Maewhytc Company. Kenosha. Wb. H. G- Hkxmu The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co* Chicago. IIL W. A. Jakvis. Chase Brass & Copper Co* Waterbury. Conn. F. A. Latomax. Republic Steel Cora* Chicago. Ill T. H. McKccnev (retired). Camegw-lllioob Steel Co* Chicago. III. 1). V. Mruuc Interlake Inm Corp. Chicago. ItL Joilx OKflin:. nethlehero Steel Co. Sparrows Pomk Md. C. S. Pmturx, Revere Copper & Brass. Inc* Rome. N. Fsask Row*. Wheeling Steel Corn* Portsmouth. O. A. C. ScitfLta. Bucvrus-Erie Co* Ss Milwaukee. \\ is. H. j. Snnatk. The Youngstown Shed and Tube Co* East Chicago. Ind. F_ J. Smxn. Bethlehem Steel Co* Bethlehem. Pa. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp* Cleveland. O. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 5, 1936. The opening session was called to or- Bethlehem Steel Co* Johnstown. Pa* dcr by General Oiairman H. \V. Darr. who presided. Chairman Darr welcomed Metafs Section 301 the delegates, pointed to the excellent year, and commended the various coin progress made by the Section during the mrttees on their work. Industrial Relations and Accident Prevention By J. A. VOSS Director of Industrial Relations, Republic Steel Corporation, Oeveland, Ohio Industrial relations of the right kind are essential to the success oh business. Men are no longer regarded as commodi ties. to be purchased at the lowest pos sible rate and discharged when no longer needed. Employees must be as contented as ambitious men can be: deserving ones must have opportunities for advancement: wages, hours, and working conditions must be favorable. There must be an earnest, sincere effort to work with men. to appreciate their needs, and as far as possible, to meet them. As intelligent labor relations are essen tial to modem industrial management, so intelligent safety work is essential to a worth while industrial relations program. The Employee Representation Plan, which has proved so successful during past years, is an excellent medium for carrying out both* programs. This plan, with its representatives elected directly by the men from among tlieir fellow-workers, gives employees and management every opportunity to meet together and discuss all phases of indus trial relations, which should include a dis cussion of unsafe practices and conditions. By holding regular meetings, these prob lems are promptly settled before serious misunderstandings develop and accidents occur. The safety man has an outstand ing opportunity to carry on his work in cooperation with a safety committee from among the representatives. That safety and welfare represent an important part of the discussions between men and management under this plan is indicated by the fact that daring 1931 more than 25 per cent of all the cases handled by the representatives in our corporation dealt with these subjects. No safety program is really effective if it fails to use the many opportunities that an enlightened industrial relations policy presents to keep safety and accident pre vention constantly before the worker. Safety deserves a place of importance in the industrial relations program because of the good will it engenders among workers. Through a constructive, well designed accident prevention program the manage ment can get closer to the men and at the same time bring them more real good than through any other single medium. Such a program has one great advantage. Whether it's the president of the com pany or the newest laborer on the pay roll. there is a unanimity of opinion about the value of safety. A sound safety program also provides, through proper organisation, a logical system of liaison between management and men. The safety man. who should be, and frequently b. an integral. part of the industrial relations program, meets with the superintendents. The superin tendents, in turn, pass on the infm na tion they have gained to the foremen. Finally, the foremen hold meetings di rectly with the men working under them. This completes a chain that can, as need manifests itself, be used to pass along other information with equal effectiveness. Such a relationship is invaluable. It should he fostered and developed, for In thb relationship will frequently lie the method which will place a restraining hand on trouble and discord. In our corporation the safety depart ment is s part of the Industrial relations department. The office of the safety man ager adjoins my office, and be is familiar with the questions and problems which confront us in carrying out the broad program of industrial relations. Safety, to us, is dbtinctly a sales Job. judiciously mixed with a bit of crusading spirit. 312 Turnty-fiflh Motional Safety Congress to think, inability to draw a personal les son from the experience of others* over confidence and a desire to make good on the job. These can only be overcome by careful and systematic handling on the part of the supervisor. His is the respon sibility of potting over to the worker the value and advantages resulting from a close observance of rigid safety inspec tions. Systematic Organised Safety Effort There should be little need to make a plea for more concerted action along this line. As safety men. we know how eas ily the small employer could be put out of business as the result of even a few accident losses. The larger employer, as well, cannot afford to overlook the situa tion--his losses, through waste of time, money and materials, will seriously affect hts profits and hold his company up to the public as a very inefficient organiza tion. The ever increasing cost of com pensation insurance will undoubtedly be a factor m forcing more consideration for well organized safety work. Personally, I emphasize the side of humanity above the dollar and am satisfied from tong ex perience that where humanity rules* the profits will be satisfactor}'. Where a real safety jrrogram is followed, without doubt efficiency and economy of the highest or der will also prevail. The Present Status of Control of Dust and Fumes in Industry By H. B. MELLBR Managing Director, Air Hygiene Foundation of America* Inc.; Head, Air Pollution Investigation, Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, Pittsburgh, Pa. The problem divides itself naturally into medical, preventive engineering and legis lative phases, and includes consideration of the responsibilities of employer and employee to each other and to the public. It is axiomatic that, in case of physical disorder, impairment of function or disalritily. the more thoroughly the cause and course of action arc known, the more certainly can possible remedies be applied or preventive measures taken. In the diseases or affections under con sideration. there are facts upon which pre ventive methods are based* and upon which further studies now in course or contemplated arc. at least in part, predi cated. . During the development of the present state of knowledge of the influence of some air contaminants on health* natu rally many theories were advanced that later scientific work has modified or dis placed. However, not always has the correction been as widely and thoroughly disseminated as was the original theory: this condition, perhaps, has led to some confusion in the minds of many who hare not followed too closely the evolution of knowledge is this field. Oarsification of Dusts There arc available different published classifications of dusts. Included in such classifications arc dusts, the exposure to inhalation of winch are. or are likely to be. occupational. Those that are inher ently toxic when inhaled or otherwise ab sorbed and which cause systemic poison ing. include lead, arsenic, mercury, man ganese. Examples of dusts which have the ability to penetrate the deep lung tis sues and to be retained there arc quarts, 'flint, chert, asbestos, talc, coal, iron, clay, slate, and other types of rock dust. Attention here will be centered upon this last group and upon pneumoconiosis, the general term used to designate long conditions eansed by dust. Silicosis, which is caosed by the inhalation of free silica, has been prominent recently in the public press, sometimes in a way that made mis understanding possible, if not probable. Aside from silica* many of the insoluble .mineral dusts may bring about slight changes m the lung tissues, which may be demonstrated on the roentgenogram if there is silica in the dust that is inhaled. As far as is known today, most of them are relatively or entirely harmless. Metals Section 313 Ability of Dusts to Cause Injury It has been established that the poten tiality of silkious dusts to cause lung damage is, with few exceptions, depend ent upon their content of free silica (SO0- The development of silicosis de pends. therefore, upon the concentration of dust containing free silica in the air breathed. In other words, the total amount of free sOiea breathed and re tained seems to be the primary factor: the length of time necessary for a suffi cient accumulation is important, but less so than the total load. Silica oeeurs also In chemical combina tion in silicates. Some of these com pounds have been proved to be relatively harmless to health, some are still an the realm of doubt, and we- asbestos may cause the industrial disease called asbestoris. winch is the result of lung damage similar to, but not identical with nor as serious as, that produced by free siQca. Importance of Particle Size. The size of dnst particles in the air which an indi vidual may breathe is important. Not often are particles larger than 10 or 12 microns found in the deep longs, except m the case of asbestos dust, where fibers as long as 200 microns have worked their way down lengthwise. Uncomplicated Sflfcotfn Silicosis, un complicated by an infection, b mere of an impairment than a disability. It is not seriously disabling until it reaches an ad vanced stage, and does not of itself greatly shorten the life of a silicotic. SEBcP-Tubermltrain. When a silicotic dies, the immediate cause of death is usu ally some type of intervening lung infec tion. It is net known just why the pres ence of silica in the lungs increases sus ceptibility to tuberculosis, but when an adult with silicosis is exposed to tuber culosis, an active infection may occur, re gardless of the previous state of health. It Is thought probable that silica dust can reactivate healed tuberculous lung lesions of the adolt type; how tong after such lesions have healed the reactivation is possible is not certain. Exposure of sili cotic* to tuberculosis or of tuberculous individuals to silica dust is serious and should be avoided. After silicosis has become writ estab lished in the tongs, medical science has not found a way to arrest the progress of the silicotic process toward the stage of disablement except through limiting or preventing further exposure to silica dust. Nor has medical science found a way to prevent tuberculosis from being super imposed upon silicosis, except through control of contact. The course of silicotuberculosis is chronic and is very diffi cult to influence by treatment, according to phthisiologists. Medical Control. As a basis for intelli gent determination of the physical fitness of a man for a job in a dusty trade, physical examination, with stereoscopic roentgenograms of the chest, is necessary. Along with this study goes, naturally, the preparation of an occupational history with detail as to the exact nature of previ ous work and of exposure to industrial dost--not a valueless recording of occu pations as "laborer.** "machinist." etc. Dr. Sayers, of the U. S. Public Health Service, has developed a method of secur ing information for a proper occupa tional history; among others, Cummings, of Saranac Laboratory* abo has worked out a useful history btank. Standards have been developed for the diagnosis of silicosis. There is also a suitable technic for taking roentgeno grams of the chest in order to bring out the characteristic lung changes. From the considerable amount of work that has been done, it is possible to fore cast with a reasonable degree of accu racy the silicosis potentiality of various dusts. Periodic physical examinations, includ ing roentgenograms, are essential if em ployers are to be enabled accurately to learn the effect of individual exposure and intelligently to transfer affected work men to lower dust concentrations before serious injury has been done, or to work out a system of rotation where Indicated as desirable in order that exposure may be intermittent. Such examinations are helpful also In showing the efficiency of engineering control methods. The ability to place responsibility* in case of claim for injory is no small part of the value of such initial and periodic examinations. Asbestos!*. Clinical experience has shown that the inhalation of a sufficient amount of asbestos dust causes a serious type of fibrosis, which is not accompanied 314 Twenty-fifth Nattonai Safety Congress by an unduly high incidence of tubercu lous. Other dusts and silicate compounds so far studied produce, at most, only a mfld non-progressive reaction in the lungs, provided there is no significant amount of free silica in their composition. While not serious clinically, such conditions may give rise to considerable litigation. Adequate statistics on morbidity and mortality from occupational disease, to serve as a basis for effectively focussing the efforts to study and control dust dis eases of the lungs, are non-existent. In concluding this section, the follow ing quotation from a court decision in Wisconsin is pertinent (Schaefer v. In dustrial Commission. 265 N. W. 290 (Supreme Court. February. 1926)): ", . . It will be necessary to distin guish carefully between medical or patho logical disability and actual physical in capacity to work. The medical experts apparently ignore thb distinction, and so increase the difficulty of arriving at a just result under the law." Preventive Engineering It would be needless repetition to dis cuss in a technical way the engineering phases of dust control. All interested are referred to "Industrial Dust.** by Drinker and Hatch, which deals comprehensively with the subject: U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars 6840 and 6848. by Harrington and Davenport, a review of literature on "Prevention of Dust Dis eases**: U. S. Public Health Service Bul letin 217. by Bloomfield and DallaVatle. n "The Determination and Control, of Industrial Dust**; Report Z9 of the Amer ican Standards Association; and to the l*. S. Bureau of Mines for a list of ap proved protective derices. - It may be said that, in general, - the engineering specialist can and will devise the necessary equipment to meet the con ditions specified to him. But the setting of limits of permissible dust concentra tion is not his but the physician's respon- ribBity. The engineer is concerned with keeping dustiness to or below the limits at present considered satisfactory. Methods of Determining Dor Sonic dusts (as lead) are determined hv chemical methods and the concentra tions in air are recorded gravimetrically as milligrams per cotie meter. Others (as silica, where site is a factor m de termining dangerous particles),' are given by count. Neither method give* the whole story, liut in both cases it may be possible to secure the information neces sary for the purpose. In one of the reports referred to earlier, there occurs this statement: "There is no doubt in the mind of anyone familiar with the present dust-sampling and dust estimating methods that they will be amended and changed from time to rime. At the present writing we would advise the use of the simplest possible procedures where dust control alone is in question. If one wishes to obtain values which can be compared with published data, it is generally necessary to copy with consid erable care the technic used in the origi nal case. This is another way of admit ting the annoying fact that results by one method are usually not comparable to those obtained by another method." In another place, the report says: "It is very doubtful if any useful purpose is served by determining accurately ex tremely dense dust concentrations--the only excuse for such data is to show the skeptic that the workplace is much dustier than it should be. . - "It is probable that any sampling pro cedure which fixes concentrations in groups 100 per cent apart is sufficient and that the results of any attempts to come closer to the concentration at the moment of sampling are simply misleading. Thus ranges sueh as 0-5, 5-10L 10-20, 20-40, ete^ suffice for dust control" As dost particles in the longs are of the order of 1 micron, whb rarely a panicle over 10 microns, dust control for hygienic reasons should be aimed at pani cles in the site range found to have been breathed and retained. Again quoting: "... if one could avoid use of the dusts of I micron or less or exclude them from the dust which passes a 225-mesh screen, nearly all dust diseases would be elimi nated." Dust Summation Obviously, it is better, when possible, to purchase equipment already supplied with exhaust hood, rather than to have to worry to fit one to equipment not de signed to be hooded. Thus the responsi* i/r/fl/x Section 313 bility for potential efficiency is upon the manufacturer. There is available comparatively tittle information upon which to base the scien tific design of hoods. The Preventive Engineering Committee of Air Hygiene Foundation includes in its recent report a table of minimum air velocities to cap ture certain industrial dusts (for use In granite cutting, grain elevators, paint spraying, sand pulverising and electric welding). For protective equipment such as dust respirators, air supplied masks, sand blast helmets, and goggles, very complete in formation is available, because of the work of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, the Bu reau of Standards, and the American Standards Association in preparing and issuing specifications to be met if the equipment b to be used under conditions where approval is necessary. Of course, all agree that, where possi ble. dust should be controlled at the source, and protective equipment used where this action cannot be accomplished. Dustbins There are various figures that hare been and are being used as guides to permissi ble dustiness where free silica is present. It should be noted that many of the data were not determined as the medical re quirement, but as being attainable In good practice and apparently satisfactory from a safety standpoint ' In South Africa the figure it 1 tnSH- gram per cubic meter (or 300 particles per cubic centimeter, or approximately B3 million per cubic foot). Dr. Una found in 1917 in the Joplin. Ua, dbtrict that with good engineering practice, a figure of 1 milligram per 100 liters of air could be attained. The U. S- Public Health Service, in Its study in the anthracite region of Pennsyl vania, found that 50 million particles per cubic foot with 5 per cent quartz in the coarse dust and 10 mOCon particles per cubic foot with 35 per cent quarts were apparently satisfactory and often were attained. The figure of 10-20 million particles per cubic foot for granite dost with 35 per cent quartz content b often quoted from the Vermont granite studies of the U. S. Public Health Service. Seme metst-mining companies have gone further, setting the maximum of permissible dustiness at 5 million particles per cubic foot. Certainly, there is a degree of air clean liness that is safe, from the standpoint of concentration of harmful dust. But the engineer may find himself in the position of practically being forced to control any dust, harmful or otherwise, if he would protect his employers against suits at common law and the possibility of award of damages to men who have breathed dust containing little or no free silica. A dusty workplace is difficult to defend in court. Neither courts nor compensation boards, and certainly not juries, have seemed to be greatly impressed with a low silica dust count in an otherwise dusty atmosphere. Quoting from one of the reports re ferred to: "Each stale ii a unit--a sover eign--and it handles its problems in its own way. Uniformity b lacking, although of course the statutes of many states are similar. The courts of the various states follow* such precedents as appeal to them: consequently, on any important question, there is likely to be a divergence of opin ion among the courts, and often the courts fall into two or more groups, each group following a different theory with respect to the same legal problem." Workmen's Compensation Acta Workmen's compensation acts have been passed in. 46 states (all except Arkansas and Mississippi)- and the Dis trict of Columbia. These acts are com pulsory as to private employers in 15 states and elective in 31 states. Insur ance to cover the risk b compulsory in seven states. A state fund, out of which compensa tion is paid, is maintained in 18 states: in two of these the employer may, by proving financial responsibility, carry bis own risk with limited contribution to the state fund for the expense of administra tion: in 11 more of thb group of slates the employer is not required to avail himself of the privileges of the state fund and may provide compensation otherwise.. In 28 states there is no provision for a state compensation fund. Administration of the compensation act is vested in a commission, board, or single 316 Tuvnty-fifth Motional Safety Congress onmimMoner in 40 Mate*; in six states the acts arc administered by the local courts. _ Again from the report: "The striding principle in the early acts was the award ing of compensation for accidental injury, meaning thereby traumatic injury.* (Traumatic means of or pertaining to a wound or wounds.) "In those years, the importance of disability due to occupa tional disease was not generally recog nised. It however became increasingly ai>parent that `injury* might be suffered gradually, and that the result of such gradual breaking down of the strength and resistance of the employee was more serious in many instances than traumatic injnry. Courts therefore, in some states, wrestled with the problem of construing `injury* so as to include disease and bring disease within the compensation acta.** tn one state a diseased condition is compensable under the act if caused by the negligence of the employer. Occupa tional disease is compensable, to some extent, in 16 states and the District of Colombia: in five of these states silicosis is not included among the compensable diseases: m one state silicosis is the only occupational disease made compensable. There is a legal obligation on the part of the employer to provide a safe place to work, and usually the matter of ventila tion is featured. The mining laws ap proach uniformity as to air quantity and as to equipment for mechanical ventila tion. Hie right, at common law, to recover tor occupational disease doe to negligence of the employer, is important. In three states it has been held by the courts that the right never did exist: in three states the right is extremely doubtful; in 12 states U probably exists, although there is some doubt: in 12 other states, the right seems well settled, but is limited in eight of this group: in the remaining states and the District of Columbia, no court de cisions can be found which decide the question as to whether or not such com mon law right exists. It should again be noted that occupational disease, is com pensable ro three states in this last group. "With the adoption of Occupational Disease Acts, new medical problems arise and more adequate provision is required for medical examination and treatment. THs is especially true with respect to dust diseases, which call for diagnosis by skilled specialists experienced in that field." Examination Before Employment 1. Under Compensation Acts: The Xew Mexico Act contains a provision re quiring the workman, at the time of his employment, or thereafter at the request of the employer, to submit himself to an examination. The Xew York Act of 1936, covering silicosis and other dust diseases, provides, m the opening paragraph: "It Is hereby declared to be the policy of the legislature of this state, in enact ing this article, to prohibit through every lawful means available, any requirement as a prerequisite to employment which compels an applicant for employment in any occupation coming within the pur* view of this article to undergo a medical examination." The North Carolina Act. effective March 26, HUS. contains a provision re quiring examination both prior to employ ment and from time to time during em ployment. In the compensation acts of no other states were found provisions with respect to examination prior to the time of em ployment. Z Under Other Statutes: Fire states (Louisiana. Maine. Xew Jersey. New York and Pennsylvania) have statutes requiring physical examination before an employee is permitted to work under compressed air or in caissons. Examination During Employment The five states mentioned in the pre ceding paragraph require periodic exam inations during the course of employment under compressed air or in caissons. Missouri statutes provide for examina tion. as often as once a month, by a com petent licensed and reputable physician, of all employees who come into direct contact with certain poisonous agencies or injurious processes. Three states (Xew Jersey, Ohio and Pennsylvania) require employers to cause to be examined at least once a month, employees engaged in any work or proc ess cxiwring them to lead dust, lead fumes or lead solutions. Metals Section 317 Examination After Qabs for Disability Arises Xo two sute acts contain identical pro visions. but in all (including the District of Columbia) that hare compensation acts, there is provision for physical ex amination after claim for disability arises. In five states (Kentucky. Massachu setts. Xew York. North Carolina, and West Virginia), definite recognition has been given to the importance of some sort of medical board composed of spe cially qualified physicians and surgeons, and charged with the duty of diagnosing occupational disease and of advising the administrative board or commission with respect thereto. The law's of these five states are quite different and should be studied separately for details, but in each occupational disease, including silicosis, is compensable. 1 The importance of roentgenograms in any thorough physical examination for pneumoconiosis is well known. This im portance is recognised in the Acts of New Jersey. Xew York. North Carolina, and West Virginia. Medical Treatment In the 17 states (including Maryland) in which occupational disease is, to some extent, compensable, the acts usually en title the claimant to a limited amount of medical, surgical, and hospital care, meas ured in money cost or length of time covered by treatment. ' These points were raised in the dis cussion following the addresses: I. How much time is required for completing a training course? Mr. Davison said that the training course in iheir plant ordinarily covered a period of one and one-half years, but that some students completed K sooner. The time required depends upon the individ ual. Z Is it advisable to limit the number of students per teacher? Ten students per instructor is a good ratio. Z Whkh gases present the greatest harards in welding? Silicon gases are the most harmful. The risk, however, has largely been over come by manufacturers of welding sup plies. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 6, 1936 Metals Section Safety Contest Two hundred and two mils were reg istered in the 1936 Contest of the Metals Section. During the Contest period 267.792 employees worked 561.788,579 man-hours with an average frequency rate of 8.030. t decrease of 4 per cent from the 1935 rate of 83S4. Ninety-five units completed the Contest with a fre quency rate below the average, and ft per cent of the units finished with per fect records. Nineteen plaques and eight certificates were awarded id the Contest. The plaques were presented by John B. Gibson, Publicity Director. Hawthorne works. Western Electric Company. Chi cago, and Vice President for Community Safety Councils. National Safety Council, aa follows: Stacl M{Qa Division, Group A--Conti nental Steel Corporation. Kokomo Divi sion. Kokomo. Indiana, 4.141,806 man hours. 12 injuries. 316 TuTuty-fifth National Safety Congress Stl Mflis Division. Group B and C Youngstown Sheet and Tube Comnanv. South Chicago Work*. Chicago. Illinois. ). 1^8.735 nun-hOBM. J injury. Rolling. Finishing A Fabricating Divi sion. Group A--The Chase Rrass and Copper Company. Cleveland. Ohio. 2.245.2S6 man-hours. 5 injuries. Rolling. Finishing St Fabricating Divi sion. Group B---Sis tied ior first place-- Revere Copper ami Brass, Inc.. Baltimore Division. Baltimore. Md- 1.04Z599 man hours. no injuries: Central Tube Com pany. Ambridge. Penn.. 1.027.084 man hours. no injuries: Continental Steel Cor poration. Chapman Price Division. In dianapolis. Indiana. 833.146 man-hours, no injuries: Republic Steel Corporation, (rand Crossing Plant. Chicago. Illinois. (03.234 man-hours, no injuries; Union Drawn Steel Company. Beaver Falls. Penn.. 443.363 man-hours, no injuries: Lehigh Structural Steel Co.. Allentown. Penn.. 319.353 man-hours, no injuries. Foundries Division--Three tied for first place -- Lycoming Manufacturing Company. Plants Nos. 2 and 3. Williams port. Penn, 609.440 man-hours, no in juries: Haynes Stellite Co- Kokomo. Ind, 481.481 man-hours, no injuries: American Rolling Mill Co, Sixth Street Foundry. Ashland. Ky.. 142.948 man hours. no injuries. Heavy Machine Shops Division. Group A--Lycoming Manufacturing Company. Plant No. 1. Williamsport. Penn.. 1.842. 474 man-hours, no injuries. Heavy Machine Shops Division, Group B--Three tied for first place--C. Hager & Sons Hinge Manufacturing Company. St. Louis. Mo, 805.007 man-hours, no injuries: D & B Pump and Supply Com pany. Los Angeles. California. 208.253 man-hours, no injuries: Noera Manufac turing Co, Waterbory. Conn.. 214.792 man-hours, no injuries. Light Machine Shop Division -- Three tied for first place--Western Clock Com pany. La Salle. Ill, 5.309.320 man-hours, no injuries; Ilg Electric Ventilating Com pany. Chicago. III.. 370.222 man-hours, no injuries: Tite-Klcx Metal Hose Company. Newark. New Jersey. 146.536 man-hours, no injuries. New Developments in Safeguarding By JOHN A. OARTEL Safety Director, Carnegie-HUaoia Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety kinks assembled by Mr. Oartel during the past year were presented as film strips. 56 views being shown. The first strip dealt with prevention of falling of material: with good housekeep ing: piling and storage; keeping loose ma terial from crane runways and other ele vated places: and simitar safe practices. It included 30 views reproduced from photographs which originally appeared in the National Safety News during the past year. The second strip illustrated new devel- opmenls in safeguarding and ways of pro moting saiety. It included 13 views taken in the Ohio and Chicago District plants of the Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation and 13 photos received from other com panies. including (he Ashland and Rutler Divisions of the American Rolling Mill Company: the Duluth Works of the Aeierican Steel & Wire Company; the Republic Steel Corporation; the Ford Motor Company: the National Tube Com pany; and the Pittsburgh Limestone Company. The Thursday session closed with a round-table discussion, "Your Hour,** led by H. J. Griffith. Jones & LaughGn Steel Corp, in the absence of T. H. McKenney, past general chairman of the sec tion. who was unable to attend. ADJOURNMENT Mining Section Officers 1935-36 General Chairmen--J. W. Alt. Calumet & Hccla Consolidated Copper Co.. Calumet. Mich. \`ice-Chaxrmaa ut Charge of Membership--C W. Ginas. Harwich Cnal and Coke Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. Viee-Chairmon in Charye of Engineering--C. J. Barrctt. Oliver Iron Mining Co, Duluth, Minn. riee-Chairman in Charge of Health--l-r. Long. Clinchfield Coal Corp, Dante. Va. Secretary--Damcl Habrixctox. United Stales Bureau of Mines. Washington. D. C. Entertainment Committee Chairman--Wsi. G. Metecol Hudson Coal Co, Scranton. Pa. Program Committee Chairman--.R. N. Hosier. Coal Mine Section. Pennsylvania Com pensation Rating and Inspection Bureau. Harrisburg. Pi Poster and Slide Committee Chairmait--J. J. Foroes. United Stales Bureau of Mines. Pittsburgh, Pa. Publicity Committee Chairmoi*--M. R. Buoo. The Explosives Engineer. Wilmington. Del. Statistics CoBimiVfrr Chairman--\K, W. A da sis, United States Bureau of Mines, Wash ington. D. C. Members at Large-- P. M. Amrcft. American Zinc Co. of Tennessee. Mascot, Tenn. John L Boaiduan*. Anaconda Copper Mining Co, Butte, Mont. Axxus D. Casjpbcu, McIntyre Porcupine Mines. Ltd, Schumacher, Ont, Canada. IV, H. Comins. National Pigments and Chemical Co, Potosi, Mo. Tiioxas E. Liciittoot, Koppcrs Coal Co, Pittsburgh. Pa. Gcorce Martinson*. Pickands Mather & Co, Cleveland. Ohio. D. D. Moffat, Utah Copper Co, Salt Lake City. Utah. V. O. Murray. The Umon Pacific Coal Co, Rock Springs, Wyn. R. B. Paul, New Jersey Zinc Co, New York, N. Y. L T. Sicxa, Sl Joseph Lead Co, Bonne Terre, Mo. Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--C W. Glass, Harwtck Coal and Coke Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. I'iee-Chairman in Charge of Engineering--O. J. Barrett, U. S. Steel Corporation Sub sidiaries, Duluth, Minn. l/iee-Chairmtm in Charge of Health --Lee Long, Clinchfield Coal Corp., Dante, Va. t'ice^Chairman in Charge of Membership--Angus D. Camretxx, McIntyre Porcupine Mines. Ltd, Schumacher, Ont, Qoata Secretary and News Letter Editor--Danio. Hauuxcton*. United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. G Poster and Slide Committee Chairutet*--). J. Fobbls, United States Bureau of Mines, Pitts burgh, Pa. .120 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress Program Committee Chairmen--1_ C. Oarnu. The KorpctJ Coal Co. Piu.burgh. Pa /VMiYi'n- Committee Chairman--M. R. Rcoft The Explosive! Enpncer. Wilminelon. Del. Statistics Committee Chairman--XV. \V. AuasiS. United States Bureau ol Mines. Wait.. iiigton, D. C. yistni'ftt d/ /.a^w-- Thomas Allt.n. Chief Coal Mine Inspector. State of Colorado. Denver, Colo. I. W. Aut. Calumet & Hccla Consolidated Coj*l^r Co- Calumet. Mtch. V. M. AtTiict. American Zinc Co. of Tennessee. Mascot. Term. Km K. Be^alt. Consolidation Coal Co- Fairmont. \V. \ a. Ions I- Himhomax, Anaconda Copper Mining Co.. Duitc. _Mcnt. C. \\\ Coxsca. Nellis Coal Corn- Nellis. Bne County. \V. \ a. M .\ricr. CoCltou Clearfield Bitomhums Coal Corp, Indiana. Pa. II. T. Haam*. Tennessee Conner Co- CcppevhiU, Tenn. H. C. Hf^catr- Phelttf Dodge Com- B*hee. Ari*. .,, Kcsji N. Hostwu Coal Mine Section. Pennsylvania Compensation Ratine * inspcc* tion Bureau. Harrisharp. Pa. v_ C. F. Kiru. Jamison Coal Corp- Greensburg. Pa Thomas E. Ijr.irTmor. The Koppen Coal Co- Pittsburgh, ra. \Vm. C.. Mctzctji. Hudson Coal Co. Scranton. Pa. D. I). Mrr>T. Utah Copper Co.. Salt I-ake City, Utah. \' o Mvhbav. The Union Pacific Coal Co- Rock Spnncs. \\ yo. R. n. Pack. New Jersev 7.ine Co- New York. X. Y. Ions T. Rvan. Mine Safely Appliances Co- Pittsburgh. Pa. }_ T. Sicka. St. Joseph l^cad <To_ Bonne Terre. Mo.. Jons Tar.wcr.K. Homenake Mining Co.. Lead. S. D. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 6. 2936 The first session was called e*er l.v General Chairman J. W. Alt. Calumet & Hccla Consolidated Copper Co- Cato- met- Mich- who summarized tl progress of the Section donng the year and introduced the speakers. Coordinating Health Conservation With Safety in the Mining Industry By FRED A. KRAFFT Director of Employees' Service, Consolidation Coal Company. Inc- Fairmont. W. Va. The average industrial .worker is only about >5 per cent pbyricaliy efficient. The principal reason for the missing 25 per cent is largely due to ignorance on the part of the worker of such important sub jects affecting his mental and physical condition as dietetics, nutrition, the pru dent purchase, the efficient preparation and the chemistry of foods, personal hygiene, control and cure of communica ble diseases, treatment of disease* affecting the functional organs of the body and Mining Section 321 kindred knowledge affecting the well being and fitness of the human machine. Along with the worker's ignorance of such matters, follows the employer's in difference to the worker's ignorance. Ex cept as the employer maintains a modem employment and physical examination procedure and except as he maintains a medical and public health nursing program that should' break down this ignorance of the workers, the average employer is ex tremely indifferent to the physical limi tations and the functional or constitutional disorders of his employees. Medical science, experts in manage ment. industrial and human relations, safety and other functions of business can welt take time out to take stock of what is being done in "Humanica" in the ame manner that attention has been given to the mechanics of business and industry. It is well known in industry that the "Monday morning blues" cannot alone be charged to John Barleycorn or other ex cesses. An overtaxed stomach and liver, with a let-up in physical activity, can just as easily give the worker a "Monday head" as is possible with an undue inti macy with "John Barleycorn." The an swer to this problem, which involves ab senteeism, loss of production, industrial accidents with all of the costs and misery attending same, is to provide facilities in collaboration with the worker that will give him an ootlct for his physical ener gies during his spare time. Athletics in various forms, garden growing, and com munity outdoor activities will keep the inactive worker out in the air and sun shine and enable him to "bum op" what ever he cats Or drinks, whereas physical inactivity for a period of two or three days with his customary consumption of "fuel" will Send him hack to work "clogged up" physically and therefore mentally. You have a fertile prospect for an accident or you have a worker only 75 per cent efficient, and up go your production costs and your lost time acci dent records. The Mining Industry must leant from the experience of other basic industries that employee relationships involving ac tivities of this type are mutually benefi cial to employer and employee. The em ployer's participation in sueh activities need not be paternalistic or dictatorial. If such is the case the program will fail and may even be a t>oomerang to the em ployer's ultimate disadvantage. It is better that sueh a program l>e mu tually cooperative--the employer or his representative serving in a counseling caliacity and the employees assuming the major responsibilities for organization and administration of the activities, and like wise furnishing the greater part of the money necessary to finance such recrea tional program. If the employees are en couraged to organize activities along these suggested lines, they will, individually and collectively, get ltchind the program in the matter of interest and financial support. If the employer docs not have at his disposal the facilities or tcrsonncl, there is no excuse for his failure to attempt the education of his employees in matters of this kind because there is any amount of literature available on these subjects pub lished ai nominal cost lv government and private agencies. *. Is it not better health and accident in surance to teach your employees how to cal and live correctly, by the distribution and explanation of such reading matter so that the}* arc efficient and safe workers? Old Mother Nature in the form of plenty of air, sunshine, the right foods, a balance of recreation and rest will, with the occasional advice of the doctor and dentist, develop a high degree of efficiency and safety among your workers. In our judgment it is the employer's responsibility to -see that his employees arc informed in such matters and the em ployer's interest in the well being or physical efficiency of his employees will be returned proportionately in his pro duction costs and accident record. In the inauguration or administration of a medical program for a large mining operation or for an individual mine Che first question to be solved is what is the company policy going to be. 1. The direct operating costs of a medical program should be supported en tirely by the income received from the employees in the form of a monthly medical check-off. Where this arrange ment prevails, the employees are inclined Co be exacting---that is they wifi expect the best possible service because they are paying for it, and they do not look upon the service as a paternalistic gesture 346 T-nrnfy-fifth National Safety Congress *cvcn-tnmng games arc played each week before large attendance. Change Rooms. Modern change rooms are provided for workmen. The change rooms at the two operating shafts are pro vided with tunnels or enclosed passages betwen change room and sliaft to prevent exposure to weather. It is believed that these prevent many colds and more se rious illnesses. Employees Pensions. In 1917 the com pany instituted a pension plan. Employees arc retired on pension on account of old age. physical disability or disease, on rec ommendation of the head of the depart ment in which the man was employed. The maximum pension is $50 per month. Employees Aid Fund. This tvas estab lished in 1910. Dues of $1.50 per month arc paid by each employee. The business of the Aid Fund is conducted by a board of nine directors including general man ager. chief surgeon, mine superintendent, metallurgical superintendent, master me* clianic. attorney and three days-pay em ployees. The company pays all adminis tration expense. The Aid Fund pays $800 death benefit and $! per day for three months and then SI .50 per day for another six months benefit in ease of sickness or non-compensable accident. Since the depression the Homestake Mining Company has recompensed the Aid Fund in the amount of $10,441.63 to make up losses sustained on securities owned by the Aid Fund. Accident Records and Cost Our accident records are not as good as those of some mining companies, nor have they reached the mark at which we are aiming But our accident cost is prob ably as low as that of any mine in the country. During the last ten years the disability compensation cost has exceeded two cents per ton ore in only one year. The lowest year was $.0155. 1924 was the last year in which compensation cost exceeded one per cent of payroll. In 1935 it was 56/100 of one per cent of payroll. This low cost is attained tn spite of the fact that we have long followed a policy of settling every case. It has been many j-cars since a single case was fought And we are more liberal than the law in that we pay compensation from the first day while the State law requires payment only after the tenth day of lost time. ADJOURNMENT Paper and Pulp Section Officers 1935-36 General Chatrtnan--E. E. Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co,, Middletown, Ohio. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership--F. L. Irvin, St, Croix Paper Co* Woodland, Maine. Secretary and Program Committee Chairman--George J. Adams, Internationa! Paper Co* Glen Palls, N. Y. News Letter Editor and Publicity Committee Chairman-*Fred W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Contest Committee Chairman--A. Scott Dowd, The Paper Industry. Chicago, 111. Engineering Committee Chairman--J. H. Turner, Consolidated Paper Corp., Ltd., Mon treal, P. Q* Canada. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. E W. Paine, Hollingsworth A Whitney Co, Water- ville, Maine. Poster Committee Chairman--Claims Braatz, Marathon Paper Mills, Rothschild, Wis. Statistics Committee Chairman--A. E. Winslow, Hollingsworth & Whitney Co., Water- vine, Maine. Members at Large-- Ernest Augustus, Mead Paper Corp* Chillicothe, Ohio. W. J. Brennan. Maine Dept, of Labor and Industry, Augusta, Maine. h. B. Chant, Ontario Pulp & Paper Maker's Safety Assn, Toronto, Ont., Canada. T. L. Christensen, Continental Paper & Bag Corp., Marinette, Wis. Kenneth L. Faist. The Champion Paper and Fibre Company, Hamilton, Ohio. W. A. Gleason, Hammermill Paper Co* Erie, Pa. J. J. Hastincs, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co* Port Huron, Mich. Don E. McDowell. Kalamazoo, Vegetable Parchment Gx, Kalamazoo, Mich. Arthur Murray, Container Corp. of America, Chicago, III. W. J. Peacock, Northern Paper Mills, Green Bay, Wis. J. J. Plzak, Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co.. Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Samuel Pruyn, Finch-Proyn and Co* Inc* Glens Falls, N. Y. F. A. Robinson. Kimberly-Clark Corp* Neenah, Wis. B. D. Rogers, Bird & Son, Inc* East Walpole, Mass. * F. H. Rosebush, Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Co* Port Edwards, Wis. Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--George J. Adams, International Paper Co* Glens Falls, N. Y. Vice-Chairman fit Charge of Membership--Akijiuh E. Winslow, Hollingsworth & Whit ney Co., Watcrville, Me. Secretary and Program Committee Chairman--F. A. Robinson, Kimberly-Clark Corp* Neenah, Wis. News Letter Editor and Publicity Committee Chairman--Clayton Braatz, Marathon Paper Mills. Rothschild. Wis. 347 348 Tuvnty-fifth Motional Safety Congress Contest Committee Chairman--A. Scott Down, The Paper Industry. Chicago. III. Engineering Committee Chairman--D. B. Chaxt. The Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers* Safety Assn- Toronto. Ont- Canada. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. Edward \V. Paixf, Hollingsworth & Whitney Co., Watenrille. Me. Poster Committee Chairmon--). H. Turner, Consolidated Paper Corp- Ltd., Grand Mcie. P. Q-, Canada. Statistics Committee Chairman--Fred W. Braun*. Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Members at Larpe-- Ernest Augustus. The Mead Corporation, Chillicothe, O. \V. }. Brennan, Maine Department of Labor and Industry, Augusta. Me. XI. XV. Dunoore. Beloit Iron XV'orks, Beloit, Wis. K. L. Faist, The Champion Paper and Fibre Co- Hamilton, O. W. A. Gleason, Hammermill Paper Co- Erie, Pa. E. EL Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co- Middletown, O. .1. J. Hastings. Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co- Port Huron, Midi. ' / C. O. Holmer. Minnesota and Ontario Paper Co.. Minneapolis, Minn. F. L. Irvin. St. Croix Paper Co- Woodland, Me. f / D. A. MeAlary, Fraser Companies. Ltd- Edmundstoa. N. B., Canada. : Don E. McDowell. Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Co- Kalamazoo, Mich. Arthur Murray. Container Corporation of America, Chicago, 111. H. G. Xoves, Oxford Paper Company, Romford. Me. J. J. Plzak. Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co.. Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Samuel Pruyn. Finch-Pruvn Co- Inc- Glens Falls. N. V. B. D. Rogers. Bird & Son. tnc- East Walpole. Mass.* F. H. Rosebush. TCekoosa-Eriwarris Paper C<x, Port Edwards, Wis. S. F. Siiattuck. Kimberly-Clark Corp- Xccnah. Wis- Representative. The American Paper and Pulp Association. L. R. Simpson. The Brown Paper Mill Co- Inc.. West Monroe, La. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 5, 1936 The opening session was catted to or der by General Cliairman E. R. Grant, the Crystal Tissue Co- Middletown, Ohio, who presided. Chairman Grant reported on the progress of the Section during the past year, commending the various committee chairmen on their ac tivities. ` Report of Accident Experience Exchange By A- E. WINSLOW Manager of Personnel, Hollingsworth & Whitney Co., Watenrille, Me. In spite of- the fact that 125 plants re ported 1313 accidents in the Paper In dustry Safety Contest this year against 111 plants and 1,448 accidents in last year's contest, the number of reports sub mitted to our Experience Exchange dropped from 239 last year to 108 this year. We find but 24 plants, out of the 125 reporting in the contest, submitting reports for the Exchange. Of the 18 com panies and 36 plants reporting in last year's Exchange, 9 companies and 18 Paper and Pulp Section 349 plants were included in this year's tabu lations. The time lost as a result of the 108 accidents recorded for this year's study amounted to 10,160 days. This is approx imately 4 per cent improvement over the average days lost per accident in last year's study. The accidents i>cr plant this year range from 1 to 14, which is about a 39 per cent improvement over the pre ceding year and approximately 80 per cent over the first year's study. Thus year the average time lost per individual is 94.1 days, or a reduction of about 6 per cent over last year, and 13.6 per cent ever the preceding year. Ex cluding the standard time charges we find that the average per individual has in creased to 243 days, or 22.1 per cent over last year's figures and 37.2 ter cent over the preceding year's study. In spite of this increase we again find the frequency rate in the contest lower by 1.497, or 9.05 per cent. Wc find but one fatality in thus year's study compared with two last year and four the preceding year; four finger am putations and no loss of eves against ten finger amputations last year and seven the previous year and one loss of an eye in each of the two years. 61 per cent of those injured were tour workers, 37 per cent day workers, and 2 per cent not clas sified. The marital status of injured persons shows somewhat the same ratio as those rc)K>rted in previous years. 63.9 pe* cent married. 33.4 per cent single, against 71.1 per cent married and 22.2 per cent single in 1935 and 72 per cent and 28 per cent in 1934. / The tabulation of accidents by months and days is of even less value than last year and so wc merely record that Feb ruary was high month with 17 accidents and October was low with but 3 acci dents. Wc find Thursday the fateful day with 21 accidents, and Wednesday with 20 is in second place. Last year Monday led with Friday second, and tne first year's tabulations showed Tuesday high and Thursday in second place. There is definite evidence to substan tiate the theory of greatest accident oc currence between 9:00 and 12:00 in the morning and 2:00 and 4:00 in the after noon. A study of our plant records shows no serious accidents and very few lost time accidents occurring during the night tour, which is 10:00 p. m. to 7:00 a. m. If employees can work in comparative safety during the night, why do wc have so many accidents during daylight hours? Will our study eventually answer this question? This year's tabulation of hours worked previous to time of injur)* does not coin cide with those of the two previous years: nevertheless it docs indicate wc are sub stantially correct in our previous deduc tion that accidents are prone to occur following several hours of duty and at the conclusion of a tour. While wc cannot confine this year's ac cident prone age to a span of five years, 25 to 30, as wc did in the two preceding studies, we can say without qualification that workers between 20 and 30 give ev er)* indication of being more susceptible to accidents than the older employee. This year's tabulation, according to years of service, with 183 per cent of the accidents occurring among employees of less than two year's service and prac tically 26 per cent with two to four years, substantiates our deductions of the two previous studies that the tendency is for the young employees in terms of service to become injured. With the peak for 1934 in the one to six month class, and 1935 the one to two year class, this year's peak has risen still further to the two to three year class. In studying the tabulation by depart ments, as in the. two previous years, "ma chines*' still account for the largest num ber of our accidents, with the repair and maintenance detriment a close second. The beaters show marked improvement over both of the preceding years and pulp ' mills improved greatly over 1935 although not doing as well as in 1934. For some reason the finishing departments ran into an extremely bad year, having about a 50 per cent increase over the 1935 figures. As indicating where we may expect the most of our accidents to occur, we may safely use the total of all three years. The results of such a summation indicate that wc may look to the laborers, wood han dlers. and the millwrights for approxi mately onc-third of our accidents in 1937. This year we have only 39 different ma chines. tools, or appliances involved in the 108 accidents reported, as against 101 in Refrigeration Section Officers 1935-36 General Chairman--Harold M. Toombs, Armour and Co., Chicago, III. Vice-Chairman--A. W. Oakley, Merchants Refrigerating Ca, New York, N. Y. Secretary--John L. Speers, The City Ice & Fuel Ca, Cleveland, Ohio. News Letter Editor--A. A. Rall, Kansas Gty Power & Light Co, Kansas City, Mo. Engineering Committee Chairman--H. L. Lincoln, The Union Ice Co., San Francisco, Calif. Jfcmbership Committee Chairman--L. T. McArthur, Peoria Service Co^ Peoria, 111. Poster Committee Chairman--Col. M. J. McCombs, Texas Employers Insurance Assil, Dallas, Texas. Program Committee Chairman--Emerson A. Brandt, National Association of Ice In dustries, Chicago, 111. Publicity Committee Chairman--Harry Hutchens, Kentucky Utilities Co* Lexington, Ky. Statistics Comtnittee Chairman--Herman Hillexbach, Knickerbocker Ice Co., New York, N. Y. Members at Large-- T. A. Adams, Union Terminal Cold Storage Gl, New York, N. Y. G. D. Allman, United States Cold Storage Co., Chicago, 111. C A. Bowen, Cutler Ice Co., Binghamton, N. Y. Georcb B. Bright. George B. Bright Co., Detroit, Mich. L. W. Dawley, Southern United Ice Ca, Jackson, Miss. W.O. Ham, Southern Ice & Utilities Co., Dallas, Texas. Hurley G. Hust. City Ice Co. of Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo. Guy W. Jacobs. The Steubenville Ice Ca, Steubenville, Ohio. . S. R. KaLuns, G Hoffberger Ca, Baltimore, Md. K. D. Knoblock, American Utilities Service Corp., Savanna, III J. F. Nickerson, American Institute of Refrigeration, Chicago, 111. P. J. Nolan, Libby, McNeill & Libby, Chicago, III . , R. B. Oakley, Chicago Ice Producers Mutual Liability Co., Chicago, 111. W. M. O'Keefe, American Warehousemen's Assn., Chicago, 111. Gardner Pools, American Institute of Refrigeration, Boston, Mass. L. C Roberts, Kclvinator Corp., Detroit, Mich. R. M. Seeker, Anheuser-Busch, Inc., Sl Louis, Mo. W. H. Senyard, Louisiana Power & Light Gl, Algiers, La. Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--Harold M. Toombs, Armour and Co., Chieago, III. Vice-Chairman--C. H. Harper. Southern United Ice Co., Jackson, Miss. Secretory--John L. Speers, The City Ice & Fuel Co., Cleveland, Ohio. News Letter Editor--A. A. Rail, Kansas City Power & Light Co., Kansas .City, Mo. Educational Committee Chairman--L. C. Roberts. Kelvinator Corp., Detroit, Mich. 443 444 Tu'cnty-fiftk National Safety Congress Committec Chairman--H. L. Lincoln, The Union lee Co., San Francisco. Membership Committee Chaimum--1,, T. McARTiirii. Peoria Service Co., Peoria, III . Issirtant Membership Committee Chairman--Rav M. Seeker. Anheuser-Busch, Inc.. Si Ijoui$, Mo. *' Program Committee Chairman--Yiinxsax A. Bmot. National Association of Ice Indus tries, Chicago, III. Publicity Committee Chairman--Was L. Scott, Bureau of Safety. Chicago, 111 Committee Chairutau--Herman Hillenbach. Knickerbocker lee Co, New York. Memberj at Large-- J- A* Awus, Union Terminal Cold Storage Co* New York N Y G. D. Allman, United States Cold Storage Co, Chicago, III. C A. Bowen, Cutler Ice Co., Binghamton, N. Y. * George B. Bright. George B. Bright Co.. Detroit, Mich. A. F. Carrion, Monsanto Chemical Co,, St. Lemi*, Mo. h, 'X` P.AWV. Southern United Ice Co.. Jackson, Mis*. W- O. Ham, Southern Ice & Utilities Co., Dallas, Texas. S- R. Kaluxs, C. Hoffberger Co^ Baltimore, Md. K-D. Kxoblock, American Utilities Service Corp., Savanna, 111. J. F. Nickerson, American Institute of Refrigeration. Chicago, III P. J- Nolan. Libby. McNeill & Libby, Chicago, 111. . S; wPA?.^** ^ica^o. Ice Producers Mutual Liability Co., Chicago. I1L W. M. O Keefe, American Warehousemen's Assn., Chicago, III Gardner Poole. American Institute of Refrigeration,`Boston, Mass. T- \V. Rodf-S. Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Corp.. Whiting, Ind. JV. H. Sexvaro, Louisiana Power & Light Co., New Orleans. La. M. J. Uune, Tlic M. J. Ulinc Co., Washington, D. C. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 6, 1936 The session was called to order by Genera! Chairman Harold M. Toombs, Armour & Co,, Chicago, who presided, Chairman Toombs reported on the activitics of the Section during the past year and introduced the speakers. Accident Prevention in the Brewing Industry By JOHN M. ROCHE Engineer, Travelers Insurance Co, New York City Mechanical and physical safeguarding is the first line of attack in any campaign io reduce, brewery accidents. Machines, whether maintenance or production, should be equipped with the best guards the market offers. If no guards arc *1 Vvtw.fi. available, then they should be designed and applied by brewery engineering de partments. Belts, pulleys, gears, chains, sprockets, fly wheels, and other dangerous moving parts may be found in nearly all operating departments of the modern Refrigeration Section 445 brewery* Wherever they arc located, they should be completely enclosed with guards. In the mechanical departments, saws, jointers, shapers, stave machines, and punches should be provided with point of operation guards that will pre vent the hands of the operators from entering the danger zone while the ma chines are running. Hoistways and elevators, often the scene of serious injuries, can stand plenty of improvement in most breweries. Some of these antiquated devices have long out lived any possibility of efficient operation and should be replaced with modern equipment. Where they can be made safe, action should be taken immediately to eliminate the hazards. Floors, stairs, and platforms in brew eries take severe punishment because of the nature of the work, and often they are allowed to wear to the danger point. One of the best types of floors, both from a service and safety stand|>oint, is a con crete floor with carborundum particles worked into the surface. This type of floor, even when wet. will prevent most slips and falls. The market now offers composition tile with a non-slip surface tliat may also be used for safe flooring. Safety treads for stairways, cither metal or composition, may be obtained, using carborundum or some other suitable abrasive as a surface. These are far superior to the wood treads and, although higher in first cost, actually they arc more economical because of their long life. Stairways should be provided with sub stantial hand rails on both sides. Work ing platforms should also he provided with guard rails and in addition, a toe board, at least six inches high, should be installed to eliminate the chance of ma terial falling to the floor below. Ladders cause many accidents in brew eries. Men often use make-shift ladders. The only real solution here is to destroy this substandard equipment. Substantial ladders, constructed of a hard wood prop erly cured, should be provided; these should have non-slip safety feet and if they arc to be used around tanks or vats, the tops should be equipped with hooks. Where possible, a steel ladder should be securely bolted in position in preference to a portable ladder. Conveyors arc coming into more gen eral use in the industry and they bring new hazards that should be controlled. All conveyors, live or dead, should have cross-over steps at every aisle. Side boards should be so extended as to pre vent the jumping of cases or barrels at turns or on down grades. Low headroom underpasses should be clearly shown by contrast painting and warning signs. Ma terial, in case warehouses, should he piled so that at least a two foot aisle is maintained on both sides of the conveyor. This will make it unnecessary for men to walk on top of it or to try and rde the belt to reach the other end of the aisle. Bottle filling machines, cappers, and labelers seem to be the points al which bottles may explode. These machines should have mesh barriers installed that will protect the operator from flying giass. This may he difficult, but it is well worth the effort if injuries arc prevented. Pitching machines are now provided with interlocks that prevent the atndication of air to the tank unless the barrel is in position. Those that arc not cqutp!*cd can easily he protected with a "home made" interlock. Particular care should he taken to pro vide sufficient artificial ventilation for men who are engaged in cleaning or shellacing vats. Carbon dioxide gas may cause the suffocation of a workman In the former, while wood alcohol poisoning may cause permanent blindness in the latter. Posi tive feed air masks should always be supplied if natural ventilation is not ob tainable. Gas masks should not be used where carbon dioxide is present ill excess. The air in the tank should be tested before an employee is allowed to enter and where tanks are being cleaned, even though the gas indication is negative, a life line should be supplied, controlled by an outside man. He should never enter the tank while the other man is inside. These physical hazards are but a few of the many that need attention if acci dents arc to be decreased. Sonic of the others arc: Grounding of electrical equipment, maintenance of clear aisles, removal of protruding set screws on mov ing machinery, supplying barrel skids for trucks, and providing gloves and goggies where caustic solutions are used. Handling materials causes most injuries in the brewing industry, or about 43 out of every 200 cases. Hand and foot in- 4S4 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress whkh had been followed daring the past year. Report of Exhibits Committee. The Committee reported that definite steps had been taken to assure good attendance at the National Exposition in the Conven tion Hall, and that these mcmsores in cluded the following: Rooting of delegates through the Exhilnt Hall: suitable notices in programs; luncheon and cloakroom- facilities: an "Exhibit Day" in each Section program; a worth-while attendance prize, with eligi bility limited to delegates who showed a real interest in the exhibits; cooperation of exhibitors in providing attractive dis plays: providing exhibitors with daily registration of delegates;, publicising the exhibits. Report of Program Committee. The Committee reported that a series of talks on five different subjects had been pre pared for presentation at the National Safety Congress. (A record of the Safety Equipment session will be found else where in these proceedings.) Other reports presented were those of the Publicity Committee, the Finance Committee, the Activities Committee and the Membership Committee. Meeting of October 6. 1936 The meeting was railed to order by Chairman T. A. Willson, who had been re-elected. Executive Secretary A. O. Boniface acted as secretary of the meet ing. George Shull. J. B. Davies and C. H. Gallsway were appointed directors. It was agreed that committee appointments.woold be made later by the Execu tive Committee and that members would be notified of the results by miiL It was voted to continue the positions oi executive secretary and assistant treasurer on the present basis. adjournment Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Who Exhibited at the Twenty-Fifth National Safety Congress and Exposition Atlantic City, N. J., October 5-9, 1936 Bsltroom Catrvevtsoa Attditoriain Aetna Casualty & Surety Company. Hartford. Conn. Automobile Driving Tests. American Abrasive Metals Company. Irvington. N. J. Safety Treads for Walkways and Safety Gratings. > _ American La-Francc & Foamitc Industries. Inc^ Elmira. X. V. Fire Extinguishing Equipment. Safety Eijuifutcut Section 485 American Mutual Lability Insurance Contfuny. Boston. Mass. Insurance. Workmen's Comjicnsatton. Property Damage, and General Automobile. American Optical Company. Southbridgr. Mass. Head and Eye l*rotccton Products. Amtaen. Inc.. Chicago, Hlmois. Auxiliary Emergency Stretcher and Pint Aid Equipment. Arrowsy Traffic Signal Corporation. Kingsport, Tenn. Traffic Control* Signals. Associated Guard Manufacturer*. Chicago. III. Dust Control Units and Mechanical Safety Guards. Frank E. Barnes Company. Chicago. Illinois. Electrician's Rubber Gloves. Beacon Corporation. Minneapolis. Minnesota. Direction and Danger Signals for Motor Transport Vehicles. Bendix Products Corporation. South Bend. Indiana. Automotive Equipment. . Robert A. Bernhard. Rochester. New York. First Aid Supplies. BUtehford Corporation. Chicago. Illinois. Traffic Signals and Markers. Bradley Washfountain Company. Milwaukee. Wisconsin Group Washing Equipment Stewart R. Browne Manufacturing Company. New York City. Safety and Special Purpose Lights and Lamps. Brown Shoe Company. St. Louis, Missouri. Men's and Women's Safety Shoes. R. H. Buhrke Company, Chicago, Illinois. Safety Equipment for Construction and Maintenance. E. D. Bullard Company. San Francisco. Calif. Industrial and Mining Safety Equipment. Burroughs Wellcome & Company, (t*. S. A.). Inc.. New York City. First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment. H. Childs & Company. Inc,, Pittsburgh. I*a. Safety Footwear. Cities Service Company. New York City. Oils and Gasoline. ` Cotumbus-McKinnon Chain Corporation. Tonawanda. K. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains. H. S. Cover. South Bend, Indiana. Respirators and Safety Goggle*. Croose-Hinds Company, Syracuse. New York. Traffic Signals and Flood Lights. Davis Emergency Equipment Company. Inc- New York City. First Aid and Safety Equipment. C H. Dockson Gs Detroit. Mich. . Head and Eye Protection. Do-More Chair Company. Elkhart, Indiana. Posture-Health Quirs for Office and Factory. Dual Parking Meter Company. Oklahoma City. Okla. Parking Meter Equipment. Donald S. Duncan. Inc- Chicago, III. Parking Meter Equipment. Eagle Signal Corporation. Moline. IlL Traffic Signals. ' 4Ri Twniyfiftli Natiouot Safety Congress Elliott Service Comtany. Xew York Chy. Elimination of Waste. l*romotion of Hflicicncy and Safely. Kairwiy Laboratories, lneN Rflleviltc. Ilk '_ Anii-faiipie and Heat Exhaustion Antidote Tablet* aud l'i#pcn*iflR Equipment. (knml Electric Company. Schenectady. X. Y. Electrical Equipment. t I^nri* Gerber, New York City. MOON the Clove Invisible. _ ^ llaiiey Davtdsoa Motor Comiiany. Milwaukee. Wk Police Motorcycle* and Equipment. The Highway Safety Signal Comfaay. Baltimore. Md. Double Filament Traffic ljmpi and Color Design Traffic I-en^ei. Holcomb Safety Garment Company. Chicago, 111. Indmtriil Safety Oothins. Iloof Product* Company. Chicago. III. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governor*. Huntington Laboratories. Inc., Huntington, lnd. Disinfecting and Sanitation Products. Hynwn. Wcstcott & Dunning. Inc. Baltimore. Md. ^ Mcrcofochnotnc Antiseptic for First AM Application. Indian Motorcycle Company. Springfield. Mass. IV!ice Motorcycles and Equipment. Industrial Gloves Corporation. Danville. 10. Steel Grip Glove* and Safety Apparel. Industrial Products Company. Philadelphia. Pa. Accident lYevention Equipment. International Shoe Comiiany. St. 1-croi*. Mo. Safety Shoes. Kcyntofic Chat & Apron Manufacturing Corporal ion. I'htladelphia, Pa. Service Uniforms for Industrial Purposes. Keystone View Company. Mcadvflle, Pa. Visual Sifoy Tests. _ Walter Kidde & Company, lnc^ New York City. _ Fire Extinguishing System* and l*rtable Extinguisher*. Walter C. Lcgge Company. New York City. Compounds for Qcaning and Treating Floor*. Lehigh Safety Shoe Comiiany. Allentown. Pa. Leather and Rubber Safety Shoe* Lilicrty Mutual Insurance Company. Boston. Ma*<. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. The Lima Cord Sole & Heel Co^ Lima. Ohio. Xon**h'p Sole* and Heel*. Liquid Carbonic Corporation. Chicago. Ilk Fumigant for Infestation Control. ' Macwhyte Company, Kcnoslta. \Yi*. Wire Rope ana Braided Slings. Martmdale Electric Company. Cleveland. Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signals. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York City. Insurance. Industrial Group, ete. Milburn C*m|Ony. Detroit. Mieh. Protective Creams for Prevention of Occupational Skin Diseases. Mine Safety Appliances Company. Pittsburgh, I*a. Safety Appliances and First-Aid Materials. Safety Equipment Section 457 Monarch Governor Company. Detroit. Mich. Automobile Speed Control Device* National Bureau of Casualty A' Surety Underwriter*. New York City. Casualty Insurance. National Carbon Company. Inc., New York City. Equipment for Battery-Operated Device*. National Safety Council, foe., Chicago, Ilk Poster. Bureau of Information. Research and Education Division*. Parkrite Corporation. Houston. Tex. Parking Meter Equipment. Patent Scaffolding Company, Chicago, Ilk Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. Protectoscal Company. Chicago, Ilk . Safety Devices for Hazardous liquid*. Fubnosan Safety Equipment Corporation, Brooklyn, N. Y. Respiratory Protection and General Safety Equipment. Pyrene Manufacturing Company, Newark. N. J. Fire Protection Equipment. Railway and Industrial Engineering Co. Grecuslmrg. Pa* Interlocking Systems. Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Company, Inc.. Columbus, Xcb. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Rose Manufacturing Company, Denver, Colo. Ladder Shoes, Window Cleaners* Safety Belt*. Safeguard Electric Company. I nr. Brooklyn. N. Y. Shockproof Portable Lamp Guard*. Safety Engineering, Alfred M. Best Company. Inc. New York City. `Safety Engineering.** Insurance Publications and Reports. Safety Equipment Service Company, Cleveland. Ohio. . Goggles and AD Types of Accident Prevention Equipment. Safety First Shoe Company. Holliston, Mi**. Safety Shoes. Safety Shoe Company, New York City. Safety Shoes. * W. H. Salisbury & Company. Inc* Chicago. HI. * Linemen's Robber Protective Devices. . W, W. Sly Manufacturing Ce, Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Control Equipment & Respiratory Protective Device*. Spencer Turbine Comiiany, Hartford, Conn. Heavy Duty Vacuum Cleaners and* Dust Collecting Equipment. Standard Safety Equipment Company. Chicago. Ilk Dust Protective and Safety Equipment. Stonebouse Signs, luc^ Denver. Colo. Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. .Strauss Company, Koc. Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Belts, Foot Guards. Safety Hats. Sugar Beet Products Company, Saginaw, Mich. Industrial Soaps. Surety Rubber Company, Carrollton, Ohio. Linemen's Safety Equipment and Synthetic Rubber industrial Equipment. John S. Tilley 1.adder Company. Inc. Watcrvllct. N. Y. Safety Ladders and Scaffolding. Traffic Toy, Ine., Canton, Ohio. Traffic Warning Signs. k 488 T'centy-fifth Xalional Safely Congrai U. & Sll Corporation & SobrMUrie*. 1`itUbarEh. Pa. Steel 1'rodacts and Cement. Weaver ilantifacturinjr Comitany. Springfield. 111. Automotive Toting Equipment. _ West Disinfecting Company. Long Island City. X. Y. Products for the Promotion of Sanitation. Willson Products, Inc, Reading. Pa. Personal Protective Devices. Steam Railroad Meeting WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 7, 1938 The Steam Railroad Meeting of the National Safety Congress was called to order by Chairman W. \V. Wood. Super intendent of Safety and Welfare, The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, Baltimore. Mdn who presided, welcoming the delegates and introducing the speakers in tnrn. Safety in Construction and Maintenance From the Viewpoint of a Chief Engineer BrCH. PARIS Chief Engineer, Chicago & TPmots Midland Railway Co^ Springfield, UL Accident Bulletin Xo. 103 of the I. C. C reports, table No. 55, shows casualties by daises of employees and other persons for non-train accidents. For the 10-year period 1924*1934 the casualty rate for the maintenance of way department was greater than the rate for all employees on duty. For example, in 1930. this casualty rate was 11.07 while for all employees it was 9.36. In 1934, for maintenance of way employees it was 8.06 while for all employees it was 7.04. In 1930. 70 roads out of 162 had rates in the maintenance of way department trctovr the average for their group. In 1934. 62 roads oat of 158 were below the average. This means that less than onehalf of the roads have casualty rates in the maintenance of way department bet ter than their rates for all employees. In 1930 the spread between the lowest and the highest rate for the maintenance of way department was from 0 to 77.92. In 1934 the spread was from 0 to 89.11. This shows lack of uniformity of results and h is plain that the maintenance of way department has a safety problem. Its casualty rate is too high and this rate is too widely divergent as between the different carriers. . Now what about the nature of the ac cidents that go to make up the casualty rate? The four principal causes of injury are: I. Handling rail, ties, timber, etc. 2. Kails. 3. Using hand tools, jacks, etc 4. Motor, and hand car accidents. Why cannot employees handle rail. ties. Umber, etc safely? Is it because of im* proper methods, improper tools and equipment, poor quality of men, too much haste without regard to safety, or what? The majority of injuries are to hands and feet. Take the handling of creosotetreated tics for example. These lies may come loaded in flats, gondolas, box or stock cars. They are slippery if freshly treated, so this hazard is added to that of picking them up and throwing them out of the car. The elimination of injuries can only come through careful instruc tions as to exactly how the ties should be picked up, the assignment of the correct number of men, and their proper placemem so they will not foul one soother. This is true not only of the men In tbe car but also those on the ground. 489