Document NNBD4xXNx7NExE6Gj9a82e5wR

200 CHAPTER 6 linfgc JufiterflDoIft fiitl^ tcinlil hclncn Blholjdt unD rautfjfouitj nidit.'Vphn^^n^^t'imrger. tingften in fclefet Hidjtung ju beootmun&en, {dbftaufeilegte Cebensgefetj. Seine pcbeitsIeIftungJft ungeMetyj (Hd^iU0fntifflh^ P.nfPut o-S<t|l*od) lm Durt): Fig. 6.10. "Our Fiihrer Adolf Hitler drinks no alcohol and does not smoke.... His performance at work is incredible." From Auf der Wacht 54 (1937): 18. THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST TOBACCO 201 liquor (see fig. 6.10); attention was also drawn to the fact that nei ther Mussolini nor Franco were smokers. Max Schmeling, Ger many's nonsmoking world-heavyweight boxing champion, was also held up for emulation--at least until 1938, when the AfricanAmerican Joe Louis knocked him out in the first round of their championship bout, much to the embarrassment of Nazi leaders. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, antitobacco activists called for increased tobacco taxes, advertising bans, and bans on unsuper vised vending machines and tobacco sales to youth and to women in their child-bearing years. Activists called for bans on smoking while driving, for an end to smoking in the workplace, and for the establishment of tobacco counseling centers.94 The Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls published antismoking propa ganda,95 and the Reich Health Publishing House printed man uals describing simple experiments teenagers could perform to demonstrate the hazards of alcohol and tobacco.96 Counseling cen ters were established where the "tobacco ill" (Tabakkranke) could seek help--dozens of such centers had been set up by the end of the 1930s.97 Tobacco-free restaurants and sanitaria were also opened, often with financial support from the German Antitobacco League.98 Another response was to initiate research into the production of nicotine-free cigarettes. Nicotine had been recognized as the ac tive ingredient in tobacco since early in the nineteenth century, and by the 1890s techniques were available to lower or remove entirely the offending/delighting substance.99 The Reich Institute for Tobacco Research in Forchheim, near Karlsruhe, launched a se ries of studies to eliminate nicotine from cigarettes through novel breeding techniques and chemical treatment of the harvested plants, and by 1940 fully 5 percent of the entire German harvest, or roughly 3,000,000 kilos, was "nicotine-free tobacco."100 (Yes, there were tobacco farmers in Germany--60,000 in the mid-1930s-- producing about a third of the tobacco used in the German tobacco trade.)101 High-nicotine tobacco plants were also bred at this time, primar ily to obtain the pure nicotine commonly used as a pesticide. Rus sian tobacco refuse had been a major source of raw nicotine, and