Document NGem9dozYk7qrJzqgaDynB88w
PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT CT-1443
TRADELINE & SEAM DISTORTION BY: W. J. Hartlein
Eastern Regional Sales Manager
A review of the basic principles involved in felt guiding and control of tradeline distortion. Factors that influence tradeline configuration are broken down into two major categories.
Speed producing effects Distance producing effects Influence on optimum felt operation is discussed.
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CTD001030
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE NIP
BY: R. E. Staples Application Manager
We have shown that the use of a piezo-electric crystal embedded in the top roll of a press section allows us to measure the pressure developed at each point in the nip as the crystal proceeds through the nip of the press. The interpretation of the resulting pressure gradient allows us to measure nip width, rubber roll deformation, and the shape of the pressure gradient.
Our measurements showed:
1. That the nip width decreases with increasing speeds.
2. That the rubber acts harder at increasing speeds.
3. That as the rubber of the rubber covered roll deforms, the nip region shifts toward the wet end of the machine.
It has been shown that the effect of nip width on water removal is extremely important in that a constant roll loading the nip width determines the amount of maximum pressure produced in the nip which is directly proportional to the amount of water removed from the stock. The nip width can be controlled by utilization of proper felt design, by the diameter of the press rolls, and by the hardness of the rubber covering.
Our studies have also shown that stock crushing is caused by the acceleration of water through the sheet in a lateral direction. Depending on the sheet, a certain critical acceleration cannot be exceeded without rupturing the fibers and causing stock crushing. Stock crushing can be controlled again by widening the nip through proper felt design or in creasing the permeability of the felt through proper cleaning methods and proper felt design.
The double role that the felt plays in helping to control stock crushing can be defined as (1) absorbing energy (provides cushion), (2) providing void space to which the water can flow from the stock.
CTD001031
HIGH PRESSURE SHOWERS
BY: R. A. Jensen Asbestos Cement Pipe Technical Service Engineer
There are many opinions in regard to the influence of high pressure showers at various pressures, distances from the felt, distance between nozzles, effects on felt life, etc. However, we do know that high pressure showers can be used effectively in preventing premature fillup and also to reduce the amount of water us age which becojnes more important as water systems are closed up.
The operation of high pressure showers in relation to felt design specifications is of great importance.
For this Workshop, Huyck Felt conducted an accelerated high pressure shower program on the Wear Tester. The test program was conducted with seven Asbestos Cement Pipe felts having different design specifications. These were designated as felts A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. All seven felts were tested in group 1 under the following conditions:
Needle shower nozzle - No. 60 (0.040") Inside (back of felt) shower application Distance from felt - 4" Shower pressure to 500 psi Shower operated for 30 hours Shower oscillated at 25 rpm Nozzle spacing - 1-1/2" Shower stroke - 3" Felt tension - 16.7 pli Press nip pressure - 120 pli Wear conditions simulated with sandstone
block on each side of felt Speed of operation - 755 fpm for accelerated
tes ting
CTD001032
2- In group 2, another set of felts of the same seven different felt constructions were run under varying conditions. In all of the 14 felts tested, hole elongation was simulated by cutting a 1" x 2" hole in the felt13 machine direction before starting the test runs. The results of this study are discussed. Attached are graphical representations of the findings.
CTD001033
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CTD001044
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CTD001048
ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE FELTS BY: R. A. Jensen
Asbestos Cement Pipe Technical Service Engineer
The evolution of Asbestos Cement Pipe felts is traced from initial woven constructions of cotton and wool, to woven constructions of low synthetic levels to today's needled felts of various synthetic contents above 507. and the advanced HUYMESH felt designs.
CTD001049