Document NGjvN83qO2V0R5DadrKor2Op8

l*10.1000(dXJKI) STANDABDS AND INTERPRETATIONS OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH The value of E. shall not exceed unity (1). Since E. is less than unity (1), the expoure combination is within acceptable limits. (ii) To illustrate the formula prescribed in subdivision (i) of this subparagraph, con sider the following exposures: () To achieve compliance with paragraph (a) through (d) of this section, administrative or engineering controls must first be determined and implemented whenever feasible. When such controls are not feasible to achieve full Material Actual eon- 8-hour time eentrmtion weighted of 8-hour avenge compliance, protective equipment or any other protective measures shall be used to keep the exposure of employees to air contami exposure exposure nants within the limits prescribed in this sec limit tion. Any equipment and/or technical measures used for this purpose must be Acetone (Table Z-i) 800 p.p.m. 1,000p.p.ma.pproved for each particular use by a compe 2-BuUnone (Table Z-l) 46 p.p.m. 200p.p.mte. nt industrial hygienist or other technically Toluene (Table Z-2) 40 p.p.m. 200p.p.mq.ualified person. Whenever respirators are used, their use shall comply with 1910.134. Substituting in the formula, we have: _ 500 46 40 ' " 1,000 + 200 + 200 Em -- 0.500 + 0.225 + 0.200 E. = 0.825 1910.1001--ASBESTOS (a) Definitions. For the purpose of this section. (1) "Asbestos" includes chrysotile, amosite, 'crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite. (2) Standard affective July 1, 1976. The 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed two fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method prescribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (2) "Asbestos fibers" means asbestos fibers longer than 5 micrometers. (b) Permissible exposure to airborne concen trations of asbestos fibers. (1) Standard affective July 7, 1972. The 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed five fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method prescribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (3) Coiling concentration. No employee shall be exposed at any time to airborne concentra tions ofasbestos fibers in excess of 10 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic cen timeter of air, as determined by the method prescribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (c) Methods of compliance. (1) Engineering methods. (i) Engineering controls. Engineering con trols, such as, but not limited to, isolation, enclosure, exhaust ventilation, and dust IMMNKcXlXt) 702 ( OCCUPATIONAL SAJTTY AND HEALTH lMOJOOHeXlXI) btandabds and interpretations collection, shall be used to meet the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (ii) Local exhaust ventilation. (a) Local exhaust ventilation and dust collection systems shall be designed, constructed, installed, and maintained in accordance with the American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, ANSI Z9.2-1971, which is incorporated by reference herein. (b) See 1910.6 concerning the availabil ity of ANSI Z9.2-1971, and the mainte nance of a historic file in connection therewith. The address of the American National Standards Institute is given in 1910.100. (iii) Particular tools. All hand-operated and power-operated tools which may produce or release asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, such as, but not limited to, saws, scorers, abrasive wheels, and drills, shall be provided with local exhaust ventilation systems in accordance with subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph. (iii) Spraying, demolition, or removal. Employees engaged in the spraying of i asbestos, the removal, or demolition of t pipes, structures, or equipment covered or insulated with asbestos, and in the removal or demolition of asbestos insula tion or coverings shall be provided with respiratory equipment in accordance with paragraph (d)(2Xiii) of this section and with special clothing in accordance with paragraph (dX3) of this section. (d) Personal protective equipment. (1) Compliance with the exposure limits pre scribed by paragraph (b) of this section may not be achieved by the use of respirators or shift rotation of employees, except: (i) During the time period necessary to install the engineering controls and to institute the work practices required by paragraph (c) of this section; (ii) In work situations in which the methods prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section are either technically not feasible or feasible to an extent insuf ficient to reduce the airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers below the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this sec tion; or (2) Work practice*. (ill) In emergencies. (i) Wot method*. Insofar as practicable, asbestos shall be handled, mixed, applied, removed, cut, scored, or otherwise worked in a wet state sufficient to prevent the emission of airborne fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in para graph (b) of this section, unless the use fulness of the product would be dimin ished thereby. (II) Particular product* and operation*. No asbestos cement, mortar, coating, grout, plaster, or similar material containing asbestos shall be removed from bags, car tons, or other containers in which they are shipped, without being either wetted, or enclosed, or ventilated so as to prevent effectively the release of airborne asbes tos fibers in excess ofthe limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (iv) Where both respirators and personnel rotation are allowed by subdivisions (i), (ii), or (iii) of this subparagraph, and both are practicable, personnel rotation shall be preferred and used. (2) Where a respirator is permitted by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, it shall be selected from among those approved by the Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, or the National Institute for Occu pational Safety and Health, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, under the provisions of 30 CFR Part 11 (37 F.R. 6244, Mar. 25, 1972), and shall be used in accordance with subdivisions (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) of this subparagraph. (I) Air purifying respirators. A reusable or single use air purifying respirator, or a 703 lll0.1Ml(dX2Xi> APC 003642 ltHUOOl(dXJXl) 8TANDABDS AND INTERPRETATIONS OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH respirator described in subdivision (ii) or (iii) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed no more than 10 times those limits. (ii) Powered air purifying respirators. A full facepiece powered air purifying respirator, or a powered air purifying respirator, or a respirator described in subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the. 8-hour timeweighted average concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed 10 times, but not 100 times, those limits. (iii) Type "C" supplied-air respirators, continuous flew er pressure-demand class. A type "C" continuous flow or pressure-demand, supplied-air respirator shall be used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed 100 times those limits. (iv) Establishment of a uspiiotot program. (a) The employer shall establish a respirator program in accordance with the requirements of the American National Standard Practices for Res piratory Protection, ANSI Z88.2-1969, which is incorporated by reference herein. (b) See 5 1910.6 concerning the availabil ity of ANSI Z88.2-1969 and the mainte nance of an historic file in connection therewith. The address of the American National Standards Institute is given in $ 1910.100. (c) No employee shall be assigned to tasks requiring the use of respirators if, based upon his most recent examina tion, an examining physician deter mines that the employee will be unable to function normally wearing a respirator, or that the safety or health of the employee or other employees will be impaired by his use of a respirator. Such employee shall be rotated to another job or given the opportunity to transfer to a different position whose duties he is able to perform with the same employer, in the same geographi cal area and with the same seniority, status, and rate of pay he had just prior to such transfer, if such a different posi tion is available. (3) Special clothing: The employer shall pro vide, and require the use of, special clothing, such as coveralls or similar whole body clothing, head coverings, gloves, and foot coverings for any employee exposed to air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers, which exceed the ceiling level prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (4) Change rooms: (i) At any fixed place of employment exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, the employer shall provide change rooms for employees working reg ularly at the place. (ii) Clothes lockers: The employer shall provide two separate lockers or con tainers for each employee, so separated or isolated as to prevent contamination of the employee's street clothes from his work clothes. (iii) Laundering: (a) Laundering of asbestos con taminated clothing shall be done so as to prevent the release of airborne asbes tos fibers in excess ofthe exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this sec tion. (b) Any employer who gives asbestoscontaminated clothing to another per- mUMl(dX4XlUXb) 704 ^pC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ltl0.1001(4X4XlllXb) STANDABDS AND INTERPRETATIONS son for laundering shall inform such person of the requirement in (a) of this subdivision to effectively prevent the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (c) Contaminated clothing shall be transported in sealed impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable con* tainers, and labeled in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section. (e) Method of measurement. All determinations of airborne concentra* tions of asbestos fibers shall be made by the membrane filter method at 400-450 x (mag nification) (4 millimeter objective) with phase contrast illumination. (f) Monitoring. (1) Initial determinations. Within months of the publication of this section, every employer shall cause every place of employ ment where asbestos fibers are released to be monitored in such a way as to determine whether every employee's exposure to asbestos fibers is below the limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. If the limits are exceeded, the employer shall immediately undertake a compliance pro gram in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section. (2) Personal monitoring. (i) Samples shall be collected from within the breathing zone of the employees, on membrane filters of 0.8 micrometer poros ity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determina tion of the 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations and ofthe ceiling concentrations of asbestos fibers. (ii) Sampling frequency and patterns. After the initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, samples shall be of such frequency and pattern 4> to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of employees. In no case shall the sampling be done at intervals greater then 6 months for employees whose exposure to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section. (3) Environmental monitoring. (i) Samples shall be collected from areas of a work environment which are rep resentative of the airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers which may reach the breathing zone ofemployees. Samples shall be collected on a membrane filter of 0.8 micrometer porosity mounted in an open-face niter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concen trations and of the ceiling concentrations of asbestos fibers. (ii) Sampling frequency and pattams. After the initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, samples shall be of such frequency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of the employees. In no case shall sampling be at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposures to asbestos may reason ably be foreseen to exceed the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (4) Employe# observation of monitoring. Affected employees, or their representatives, shall be given a reasonable opportunity to observe any monitoring required by this paragraph and shall have access to the records thereof. (g) Caution signs and labels. (1) Caution signs. (i) Posting. Caution signs shall be provided and displayed at each location where air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers may be in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) ofthis section. Signs shall be posted at such a distance from such a location so that an employee may read the signs, and take necessary protective steps before entering the area marked by the signs. Signs shall be posted 705 llb.lMHgXlXl) APC 003644 I H10.1001(fXlXI) STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH at all approaches to areas containing excessive concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers. (ii) Sign specifications. The warning signs required by subdivision (i) of this sub* paragraph shall conform to the require ments of 20* x 14' vertical format signs specified in ji 1910.145(d)(4), and to this subdivision. The signs shall display the following legend in the lower panel, with letter sizes and styles of a visibility at least equal to that specified in this sub division. Logtnd Asbestos----------------------------------------- Dost Hazard % ' Sana Avoid Breathing Dust 14* Gothic. Wear Assigned Protective Equip- ment. Do Not Remain In Area Unless Your Work Requires It Breathing Asbestos Dust Hay Be Hazardous To Your Health. Notation 1' Sans Serif, Gothic or Block. Serif, Gothic or Block. 14" Gothic, 14' Gothic. 14 point Gothic. ily visible and legible. The label shall state: Caution i Contains Asbestos Fibers Avoid Creating Dust Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Serious Bodily Harm (h) Housekeeping. (1) Cleaning. All external surfaces in any place of employment shall be maintained free of accumulations of asbestos fibers if, with their dispersion, there would be an excessive concentration. (2) Waste disposal. Asbestos waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, equipment, and asbestos-contaminated clothing, consigned for disposal, which may produce in any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, stor age, processing, disposal, or transportation airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be col lected and disposed of in sealed imperme able bags, or other closed, impermeable con tainers. Spacing between lines shall be at least equal to the height of the upper of any two lines. (2) Caution labels. (i) labeling. Caution labels shall be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, and other products contain ing asbestos fibers, or to their containers, except that no label is required where asbestos fibers have been modified by a bonding agent, coating, binder, or other material so that during any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, dis posal, processing, or transportation, no airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess ofthe exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section will be released. (i) Recordkeeping. (1) Exposure records. Every employer shall maintain records of any personal or environ mental monitoring required by this section. Records shall be maintained for a period of at least 20 years and shall be made available upon request to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and to au thorized representatives of either. [41 F.R. 11504, March 19,1976.] (2) Employee access. Every employee and former employee shall have reasonable access to any record required to be main tained by subparagraph (1) of this para graph, which indicates the employee's own exposure to asbestos fibers. (II) Label specifications. The caution labels required by 'subdivision (i) of this sub- paragraph shall be printed in letters of sufficient size and contrast as to he read- (3) Employee notification. Any employee found to have been exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of the limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of 191S.IMK1XS) 706 APC 003645 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH c 1*10.1001(1X1) STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS this section shall be notified in writing of the exposure as soon as practicable but not later than 5 days of the finding. The employee shall also be timely notified of the corrective action being taken. (I) Medical examinations. (1) General. The employer shall provide or make available at his cost, medical examinations relative to exposure to asbestos required by this paragraph. calendar days before or after the termina tion of employment of any employee engaged in an occupation exposed to air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical examination which shall include, as a minimum, a chest roent genogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary func tion tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 sec ond (FEV1.0). (2) Preplacement. The employer shall provide or make available to each of his employees, within 30 calendar days following his first employment in an occupation exposed to air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical examination, which shall include, as a minimum, a chest roent genogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary func tion tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 sec ond (FEV1.0). (5) Recent examinations. No medical examina tion is required of any employee, if adequate records show that the employee has been examined in accordance with this para graph within the past 1-year period. (6) Medical records. (i) Maintenance. Employers of employees examined pursuant to this paragraph shall cause to be m aintained complete and accurate records of all such medical examinations. Records shall be retained by employers for at least 20 years. (3) Annual examinations. On or before January 31, 1973, and at least annually thereafter, every employer shall provide, or make avail able, comprehensive medical examinations to each of his employees engaged in occupa tions exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers. Such annual examination shall include, as a minimum, a chest roent genogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary func tion tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 sec ond (FEVia). (4) Termination of employment. The employer shall provide, or make available, within 30 (ii) Access. The contents of the records of the medical examinations required by this paragraph shall be made available, for inspection and copying, to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupa tional Safety and Health, the Director of NIOSH, to authorized physicians and medical consultants of either of them, and, upon the request of an employee or former employee, to his physician. Any physician who conducts a medical exami nation required by this paragraph shall furnish to the employer of the examined employee all the information specifically required by this paragraph, and any other medical information related to occupa tional exposure to asbestos fibers. 1910.1002--COALTAR PITCH VOLATILES; INTERPRETATION OF TERM As used in i 1910.1002 (Table Z-l), coal tar pitch volatiles include the fused polycyclic hydrocarbons which volatilize from the distillation residues ofcoal, petroleum, wood , and other organic matter. lation residues of coal, petroleum, wood, and other organic matter, (3? F.R. 24749, November 21, 1972.] 707 1910.1902 APC 003646