Document NGmRLZGeB8NQZoK11MwmznQMg

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY / oh- 1 DATE July 9, 1980 SUBJECT. FROM Errata for the April, 1980, First External Review Draft of the EPA Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides (PM/SO ) Criteria Document X ECAO, EPA/RTP/N.C. ^__ PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT TO Recipients of the first external review draft (April 1980) of the Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides criteria document The attached materials include corrigenda comments regarding contem plated major text revisions, other lesser corrections (deletions/insertions), and reference clarifications and additions for various chapters of the April, 1980, external review draft of the PM/S0x criteria document. The corrigenda comments on chapters 1, 3, and 14 signal major revisions comtemplated for a second external review draft based on comments and other new information obtained since finalization and release of the April external review draft. The lists of errata mainly concern: (1) errors in reference citations and (2) editorial changes intended to clarify textual meaning or errors in technical content. Complete reference lists for chapters 2, 3, 6, 9, and 13, including corrected citations, are provided. There are no comments or errata sheets for chapters 4 or 8. These errata and descriptions of contemplated changes are being circulated at this time in order to facilitate informed and focused public discussion of EPA1s criteria revision efforts. Certainly, additional changes and, possibly, modifications to these contemplated changes may need to be made in response to public comments on the First External Review Draft received by July 31, 1980, and advice received from the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) of EPA's Science Advisory Board. Full and adequate opportunity for public comment on any of these contemplated changes or other modifications incorporated in a second external review draft to be made available to the public and CASAC. Atch E PA F orm 1320-6 (Rev. 3-76) LAM 010731 DFMC-07114 Chapter 1 Introduction, Summary, and Conclusions S0x/PM 7/9/80 Corrigenda Before listing specific errata (deletions/insertions) for Chapter I (Volume I) of the April, 1980, External Review Draft of the EPA criteria document for sulfur oxides and particulate matter, certain general comments should be noted reguarding anticipated revisions in Chapter 1. First, major revisions planned to be made in later current chapters (2-14) of the document, as indicated in ensuing corrigenda materials, will also be appropriately reflected in revisions to be made in Chapter 1. For example, certain major revisions in the text of Chapter 3 noted in corrigenda comments for that chapter will be appropriately reflected in revision of text in Section 1.3.2 (pg. 1-19 to 1-43). This especially includes introductory materials (4 main points) to be inserted on pg. 3-84 at the start of the discussion of comparison of particulate matter measurement techniques, as noted later in corrigenda conments for Chapter 3. Similarly, revisions noted in those corregenda comments to be made in Chapter 3 regarding the discussions of specific studies comparing COH versus TSP and BS versus TSP measurement results will be appropriately reflected in Chapter 1 revisions. Other major revisions in Chapter 14, noted in the later corrigenda comments for that chapter, will also be reflected in revisions of Section 1.5.5 (Community Health Observation Studies) of Chapter 1. Of particular importance are major changes to be made in Tables 1-19 to 1-21 (on pg. 1-140 to 1-42) and accompanying text regarding summarization of various expert reviewers' evaluations of key quanti tative community health studies. Specific changes in those tables will include the following: (1) In Table 1-19, deletion of all entries except those for studies by Lawther 13 , Glasser and Greenburg2422 , Martin and Bradley111 , and Martin6 . LAM 010732 1- - DPMC-07115 (2) In Table 1-20, deletion of entries for all studies except those by Greenburg*^, Lawther2'8, Martin*, Waller7, and Van der Lende7^. (3) In Table 1-21, deletion of entries for all studies except those by Douglas and Waller^, Lambert and Reid28, Lunn et al^'^7, Ferris^8, Sawicki*8*, Mostardi,**7,28 Shy215, and Rudnick182. Discussion of tables 1-19 to 1-21, in the text on pg. 1-143 to 1-152 is to be revised such that comments on quantitive air quality levels associated with observed health effects will generally be in terms of the original (COH, BS, TSP) particulate matter measurement units employed in specific studies summarized in the table, except for comments on interpretative evaluations by particular expert reviewers that involved "translation" of COH or BS units into TSP units. Further evaluative comments are to be added on whether reasonable interconversions between COH, BS, and TSP measurement units can be made and, if so, in what manner and under what circumstances. The impact of such interconversion or lack of sound bases to do so on interpretation of the epidemiology data base for S0X/PM will then be taken into account in text revisions more specifically delineating key conclusions based on the epidemiology literature. The implications of those conclusions, and others based on information discussed in Chapters 11, 12, and 13, for development of health criteria for sulfur oxide and particulate matter are to be delineated in an integrative health summary and conclusions chapter still in the process of being prepared for addition to the document. Relevant text summarizing the most salient features of that chapter, once completed, is to be added as the final portion of Chapter 1 (Volume 1). 2- - LAM 010733 DPMC-07116 7/9/80 Page Par/Line Chapter 1 - PM/SO Errata Delete Insert 1-18 1-19 1-23 1-27 3/7 2/3 1/7 "" 1-39 1-63 1-64 1-88 1/4 Table 1-6 II 3/2,3 1-93 1/5,6 1-95 1-95 1/3 1/8,9 1-95 2/3 1-100 1/1 1-100 1/2 1-100 1/3 1-100 1/10 1-101 1/1 cyslone - cyclone < before: 2.5 pm Parting Party Note: Table 1-2 is actually Table 1-3 cited in the text, and Table 1-3 is actually Table 1-2 10 or, at most, 30 percent 10 to 30 percent Ref. 118 (3 instances) Replace with Reference 272 Ref. 118 (1 instance) Replace with Reference 272 Polyester, acrylic... acid hydrolysis One study...50 percent One investigator (Lippmann, 1977) calculated that about 10 percent are may be or other agents...conditions. - Period after: ...absence of ammonia. 3 (at concentrations <1 mg/m or 5 ppm, respectively) after: alone summarized in Tables 1-8 and 1-9, of certain studies discussed in Chapter 12, ' at relatively h^gh exposure levels (>1 mg/m'3), after: health effects , with relatively few having been observed^at concentra tions <1 mg/m. after: dependent ZnS04 and (NH4)2S04 ZnS04(NH4)2S04 pathophysiological physiological LAM 010734 DPMC-07117 Page Par/Line Chapter 1 - PM/SOx Errata (continued) Delete Insert 1-101 1/3 and increased flow resistance and compliance, * 1-104 Table 1-11 1-107 2/1 to 1310 mg/m3 (500 ppm) S02 Table title - line 2: < before 13.1 mg/nr in a 180 liter chamber into which 1310 mg/m-5 (500 ppm) S0? was injected at a rate ot 20 ml/min 1-110 Table 1-13 Hazucha and Bates, 1975 from "Reference" column, line 8 - 1-110 Table 1-13 Significant decrease in FVC, Significant decrease in MEFR; FEV, 0, MMFR, MEFR from "Effects" FVC, FEV, 0, MMFR also de coluftn, lines 6,7 creased 1-110 Table 1-13 ; at 1 ppm, one subject ex perienced 7% increase in flow resistance; another, a 23% decrease after: nasal breathing, "Effects" column, line 17. 1-144 1/6 states sites 1-145 2/1 study studies 1-152 -- Delete last sentence of footnote "a" for Table 1-24 LAM 010735 Page Par/Line Chapter 2 - PM/SO Errata x Delete Insert 2-10 2-26 2-27 3/5 3/9 2/3 2-27 2-30 2-34 2-34 2-34 2-35 4/3 1/7 3/2 3/3 3/5 Ref. 2-50 Ref. 2-52 1/8 2-59 2/3 2-60 2-61 2-63 2-63 2-66 2-68 2-78 2/5 2/3 2/5 3/7 3/7 1/2 1/9 - ed. , after: Dennis - , undated after: Corp. Instrumentation for Environmental Lawrence Berkley Laboratory, Monitoring, Air, 1972 1972 ditto - ditto , undated after: Instruments a after: 1975 EQS0775001 EQS-0-775-001 EQS0775002 EQS-0-775-002 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1979c) - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1979c) New sentence after: 2-4. "Although only every tenth point is plotted, the statistical analysis pertains to the entire data set." Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, 1972 Intersociety, 1972 Brosset and Ferm (1978) Stevens et al. (1978) (1974) (1969) 1974, 1977 before: 1977a 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 LAM 010736 Page Par/Line Chapter 2 - PM/SOx Errata (continued) Delete Insert 2-87 2/12 2-87 2/14 2-90 2-100 2/10 2-111 3/4 2-120 1/8 2-120 4/2 2-139 3/2 Current Sampler (ES and T Outlook, 1978) have o values 9 Bernard 1979 new Gooid An article in Environmental Science and Technology (-, 1978) describes the results for current - Svaarmi.epdle, r. The ag3 values New page 2-90a, attached. (Table 2-11) Threshold Limits Committee before: 1968 Barnard 1980 possible Gooid Note: Completed reference list attached. LAM 010737 DPMC-07120 TABLE 2-11. FRACTIONAL AEROSOL PENETRATION FOR SELECTED SUBSTRATES AS A FUNCTION OF FACE VELOCITY AND PARTICLE SIZE FILTER: Gelman Type A, glass fiber AP, cm Hg 1 1.5 V, cm/sec 11.2 16.9 3 32.7 10 108 Dp, Mm 0.035 0.10 0.30 1.0 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 PENETRATION <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0008 0.00054 <0.00007 <0.00002 FILTER: Ghia S2 37PJ 02, teflon membrane. 2.0 pm pore AP, cm Hg 1 3 10 V, cm/sec 23.4 64.1 187 - Dp, pm 0.035 0.10 0.30 1.0 <0.0002 <0.00006 <0.00007 <0.00007 PENETRATION 0.0011 0.0005 0.00008 <0.00024 <0.00007 <0.00022 <0.00009 <0.00008 FILTER: Whatman No.l, cellulose fiber AP, cm Hg 1 3 V, cm/sec 6.1 17.4 10 47.6 30 102 Dp, pm 0.035 0.10 0.30 1.0 0.56 0.46 0.16 0.019 PENETRATION 0.52 0.34 0.43 0.13 0.044 0.0049 0.034 0.0044 0.058 0.0071 0.00051 0.00042 Source: Liu et at. , 1978 LAM 010738 2-90a DPMC-0712 j 2.7 REFERENCES Adams, F. C., and R. E. Van Grieken. 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Paper No. 76-30.06, 69th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Assoc., Portland, Ore., U.S.A., June 27, 1976. World Health Organization Selected Methods of Measuring Air Pollutants. WHO Offset Publication No. 24, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1976. -, Inhaled Particles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12(13):1353-1355, 1978. 2-167 LAM 010753 DPMC-07135 7/9/80 Chapter 3 Critical Appraisal of Air Quality Measurement Applications Corrigenda \ Before listing specific minor errata (insertions/deletions) for text contained in Chapter 3 of the April, 1980, External Review Draft, several major changes to be made in the chapter should be noted. The proposed changes are based in part on additional literature review and comments received since finalization and release of the April, 1980, external review draft of the chapter. On pg. 3-84, after the first paragraph, new text is to be inserted discussing the fact that difficulties in comparing results from various bodies of epidemiologic literature (e.g., British versus American) on particulate matter health effects arise from differences in specific physical and chemical properties of particulate matter pollution indexed by different measurement techniques employed in such studies. In particular, the following points are to be noted: (1) The British smoke (BS) sampling technique (widely used in Britain and Europe) mainly collects fine mode particles (<3-5 ym) and, using reflected light, specifically measures degree of reduction of reflectance by the collected particles. BS computed by the degree of reduction in reflectance, although sometimes highly correlated with TSP (r=Q.8-0.9) and lead (r=Q.8-0.9) as reported by Ball and Hume (1977) and affected by certain other materials (Pedace and Sansone, 1972), is most highly correlated with the amount of graphitic carbon* present (r=.96; Baily and Clayton, 1980). Levels of carbon or other materials affecting reflectance readings can, however, vary independently of the total mass of the collected (mainly fine mode) particles. Thus, estimation of collected particle mass indexed by BS readings is dependent upon calibration of BS readings against standard mass readings (weighing) of collected particle samples typifying * The term "graphitic carbon" is not meant to imply the three-dimensional structure of graphite, but only to indicate a structure similar to that of carbon black contained in soot. LAM 010754 a given location, allowing for calculation of corresponding mass concentration levels (in ug/m^) by taking into account sampling periods and air flow rates. Relationships between BS reflectance readings and mass concentrations (ug/m ) for a given location are most accurately determined empirically by reflectance to mass calibrations derived on a site-by-site and, time-specific basis, given the fact that relative mixes of va ious pollutants sampled could vary on an hour to hour, day to day, or longer-term basis. However, if the relative mix of particulate matter sampled and the percentage of the total collected mass attribu table to graphitic carbon and other materials affecting light reflectance remains, similar from time to time or site to site, as empirically demonstrated by repre sentative calibration determinations, then a common standard calibration curve 2 relating mass concentration (ug/m ) of particulates collected to reflectance readings may be generally applicable for BS data obtained from thusly calibrated sites shown to fit the standard curve well (Wallin, 1965). (2) Particulate matter measurements by certain American sampling techniques (e.g., the AIS1 tape sampler method) which uses light transmittance as the physical property measured (Katz and Sanderson, 1958), are also most strongly affected by graphitic carbon levels present among particulate matter mass collected (mainly fine mode, <5ym size-range). Thus, similar considerations and limitations as described above for the BS method apply to the AISI tape sampler light trans mittance method in regard to converting transmittance readings (coefficient of haze units or COHS for the AISI method) to estimates of particulate mass collected. That is, very precise estimates of particulate mass collected or air concentration (in ug/m^) require that the transmittance readings (in COHS) be calibrated against representative corresponding sample weights on a site-and time-specific basis. 2- LAM 010755 DPMC-07136 However, practical application of the AISI light transmittance method, as in the case of BS measurements, usually precludes other than occasional representative calibrations for a given sampling site due to personnel and other resource limitations. Rather, to the extent that similar relationships of mass to trans mittance readings are consistently obtained at a given site through repeated calibrations over time, then use of a standard calibration curve for converting transmittance readings (COHS units) to corresponding particle mass estimates for that site appears to be reasonably well justified. Analogously, to the extent that a relatively similar mix of pollutants (e.g. graphitic carbon) most strongly affecting light transmittance is represented among the total mass of particulate matter collected at various other sites, it appears reasonable to employ a comon standard calibration curve for conversion of transmittance values to estimates of particulate mass collected at those sites by the AISI method, especially if representative calibration data are fit well by the standard curve. Conversely, substantial variations in the pollutant mix, e.g. in the percentage of graphitic carbon represented in the overall particulate mass collected either for the same site at different times or between different sites, should be reflected by notable deviations from the more usually applicable calibration curve and would require generation of another one on a site-and time-specific basis. The likely generalizability of any particular calibration curve for estimation of collected particulate mass concentrations based on light transmittance readings appears, then, to be amenable to empirical testing in terms of: (a) assessment of goodness of fit of data for specific sites to the particular model defining the given calibration curve, and (b) assessment of similarities of chemical composition (including percentage of graphitic carbon and other substances affecting light transmittance) of atmospheric particulate matter sampled at different times at the same site or between different sites. .1. LAM 010756 DPMC-07i39 (3) Since both light reflectance (BS) and transmittance (AISI tape sampler) measurement methods are both most strongly affected by levels of graphitic carbon among the particulate matter mass collected. It might be assumed that results obtained by each method should be readily translatable Into equivalent measurement units employed by the other method (i.e., reflectance or darkness Index BS readings versus COHS units for the AISI tape sampler), using emperically-derived calibration curves. Similarly, it might be assumed that, if particles of the same size-range are collected and valid curves exist for estimation of particulate matter mass levels based on either light absorption or transmittance readings for a given site, equivalent particulate matter mass or air concentration estimates should be derivable from reflectance or transmittance readings for a given set of BS or COHS data points on a site-and time-specific basis. Those mass concentration estimates, furthermore, would then presumably provide a reasonable basis foi comparisons of particulate matter levels in the same size-range from one site or time to another, where atmospheric aerosols of similar chemical composition are sampled. This might be the case, for example, in terms of samples of certain urban aerosols containing similar pollutant mixes derived from relatively similar emission sources, but not obtained from collection sites markedly dominated by different single emission sources. The interconversion (comparability), or lack thereof, of particulate matter mass estimates derived from light reflectance versus light transmittance measurement techniques, therefore, should be empirically testable in terms of goodness of fit of data from a given site or time in relation to curves or equations modeling relationships between results from the two techniques. -4LAM 010757 DPMC-07140 The particulate matter measurements (in terms of mass concentrations in yg/m^) based on standard light reflectance (BS) or transmittance (AISI tape sampler) methods most often used in community health epidemiology studies might also be expected to approximate fine mode particulate matter mass estimates determined by gravimetric methods, in view of procedures for the former two methods being reported to result mainly in, collection of fine mode fraction particles (<3 urn). However, factors influencing estimation of mass from BS reflectance or COH units could be such to result in quantitative mass estimates different from those obtained for fine particulate mass as determined by gravimetric methods. (4) Conversion of particulate matter measurement results from either light reflectance (e.g., BS) or transmittance (e.g., AISI tape 2 sampler) methods versus high-volume sampler results (expressed in yg/m TSP) involve additional considerations beyond those outlined above. First, the high volume sampler has an inlet which is 50% efficient in collecting 25-30 ym sized particles and therefore collects coarse mode particles not sampled by the other two methods as standardly employed. Also, graphitic carbon levels and other materials most strongly affecting light reflectance and transmittance readings and fine mode particulate mass levels (indirectly indexed by the same methods) can vary independently of coarse mode particle levels. They may, therefore, increase or decrease in directions opposite to changes in total suspended particulate (TSP) matter mass. It is thusly not surprising that quite different relationships between particulate matter mass estimates based on BS or COHS readings and TSP levels can exist from site to site or from sampling time to sampling time at the same site. LAM 010758 DPMC-0714 Reliable determination or estimation of likely TSP levels present at particular sampling points (times/places) based on corresponding BS or COHS data, then, may only be possible or justifiable within very circumscribed limits and highly dependent upon development of applicable empirically-derived intercomparison models in a fashion analogous to obtaining calibration or interconversion curves for BS and COHS readings discussed above. On pg. 3-102, immediately before the last paragraph and heading for Section 3.5.5, new text is to be added which notes that three recently reviewed papers (by Ledbetter and Cerepaka, 1980; Swinford and Kolaz, 1980; and Heindryckx, 1975) report on relationships between COH and TSP as determined by comparisons of results obtained from collocated high volume and AISI tape samplers. In each case, for data obtained from sampling site locations as diverse as areas in Texas, Illinois, and Belgium, considerable scatter was found for individual paired observations, suggesting great uncertainty in predicting 24 hour TSP levels from short-term (1 hour) COH readings. It may be possible to improve on the relationships by using seasonal calibrations at each site and nonlinear models calibrated in a manner similar to the ASTM method or the British Standard 1747 Part 2 procedure for smokeshade in order to convert COH readings to units of mass for comparison with TSP data. However, these studies, and other literature cited above in this chapter, all appear to indicate that COH measurements are generally not directly relatable to TSP levels. On pg. 3-103, immediately before the last paragraph, new text is to be inserted which notes that a typical finding among the various BS/TSP comparison studies cited in the preceeding paragraph is that considerable scatter or variability 6- - LAM 010759 BPMC-0714 exists for individual paired observations for 24 hour BS and corresponding TSP measurements analyzed in the various studies. However, greater consistency appeared to exist for BS-TSP relationships expressed as long-term (monthly or longer) averages of the paired 24 hour observations; and efforts were made in the different studies to derive equations or models (mainly linear regression) that best fit the observed data obtained from different individual sites, cities and time periods (e.g., winter heating seasons versus summer nonheating seasons). On pg. 3-116, iirenediately before the last paragraph, new text is to be inserted noting that neither the Mage (1980)* bounded nonlinear model derived primarily from the annual average (mean) BS-TSP comparison data of Commins and Waller (1967) as summarized by Holland et al. (1979) nor any other presently available model provides a generally reliable basis for interconversion of corresponding individual 24 hour BS-TSP data points, except perhaps at high levels of BS (>_ 500 ug/m ). The Mage (1980) and other models such as those discussed in Lee et al. (1972) or Pashel and Egner (1980), however, may provide better ore more reliable fits for BS-TSP monthly or annual average data. On pg. 3-121, there is to be deleted the last three paragraphs discussing the impact of the use of a sampling flow rate of 0.72 liters per minute by Pashel and Egner (1980). Also to be deleted are Figure 3-13 on pg. 3-122, all text but the last paragraph on pg. 3-123, and Appendix C of Chapter 3. .These deletions are based on a personal conmunication from Pashel and Egner indicating that a 0.72 liter per minute flow rate was erroneously reported in their draft 1980 Atmospheric Environment article; rather, according to their personal communi cation, a 1.5 1/min. flow rate more typically employed in generating BS data used by British epidemiologists was also used by them in producing the data reported in their 1980 paper. * Manuscript now in preparation. lam 010760 7- - DPMC-C7143 Detailed discussion of possible methodological errors in the Pashel and Egner study, starting on pg. 3-118, are to be moved to appendices and only brief suninary statements regarding such included in the main text of Chapter 3.- Also, on pg. 3-128, the paragraph immediately before the heading for Section 3.5.5.3. is to be entirely deleted and replaced with the following new text: Another possible explanation for the particular pattern of results obtained by Pashel and Egner is suggested by the fact that all of their annual mean data for rural, residential, and commercial sites studied fall on or very near the BNLM (Mage, 1980) model curve in Figure 3-15 on pg. 3-127, whereas data for seven of-eleven industrial sites fall rather far to the right of the BNLM curve. The possibilty exists that high levels of either noncarbonaceous fine-mode particles, coarse mode particles, or both in fugitive dust or stack emissions from nearby industrial sources in the absence of much carbonaceous material from fossil fuel combustion, result in the relatively higher TSP readings (mostly >100 ug/m ) obtained at those sites. If such were the case, the data would illustrate a likely general limiting factor in making meaningful comparisons or interconversions between BS and TSP data, even on a long term annual mean basis. That is, whereas the BNLM or other analogous models might fit well BS-TSP comparison readings obtained from sites sampling aerosols dominated by graphitic carbon and other particles from fossil fuel combustion sources, such models would not likely apply in markedly different circumstances, eg. in dry rural areas of the American Southwest or sites strongely affected by fugitive dust from industrial facilities. Especially highly variable BS-TSP relationships can be expected in such situations where large amounts of coarse mode crustal particulate matter or mechanically produced coarse mode particles from anthropogenic activities exists in the air in the LAM 010761 DPMC-07144 presence of little fine-mode carbon or other materials from fossil fuel combustion sources. On pg. 3-141, additional sentences are to be added to the last paragraph, as follows: On the other hand, another possible explanation for the marked divergence of the data set from other published results for BS-TSP comparisons (mainly sampling urban aerosol mixes dominsted by fossil fuel combustion emission products) is that significant amounts of particles from fugitive dust or other emissions from nearby industrial facilities may have contributed to relatively high TSP readings (ca. 100 - 200 yg/m ) in the presence of low BS readings (<_ 25 2 yg/m ). Such results would be illustrative of one type of circumstance severely limiting determination of reliable or meaningful relationships between corresponding BS-TSP data points. LAM 010762 -9- DPMC-07145 Page Par/Line Chapter 3 - PM/SO Errata x Delete 3-1 2/12 Higgins and Ferris, 1978 3-1 2/13 Speizer and Ferris, 1978 3-25 3-29 3-42 3-44 3-52 3-59 3-62 3-62 3-63 3-67 3-77 2/2 1/11 2/6 3/2 3/5 1/3 2/7 3/4 1/3 3-82 3-85 3-89 2/12 1/last dates Adams et al. , 1971 are air (column 4, line 17) reflectance MckEl1ison (1964) Page 3-52 "period" after: December 15 (column 4, line 8) Moulds, 1961 (Column 5, line 14) 10 cm Mck (Entire table heading) 3-89 3-91 3-93 -/last 2/7 1/3 length2 /mass can Insert National Academy of ,Sciences, 1978a National Academy of Sciences, 1978b was after: which - as error National Survey after: for darkness Ellison (1968) after: by Ellison (1968) Page 3-57 , since Moulds, 1962 10 mm uncorrected after: usage of - Relationship of coefficient of Haze to Particle Counts (Np), 0.3 - 2.0pm, Measured in hew York City Source: Ingram (1969) length-2 -mass could LAM 010763 1PM r Page Par/Line Chapter 3'- PM/SOx Errata (continued) Delete Insert 3-94 2/1 1968 1978 3-97 2/1 - et al. after: Muylle 3-110 1/10 Table 3-8 Table 3-9 3-113 1/18 Dalager (1975) Dalager (1974) 3-116 2/4 one two 3-121 1/3 3-121 3/2 3-128 1/1 3-135 3/4 R > 50% - 2 sum of x . - R < 50% the effect of after: showing chi-square statistic sampler after: hi-volume 3-138 2/4 (1972) (1977) Note: List of additional recommended references attached. Note: Completed reference list attached. LAM 010764 Additional References Recommended for Consideration in Chapter 3, PM/SOx Bailey, D. L. R., and P. Clayton. The measurement of suspended particulate and carbon concentration in the atmosphere using standard smoke shade methods. Report LR 325 (AP), Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, 1980. Heindryckx, R. Significance of total suspended particulate matter, as determined by optical density measurements. BECEWA, 1974. (as cited by Kretzschmar, 1975). Ledbetter, J. 0., and B. P. Cerepeka. Obscuration versus aerosol concentration. J. Environ. Sci. Health A15(2):173-181, 1980. Rosen, H. , A. D. A. Hansen, R. L. Dod, T. Novakov. Soot in urban atmospheres: Determination by an optical absorption technique. Science 208:741-744, 1980. Swinford, R. L., and D. J. Kolaz. Field correlation of TSP data from a continuous particulate monitor and high volume air samples. Paper 80-38.3, J3rd APCA, Montreal, Canada, 1980. Wallin, S. C. Calibration of the D.S.I.R. Standard Smoke Filter for Diesel Smoke. Int. J. Air Wat. Poll. 9:351-356, 1965; and discussions by Lindsey, A. J., M. Corn, S. R. Craxfor, L. R. Reed, and S. C. Wallin, IBID, 10:73-76, 1966. LAM 010765 3.7 REFERENCES Apling, A. J., A. W. C. Keddie, M-L. P. M. Weatherley, and M. L. Williams, The High Pollution Episode in London, December, 1975. LR263(AP), Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, England, 1977. Bailey, D. L. R., and H. L. Nicholson. Smoke Filter Calibration Curve: 1-cm Filter Holder. LR89(AP), Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, England, October 1968. Ball, D. J., and R. Hume. The relative importance of vehicular and domestic emissions of dark smoke in Greater London in the mid-1970's, the significance of smoke shade measurements, and an explanation of the relationship of smoke shade to gravimetric measurements of particulate. Atmos. Environ. 11:1065-1073, 1977. Barnes, R. Duplicate measurements of low concentrations of smoke and sulphur dioxide using two "National Survey" samplers with a common inlet. Atmos. Environ. 7:901-904, 1973. Bourbon, P. A Propos de la Mesure des Poussieres et de l'Anhydride Sulfureux, Etude Realisee a la Demande de la C.E.E., 1980. British Standards Institution. Methods for the Measurement of Air Pollution. Part 2: Determination of Concentration of Suspended Matter. B.S. 1747, British Standards Institution, London, England, 1963. British Standards Institution. Methods for the Measurement of Air Pollution. Part 3: Determination of Concentration of Sulphur Dioxide. B.S. 1747, British Standards Institution, London, England, 1963. Cohen, A. L. Dependence of Hi-Vol measurements on airflow rate. Environ. Sci. Techno!. 7:60-61, 1973. Clayton, P. The Filtration Efficiency of a Range of Filter Media for SubMicrometre Aerosols. LR280(AP), Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, England, 1978. Commins, B. T., and R. E. Waller. Observations from a ten year study of pollution at a site in the city of London. Atmos. Environ. 1:49-68, 1967. Dalager, S. Correlations between methods for measuring suspended particulates in ambient air. Atmos. Environ. 9:687-691, 1975. Dalager, S. Samenligning af metoder til maling af svaevestov og svovldioxid. In: Luft kvalitets undersogelese Aalborg. 1. Svaevestovmalinger Norresundby, Apri1 -Juli 1973. Environplan A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark, Apri1 1974. Dams, R., and R. Heindryckx. A high-volume air sampling system for use with cellulose filters. Atmos. Environ. 7:319-322, 1973. 3-142 LAM 010766 Douglas, J. W. B., and R. E. Waller. Air pollution and respiratory infection in children. Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 20:1-8, 1966. Eickelpasch, D., and R. Hotz. Comparison of various outer air measurements. Stahl und Eisen 98:469-475, 1978. Ellison, 0. McK. The estimation of particulate air pollution from the soiling of filter paper. Staub Reinhalt. Luft 28:28-36, 1968. Ferris, B. G. Jr., J. R. Mahoney, R. M. Patterson, and M. W. First. Air quality, Berlin, New Hampshire, March 1966 to December 1967. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 108:77-84, 1973. Firket, M. Bull. The cause of the symptoms found in the Meuse Valley during the fog of December, 1930. Bull. Acad. R. Med. Belg. 683-741, 1931. Fry, J. D. Determination of Sulphur Dioxide in the Atmosphere by Absorption in Hydrogen Peroxide Solution--The Effect of Evaporation of the- Solution During Sampling. SSD/SW/M.246 Central Electricity Generating Board, South Western Region, England, April 1970. Hagen, L. J., and N. P. Woodruff. Air pollution from duststorms in the Great Plains. Atmos. Environ. 7:323-332, 1973. Hale, W. E., and N. E. Waggoner. The overall variability of CoH unit values and methods for increasing the accuracy of readout. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 12:322-323, 1962. Harrison, W. K. Jr., J. S. Nader, and F. S. Fugman. Constant flow regulators for the high-volume air sampler. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 21:115-120, 1960. Hemeon, W. C. L., G. F. Haines, Jr., and H. M. Ide. Determination of haze and smoke concentration by filter paper samplers. Air Repair 3:22-28, 1953. Herpertz, E. A simple long-term measuring procedure for determining the dust concentration in the near-ground air layer (LIB Method). Staub Reinhalt. Luft 29:12-18, 1969. Holland, W. W., A. E. Bennett, I. R. Cameron, C. du V. Florey, S. R. Leeder, R. S. F. Schilling, A. V. Swan, and R. E. Waller. Health effects of particulate pollution: reappraising the evidence. Am. J. Epidemiol. 110:527-659, 1979. Horvath, H., and R. J. Charlson. The direct optical measurement of atmospheric air pollution. J. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 30:500-5n9, 1969. Human Studies Laboratory. Health Consequences of Sulphur Oxides: A Report from CHESS, .1970-1971. EPA-650/1-74-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 1974. 3-143 010767 DPMC-0715: Ingram, W. T. Smoke Curve Calibration. APTD-0928, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, March, 1969. Ingram, W. T., and J. Golden. Smoke curve calibration. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 23:110-115, 1973. Johnson, N. L. Systems of frequency curves generated by methods of translation. Biometrika 36:149-176, 1949. Katz, M. Guide to the Selection of Methods for Measuring Air Pollutants. WHO/AP/67.29, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1967. Katz, M., and H. P. Sanderson. Filtration methods for evaluation of aerosol contaminants. In: Symposium on Instrumentation in Atmospheric Analysis. Special Technical Publication No. 250, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1958. pp. 29-41. Kretzschmar, J. G. Comparison between three different methods for the estimation of the total suspended matter in urban air. Atmos. Environ. 9:931-934, 1975. ~' Laskus, L. Untersuchung der Korngrossenvertei1ung des atmospharischen Staubes in Bodennahe. Staub Reinhalt.Luft 37:299-306, 1977. Laskus, L., and D. Bake. Erfahrungen bei der Korngrossenanalyse von Luftstauben mit dem Andersen. Kaskadenimpaktor. Staub Reinhalt. Lutt 36:102-106, 1976. Lawther, P. J., A. G. F. Brooks, P. W. Lord, and R. E. Waller. Day-to-day changes in ventilatory function in relation to the environment. Part I. - Spirometric values. Part II. Peak expiratory flow values. Environ. Res. 7:27-53, 1974. Lawther, P. J., A. G. F. Brooks, P. W. Lord, and R. E. Waller. Day-to-day changes in ventilatory function in relation to the environment. Pert III. Frequent measurement of peak flow. Environ. Res. 8:119-130, 1974. Lawther, P. J., P. W. Lord, A. G. F. Brooks, and R. E. Waller. Air pollution and pulmonary airway resistance: a six year study with three individuals. Environ. Res. 13:478-492, 1977. Lee, R. E. Jr., J. S. Caldwell, and G. B. Morgan. The evaluation of methods for measuring suspended particulates inair. Atmos. Environ. 6:593-622, 1972. Lee, R. E. , Jr. Measuring particulate matter in air. I_n: Instrumentation for Monitoring Air Quality. Special Technical Publication No. 555, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1974. pp. 143-156. 3-144 LAIW 010768 DPMC-07151 Lippman, M. Review of cascade impactors for particle size analysis and a new calibration for the Casella Cascade Impactor. J. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 20:406, 1959. Lisjack, G. J. Comparison of High Volume and Tape Sampler Data, 1976. Allegheny County Health Department, Bureau of Air Pollution Control, Pittsburgh, PA, May 1977. Liu, B. Y. H., P. Y. H. Pui, K. L. Rubow, and G. A. Kuhlmey. Research in Air Sampling Filter Media. Progress Report EPA Grant 804600, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, May 1978. Logan, W. P. D. Mortality in the London fog incident, 1952. Lancet 1 (6755): 336-338, 1953. McFarland, A. R. Test Report -- Wind Tunnel Evaluation of British Smoke Shade Sampler. Air Quality Laboratory Report 3565/05/79/ARM, Texas A&M Univer sity, College Station, TX, May 1979. Mage, D. T. An empirical model for the Kolmogorov - Smirnov Statistic. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A. 15: 1980c. Mage, D. T. An explicit solution for Sg parameters using four percentile points. Technometrics 22:247, MayB1980a. Mage, D. T. Frequency distributions of hourly wind speed measurements. Atmos. Environ. 14:367-374, 1980b. Martin, A., and F. R. Barber. Some measurements of loss of atmospheric sulphur dioxide near foliage. Atmos. Environ. 5:345-352, 1971. McKee, H. C., R. E. Childers, and 0. Saenz, Jr. Collaborative Study of Reference Method for the Determination of Suspended Particulates in the Atmosphere (High Volume Method). APTD-0904, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1971. Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance: Report on an Enquiry into the Incidence of Incapacity for Work. II. Incidence of Incapacity for Work in Different Areas and Occupations. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England, 1965. Moulds, W. Some instrumental variations arising in routine air pollution measurements. Int. J. Air Water Pollut. 6:201-203, 1962. Muyulle, E. , D. Hachez, and G. Verduyn. An evaluation of measuring methods for particulate matter. In: Air Pollution Reference Measurement Methods and Systems. T. Schneider, H. W. deKoning and L. J. Brasser, eds., Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1978. pp.113-125. 3*145 LAM 010769 DPMC-071E2 Natanson, G. Referenced by N. A. Fuchs in The Mechanics of Aerosols, MacMillan, New York, 1964. p. 112. National Research Council. Airborne Particles. National Academy of Sciences. Washington, DC, 1978a, pp. 243-288. National Research Council. Sulfur oxides. National Academy of Sciences. Washington, DC, 1978b. pp. 180-209. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Methods of Measuring Air Pollution. Paris, France, 1965. Park, J. C., D. M. Keagy, and W. W. Stalker. Developments in the use of the AISI automatic smoke sampler. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 10:303-306, 1960. Pashel G. E., and D. R. Egner. A comparison of ambient suspended particulate matter concentrations as measured by the British Smoke Sampler and the High Volume Sampler at 16 sites in the United States. Atmos. Environ., in press, 1980. Patterson, R. K. Aerosol contamination from High-Volume Sampler exhaust. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 30:169-171, 1980. Pedace, E. A., and E. B. Sansone. The relationship between "soiling index" and suspended particulate matter concentrations. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 22:348-351, 1972. Ruppersberg, G. Die anderung des maritimen Dunst - Streukoeffizienten mit der relativen Feuchte. Meteorol. Forschungsergeb. Reihe B, 4:37-60, 1971. Saucier, J. Y., and E. B. Sansone. The relationship between transmittance and reflectance measurements of "soiling index". Atmos. Environ. 6:37-43, 1972. Simon, M. J. Comparison of High Volume and Tape Sampler Data, 1973-75. Allegheny County Health Department, Bureau of Pollution Control, Pittsburgh, PA, 1976. Stalker, W. W. , Dickerson, R. C., and G. D. Kramer. Atmospheric sulfur dioxide and particulate matter: a comparison of methods of measurements. J. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 24:68*79, 1963. Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie. Principles and Procedures of Statistics, McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, 1960. pp. 80-83. Stober, W. Sampling and evaluation of aerosols under biomedical aspects. Gesellschaft fur Aerosolforschung, 1979. Sullivan, J. L. The calibration of smoke density. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 12:474-478, 1962. 3-146 LAM 010770 DPMC-07153 U. S. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on Science and Technology. The Environmental Protection Agency's Research Program with Primary Emphasis on the Community Health and Environmental Surveillance System (CHESS): An Investigative Report. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, November 1976. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Addendum to "The Health Consequences of Sulphur Oxides: A Report from CHESS, 1970-1971," May 1974. EPA600/1-80-021, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, April 1980. Waller, R. E. Experiments on the calibration of smoke filters. J. Air Ppllut. Control Assoc. 14:323-325, 1964. Waller, R. E., A. G. F. Brooks, and J. Cartwright. An electron microscope study of particles in town air. Int. J. Air Water Pollut. 7:779-786, 1963. Waller, R. E., and P. J. Lawther. Some observations on London fog. ~Br. Med. J. 2:1356-1358, 1955. Warren Spring Laboratory. Measurement of Atmospheric Smoke and Sulphur Dioxide: Reproducibility of Results. RR/AP/70, Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, England, August 1962. Warren Spring Laboratory. National Survey of Smoke and Sulphur Dioxide: Instruction Manual. Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, England, 1966. Warren Spring Laboratory. Accuracy and representativeness of the National Survey data. I_n: National Survey of Air Pollution, 1961-1971. Volume 5. Scotland, Northern Ireland, Accuracy of data, Index. Warren Spring Labotory, Stevenage, England, January 1975. pp. 111-119. Warren Spring Laboratory. The National Survey of Air Pollution. The Use of the Daily Instrument for Measuring Smoke and Sulphur Dioxide. Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, England, December 1961. Warren Spring Laboratory. The Investigation of Atmospheric Pollution 1958-1966. Thirty-second Report. Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London, England, 1967. Warren Spring Laboratory. The National Survey of Smoke and Sulphur DioxideQuality Control Tests on Analyses of Samples, October 1975 to February 1977. Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, England, 1977b. Wedding, J. B., A. R. McFarland, and J. E. Cermak. Large particle collection characteristics of ambient aerosol samplers. Environ. Sci. Technol. U: 387-390, 1977. World Health Organization. Selected Methods of Measuring Air Pollutants. WHO Offset Publication No. 24, World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland, 1976. LAM 010771 3-147 DPMC-07I54 Chapter 4 PM/SOx (No errata or revisions at this time.) LAM 010772 DPMC-07155 Page Par/Line Chapter 5 - PM/SO Errata x Delete 5-3 5-20 5-20 3/5 ft-nt ft-nt 23 mg/m3 "3-58" "3-60" 5-99 1egend Entire page (stray from Ch. 3) (does not apply to all copies) Entire page (stray from Ch. 3) (does not apply to all copies) Insert 20 pg/fn3 after cumulative: percentage Pg 5-58 (attached) Pg 5-60 (attached) after densities: for nitrogen dioxide LAM 010773 DPMC-07156 S0X2B/A 6-9-80 recoded county having the highest annual average value. It is not possible to determine whether concentrations are more or less uniform across the county or whether they are localized. However, several general impressions are obtained about national TSP conditions. High concentrations can be found in almost every State. Many populated counties have high concentrations (for example, New Jersey-New York City, Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, Chicago, and Los Angeles). Several sparsely populated counties also have high concentrations. Arid regions as well as industrialized counties have high levels. The AQCR attainment status for the daily NAAQS is shown in Figure 5-19, which is based on the same 1977 NADB TSP data. The same comment made above applies to the 24-hr measurements. A violation of NAAQS for TSP at one loca tion does not necessarily imply a higher health risk for the entire population of that area. The health implications even for those living near a site in vio lation are not clear. Populations living in attainment areas but exposed to TSP high in trace metals, for example, might have a high health risk. A closer look at the site descriptions for stations that recorded violations suggests that the reasons for violation are quite variable. As discussed earlier, it seems clear that industrial sources contribute significantly to TSP levels at many sites. This is not so obvious at other sites, however. Some extremely high concentrations experienced at monitors in Arizona, New Mexico, and elsewhere are most likely associated with surface dust suspended by the wind. Without a careful site inventory or perhaps detailed analysis of TSP chemical and elemental composition, the specific reasons for TSP violations are unknown. 5. 2.1.6 Severity of Peak TSP Concentrations--The geographic displays of attain ment status are only one way of conveying the extent of the TSP pollution problem. To indicate the severity of TSP ambient exposures, the 90th percentile concen- LAM 010774 5-58 DPMC-07157 .S0X2B/A 6-9-80 recoded tration of the 24-hr measurements was examined for all 4008 sites in the 1977 NADB. The concentrations of TSP and other air pollutants have been widely re ported to be log normally distributed (Larsen, 1971). This statistical relation ship, however, appears inappropriate at the high and low ends of the distribution (Mage and Ott, 1978). Because the extreme values at the high end are subject to wide scatter, the 95th or 99th percentile was found to be less representative of the severity of high TSP levels. The 90th percentile was therefore chosen as being a more stable indicator. It represents the TSP level that is exceeded on approximately 36 days of the year. Table 5-16 shows, for each AQCR, the number of TSP monitoring svtes whose 3 90th percentile concentrations were <100, 100-200, 200-260, and >260 pg/m . In Figure 5-20 the AQCR's having at least one monitoring station whose 90th per- 3 centile exceeds 260 pg/m are displayed. AQCR's in Montana, Arizona, and New Mexico have a large number of monitoring sites for a relatively sparse popu lation (approximately twice EPA's minimum requirement). A number of these sites are near smelters. Hence, the high levels do not necessarily imply high popu lation exposure to TSP. In addition, windblown soil contributes to the higher levels in these States. In the Northeast and East, the elevated TSP concen trations reflect the higher density of industrial and urban emissions. In these cases, the high levels (in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts) indicate a larger population exposed to peak TSP concentra tions. The high 90th percentile levels in North Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, and Colorado perhaps reflect an influence of fugitive emissions from agriculture. Figure 5-21 shows the number of AQCR's whose monitors have their 90th percen tile TSP concentration within the various categories. Of the country's 254 AQCR's, only 20 had air quality to the extent that none of their 90th percentiles exceeded 3 100 pg/m . One hundred and fifty-four AQCR's had 90th percentile values in at 5-60 LAM 010775 Page Par/Line Chapter 6 - PM/SO Errata x Delete 6-19 6-19 6-32 6-37 6-42 6-42 6-42 6-46 6-47 6-48 6-52 6-52 6-53 6-72 6-72 6-73 6-74 6-87 6-97 1/14 1/5 2/9 -/5 2/2 2/4 2/14 5/5 2/10 3/2 2/4 2/12 -/9 2/5 2/6 -/6 -/3 2/4 -/3 1979 1979 1977 Low, 1971 1979 1979 Durham et al. 1979 1979 1979 1974 1979 1979 SI inn et al. (1979) 1975 1975 White and Roberts (1975) Lewis and Macias (1979) Schurmeier 1976 Insert 1978a 1978 1978 Low,1969 1978 1978 Durham et al. 1978 1980 1977 1976 1978 1978 Slinn et al. (1978) 1980 1980 White and Roberts -(1980) Lewis and Macias (1980) Schiermeier 1976a Note: Comp!eted reference list attached. LAM 010776 6.7 REFERENCES Altshuller, A. P. Model Predictions of the Rates of Homogeneous Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfate in the Troposphere. Atmos. Environ. 13:1653-1662, 1980. Altshuller, A. P. 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Vukovich, F. M., W. D. Bach, Jr., B. W. Cressman, and W. J. King. On the relationships between high ozone in the rural boundary layer and high pressure systems. Atmos. Environ. 1J:967-983, 1977. Wagman, J., R. E. Lee, and C. J. Axt. Influence of Some Atmospheric Variables on the Concentration and Particle Size Distribution of Sulfate in Urban Air. Atmospheric Environ 1:479-489, 1967. Whitby, K. T. The physical characteristics of sulfur aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 12:135-159, 1978. 6-122 LAM 010787 DPM Whitby, K. T. and G. M. Sverdrup. California Aerosols: Their Physical and Chemical Characteristics. In: The Characters and Origin of Smog Aerosols. G. M. Hidy et al., eds. John Wiley, New York, 1980. Whitby, K. T., R. B. Hausar, and B. Y. H. Lui. The Aerosol Size Distribution of Los Angeles Smog. J. Colloid Interfrace Sci. 39:177-204, 1972. Whitby, K. T., R. E. Charlson, W. E. Wilson, and R. K. Stevens. The Size of Suspended Particle Matter in Air. Science 183:1098-1199, 1974. White, W. H., and P. T. Roberts. On the nature and origins of visibilityreducing aerosols in the Los Angeles air basin. In: The Character and Origins of Smog Aerosols. Advances in Environ. Sci. and Technol. 10:715-753, 1980. White, W. H., J. A. Anderson, 0. L. Blumenthal, R. B. Husar, N. V. Gillani, J. D. Husar, and W. E. Wilson. Formation and transport of secondary air pollutants: ozone and aerosols in the St. Louis urban plume. Science 194:187-189, 1976. Wilson, W. E. Sulfates in the atmosphere: a progress report on Project MISTT. Atmos. Environ. 12:537-548, 1978. Wilson, W. E. Transformation during transport: a state of the art survey of the conversion of SCL to sulfate. Presented at WM0 Symposium, Sofia, Bulgaria, Oct. 1-5, 1979. Wilson, W. E., D. F. Miller, A. Levy, and R. K. Stone. The effect of Fuel Composition on Atmospheric Aerosol Due to Auto Exhaust. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 23:949-956, 1973. Wilson, W. E., et al., 1979. Wilson, W. E., L. L. Spiller, T. G. Ellestad, P. L. J. Lamothe, T. G. Dzuby, R. K. Stevens, E. S. Macias, R. A. Fletcher, J. D. Jusar, R. B. Husar, K. T. Whitby, D. B. Kittelson, and B. K. Cantrell. General Motors Sulfate Dispersion Experiment: Summary of EPA Measurements. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 27:46-51, 1977. Wilson, W. E., R. J. Charlson, R. B. Hasar, K. T. Whitby, and D. L. Blumenthal. Sulfates in the atmosphere. Presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of Air Pollution Control Assoc., Portland, OR, June 27-July 1, 1976. Winchester, J. W., R. J. Ferek, D. R. Lawson, J. 0. Pilotte, M. A. Thiemens, and L. E. Wagon. Comparison of aerosol sulfur and crystal element con centrations in particle size fractions from continental United States locations. Submitted for publication, 1979. Winkler, P. The growth of atmospheric aerosol particles as a function of the relative humidity. II. An improved concept of mixed nuclei. Aerosol Sci. 4:373-387, 1973. 6-123 LAM 010788 D-P1W^r^A^-7> - /r-, Winkler, P., and C. Junge. The growth of atmospheric aerosol particles as a function of the relative humidity. I. Methods and measurements of different locations. J. Rech. Atmos. 6:617-638, 1972. Wolff, G. T., P. J. Lioy, R. E. Meyers, and R. T. Cederwall. An investigation of long-range transport of ozone across the Midwestern and Eastern United States. Atmos. Environ. 11:797-802, 1977. 6-124 LAM 010789 PPMC-07l7 Page Par/Line Chapter 7 - PM/SO Errata x Delete Insert 7-40 Column 8 7-41 Column 8 7-187 Ref. 473 Ref. 118 (3 instances) Ref. 118 (1 instance) Entire reference Replace with reference 272 Replace with reference 272 473. Wilhour, R. G., G. E. Neely, D. E. Weber, and L. C. Grothaus. Response of Selected Small Grains, Range Grasses and Alfalfa to Sulfur Dioxide. CERL-50, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR, February, 1979. law 010790 Chapter 8 PM/SOx (No errata or revisions at this time.) LAM 010791 DPMC-07174 Page Par/Line Chapter 9 - PM/SO Errata x Delete 9-17 9-22 9-25 9-29 9-33 9-48 1/4 3/10 ft-nt 2/6 1/3 -/7 Rosen and Novakov, 1979 Macias et al., 1975 Waggoner and Weiss (1979) 7:1 - 9-65 9-65 3/4 3/4 7:1 ] after: relative humidity Insert Rosen, et al., 1980 Macias and Husar, 1976 Waggoner and Weiss (1980) et al. after: Waggoner 71 Husar, et al., 1979 after: United Sta.tes. 7 1 3 ] after: (|jg/m ) Note: Completed reference list attached. lam 010792 DPMC-07175 9.6 REFERENCES Allen, J., R. B. Husar, and E. S. Macias. In: Aerosol Measurement. D. A. Lundgren, ed. , University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 1978. Altshuller, A. P. Atmospheric sulfur dioxide and sulfate, distribution of concentration at urban and nonurban sites in the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 7:709-713, 1973. Angell, J. K., and J. Korshover. Variation in sunshine duration over the contiguous United States between 1950 and 1972. J. Appl. Meteorol. 14: 1174-1181, 1975. Barnes, R. 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The chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols on Tees-side and its relation to visibility. Atmos. Environ. 3:355-372, 1969. Eiden, R. Determination of the complex index of refraction of spherical aerosol particles. Appl. Opt. 10:749-754, 1971. 9-70 LAM 010793 DPMC-O?176 Ellis, A. T., and R. F. Pueschel. Absence of air pollution trends at Mouana Loa. Science 172:845-846, 1971. Ensor, 0., and A. P. Waggoner. Angular truncation error in the integrating nephelometer. Atmos. Environ. 4:481-487, 1970. Faxvog, F. R. Optical scattering per unit mass of single particles.- Appl. Opt. 14:269-270, 1975. Faxvog, F. R., and D. M. Roessler. Carbon aerosol visibility vs. particle size distribution. Appl. Opt. 17:2612-2616, 1978. Fischer, W. H. Some atmospheric turbidity measurements in Antarctica. J. Appl. Meteorol. 6:958-959, 1967. Fischer, K. Mass absorption indices of various types of natural aerosol particles in the infrared. Appl. Opt. 14:2851-2856, 1975. Flowers, E. C., R. A. McCormick, and K. R. Kurfis. Atmospheric turbidity over the United States, 1961-1966. J. Appl. Meteorol. 8:955-962, 1969. Gates, D. M. Spectral distribution of solar radiation at the Earth's surface. Science 151:523-529, 1966. Grosjean, D. et al. Concentration, size, distribution and modes of formulation of particulate nitrate, sulfate and ammonium compounds in the eastern part of the Los Angeles air basin. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, 1976. Paper No. 76-20.3. Hall, J. S., and L. A. Riley. Basic spectrophotometric measures of air quality over long paths. In: Radiative Transfer and Thermal Control, vol. 49: Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics. A. M. Smith, ed., American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, New York, 1976. pp. 205-212. Hansen, A. D. A., H. Rosen, R. L. Dod, and T. Novakov. Optical attenuation as a tracer for the primary component of the carbonaceous aerosol. I_n: Pro ceedings of Conference on Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere, Berkeley, CA, 1978. Henry, R. C. The application of the linear system theory of visual acuity to visibility reduction by aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 11:697-701, 1977. Hodge, P. W., N. Laulainen, and R. J. Charlson. Astronomy and air pollution. Science 178:1123-1124, 1972. Horvath, H., and K. E. Noll. The relationship between atmospheric light scattering coefficient and visibility. Atmos. Environ. 3:543-550, 1969. LAM 010794 DPMC-07177 Husar, R. B., D. E. Patterson, J. M. Holloway, W. E. Wilson, and T. G. Ellestad. Trends of eastern U.S. haziness since 1948. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Atmospheric Turbulence, Diffusion, and Air Pollution, American Meteorological Society, Reno, NE, 1979. pp. 249-256. Landsberg, H. E. Man-made climatic changes. Science 170:1265-1274t 1970. Latimer, D. A., R. W. Bergstrom, S. R. Hayes, M.-K. Liu, J. H. Sunfield, G. Z. Whitten, M. A. Wojcik, and M. J. Hillyer. The Development of Mathematical Models for the Prediction of Anthropogenic Visibility Impairment. EPA450/3/78-110a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1979. Leaderer, B. P. et al. Summary of the New York Summer Aerosol Study (NYSAS). J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 28:3221-327, 1978. Lewis, C. W., and E. S. Macias. Composition of size-fractioned aerosol in Charleston, West Virginia. Submitted for publication, 1979. . Lindberg, J. D., and L. S. Lande. Measurement of the absorption coefficient of atmospheric dust. Appl. Opt. 13:1923-1927, 1974. Machta, L., and K. Telegadas. Inadvertent large-scale weather modification. In: Weather and Climate Modification, W. N. Hess, ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1974. pp. 687-725. Macias, E. S., D. L. Blumenthal, J. A. Anderson, and B. K. Cantrell. Characteri zation of visibility. Reducing aerosols in the southwestern United States; interim report on Project VISTTA. MRI Report 78 IR 15-85, Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, MO, 1978. Macias, E. S., and R. B. Husar. A review of atmospheric particulate mass measurement via the beta attenuation technique. In: Fine Particles, B. Y. H. Liu, ed., Academic Press, New York, NY, 1976. Marians, M., and J. Trijonis. Empirical Studies of the Relationship Between Emissions and Visibility in the Southwest. Prepared under grant 802015 by Technology Service Corp. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 1979. Marians and Trijonis 1979 McCree, K. J., and M. E. Keener. Effect of atmospheric turbidity on the photosynthetic rates of leaves. Agric. Meteorol. 13:349-357, 1974. Middleton, W. E. K. Vision Through the Atmosphere. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, 1952. Mie, G. Am. Phys. 25:377, 1908. Patterson, E. M., and D. A. Gillette. Measurements of visibility vs. massconcentration for airborne soil particles. Atmos. Environ. 17:193-196, 1977. t-AM 010795 DPMC-Q717B Patterson, R. K., and J. Wagman. Mass and composition of an urban aerosol as a function of particle size for several visibility levels. J. Aerosol Sci. 8:269-279, 1977. Peterson, J. T., and E. C. Flowers. Interactions between air pollution and solar radiation. Solar Energy 19:23-32, 1977. Pueschel, R., and D. L. Wollman. On the nature of atmospheric background aerosol. Presented at the 14th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Minneapolis, MN, April 1978. Pinnick, R. G., and D. E. Carroll, D. J. Hofmann. Polarized light scattered from monodisperse randomly oriented nonspherical aerosol particles: measurements. Appl. Opt. 15:384, 1976. Rabinoff, R., and B. Herman. Effect of aerosol size distribution on the accuracy of the integrating nephelometer. J. Appl. Meteorol. 12:184-186, 1973. Robinson, G. D. Absorption of solar radiation by atmospheric aerosol, as revealed by measurements at the ground. Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioclimatol. Ser. B 12:19, 1962. Robinson, G. D. Inadvertent Weather Modification Workshop. Final Report to the NAS; The Center for the Environment and Man (CEM) Report 4215-604, 1977. Rodhe, H. , C. Persson, and 0. Akesson. An investigation into regional transport of soot and sulfate aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 6:675:693, 1972. Rosen, H., A. D. A. Hansen, R. L. Dod, and T. Novakov. determination by an optical absorption technique. 1980. Soot in urban atmospheres: Science 208:741-743, Samuels, H. J., S. A. Twiss, and E. Wong. Visibility, Light Scattering, Mass Concentration of Particulate Matter. Report of the California Tri-City Aerosol Sampling Project of the State of California Air Resources Board, 1973. Tombach, I. H., and M. W. Chan. Physical, chemical, and radiological characterization of background particulate matter in northeastern Utah. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, 1977. Paper No. 77-48.6. Trijonis, J., and R. Shapland. Existing Visibility Levels in the U.S.: Isopleth Maps of Visibility in Suburban/Nonurban Areas During 1974-1976. Final report to EPA under Grant No. 802815, 1978. Trijonis, J., arid K. Yuan. Visibility in the Southwest: an Exploration of the Historical Data Base. EPA-600/3/78/039, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1978a. Trijonis, J., and K. Yuan. Visibility in the Northeast: Long Term Visibility Trends and Visibi1ity/Pollutant Relationships. EPA-600/3-78-075, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1978b. 9-73 LAM 010796 U.S. Bureau of Mines. Minerals Yearbook, Annual Publication, 1933-74. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Report to Congress: Protecting Visibility. EPA-450/5-79-008, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1979. Waggoner, A. P., A. J. Vanderpol, R. J. Charlson, S. Larsen, L. Granat, and C. Tragardh. Sulphate-light scattering ratio as an index of the role of sulphur in tropospheric optics. Nature 261:120-122, 1976. Waggoner, A. P., and R. J. Charlson. Measurement of aerosol optical parameters. In: Fine Particles, B. Y. H. Liu, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1976. Waggoner, A. P., and R. E. Weiss. Comparisons of fine particle mass concen tration and light scattering extinction in ambient aerosol. Atmos. Environ. 14:623-626, 1980. Waggoner, A. P. et al. Optical absorption by atmospheric aerosols. Appl. Opt. 12:896, 1973. Waggoner 1973 Weiss, R. E. Ph. D. Dissertation, 1978. Weiss, R. E. et al. Studies of the optical, physical, and chemical properties of light-absorbing aerosols. Proceedings of the Conference on Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere, 1978. p. 257. Wesely, M. L., and R. C. Lipschutz. An experimental study of the effects of aerosols on diffuse and direct solar radiation received during the summer near Chicago. Atmos. Environ. lU:981-987, 1976. White, W. H., and P. T. Roberts. On the nature and origins of visibility reducing aerosols in the Los Angeles Air Basin. Atmos. Environ. 11:803:812, 1977. WMO/EPA/NOAA/UNEP. Global Monitoring of the Environment for Selected Atmospheric Constituents 1975. Environmental Data Service National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC, 1977. 9-74 LAM 010797 DPMC-07180 Page Par/Line Chapter 10 - PM/SO Errata Delete 10-9 2/7 10-47 3/5-6 10-93 Ref 6 10-94 Ref 6 10-94 Ref 6 Haagen Reed and Ottaz sulfate particles.................. . . . .by acid hydrolysis 1960 after: 1969 Evgang 10-94 Ref 9 10-95 Ref 1 Haagenrud--etc 10-97 Ref 9 Rosenfeld (1973) 10-97 Ref 16 Insert Haagenrud and Ottar Ergang After M. B. Rockel.: Corrosion resistance of stainless steels in the atmosphere - evaluation of the results of weathering tests of up to 10 years duration. After Fleetwood, M. J.: Zinc coatings Haagenrud, S., and B. Ottar. In: Proc. of the Seventh Scandanavian Corrosion Congress, Trondheim, Norway, 1975, as cited in Kucera, V. Effects of sulfur dioxide and acid precipitation on metals and anti-rust painted steel. Ambio 5:243-248, 1976. Rosenfeld 1973, as cited in Nriagu, J. 0. ed., Sulfur in the Environment. Part II: Ecological Impacts. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1978. pp. 17-18. After H. Ternes.: Rate of corrosion of plain carbon and low-alloy structural steels. lam 010798 DPMC-07161 7/9/80 Page Par/Line Chapter 11 - PM/SO Errata Delete 11-9 4/3 11-9 4/4 11-11 1/3 et al. (after Adams)Hansen, et al., 1974- 11-34 Fig. Legend 11-35 -/I 11-46 4/4 11-47 1/1 11-51 2/8 11-60 3/3 11-60 3/3 11-61 4/7 11-62 2/11 11-62 2/12 ll-82a, b,c,d, George and Breslin, 1976 1969 1970 1951 Proctor et al. Proctor and Wagner, 1967; Camner et al - New 11-105 Insert b, after: Raabe et al. 1976 and Davenport, after: Adams Hasen and Ampaya, 1974 after: Nagashi, 1972 (expressed as fraction of particles entering trachia) after: tracheobronchial (TB) deposition George and Breslin, 1967 1970 1971 1957 Proctor and Wagner et al., 1971. after: Dadaian Camner and Philipson and Davia, after: Thomson Attached 2h pages of text and one figure on Respirable Aerosol Sampling at end of chapter. New page, 11-105 (attached), with 7 additional references. Note: List of additional recommended references attached. LAM 010799 DPMC-C''7182 Missing reference page 11-105 from first printing Chapter 11 - PM/SOx Wilson, T. A. , and K. Lin. Convection and diffusion in the airways and the design of the bronchial tree. In: Airway Dynamics Physiology and Pharmacology. A. Bouhuys, editor. Springfield, 111. Thomas 1970. pp. 5-19. Wolff, R. K., M. Dolovich, C. M. Rossman, and M. T. Newhouse. Sulfur dioxide and tracheobronchial clearance in man. Arch. Environ. Health 30:521-527, 1975. Yeh, H. C. Use of a heat transfer analogy for a mathematical model of respiratory tract deposition. Bull. Math. Biol. 36:105, 1974. Yeh, H. C., A. J. Hulbert, R. F. Phalen, D. J. Velasquez, and I. D. Harris. A steroradiographic technique and its application to the evaluation of lung casts. Invest. Radiol. 10:351, 1975. Yeh, H. C., R. F. Phalen, and 0. G. Raabe. Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles. Environ. Health Persp. 15:147, 1976. Yu, C. P. An equation of gas transport in the lung. Resp. Physiol. 23:257, 1975. Yu, C. P. Precipitation of unipolarly charged particles in cylindrical and spherical vessels. J. Aerosol Sci. 8:237, 1977. Page Par/Line 11-86 After 8th Ref. 11-93 After 11th Ref. 11-96 After 5th Ref. Chapter 11 - PM/SO2 Errata REFERENCE LIST CORRECTIONS Delete Insert LAM 010800 Clements, J. A., J.-Nellenbogen, and H. J. Trahan. Pulmonary surfactant and evolution of the lungs. Science 169: 603-604, 1970. Kawecki, J. M. Emmission of Sulfur-Bearing Compounds from Motor Vehicle and Air craft Engines, A Report to Congress. EPA-600/9-78-028, U. S. Env. Prot. Agency. Aug. 1978. Menzel, D. B. The role of free radicals in the toxicity of air pollutants (nitrogen oxides and ozone). I_n: Free Radicals in Biology, Vol. II, Academic Press, New York, 1976. pp. 181-202. DPMC-07163 Additional References Recommended for Consideration in Chapter 11 Bar-Ziv, J., and G. M. Goldberg. Simple Siliceous pneumoconiosis in Negev Bedouins. Arch. Environ. Health 29:121-126, 1974. Brambilla, C., J. Abraham, E. Brambilla, K. Benirschke, and C. Bloor. Comparative pathology of silicate pneumoconiosis. Am. J. Pathol. 96:149-170, 1979. Camner, P. and K. Philipson. Human alveolar deposition of 4 pm Teflon particles. Arch. Environ. Health 33(4):181-185, 1978. Chan, L. T. and M. Lippman. Experimental measurements and empirical modeling of the regional deposition of inhaled particles in humans. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 1980. (in press) Dejours, P. Oxygen Demand and Gas Exchange in Evolution of Respiratory Processes: A Comparative Approach. Stephen C. Wood and Claude Lenfant, eds., Volume 13 of Lung Biology in Health and Disease (executive editor: Claude Lenfant). Harcelu Dekker, Inc. New York, 1980. pp. 1-49. Heyder, J., J. Gebhart, and W. Stahlhofen. Inhalation of Aerosols: Particle Deposition and Retention. In: Generation of Aerosols and Facilities for Exposure Experiments. K. Willeke, ed., Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1980. Hyde, D. M., N. E. Robinson, J. F. Gillespie, and W. S. Tyler. Morphomety of the distal air spaces in lungs of aging dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 43(1):86-91, 1977. Lippman, M. , D. B. Yeates, and R. E. Albert. Deposition, Retention and Clearance of Inhaled Particles. Br. J. Ind. Med., 1980. (in press) Richards, D. W. Pulmonary Changes Due to Aging. In: Handbook of Physiology Respiration (Volume II). W. 0. Fenn and H. Rahn, eds., American Physiological Society, Washington, DC, 1965. pp. 1525-1529. Sherwin, R. P., M. L. Barman, and J. L. Abraham. Silicate Pneumoconiosis of Farm Workers. Laboratory Investigations 40(5):576-582, 1979. - Stauffer, D. Scaling Theory for Aerosol Deposition in the Lungs of Different Mammals. J. Aerosol Sci. 6:223-225, 1975. Weibel , E. R. Morphometries of the lung. In: Handbook of Physiology Respiration (Volume I). W. 0. Fenn and H. Rahn, eds. American Physiological Society, Washington, DC, 1964. pp. 285-307. Weibel, E. R. Oxygen Demand and Size of Respiratory Structures in Mammals. In: Evolution of Respiratory Processes: A Comparative Approach. Steven C7 Wood and Claude Lenfant, eds.. Volume 13 of Lung Biology In Health and Disease (executive editor Claude Lenfant). Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1980. LAM 010801 DPMC-07184 .11 RESPIRABLE AEROSOL SAMPLING A fundamental principle in inhalation toxicology is that it is the deposi tion of inhaled particulate materials in sensitive regions of the respiratory tract or subsequent transformations and translocations to sensitive organs or cells that leads to potentially deleterious biological responses. Particles (or gases) that deposit neither in sensitive regions of the airways nor in regions conducive to translocation to sensitive organs are cleared with rela tively low probability of causing injury or disease (Morrow, 1964). For example, large insoluble particles that deposit almost exclusively in the nose are prevented from reaching the lung during nose breathing and are less likely to lead to injury than smaller particles having appreciable lung deposition. This principle was early observed in coal mining in Europe; it was found that the air concentration of dust in mines didn't necessarily correlate to the incidence of respiratory disease. However, a meaningful comparison was possible when samples were aerodynamically fractionated to provide a separate measure of the respirable dust levels. This led to the use of "respirable" dust samples in the coal mining industry (Walton, 1954). Further, the repeated practice of collecting respirable dust samples is necessary, since there is variability in the aerodynamic size distribution of dust depending on age and source. On this basis the principle of "respirable" dust sampling was developed (Lippmann, 1970b). In this context the word "respirable" means broadly "fit to be breathed." The objective is to collect samples that have been purposely biased in favor of the smaller, more respirable sizes. Only the smaller size fraction is measured to yield the "respirable" aerosol concentration. No specific "cut-size" was defined, since it is clear that there is no size for 11-82a lam 010802 DPMC-0~iet which all particles smaller are respirable and all larger are not. Instead, weighting functions were defined that simulated the size classification normally afforded by the human naso-pharyngeal deposition during nose breathing. Another factor involved in describing a respirable fraction was the availability of a simple instrument that would provide a practical means for collection of these size-classified samples. Two weighting functions have been generally used as criteria for respir(H9 able dust sampling (FigThe first originated in 1952 when the British Medical Research Council adopted the horizontal elutriator (Walton, 1954) as the respirable dust sampler. Particles that pass the elutriator are collected on a filter or by some other means. The second criteria originated with researchers working for the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission who needed to establish a basis for size classification of radioactive insoluble aerosols; these recommendations came from a meeting held at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL). New Mexico, and are commonly referred to as the LASL criteria (Fig^M). A small cyclone separator was chosen as the respirable dust sampler, since massive samples as obtained with the horizontal elutriator were not necessary for analysis of radioactive aerosols. Only the particles that pass the sampler, namely, the smaller size fraction, are collected and used to provide a measure of the respirable aerosol concentration. Neither the BMRC nor the LASL criteria for respirable aerosol sampling agrees exactly with the ICRP Task Group recommendations concerning naso pharyngeal deposition but tend to include more of the particles which are less than 7 pm in aerodynamic diameter. This is probably fortuitous, since it tends to compensate for aerosols deposited in the deep lung in a combination of mouth and nose breathing. Hence, the 3 pm particles that are more 11-82b LAM 010803 DPMC-07186 FIGURE U-(9 Respirable aerosol sampling criteria for penetration of repirable aerosols through a size-classifier to provide for collection of particles that have the greatest potential for pulmonary deposition if inhaled (from Raabe,1979). lam 010804 H~10 efficiently deposited in the pulmonary region during mouth breathing (Fig. jfi-) than during nose breathing (Fig.^) are weighted more than would be justified by the ICRP Task Group nose breathing models. It is important to note that the "respirable" dust sample is thus not intended to be a measure of the lung deposition but only a measure of aerosol concentration for particles that are the primary candidates for lung deposi tion. Clearly, the respirable dust sample is only biologically relevant for aerosols whose upper respiratory deposition is not expected to be of major health impact. Soluble aerosols of toxic substances can enter the blood directly from the nasal mucosa or the gastrointestinal tract during clearance from the nose, and the deposition of particles as large as 100 pm or even larger in the nose may be the .primary hazard for such aerosols. ll-82d LAIW 010805 Page Par/Line Chapter 12 - PM/SO Errata Delete Insert 12-7 12-8 -/I 12-16 4/2-3 Kikigawa and Sizuka Sentence: Mice----- lifetimes. 12-17 Col. 1 & 2 1310 500 12-17 Col. 3 1 i ne 6 12-20 Col .1 300 days 1310 mg/m3 (500 ppm) SO2 12-21 FirstoColumn, 8th line: Ong/nr 12-51 Original page Revised Table 12-1 Kikigawa and Iizuka Mice were exposed over their lifetimes in a 180 liter chamber into which 500 ppm S0p was injected at a rate of^20 ml/min,.for 5 minutes, 5 days/week. (See Text) lifetime (See Text) 3 0 mg/m New page, with revisions for the 7th compound: FepO^. 12-52 12-72 2/10 12-80 4/5 12-91 2/21 12-93 3/6 3/7 12-98 1/14 12-100 3/8-9 12-102 Col. 1 12-105 Col. 4 ~/15 Original page 100 pg/m3 head only alterations, thus regimes ozone exposed (see Table 12-15) beating New page, with revisions for first entry: Open hearth dust 0.1 mg/m3 head-only alterations. Thus comma after: diameter) comma after: time regimens ozone-exposed (see Table 12-14) beat LAIW 010806 DPMC-0718 Page Par/Line 12-105 Col 5 12-115 2/1, 2 12-117 2/6 12-124 2/2 12-124 2/3 12-124 2/4 12-125 2/12,13 12-129 2/8 12-130 1/10 12-151 Ref. 233 Chapter 12 - PM/SO Errata (cont.) Delete Gardner et al.154 Peacock and Spence. . . . .... for two years. Ref. 392 absorption and is In a different study . . . . . . .(500 ppm) S02 initiating L. Whittenberger Insert Gardner et al. 145 Peacock and Spence (1967)327 exposed LX strain mice, over their lifetimes, in a 180 liter chamber into which SO- at a concentration of 500 ppm (1310 pg/in ) was injected at a rate of 20 ml/min for 5 minutes, 5 days/week. Ref. 292 is retained somewhere in the respiratory system, after: amount In a different study, mice were exposed over their lifetimes in a 180 liter chamber into which SO- at a concentration of 500 ppm, (1310 pg/mJ) was injected at a rate of 20 ml/min for 5 minutes, 5 days/week. irritating comma after: volume J. L. Whittenberger Note: List of additional recommended references attached lam 010807 o* V ce ta 4> t oa. <4- l TABLE 1 2 - 1 . POTENTIAL MUTAGENIC EFFECTS OF S O ,/B IS U L F IT E u ** t> cc 4- ic- *u*- <Ot *OC oArt >1 <cm4*>0- c u*>U> ts ^ v*i cn 0 * JZ a. wo VaI ui. e a -5 aoOl c u <-- .C C *- o i{ 0)4-) <0 1 a. w>iv Oou U1 Ui ^ 5: wx 5ii i n> 8 X o a. im m o to e X3 ir> Xa. o 12--/il sc ^s a> a. 6 a. o - o fO lO LAM 010808 DP.MC Reference rr*o- rH O CO rf-H i-H O CO HrOH -CO con CSJ rH cvj csj O CO - * -Csl - rH - CO CO CO CO rH CO CO -CO CO CSJ CSJ CSJ CSJ - CM CM CSJ Csl rH OOO CO CO CO vO>' cSOn SD 10 o*> cn cSnD id os o CO ** H if) H r-i . Compliance ml/cm H20 % difference from co n tro l R e s is ta n c e cm H2 0 /m l/s e c % difference from control P article s iz e , pm, MMD** C o n c e n tra tio n mg/m3 * * tO rH CSJ O rH OS CO 00 OS tD CSJ os m ^ ro fl3 TO tO <CJ CD CSl cn o < CD CSl CSJ <T 00 Csl <3- SO <SJ 4 CO 4- <SJ rH 4 4 i 4I 4 4 4 4 4 rH 4 4 4 4 44 4 cn cn cn os t-h rH rH CO CO rH CMCMCslCMinLDr-5-3` rH H CO O rH OOOOOOOi-trH o o o /--*. j<--"V QO OO SO SO O o O'* rH cn tnoooocoooo CSJ US rH CO US ?? rH SO ro tn h 3" <3* O o o OO n- o O. O o o o o' o OOHHHfSlHHfO O Csl Csj o rH rH rH rH cn ** rH CSJ o to o N CO c Z KJ o COw O4 to X PC'H ^X 4 O to 3 O 12-51 xS:-. CSJ 4 4 co ooO > to fO QJ 0()N z Ul. u. LAfl/I 010809 cs 4 r-- cs o o o to ccc xXX DPMC-0?132 Compound C o n c e n tra tio n mg/m3 P article s iz e , pm, MMD R e s is ta n c e cm H2 0 /m l/s e c % difference from control Compliance ml/cm H20 % difference from co n tro l Compound Reference M (SI CD CD Cl <T> CD Cl CD CD Cl Cl O CD rHI (0 (0 r-H CD +r-i + fO CO I 10 to r^ +*f r-t oo CJ o CO CO oo oo CD O rH O o o CO oo oo Csl 00 .c 4-> U. ft a> -C c 4-> a> cO Cl 3 o "O "O 0/ 4-> 05 C >o 'r- X5 -*-> t. U ft Cu u .c Cl it U Ol oc --> o u JC3 a> fcQ. ft CO u u ew0Q0J1 ft 0o) oOJ o. if) if) i<fU) c3 O 0u/ Of ft TO c <0 T03> vifEf>t) /o3O"-v l/i It +-> o c3 a* o T3 U O) > >> c O -Q ou *o Q. U iT> O o V Q. +-> o c VI u 4-> cn r4-> It co ft a> *-> t. a> ft E ft CD -- U "D a> 4-> C a; it E `r- ft *0 *- OE * 12-52 LAM 010810 DPMC-07193 Additional References Recommended for Consideration in Chapter 12 Costa, D. L. and M. 0. Amdur. Effect of oil mists on the irritancy of sulfur dioxides. II. Motor Oil. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 40:809-815, 1979. Costa, D. L., and M. 0. Amdur. Effect of oil mists on the irritancy of sulfur dioxide. I. Mineral Oils and Light Lubricating Oil. Am. Indust'. Hyg. Assoc. J. 40(8):680-685, 1979. Costa, 0. L., and M. 0. Amdur. Respiratory responses of guinea pigs to oil mists. Am. Indust. Hyg. Assoc. J. 40(8):673-679, 1979. Schneider and Calkins. Sulfur dioxide induced lymphocyte defects in peripheral blood cultures. Environ. Res. 3:473-482, 1970. LAM 010811 Page Par/Line Chapter 13 - PM/SO Errata x Delete Insert 13-5 Col. 4 8th Ref 13-5 Col. 4 6th Ref 13-5 Col. 4 11th Ref 13-9 2/1 13-11 -/16 13-12 -no 13-12 -/ii 13-13 Col. 7 2nd Ref 13-13 -/2 13-16 2/11 13-22 3/1 13-23 2/1 13-26 3/4 13-26 4/2 Odor Threshold, 1968 Arthur D. Little, Inc. 1968 Holmes, 1954 Bushtueva et al. , 1960 Holmes, 1915 (see Greenwald, 1954) Bushtueva, 1962 Bushtueva et al. (1960) Bushtueva (1962) In "Effects" column_entry for Frank et al., 1962, after ... nasal breathing:; at 1 ppm, one subject ex perienced 7% increase in flow resistance, another a 23% decrease In "Reference" column: Hazucha and Bates, 1975 In "Effects" column: Significant Significant decrease in decrease in FVC, FEV, n, MMFR, MEFR; FVC, FEV1 Q, MMFR MEFR 1-U also decreased1' Wolff et al., 1975b Wolff et al., 1977 Lawther and Bond 1955 1975b 1975b - - In "Effects" column entry for Jaeger et al., after .. 30 minutes:; 3 subjects in curred delayed effects and required medication. Lawther 1955 1977 1977 ; EPA before estimate ; EPA before estimate LAM 010812 Page Par/Line Chapter 13 - PM/SO^ Errata (cont.) Delete Insert 13-27 Col. 6 7th Ref 8th Ref 13-28 2/3 13-28 2/12 13-31 2/7 13-38 2/4 13-38 2/5 13-40 1/16 Koenig, 1979 Koenig, 1979 - - - estimated estimated 1968 Koenig et al., 1979 Koenig et al., 1979 ; EPA before estimate EPA before estimate 1973 after: Hazucha EPA estimate of EPA estimate of 1978 Note: Completed reference list attached. Note: List of additional recommended references attached. law 010813 Additional References Recommended for Consideration in Chapter 13 Anderson, L., 6. R. Lundgvist, D. F. Proctor, and K. L. Swift. Human response to controlled levels of inert dust. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 119:619-627, 1979. Camner, P. and K. Philipson. Human alveolar deposition of 4 pm Teflon particles. Arch. Environ. Health 33(4):181-185, 1978. Chaney, S., W. Blomquist, K. Muller, and 6. Goldstein. Biochemical Changes in humans Upon Exposure to Sulfuric Acid Aerosol and Exercise. EPA-600/1-79-032, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1979. Chaney, S., W. Blomquist, K. Muller, and P. Dewitt. Biochemical Effects of Inhalation of Sulfuric Ac>d Mist by Human Subjects While at Rest. EPA-600/1-79-042, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1979. Coates, J. E. Lung Function: Assessment and Application in Medicine. Fourth edition. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, 1979. pp. 329-387. Utell, J. J., A. T. Aquilina, W. J. Hall, D. M. Speers, R. G. Douglas, F. R. Gibb, P. E. Morrow, and R. W. Hyde. Development of Airway Reactivity to Nitrates in Subjects with Influenza. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 121:233-241, 1980. LAM 010814 DPMC-C7IS 13.7 REFERENCES Abe, M. Effects of mixed N0?, S0? on human pulmonary functions. Effects of air pollution on the human body. Bull. Tokyo Med. Dent. Univ. 14:415, 1967. Amdur, M. Animal studies on sulfur acids and particulates. Proceedings of Conference, Health Effects of Air Pollutants. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1973. pp. 175-205. Amdur, M. 0. The long road from Donora. 1974 Cummings Memorial Lecture. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 35:589-597, 1974. Amdur, M. 0. Toxicological appraisal of particulate matter, oxides of sulfur and sulfuric acid. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 19:638-646, 1969. Amdur, M. 0., W. W. Melvin, Jr., and P. Drinker. Effects of inhalation of sulfur dioxide by man. Lancet 2:758-759, 1953. Amdur, M. 0., L. Silverman, and P. Drinker. Inhalation of sulfuric acid mist by human subjects. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 6:305-313, 1952. Andersen, I., P. L. Jensen, S. E. Reed, J. W. Craig, D. F. Proctor, and G. K. Adams. Induced rhinovirus infection under controlled exposure to sulfur dioxide. Arch. Environ. Health 32:120-126, 1977. Andersen, I., G. R. Lundqvist, P. L. Jensen, and D. F. Proctor. Human response to controlled levels of sulfur dioxide. Arch. Environ. Health 28:31-39, 1974. Arthur D. Little Incorporated. Determination of Odor Thresholds for 53 Commercially Important Organic Compounds. The Manufacturing Chemists' Association,-Washington, DC, January 11, 1968. Avol, E. L., M. P. Jones, R. M. Bailey, N. N. Chang, M. T. Kleinman, W. S. Linn, K. A. Bell, and J. D. Hackney. Controlled exposures of human volunteers to sulfate aerosols. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 120:319-326, 1979. Bates, D. V. , and M. Hazucha. The short-term effects of ozone on the lung. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Health Effects of Air Pollutants. 'Serial No. 93-15, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1973. pp. 507-540. Bedi, J. F., L. J. Folinsbee, S. M. Horvath, and R. S. Ebenstein. Human exposure to sulfur dioxide and ozone: absence of a synergistic effect. Arch. Environ. Health 34:233-239, 1979. Bell, K. A., and J. D. Hackney. Effects of sulfate aerosols upon human pulmonary function. Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (APRAC Project CAPM - 27-75), 1977. 13-47 LAM 010815 DPMC-0719 Bell, K. A., W. S. Linn, M. Hazucha, J. D. Hackney, and D. V. Bates. Respiratory effects of exposure to ozone plus sulfur dioxide in Southern Californians and Eastern Canadians. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 38:696-706, 1977. Burton, G. G., M. Corn, J. B. L. Gee, D. Vassallo, and A. Thomas. Absence of "synergistic response" to inhaled low concentration gas-aerosol mixtures in healthy adult males. Presented at 9th Annual Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, Denver, Colorado, July 1968. Burton, G. G., M. Corn, B. L. Gee, C. Vasallo, and A. P. Thomas. Response of healthy men to inhaled low concentrations of gas-aerosol mixtures. Arch. Environ. Health 18:681-692, 1969. Bushtueva, D. A. New studies of the effect of sulfur dioxide and of sulfuric acid aerosol on reflex activity of man. I_n: Limits of Allowable Concen trations of Atmospheric Pollutants. Book 5, B. S. Levine, translator, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington, DC, March 1962. pp. 86-92. Bushtueva, K. A. The determination of the limit of allowable concentration of sulfuric acid in atmospheric air. _I_n: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants. Book 3, B. S. Levine, translator, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington, DC, 1957. pp. 20-36. Bushtueva, K. A. Threshold reflex effect of S0,, and sulfuric acid aerosol simultaneously present in the air. In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants. Book 4, B. S. Levine, translator, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington, DC, January 1961. pp. 72-79. Cralley, L. V. The Effect of irritant gases upon the rate of ciliary activity. J. Ind. Hyg. and Toxicol. 24:193-198, 1942. Dubrovskaya, F. I. Hygienic evaluation of pollution of atmospheric air of a large city with sulfur dioxide gas. hi: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants. Book 3, B. S. Levine, translator, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington, DC., 1957. pp. 37-51. Frank, N. R. Studies on the effects of acute exposure to sulfur dioxide in human subjects. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 57:1029-1033, 1964. Trank, N. R., M. 0. Amdur, and J. L. Whittenberger. A comparison of the acute effects of S0? administered alone or in combination with NaCl particles on the respiratory mechanics of healthy adults. Int. J. Air Water Pollut. 8:125-133, 1964. Frank, N. R., M. 0. Amdur, J. Worcester, and J. L. Whittenberger. Effects of acute controlled exposure to S0,, on respiratory mechanics in healthy male adults. J. Appl. Physiol. 17:252-258, 1962. 13-48 LAM 010816 DPMC-0719Q Frank, R. , C. E. McJilton, and R. J. Charlson. Sulfur oxides and particles; effects on pulmonary physiology in man and animals. In: Proceedings of Conference on Health Effects of Air Pollution. National Research Council, Oct. 3-5, 1973. Serial No. 93-15, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Gokenmeijer, J. D. M., K. DeVries, and N. G. M. Orie. Response of the bronchial tree to chemical stimuli. Rev. Inst. Hyg. Mines (Hasselt) 28:195-197, 1973. Greenwald, I. Effects of inhalation of low concentrations of sulfur dioxide upon man and other mammals. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 10:455-475, 1954. Gunnison, A. F., and E. D. Palmes. S-Sulfonates in human plasma following inhalation of sulfur dioxide. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 35:288-291, 1974. Hazucha, M., and D. V. Bates. Combined effect of ozone and sulphur dioxide o.i human pulmonary function. Nature (London) 257:50-51, 1975. Holmes, J. A., E. C. Franklin, and R. A. Gould. Report of the Selby Smelter Commission. Bulletin 98, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, DC, 1915. Horvath, S. M. (personal communication). Horvath, S. M., and L. J. Folinsbee. Interactions of Two Air Pollutants, Sulfur Dioxide and Ozone, on Lung Functions. Grant ARB-4-1266, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, March 1977. Jaeger, M. J., D. Tribble, and H. J. Wittig. Effect of 0.5 ppm sulfur dioxide on the respiratory function of normal and asthmatic subjects. Lung 156:119-127, 1979. Kisskalt, K. Uber den Einfluss der inhalation schwelfiger Saure auf die Entevickelung der Lungentuberculose: Ein Bietrag zum Studien der Gewerbekrankheiten. Z. Hyg. 48:269-279, 1904. Kleinman, M. T., and J. D. Hackney. Effects of sulfate aerosols upon human pulmonary function. APRAE Project CAPM-27-75, Coordinating Research Council, Inc., New York, NY, 1978. Koenig, J. Q., W. E. Pierson, and R. Frank. Acute effects of inhaled SO2 plus NaCl droplet aerosol on pulmonary function in asthmatic adolescents? Environ. Res. (in press), 1980. Koenig, J. Q., W. E. Pierson, and R. Frank. Acute effects of inhaled S0? and exercise on pulmonary function in asthmatic adolescents. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 64:154, 1979. Kreisman, H., C. A. Mitchell, H. R. Hosein, and A. Bouhuys. Effect of low concentrations of sulfur dioxide on respiratory function in man. Lung 154:25-34, 1976. 13-49 LAM 010817 DPMC-07200 Lawther, P. J. Effects of inhalation of sulfur dioxide on respiration and pulse-rate in normal subjects. Lancet 2:745-748, 1955. Lawther, P. J., A. J. MacFarlane, R. E. Waller, and A. G. F. Brooks. Pulmonary function and sulphur dioxide, some preliminary findings. Environ. Res. 10:355-367, 1975. Lehmann, K. B. Experimentalle Studien iiber den Einfluss technisch uncf hygienisch wichtiger Gase und Dampfe auf den Organismus. VI. Schwefliger Saure. Arch. Hyg. 18:180-191, 1893. Lippman, M., R. E. Albert, D. B. Yeats, K. Wales, and G. Leikauf. "Effect of sulfuric acid mist on mucociliary bronchial clearance in healthy non-smoking humans." J. Aerosol Sci. In Press, 1979-1980. Mcllroy, M. B., R. Marshall, and R. V. Christie. Work of breathing in normal subjects. Clin. Sci. 13:127-136, 1954. McJilton, C. E., R. Frank, and R. J. Charlson. Influence of relative humidity on functional effects of an inhaled S0?-aerosol mixture.' Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 113:163-169, 1976. Melville, G. N. Changes in specific airway conductance in healthy volunteers following nasal and oral inhalation of SO,. West Indian Med. J. 19:231-235, 1970. L Nadel, J. , H. Salem, B. Tamplin, and Y. Tokiwa. Mechanism of bronchoconstriction during inhalation of sulfur dioxide. J. Appl. Physiol. 20:164-167, 1965. Nadel, J. A., H. Salem, B. Tamplin, and Y. Tokiwa. Mechanism of bronchoconstriction. Arch. Environ. Meth. 10:175-178, 1965. Nakamura, K. Response of pulmonary airway resistance by interaction of aerosols and gases in different physical and chemical nature. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 19:38-49, 1964. Newhouse, M. T., M. Dolovich, G. Obminski, and R. K. Wolff. Effect of TLV levels of SO, and H,S0. on bronchial clearance in exercising man. Arch. Environ. Health 33:24-32, 1978. Ogata, M. Uber die Giftigkeit der schweffigen Saure. Arch. Hyg. 2:223-245, 1884. Reichel , G. Die Wirkung von Schwefeldiovyd auf den Atemivegsvilderstand des Menschen. Verh. Dtsch. Arbeitsmed. 12:135-141, 1972. Ryazanov, V. A. Sensory Physiology as Basis for Air Quality Standards. Arch. Environ. Health 5:479-494, 1962. Sackner, M. A., D. Ford, R. Fernandez, J. Cipley, D. Perez, M. Kwocka, M. Reinhart, E. D. Michaelson, R. Schreck, and Adam Wanner. Effects of sulfuric acid aerosol on cardiopulmonary function of dogs, sheep, and humans. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 118:497-510, 1978. 13-50 LAM 010818 DPMC-07201 Schlcsinger, R. B., M. Lippmann, and R. E. Albert. Effects of Short-term Exposures to Sulfuric Acid and Ammonium Sulfate. J. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 39:275-286, 1978. Schlesinger, R. B., M. Halpern, R. E. Albert, and M. Lippmann. Effecfof Chronic Inhalation of Sulfuric Acid Mist Upon Mucociliary Clearance from the Lungs of Donkeys. J. Environ. Pathol. & Toxicol. 2:1351-1367, 1979. Shalamberidze, 0. P. Reflex effects of mixtures of sulfur and nitrogen dioxides. Hyg. Sanit. 32:10-15, 1967. Sim, Van M., and R. E. Pattle. Effect of possible smog irritants on human subjects. 0. Am. Med. Assoc. 165:1908-1913, 1957. Snell, R. E., and P. C. Luchsinger. Effects of sulfur dioxide on expiratory flow rates and total respiratory resistance in normal human subjects. Arch. Environ. Health 18:693-698, 1969. Speizer, F. E., and N. R. Frank. A comparison of changes in pulmonary flow resistance in health volunteers acutely exposed to S0? by mouth and by nose. Br. J. Ind. Med. 23:75-79, 1966a. * Speizer, F., and Frank, N. R. The Uptake and Release of S0? by the Human Nose. Arch. Environ. Health 12:725-728, 1966b. Tomono, Y. Effects of S0? on human pulmonary functions. Sangyo Igaku 3:77-85, 1961. Toyama, T. A medical study of aerosols. I. Sangyo Igaku 4:86-92, 1962. Toyama, T., and K. Nakamura. Synergistic response to hydrogen peroxide aerosols and sulfur dioxide to pulmonary airway resistance. Ind. Health 2:34-45, 1964. Ulmer, W. T. Inhalative noxen: schwefeldioxyd. Pneumonologie 150:83-96, 1974. von Nieding, G., H. M. Wagner, H. Krekeler, H. Lollgen, W. Fries, and A. Beuthan. Controlled studies of human exposure to single and combined action of N0?, 0, and SQ?. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 43:195-210, 1979. Weir, F. W., and P. A. Bromberg. Further investigation of the effects of sulfur dioxide on human subjects. Annual Report Project No. CAWC S-15, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 1972. Weir, F. W., and?. A. Bromberg. Effects of sulfur dioxide on human subjects exhibiting peripheral airway impairment. Project No. CAWC S-15, American Petroleum Institute, September 1973. pp. 1-18. Wolff, R. K., M. Dolovich, C. M. Rossman, and M. T. Newhouse. Sulphur dioxide and tracheobronchial clearance in man. Arch. Environ. Health 30:521-527, 1975a. LAM 010819 DPMC-07202 Wolff, R. K. , M. Dolovich, G. Obminski, and M. T. Newhouse. Effect of sulphur dioxide on tracheobronchial clearance at rest and during exercise. I_n: Inhaled Part. Proc. Int. Symp. 4th, Edinburgh, Scotland, September 22-26, 1975. Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 1977. pp. 321-332. Yamada, J. Untersuchunger liber die quantitative Absorption der Dampfe. einiger Sauren durch Tier und Mensch. Dissertation, Wurzburg, 1905. (See Lehmann, K. B., Arch. Hyg. 67:57-98, 1908.) 13-52 LAM 010820 Chapter 14. Epidemiology Studies Corrigenda Before listing specific minor errata (insertions/deletions) for text contained in Chapter 14 of the April 1980, External Review Draft, several general comments should be noted regarding planned reorganization and certain other major changes to be made in the chapter. The chapter reorganization and other changes are based in part on corrments received both from within and outside EPA and further technical information obtained since finalization and release of the April, 1980, external review version of the chapter. In regard to reorganization of the chapter, the present introduction (Section 14.1) discussing general epidemiology methodology considerations and the discussion of air quality measurement considerations (Section 14.2) are to be retained, with certain specific revisions noted later. Similarly, much of the later discussion of caveats and limits contained in Section 14.6 is to be retained, again with certain revisions as noted later. The materials between the above sections (dealing with evaluation of specific studies), however, is to be reorganized using the following format: 14.3 - Acute Exposure Effects 14.3.1 - Mortality 14.3.2 - Morbidity Adults Children 14.4 - Chronic Exposure Effects 14.4.1 - Mortality 14.4.2 - Morbidity Adults Children Resequencing of the discussion of specific studies in the above manner both: (1) better matches the presentation format followed for summary text and tables later in Chapter 14 and in Volume I; and (2) better organizes discussion of technical data related to development of health criteria for short-term (24-hour) or long term (annual average) ambient air quality standards, respectively. Text on LAM 010821 DPMC-07204 the bottom of pg. 14-14 is, therefore, to be revised to reflect the reorganization of subsequent materials in Section 14.3 and 14.4, and to indicate that a new Section 14.5 will contain integrative summary and interpretation discussion materials of the type dealt with under the present Section 14.6. Also, at the end of Section 14.1, following the above revisons of text at the bottom of Pg. 14-14, new text to be inserted is to note that certain criteria are to be followed, generally, in the selection of specific studies to be discussed in detail under new Section 14.3 and 14.4. The criteria to be employed in narrowing down the detailed discussion to potentially key studies are as follows: 1. The studies have been peer-reviewed and published or are "in press" to be published, such that final versions of the published reports are (or can be made) publically available. Also, the results or analyses contained in the published reports represent completed analyses of data, rather than "preliminary" analyses subject to change before publication in "final" form. 2. The published information is sufficient to allow for reasonably clear evaluation of the methodology employed in collection and analysis of data leading to the results reported (or such information is satisfactorily alternatively obtained or clarified). 3. Evidence exists for major confounding factors having been appropriately controlled for or taken into account in the published analyses, e.g. especially temperature in studies of acute effects and smoking, race, and socioeconomic status in chronic exposure studies. 4. The published results, together with any alternatively obtained information, appear to provide a reasonably clear potential basis by which to define quantitative dose-effect or dose-response relationships for health effects associated with sulfur oxides and particulate matter. Emphasis is to be placed on studies yielding information on effects associated with exposures below 1000 yg/irr (24 hour average) that are most germane for present criteria development purposes. In addition to detailed discussion of studies meeting all of the above criteria, certain other studies failing to meet one or more of the criteria may also be considered or reviewed, based on their findings likely providing important information bearing on the overall assessment of epidemiologic evidence of significance for present purposes. LAM 010822 DPMC-07205 Following the above modifications of introductory materials in Section 14.1, the next section (14.2) on air quality measurement considerations is to be expanded to include sunmary statements derived from Chapter 3 discussions of intercomparisons between estimates of particulate matter levels obtained by various measurement techniques. Thus, immediately before the start of Section 14.3 at the bottom of Pg. 14-34, there is to be inserted a relatively brief summary discussion concerning the main conclusions derived from Chapter 3 regarding intercomparisons of particulate matter measurement data obtained by means of high-volume (TSP) sampling, British smoke (BS), and other (e.g., the AISI) particulate measurement techniques. Note will be made of the difficulties and limitations inherent in making such intercomparisons and, based on this, the particulate matter measurement results employed in particular studies discussed in Sections 14.3 and 14.4 are to be expressed there only in terms of units appropriate for the specific measurement methodology employed (e.g., in CoH units or yg/m of either BS or TSP). Only following summarization of study results in terms of such original measurement units are discussions of any potential interconversions between measurement units to be included as part of later summary and conclusions materials in Section 14.5 and elsewhere (e.g., Volume I). No attempt will be made here to list myriad changes in sequencing of text materials now under Sections 14.3 to 14.5 of the April, 1980, External Review Draft necessary to accomplish the reorganization of materials into the new Sections 14.3 and 14.4 listed under the revised format outlined above. Rather, only certain planned substantive content revisions (mainly large text deletions) of existing materials .in Sections 14.3 to 14.5 of the April draft are summarized below before presentation of more detailed lesser errata corrections for the Chapter. LAM 010823 -3DPMC-07208 On pg. 14-47, Table 14-7 is to be deleted along with revisions and reduction in text at the bottom of pg. 14-46 and top of pg. 14-48, discussing the Osaka and Rotterdam studies. The revisions are to note that the Biersteker3^5 and Watanabe100 studies report data or information on quantitative dose-effect relationships, but insufficient information was reported to allow for evaluation of the adequacy of study design (especially in regard to adjustments made for temperature effects). On pg. 14-51 to 14-52, the discussion of multiple regression studies by Hodgson J5 Buechley J59.160 |_eb0W-jtz,^6 and Lebowitz et al J'7'1 is to be shortened considerably. Note is to be made that these studies provide mainly qualitative data on associations between sulfur oxides (SO^) or particulate matter (PH) and observed mortality effects but generally do not provide clear data on quantitative levels of S0x or PM likely associated with such effects, with the exception of the Beuchley studies^' finding significant increases in mortality when 24 3 hour mean SO^ levels exceeded approximately 500yg/m . On pg. 14-56, 14-58, 14-59, the extensive quotation of material from Holland et al.3<^ concerning the Martin studies6'^ is to be deleted. Also the rest of the text on pg. 14-59 is to be deleted, along with the text concerning the detailed additional analysis of mortality effects observed in the Martin studies6,^ that runs from pg. 14-60 to 14-65. Similarly, the rest of the text on 14-65-and 14-66 (top) on further analysis of the 1975 London and 1975 Pittsburgh episodes is to be deleted. The available reports or discussions of the 1975 London episodes do not allow for more detailed analyses of the type indicated on pg. 14-65; and the available report by Riggan et al. (1977)3^ on the Pittsburgh episode contains information only on preliminary analyses that remain to be more definitively completed, peer-reviewed and published. LAM 010824 On pg. 14-70 to 14-71, table 1.4-16 on qualitative mortality studies is to be moved to the appendices and referred to in Chapter 14 text only briefly, in summary terms. Also, certain studies, such as those by Buck and Brown 199 Wicken and 19 Buck, Burn and Pemberton, 20 are to be added to , qualitative studies listed in Table 14-16. Comments on the Winkelstein studies 21-23 and analyses presented on pg. 14-73 to 14-81 would be especially valuable in order to resolve whether to retain such detailed discussion of these results as important quantitative findings or whether to simply list the Winkelstein results in a table of qualitative findings. On pg. 14-90, the sunmary table (14-21) is to be revised to show the 24 hour particulate levels at which mortality effects were observed only in terms of the original units (yg/m BS; CoH units) in which such data were reported (and not possible comparable TSP units). On pg. 14-91, Table 14.22 is to be deleted. On pg. 14-93 to 14-95, the Table (14.23) on qualitative studies of air pollution and acute respiratory disease is to be moved to the Appendices and only brief summary statements regarding the table kept in the main text of Chapter 14. Comments on studies by Finklea et al. 177 * 122 ' 123 are to be deleted from the table. On pg. 14-96 and 14-97, text revisions are to be made that note the exclusion from discussion in the April draft of studies carried out as part of the EPA "CHESS" program. Also, in that connection, explanatory text will be inserted stating that: (1) The manner in which CHESS program study results were reported and interpreted in sunmary form in early 1970 publications and in more detail in the 1974 "Sulfur Oxides Monograph" raised questions regarding possible inconsistencies in data collection and analyses, as well as interpretation of the reported results; 5- - LAM 010825 DPMC-07208 (2) Of particular concern were questions regarding the adequacy of air quality data measurements (for TSP and SO^, as well as other pollutants) upon which key quantitative conclusions were based regarding possible air pollution-health effects relationships; (3) Many of the outstanding questions regarding the CHESS studies remain to be clearly resolved and, until such time that they are, the potential usefulness of such studies is extremely limited in terms of yielding well-defined information on air pollution-health effects relationships as they might pertain to development of health effects criteria; (4) Based on the above considerations, CHESS program data sets and analyses will not be further discussed in criteria document drafts, unless questions regarding accuracy of specific data sets and their analyses have been satisfactorily resolved and reports on them adequately peer reviewed. On pg. 14-102, the last sentence on the page is to be amended to note that, since measurements of air pollution and pulmonary function reported in the Stebbings no pi C et al. study and the Stebbings and Fogelman study were not initiated until after the peak of the 1975 Pittsburgh episode, it is impossible to clearly relate any health effects observed in those studies to specific SO^ or PM levels. Consequently, ' op pic the rest of the detailed discussion of the Stebbings ' studies on pg. 14-103 and top, pg. 14-104, is to be deleted. Also, on pg. 14-105 and 14-106, all text dealing with the Stebbings-and Hayes190 report on a 1971-1972 New York "CHESS" Program panel study is to be deleted, as per statements made earlier concerning exclusion from discussion of CHESS Program studies due to unresolved questions regarding their reported results and interpretations. Similarly, the detailed text discussing the French et al.306 New York ARD "CHESS" Program study is to be deleted from top, pg. 14-109 to top, pg. 14-133, including Tables 14-24 to 14-26 on pg. 14-110 to 14112. c LAM 010826 DPMC-07209 On pg. 14-107 to 14-109, the discussion of the studies^' ^05-210 McCarroll and associates is to be shortened (and reference to quantitative estimates of pollutant levels associated with observed health effects deleted). Consideration will be given to including brief summaries of those studies in an appropriate table of qualitative studies. On pg. 14-113, the detailed discussion of the Kalpalzanov et al. study is to be deleted and its results only briefly summarized in an appropriate table of qualitative studies. On pg. 14-115 to 14-116, the discussions of the Kevany 15 and Heinman 54 and Sterling 72 ' 73 studies are to be deleted; the results of each are to be summarized in an appropriate table of qualitative studies. The discussion of the Fletcher et al.^ and Angel et al.^ studies on pg. 14-117, is to be moved to the new Section 14.4 on chronic exposure effects, rather than remaining under the text on acute effects as presently situated. Note will be made of difficulties in estimating quantitative levels of SO^ or PM associated with observed health effects, and other problems, which argue for these studies to be included as part of an appropriate table of qualitative studies. The text on the Verma et al.^ study (bottom, pg. 14-120; top, 14-121) is to be deleted and that study only mentioned briefly in an appropriate table of qualitative studies. Also, on pg. 14-121, the discussion of the "Ministry of Pensions" study 6? is to be moved to the new Section 14.4 on chronic effects; note will be made of problems with air monitoring data used in that study and other methodological problems which mitigate against useful quantitative information being extracted for present criteria development purposes. -7- LAM 010827 DPMC-07210 On pg. 14-123, the Shephard et al.82^' 228 discussion is to be deleted and ion the Lebowitz et al. study results (including top pg. 14-124) briefly summarized in a table of qualitative studies. Table 14-29, on pg. 14-125 is to be revised as follows: (1) particulate matter measurement data will be expressed only in terms of BS or TSP as originally reported, with a column being added for BS in the table headings along side the TSP (yg/m ) heading; (2) "qualitative" studies will be deleted from the table, including those by McCarroll et al.,288,288 Cassell et al.,288, 28 Greenburg et al. J8 Stebbings et al.,2^8 Stebbings and Hayes J8 Heimann,5^ and British CO Ministry of Pensions. On pg. 14-131 to 14-134, certain of the studies included in Table 14-30 as yielding qualitative information on air pollution-health effects might be appropriately deleted, except for ones providing data specifically elucidating associations between health effects and S0x or PM. Comments on which studies should be retained as meeting such criteria, and which should be deleted as useless for present purposes, would be helpful. The extensive discussion pf the Irwig et al.8 and Melia et al.^new re^' ^42) reports on the British school children study, on pg. 14-139 to 14-149 (top), is to be deleted. Essentially no reference in the main body of Chapter 14 is to be made to either the Irwig et al. or Melia et al. reports in view of the preliminary nature of the analyses alluded to in the referenced papers and the lack of any peer-reviewed published reports on "final" or completed analyses of the British school children study. On pg. 14-151 (top), the discussion of the study by Tsunetoshi et al. is to be deleted and the results briefly summarized in a qualitative studies table. 8- LAM 010828 DPMC-07211 Similarly, the Suzuki et al.183 study discussion on pg. 14-151 (bottom) is to be deleted and that study sumnarized-in a qualitative studies table, as is also the case for the Toyama et al., * Tani 3 and Yoshii studies on pg. 14-152. On pg. 14-152 to 14-158, all text is to be deleted regarding discussion of the EPA "CHESS" studies reported by Chapman et al. c for Utah "CRD" and Chicago "CRD" prevalence rate data sets. Also, on pg. 14-158 (bottom) and 14-159 (top) discussion of the Yoshida et al.175 is to be deleted and results of that study briefly summarized in a qualitative studies table. Comments focusing on the discussion and interpretation of the studies by 1R? on Rudnick and Douglas and Waller on pg. 14-159 to 14-163 would be highly useful, as would comments on the Lunn et al.95, 97 studies discussed on pg. 14- 163 to 14-165. Rudnick182, Douglas and Waller913, and Lunn et al.95,97 appear to to provide at least some reasonably well-defined air quality data by which quantitative health effects - SOx/PM air pollution relationships might be delineated (they have been interpreted by leading experts in such a manner). This, together with otherwise apparently sound methodological features, argue for these studies being strongly considered as potential key studies in arriving at final conclusions regarding the epidemiology data base for SOx and PM. On pg. 14-165 to 14-177, all text is to be deleted regarding discussion of CHESS studies reported by Hammer et al.21^ and French et al.3135 (on New York "LRD" data), French et al.306 (on Utah "LRD" data), and Hammer113,257 (on Southeast or Birmingham vs. Charlotte "LRD" data). This is in keeping with statements presented earlier regarding exclusion of CHESS studies from consideration in view of questions that remain to be resolved concerning data collection, analyses and interpretation of results for CHESS Program studies. Of all the various CHESS -9- LAM 010829 studies to be deleted at this time, the Hammer115, 257 "Southeast LRD" study appears to provide the most extensive and thorough data analyses potentially leading to reliable quantitative estimates of air pollution (SOx/FM)-health effects relationships. Also, there appears to be a reasonable possiblity_of ll-l pC} resolving questions concerning the Hammer study * ' within the time frame of finalization of the present document. Comments on that study would, therefore, be helpful in determining its possible future consideration for inclusion in the criteria document as a potentially key quantitative study. Comments focused on the Van der Lende et al. studies 74-77 discussed on pg. 14-178 would also be quite useful, in view of its having been interpreted by a number of experts as yielding important information on quantitative health effects - air pollution (SOx/PM) relationships. Similarly, comments would be useful on the OC Becklake and Manfreda et al. studies as potentially finding lack of evidence 3 of health effects at SO2 and TSP levels around 100 ug/m or less, as discussed on pg. 14-178 and 14-179. On pg. 14-179 (bottom) and pg. 14-180 (top), the discussion of the Kagawa et al. * studies is to be deleted and, at most, briefly summarized within a 87 qualitative studies table. The same applies for the Zapletal et. al study discussed at the top of pg. 14-180. Comments would be especially valuable regarding the discussions on pg. 14180 to 14-186 regarding the studies by: Holland et al;1*51,182 Bennett et al.182; Tolley and Reid112; Ferris115; Mostardi and Leonard177; Mostardi and Martell258; pir and Shy et al. (Cincinnati school children pulmonary function study). At least some of these studies appear to provide potentially useful information by which quantitative health effects - air pollution (S0X/PM) relationships might -10- LAM 010830 DPMC-07213 be defined, whereas others may be sufficiently flawed methodologically (e.g. in failure to control for smoking, etc.) so as to be rendered essentially useless for present criteria development purposes. On pg. 14-186 to 14-188, all of the text is to be deleted regarding pi C the "CHESS" studies reported on by Shy et al. (New York pulmonary function data) and Chapman et al. 21 3 (Birmingham and Charlotte pulmonary function data). Comments would be useful regarding the Neri et al. 34 * 35 studies, discussed on pg. 14-189, as well as the other studies discussed on pg. 14-190 to 14-195. However, the discussion of Irwig et al. 98 results, on pg. 14-193 (bottom), is to be entirely deleted in view of the "preliminary" nature of the results thus far reported. On pg. 14-196 to 14-197, Table 14-40 is to be revised, including: (1) addition of a column heading for BS (yg/m3 ) along side TSP (wg/m3 ) and listing of particulate matter measurement data under only one of the columns according to the original form or units reported for a given study; and (2) deletion of CHESS Program studies (Goldberg et al., 109 House et al.,108 Nelson et al.,114 Hammer,113,257 Shy et al.,215 Chapman pio qg et al. ) and qualitative studies (Kerrebijn et al., Yoshida et al.,175) consistent with deletions in text noted above. The present Summary and Conclusions section (14.6) of Chapter 14, starting on pg. 14-199, is to be designated as Section 14.5 under the proposed chapter reorganization format outlined on the first two pages of the present materials. Reflecting the planned format change, the first paragraph on pg. 14-199 is to be appropriately revised to note under points (3) and -11- LAM 010831 DPMC-07214 (4) that acute and chronic exposure effects discussions appear under Sections 14.3 and 14.4, respectively, of the newly reorganized chapter. Point (5) at the end of the first paragraph is to be deleted. On pg. 14-200, the last part of the last sentence of the first paragraph (text starting with "--not for the purpose...") is to be deleted as unnecessary. The next paragraph on pg. 14-200 is to be revised to make reference to Table 14-41 as sunmarizing the results of key studies discussed earlier In the chapter as providing valid information on quantitative relationships between acute exposures to sulfur oxides or particulate matter and mortality and morbility health effects. Reference is also to be made to Table 14-42 as containing similar summarization of key quantitative studies concerning chronic exposure effects. Table 14-41, on pg. 14-201 and 14-202, is to be revised as follows: (1) additional column headings for C0H and BS measurement results in yg/m are to be provided along side the TSP (yg/m ) heading; (2) results for particulate matter measurements will be entered under one of the three (BS; C0H; TSP) columns only, as per the original units or form reported for a given study; and (3) numerous deletions of entries fromthe revised table are to be made. Such deletions are to include: (a) the first four sets of entries designated as being for British, Dutch, Japanese, and USA studies under episodic mortality; and (b) the morbidity study entries for Stebbings and Hayes,McCarroll et al.,^ Cassell et al.,^'^ and Stebbings and Fogleman.^ -12- LAM 010832 DPMC-0 On pg. 14-203, changes analogous to the first two types listed above for Table 14-41 are to also be made in Table 14-42. Entries are to be deleted too 16-18 from Table 14-42 for studies by Winkelstein, Zeidberg and colleagues. Hammer et al. Goldberg et al.J9 House et al.,^ Nelson et al.,^ Hammer,^3,257, et a-|>t215 an(j chapman et al.^ From pg. 14-205 to pg. 14-208 (top, before heading for Section 14.6.2), all text for present Section 14.6.1.1 is to be deleted. The text under Section 14.6.2 (pg. 14-208 to 14-214), however, is to remain, as is the text under Section 14.6.3 (pg. 14-215 to pg. 14-251). On pg. 14-245, Figure 14-8 is to be deleted and the differences between evaluations of key studies between Holland et al. 301 , WHO312 and other reviewers briefly discussed only in new text inserted on pg. 12-244. Study results for the Osaka (1962), Rotterdam (1960's), France (1973), Tokyo (1970), and Southeast USA (1969-71) entries in the figure will not be discussed. The mistaken data 177 entry for "Chicago-(1972)" in the figure actually refers to Mostardi's * studies in Ohio (1972), and the entry in the key to the right for Apling et al., Waller (1977-78) London is for Apling et al.; Weatherly and Waller (1977-78) London. Discussion of differences in the reviewers' evaluations of study results will note where the particular review "translated" original estimates of health effects-associated particulate matter levels associated with health effects from original COH or BS units to approximate corresponding TSP levels. Lastly, at the end of Chapter 14, copies of summary tables now appearing only in Volume I of the document (as Tables 1-19 to 1-22) are to be inserted to summarize the evaluations of different reviews for key quantitative studies. LAM 010833 DPMC-07216 The tables will be the same as present Tables 1-19, 1-20, and 1-21, except for those modifications discussed for those tables earlier, under present corrigenda materials for Chapter 1. Appropriate text will also be inserted to discuss the reviewers' evaluations summarized in the tables and definite statements made regarding which studies appear to be generally viewed as being valid and conclusions that can appropriately be drawn based on those study results. LAM 010834 DPMC-07217 7/9/80 Page Par/Line Chapter 14 - PM/S0x Errata Delete Insert 14-4 2/1 14-16 2/4 14-16 6/1 14-16 7/3 14-17 Fig 14-1 14-18 2/9 14-21 3/10 14-26 2/11 14-26 2/11 14-28 2/8 4/5 4/11 14-29 ft.nt C 14-30 1/3 14-31 1/3 14-31 2/5 14-31 2/5 14-34 3/4 14-50 3/1 Note: The "Lowrance (1976)" reference cited is listed as reference #343 on attached completed reference list. Note: The "WSL (1967)" reference cited is listed as reference #344 on attached completed reference list. Note: The "WSL (1967)" reference cited is listed as reference #344 on attached completed reference list. Note: The "WSL (1967)" reference cited is listed as reference #344 on attached completed reference list. Note: The "WSL (1967)" reference cited is listed as reference #344 on attached completed reference list. Note: The WSL Instruction Manual (1966) is listed as reference #345 on attached completed reference list. Holland et al. (1979) Holland et al. (1979)'73Uf)1l ^ after: of Pensions" 90 after: Douglas and Walle 107 after: (IR) 107 after: (IR) 107 after: (IR) 107 after: IR - 107 after: IR 107 after: IR average before: flow rate measured value 10 or, at most, 30 percent. References 185, 186 calculated concentration 10 to 30 percent. - lam 010835 Page Par/Line Chapter 14 - PM/SOx Errata (continued) Delete Insert 14-51 1/3 1/6 1/7 14-127 1/12 1/12 14-214 2/11 2/13 2/14 14-226 2/2 14-227 2/9 14-237 - Reference 185 associations ...........in decreasing ...........span. Thoraic Society Ferris2143 and particulalte last sentence of footnote "a" for Table 14-52 Reference 184 changes in associations between decreasing recorded mortality rates over the 1963-1972 time span. ?47 after: Goldsmith 246 after: Speizer Thoracic Society ' containing an epidemiology evaluation chapternby Higgins and Ferris (1978; u containing an epidemiology evaluation chaptecgby Speizer and Ferris (1978; cFern s 314a any particulate Note: See attached changes for Chapter 14 reference list. LAM 010836 DPMC-07219 Changes to References for Chapter 14 - PM/SO^ Certain Chapter 14 reference numbers represent studies deleted from earlier drafts of Chapter 14 or designate studies now to be deleted in keeping with changes in text noted earlier in Chapter 14 corrigenda comments. Thus, the following Chapter 14 reference numbers should be disregarded: 98; 108-111; 113-117; 120-124; 190; 212-214; 314; 342. References for studies cited in Chapter 14 but not listed in the original reference list, as noted in earlier corrigenda comments or text errata listings, are as follows: 342. Melia, R. J. W., C. duV. Florey, and A. V. Swan. The effect of atmo spheric smoke and sulfur dioxide on respiratory illness among British schoolchildren: A preliminary report. Paper given at the Vllth Inter national Scientific Meeting of the International Epidemiological Association, Puerto Rico, 1977. 343. Lawrence, W. W. Of acceptable risk, science and determination of safety. Los Altos, William Kaufman, 1976. 344. Warren Spring Laboratory. The Investigation of Atmospheric Pollution 1958-1966. Thirty-second report. Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London, 1967. 345. Warren Spring Laboratory. National Survey of Smoke and Sulfur Dioxide, Instruction Manual. Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, England, 1966. LAM 010837 DPMC-07220