Document NGmmeQqbm25RK5yV2yo0DxnMD

Asbestos Fiber Release During the Removal of Valve Packing and Repacking -- Prepared for: Madelyn Chaber, Esq. Cartwright, Slobodin, Bokelman, Borowsky, Wartnick, Moore & Harris, Inc. 101 California Street, Suite 2600 San Francisco, CA 94111 Prepared by: MVA, Inc. 500 Oakbrook Parkway, Suite 200 Norcross, Georgia 30093 mm I ^MVA0491 7 15 April 1993 MVA, Inc. . - v-yy -- Excellence in -- Microanalysis 5500 Oakbrook Parkway #200 ^ Norcross, Georgia 30093 " 404-662-8509 * Report of Results: MVA0491 Asbestos Fiber Release During the Removal of Valve Packing and Repacking Prepared for: Madelyn Chaber, Esq. Cartwright, Slobodin, Bokelman, Borowsky, Wartnick, Moore & Harris, Inc. 101 California Street, Suite 2600 San Francisco, CA 94111 Prepared by: MVA, Inc. 5500 Oakbrook Parkway, Suite 200 Norcross, Georgia 30093 MVA0491 15 April 1993 5500 Oakbrook Parkway #200 Norcross, Georgia 30093 404-662-8509 Report for MVA Project No. 0491 ASBESTOS FIBER RELEASE DURING THE REMOVAL OF VALVE PACKING James R. Millette, Ph.D. Steve M. Hays, CIH, PE Michael D. Mount, OHST Abstract Asbestos packing material used in valves is generally considered to be a nonfriabie material unless cut or torn. In a controlled area personal and area air samples were collected before and during removal of asbestos packing material from a valve which had been used on board a ship. The results of this study show asbestos fibers can be released into the air during the generally used procedures for the removal of asbestos packing material. Air concentrations were measured by phase contrast microscopy to be 0.14 fibers/cc and by transmission electron microscopy in the range of 0.4 to 1.4 fibers/cc for asbestos fibers of all sizes. Introduction Most piping systems use valves to regulate the flow of liquids or gases within them. The valves, especially in industrial and.maritime facilities, may contain asbestos packing material which acts as a seal to prevent fluid or gas leakage as the valve is turned. Periodically, the values must be repaired or routinely maintained by removing the packing and replacing it with new packing. Asbestos Packing Material According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), asbestos packing means an asbestos-containing product intended for use as a mechanical seal in circumstances involving rotary, reciprocating and helical motions, and which are intending to restrict fluid or gas leakage between moving and stationary surfaces. In a valve, the packing is compressed against the bore of the box by a gland which is tightened down on the packing. The packing is forced against the throat of the valve box and the packing conforms to the valve shaft surface forming a tight seal. MVA0491 Compression packings are manufactured from various types of fibers, such as vegetable, animal, mineral (asbestos) or synthetic, twisted or braided with binders and lubricants. One of the most commonly used in valves is a graphite impregnated packing material which has the appearance of shiny, stiff rope. EPA states that products such as packing may release asbestos dust if cut or torn. Study Design Asbestos-containing materials are common on ships and because a maintenance activity often involves the disturbance of more than one material, it is difficult to assess the contribution, if any, of a particular ACM to the overall airborne asbestos concentration. Valve packing removal, for instance, may involve the removal or at least disturbance of asbestos-containing pipe insulation or fitting "mud". Therefore, to determine the possible contribution of valve packing only, special precautions were taken to isolate this material from other activities that might have contributed airborne asbestos from other sources. Study Site The study was conducted in a warehouse in Norcross, Georgia. An asbestos abatement type enclosure was built for the study to isolate the testing from any other source of asbestos and to prevent any fiber release from contaminating the building. The containment barriers in the area consisted of three layers of 6-mil polyethylene plastic sheets on a wooden frame and three layers of 6-mil polyethylene plastic on the floor. A containment area (8 ft by 8 ft) around the valve was completely contained within a larger containment area. The study area had two High Efficiency Particulate Absolute (HEPA) air filtration devices (AFD) used to clean the area of particulate including asbestos before the valve packing removal activity. In the outer area the AFD operated throughout the test. Study Procedures i The study consisted of the collection of air samples before and during a valve packing removal activity. Prior to the study, the valve had been thoroughly washed and the flanges which contained gaskets were sealed with duct tape. A spray encapsulant was also used on the valve. The valve packing removal was performed by a retired MVA0491 Page 2 pipefitter using his own tools (Figure 1) and performing the removal of packing in the same way that he had in his previous years of work on valves. Although some lubricating oil was used to loosen the bolts on the valve, the work was generally done in a dry manner. One packing removal test was performed (Figures 2 through 5). Pieces of the removed packing were placed in plastic bags and stored for analysis. The packing removed from the valve appeared to be graphite impregnated packing material with a wire insert. It had a shiny gray-black appearance. The packing removal activity occurred for approximately 62 minutes. The study site was cleaned after the work. After the valve stuffing box had been cleaned thoroughly and vacuumed with a F1EPA vacuum, the valve was repacked with an asbestos-containing packing (Figures 6 and 7). The repacking test period was 7 minutes. Prior to starting the study, three (3) area air samples were collected to determine the background level of asbestos in the air of the study area. The sampling cassettes were located on the walls at the breathing zone, five feet from the floor. A volume of 1100 liters of air was passed through each cassette at a flow rate of 10 liters per minute. During the background sampling, the valve and area were swept vigorously with a broom. One (1) area air sample was collected during the valve packing removal in the same locations as one of the background air samples, approximately five feet from the gasket removal activity. It was collected at 5.0 Ipm. The person doing the packing removal was fitted with two personal air sampling devices and a person helping and photographing the activity was fitted with one personal monitor. These personal air samples were collected at a rate of 2.2 liters per minute. Personal air samples were also collected on the person repacking the valve. All personnel inside the study area were protected by air purifying respirators and complete head and body coverings. The decontamination system consisted of a changing room outside the testing area, and a clean suit-up room. The decontamination system was used each time a person exited the study area and the overall containment area. Analytical Methods Air samples were analyzed by the standard phase contrast microscopy (PCM) method using the "A" counting rules. MVA0491 Although the phase contract microscope enhances the analyst's ability to see fibers over other types of light microscopes, the standard procedure does not involve identification steps which specifically determine how many of the fibers counted are actually asbestos. Because packing material is known to contain other types of fibers, some of the samples were prepared by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) following the AHERA preparation procedure. They were analyzed using the International Standards Organization (ISO) Direct procedure. The TEM analysis method identifies asbestos fibers on the basis of morphology, crystal structure and xray elemental analysis. Asbestos fibers longer than 0.5 pm were counted. ' Polarized light microscopy (PLM) was used to determine the type of asbestos in the samples of packing material removed from the valve. A friability test was performed on samples of packing material that had been removed from valve. The friability test to determine whether or not an asbestos-containing material (ACM) potentially will release asbestos is a field test in which an attempt is made to crumble the ACM by hand. If the material can be crumbled by hand, it is considered friable. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) distinguishes friable from non-friable ACM in their regulations on handling asbestos products. Friable ACM is considered more of a potential hazard than non-friable material. . Results The results of the air monitoring are shown in Tabled. During the valve packing removal activity, which lasted approximately one hour, the asbestos fiber level for the person removing the packing was in the range of 0.1 fiber/cc. A personal sample on the person nearby the packing remover was 0.09 f/cc. The area-samples collected in the vicinity of the packing removal activity showed levels of fibers elevated over the background levels. During the repacking of the valve with asbestos-containing packing, the levels of fibers in the vicinity of the worker were below the detectable limit of 0.17 f/cc. The high detectable limit is a result of the short time it took to repack the valve: 7 minutes. The TEM analysis results are shown in Table II. Chrysotile fibers were identified as the primary type of fiber. Only fibers greater than 5.0 pm are counted using the PCM method. Therefore, two TEM asbestos concentrations are listed. One of all MVACM91 asbestos fibers greater than 0.5 pm, and one which includes only those fibers over 5 pm in length. The used packing, removed from the valve, was friable. Polarized light microscopic analysis showed it to be approximately 80% chrysotile (Appendix C). Scanning electron microscopy examination of the removed packing showed free chrysotile asbestos fibers uncoated by any binder. Conclusions ' Asbestos packing, although not considered friable in original, unused condition, can become friable after use in valves and can release asbestos fibers into the air during valve packing removal operations. There was no evidence of asbestos fiber release causing airborne asbestos levels over 0.2 f/cc during repacking of the valve. ) Recommendations . The results of these tests suggest that asbestos packing material, although not considered as a friable ACM when new, should be considered as such during packing removal activities. If possible, the packing should be wetted with water or oil before it is cut and torn with packing tools such as hooks and screw drivers during the procedures for removing old packing. MVA04S1 f- ';C3 5 > l.'jvi; MVA0491 Figure 2. Valve with some packing removed. :e 6 MVA0491 Figure 4. Removing packing. Figure 5. Removing packing. MVACM91 Figure 6. Repacking. Figure 7. Pushing down gland during repacking. MVACM91 TABLE I Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) Results of Air Monitoring Prior to and During Asbestos Packing Removal Sample Description Sample Duration (min) Air Volume (liters) Concentration (fibers/cc) Area, Before Packing Removal Area, Before Packing Removal Area, Before Packing Removal 110 110 110 1100 1100 1100 Personal, Packing Remover Personal, Packing Remover Personal, Helper 62 136.4 62 -136.4 62 136.4 Area, During Packing Removal 66 330 0.002* 0.002* 0.002* 0.14 0.15 0.09 0.10 `Limit of Detection (LOD) MVA0491 Pace 10 TABLE I! Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Results on Personal Air Monitoring Samples During Packing Removal MVA # D0566 D0567 D0568 Sample Description Personal. Packing Remover Personal, Packing Remover Personal, Helper Asbestos Concentration (fibers/cc) . All > 0.5 pm >5 pm 1.4 0.3 0.4 <0.04 0.6 0.2 MVA0491 J"' jGci 1 1 APPENDIX A Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) Analyses Data MVA0491  Inc. 5500-20WBkbrook Parkway Norcross, GA 30093 (404) 662-8509 Project Name: Site: Valve Experiment MVA Containment Project No: 0491 Method: 7400 "A" Filter Area: 385 mm2 Relc. Area 0.0079 mm2 Sample Date . No- Sample Location/ Description 1 03/18/93 Background, In Northwest Corner of Containment Average Concentration Flow Duration Volume Fibers Fields Density Result (L/Min) (Min) (L) Counted Counted f/mm2 f/cc 10 110 1100 2 100 2.5 <0.002 2 03/18/93 Background, In Northeast Corner of Containment 10 110 1100 1.5 100 1.9 <0.002 3 03/18/93 Background, On South Wall, Center 10 110 1100 5 100 6.4 <0.002 4 03/18/93 Personal, Worker, Right Side, During Packing Removal 5 03/18/93 Personal, Worker, Left Side, During Packing Removal 6 03/18/93 Personal, On Helper Left Side, During Packing Removal 7 03/18/93 Area, Center of South Wall, During Packing Removal 2.2 . 62 2.2 62 2.2 62 5 66 136.4 39 136.4 41 136.4 25.5 330 71.5 100 100 100 100 49.7 0.140 52.2 0.147 32.5 0.092 91.1 0.106 MVA0491 IWA = Inside Work Area OWA = Outside Work Area O.L. = Over Loaded D = Damaged PF 53 Pump Failure Page 13 < Project Name: Site: Valve Experiment MVA Containment Sample Date No. Sample Location/ Description 8 03/18/93 Background, Northwest Corner of Containment 9 03/18/93 Background, Northeast Corner of Containment 10 03/18/93 Personal, Worker, Right Side, During Packing 11 03/18/93 Personal, Worker, Left Side, During Packing 12 03/18/93 Area, Center of South Wall During Packing 13 03/18/93 Field Blank Inc. 5500-2(SKikbrook Parkway Norcross, GA 30093 (404) 662-0509 i Project No: 0491 Method: 7400 "A" Filter Area: 385 mm1 Relc. Area 0.0079 mm2 Average Concentration Flow Duration Volume Fibers Fields Density Result (L/Min) (Min) (L) Counted Counted f/mm2 f/cc 10 36 360 0 100 0.0 <0.008 10 36 360 2 100 2.5 <0.008 2.2 7 15.4 2.5 100 3.2 <0.17 2.2 . 7 15.4 0 100 0.0 <0.17 57 35 0 100 ' 0.0 <0.07 00 0 1.5 100 1.9 ERR 14 03/18/93 Sealed Blank 00 0 0 100 0.0 ERR 15 03/19/93 Clearance, Northwest 10 126 1260 3.5 100 4.5 <0.002 MVA0491 IWA = Inside Work Area OWA = Outside Work Area O.L. = Over Loaded D = Damaged PF = Pump Failure Pago 14 Project Name: Site: Valve Experiment MVA Containment Sample Date No. Sample Location/ Description 16 03/19/93 Clearance, Northeast 17 03/19/93 Clearance, Center South Wall 18 03/19/93 Field Blank . Inc. 5500-200 (Jakbrook Parkway Norcross, GA 30093 (404) 662-8509 Project No: 0491 Method: 7400 "A" Filter Area: 385 mm2 Retc. Area 0.0079 mm2 Average Concentration Flow Duration Volume Fibers Fields Density Result (L/Min) (Min) (L) Counted Counted f/mm2 f/cc 10 126 1260 3 100 3.8 <0.002 10 126 1260 7.5 100 9.6 0.003 00 0 0 100 0.0 NA 1 MVA0491 IWA = Inside Work Area OWA = Outside Work Area O.L. = Over Loaded D = Damaged PF = Pump Failure Page 15 APPENDIX B Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Data Sheets MVA0491 9 MVA, Inc. SAMPLE ANALYSIS INFORMATION MVA PROJECT NO: MVA SAMPLE NO: CLIENT SAMPLE NO: 0491 D0563 1 DATE: 03/23/93 Amount collected: Amount preoped: Area of collection filter: Magnification used for fiber counting: Aspect ratio for fiber definition: Mean dimension of grid openings: Number of grid openings examined: Number of asbestos structures counted: Number of'fibers longer than 5 pm: Initials of Analyst: 1100 liters Direct liters 385 mm2 21600 3:1 0.0085 mm2 10 0 0 A7C Grid/ Opening Structure Structure Length Number Type pm Width pm Identi- Comments fication 1 D3 NSD* El NSD G1 NSD 9 E8 C2 2 E9 NSD NSD NSD D6 NSD G2 NSD H4 NSD C7 NSD I "No Asbestos Structures Detected MVA0491 P MVA, Inc. SAMPLE ANALYSIS INFORMATION MVA PROJECT NO: MVA SAMPLE NO: CLIENT SAMPLE NO: 0491 D0564 2 DATE:03/23/93 Amount collected: Amount prepped: Area of collection filter Magnification used for fiber counting: Aspect ratio for fiber definition: Mean dimension of grid openings: Number of grid openings examined: Number of asbestos structures counted: Number of fibers longer than 5 pm: Initials of Analyst: 1100 liters Direct liters 385 mm2 21600 3:1 0.0085 mm2 10 0 0 ATC Grid/ Opening Structure Structure Length Number Type pm Width pm Identi Comments fication 18 G5 D1 HI 0 J8 D10 19 F3 H4 J9 NSD" NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD I "No Asbestos Structures Detected MVA0491 MVA, Inc. SAMPLE ANALYSIS INFORMATION MVA PROJECT NO: MVA SAMPLE NO: CLIENT SAMPLE NO: 0491 D0566 4 DATE: 03/22/93 Amount collected: Amount prepped: Area of collection filter Magnification used for fiber counting: Aspect ratio for fiber definition: Mean dimension of grid openings: Number of grid openings examined: Number of asbestos structures counted: Number of fibers longer than 5 pm: Initials of Analyst: 136.4 liters Direct liters 385 mm2 21600 3:1 0.0085 mm2 10 . 42 10 ATC Grid/ Opening Structure Structure Length Number Type pm Width pm Identi- Comments fication G7 1 2 H3 3 4 5 6 G2 7 3 9 10 11 H6 12 13 F10 14 15 16 17 MC+0 MB F MC+0 MC++ B B MC30 MF MB MF B CC+O MD+1 MB F MD+0 MC10 MF MC+1 MB B F B 11.57 2.78 2.08 6.02 22.22 8.80 2.78 8.33 2.55 1.85 0.69 2.78 4.86 13.89 11.57 3.70 24.07 9.72 0.93 27.78 9.26 11.11 0.97 1.85 ' 10.19 0.23 0.05 3.47 6.94 2.31 0.69 8.33 0.05 0.93 0.05 0.93 2.31 3.70 0.46 0.09 11.57 4.63 0.05 9.26 0.69 0.74 0.09 0.28 CDX CD ` CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CDX CD CD CD CD CD CD CD i *No Asbestos Structures Detected MVA0491 Psr.r 19 MVA PROJECT NO: MVA SAMPLE NO: CLIENT SAMPLE NO: 0491 D0566 4 DATE: 03/22/93 Grid/ Opening Structure Structure Length Number Type pm Width pm Identi- Comments fication F10 18 19 20 H9 21 22 23 24 D9 25 26 27 G10 E5 A10 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 F .B cc+o B F F CC+0 CB CB MD10 MF B MC30 MB MB MB B B F. B B B B B MC10 MB B B B F MD10 MB MC11 MB 2.08 8.80 1.85 1.39 0.69 1.48 3.24 1.39 0.69 1.16 0.93 3.24 6.94 1.85 0.93 0.69 2.31 1.85 0.69 2.31 0.93 1.16 33.33 2.31 11.11 2.08 2.78 36.11 0.69 2.08 2.31 2.31 26.85 26.85 0.05 0.23 1.39 0.37 0.05 0.05 1.16 0.23 0.14 0.46 0.09 0.93 3.70 0.14 0.46 0.09 0.14 0.14 0.09 0.46 0.46 0.37 2.31 0.37 5.56 0.09 0.32 4.63 0.09 0.14 0.37 0.09 3.70 1.85 CD CDX CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD 'CD CD CD CD CD CDX CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD ) *No Asbestos Structures Detected MVA0491 MVA, Inc. SAMPLE ANALYSIS INFORMATION MVA PROJECT NO: MVA SAMPLE NO: CLIENT SAMPLE NO: 0491 D0567 5 DATE: 03/22/93 Amount collected: Amount prepped: Area of collection filter. Magnification used for fitter counting: Aspect ratio for fiber definition: Mean dimension of grid openings: Number of grid openings examined: Number of asbestos structures counted: Number of fibers longer than 5 pm: Initials of Analyst: 136.4 liters Direct liters 385 mm2 21600 3:1 0.0085 mm2 10 11 0 ATC Grid/ Opening Structure Structure Length Number Type pm Width pm Identi- Comments fication F9 NSD* E3 NSD C3 1 MC30 MF MF MF B3 2 MC20 MF MF C5 NSD E7 NSD G3 3 F 4B 5 MC10 MB 6B 15 NSD A5 7 cc+o 8 cc+o 9F 13 10 MC50 MB MF MB MF 3.24 0.69 0.59 0.56 2.78 0.46 1.16 1.85 1.39 1.62 0.69 1.85 3.94 2.78 1.62 12.96 4.40 0.83 2.78 1.39 3.24 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.93 0.05 0.05 CD CD CD CD CD 0.09 0.14 0.93 0.19 0.37 2.22 1.62 0.14 12.50 0.14 0.09 0.09 0.05 CD CD CDX CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD *No Asbestos Structures Detected MVA0491 e 21 MVA PROJECT NO: MVA SAMPLE NO: CLIENT SAMPLE NO: 0491 D0567 5 DATE: 03/22/93 Grid/ Opening Structure Structure Length Number Type pm Width pm Identi- Comments fication 2 13 MB CC+0 0.56 1.39 0.19 0.93 CD CD > "No Asbestos Structures Detected MVA0491 Ps-;e 22 9 MVA, Inc. SAMPLE ANALYSIS INFORMATION MVA PROJECT NO: MVA SAMPLE NO: CLIENT SAMPLE NO: 0491 D0568 6 DATE: 03/22/93 Amount collected: Amount prepped: Area of collection filter. Magnification used for fiber counting: Aspect ratio for fiber definition: Mean dimension of grid openings: Number of grid openings examined: Number of asbestos structures counted: Number of fibers longer than 5 pm: Initials of Analyst: 136.4 liters Direct liters 385 mm2 21600 3:1 0.0085 mm2 . 10 19 6 ATC Grid/ Opening Structure Structure Length Number Type pm Width pm Identi Comments fication 1 H4 B5 C3 F8 G4 2 Cl E4 F9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 NSD' 9 10 11 NSD 12 CD30 CB CF CF F MD22 MB MB B B MCI 0 MF B B MC40 MB MB MF cc+o MC10 MD MC10 MF 1.85 1.85 1.16 0.69 0.97 12.96 7.87 11.11 3.70 1.16 1.85 0.93 2.87 2.78 5.56 0.69 1.02 1.16 2.31 2.31 0.69 ! 6.48 ' 0.46 1.39 0.23 0.05 0.05 0.05 6.48 0.56 1.39 0.28 0.23 1.39 0.14 0.46 0.37 4.63 0.23 0.14 0.05 2.08 1.62 0.14 4.17 0.02 CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CDX CD CD CD CD CD CD CD ) *No Asbestos Structures Detected MVA0491 F?~ 7-3 MVA PROJECT NO: MVA SAMPLE NO: CLIENT SAMPLE NO: 0491 D0568 6 DATE: 03/22/93 Grid/ Opening Structure Structure Length Number Type pm Width pm Identi- Comments fication 13 B 5.09 0.37 CD 14 cc+o 3.70 1.85 CD 15 MC70 19.91 13.94 MF 1.39 0.05 CD MF 0.93 0.05 CD MC 2.78 3.24 CD MF 1.85 0.05 CD MB 1.02 0.23 . CD MB 2.22 0.42 CD MF 1.85 0.05 CD 16 B 6.48 0.69 CD 17 B 2.78 0.19 CD 18 F 0.69 0.05 CD 19 MC+2 12.96 12.04 MB 7.41 0.69 CDX MB 7.87 0.46 CD MB 2.78 0.19 CD MC 0.69 0.69 CD MC 1.16 0.69 CD I *No Asbestos Structures Detected MVA0491 F3G MVA, Inc. SAMPLE ANALYSIS INFORMATION MVA PROJECT NO: MVA SAMPLE NO: CLIENT SAMPLE NO: 0491 D0572 10 DATE: 03/22/93 Amount collected: Amount prepped: Area of collection filter. Magnification used for fiber counting: Aspect ratio for fiber definition: Mean dimension of grid openings: Number of grid openings examined: Number of asbestos structures counted: Number of fibers longer than 5 pm: Initials of Analyst: 15.4 liters Direct liters 385 mm2 21600 3:1 0.0085 mm2 20 1 0 ATC Grid/ Opening Structure Structure Length Number Type pm Width pm Identi- Comments fication HI NSD* F3 1 15 NSD H6 NSD D7 NSD H5 NSD D8 NSD G3 NSD C8 NSD J5 NSD 12 NSD J7 NSD J8 NSD F7 NSD G9 NSD J6 NSD C2 NSD B3 NSD 13 NSD G5 NSD \ -No Asbestos Structures Detected MVA0491 Pag 9 MVA, Inc. SAMPLE ANALYSIS INFORMATION MVA PROJECT NO: MVA SAMPLE NO: CLIENT SAMPLE NO: 0491 D0573 11 DATE:03/22/93 Amount collected: Amount prepped: Area of collection filter Magnification used for fiber counting: Aspect ratio for fiber definition: Mean dimension of grid openings: Number of grid openings examined: Number of asbestos structures counted: Number of fibers longer than 5 pm: Initials of Analyst: 15.4 liters Direct liters 385 mm2 21600 3:1 0.0085 mm2 11 1 0 ATC Grid/ Opening Structure Structure Length Number Type pm Width pm Identi- Comments fication 1 B7 D8 D6 E3 D9 C8 2 12 F2 E3 HI G3 1 NSD* NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD MC10 MF 2.78 0.69 1.62 0.05 CD - > 'No Asbestos Structures Detected MVA0491 APPENDIX C Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of Packing Material Removed from Valve MVA0491 Page 27 MVA, Inc. PLM Constituent Analysis Date: 03/20/93 MVA#: 0491 Location: Packing removed from valve during experiment Sample I.D.#: D0577 Client Sample I.D.#: BLK-2 Examination using the stereomicroscope: D0577 is a brown to white fibrous material with a silver-gray coating having a metallic luster. Strands of metal wire are also present. CONSTITUENT Fibers: Cotton Fiberglass Filament Wool Mineral Woo! Hair Paper/Wood Chem. Proc. Mech. Proc. Synthetic Rayon Other: Metal Wire % CONSTITUENT Pigment: * Binders: Kaolinite -- Montmorillonite ---- Gypsum * ---- Anhydrite ---- Portland Cement Lime (hydrated) -- Precipitated ---- Carbonate * Starch Other - 4 Graphite % CONSTITUENT Fillers: Diatoms -- Iron Chromite ---- Iron Oxide ---- Limestone ---- Magnetite ---- Mica ---- Perlite Synthetic Foam ---- Pumice -- Quartz Talc ** Vermiculite Chrysotile Amosite Asbestos Minerals 75-85 Anthophyllite -- Crocidolite - - Tremolite/ - - Actinoiite Comments: *Rayon is delustered and appears to be concentrated adjacent to metal wire. The outer particles of the wraps, away from the metal wire cores, contain degraded fiber fragments which may be highly altered rayon and/or cotton. Rayon and cotton therefore comprise an estimated 5-10% of the sample with rayon=cotton. `"Graphite plus magnetic particles (magnetite and/or metal fragments) comprise -10% of the sample. Analyst: Randy Boltin MVA0491 Page 23 Figure Cl. MVA0478-D0577: Packing removed from valve. Secondary Electron Image (SE1) = 10X. Figure C2. MVA0478-D0577: Packing removed from valve. SE! = 90X. Closer view of area in Figure Cl. MVA0491 Pace 29 SEI - 700X. Closer view of area in C2.'