Document NGbVXNGjR1kg23Mr3300NgdOw

0 ^7^ * f HWB8-8B07350 FACTS' * m 1941 .FsTAFccooohiirmeuuisnnnHpc1dday&6eaang4ttimieiioewoosrninnslgleu-iaolnniFdnsteitoswewutarrd*noadlrdaapktaeonamtiIdrosAetpnsnnsru*aeosecrIotIdnsettcishvciahmiitpptteiiuoeotahrnsnovpe.*tyfohsalhIy`ieninAeSddiaiUtsruoulatsshttHotmetrrdyyyToe.tfm-eiewanbtnhoineteehrrdt!'11I; a vSr iJVf, <~ Beware of "Black-Outs" For months the Foundation has warned that, "Increased production increases health hazards ---- demands greater precautions." In this connection comes a report from a moaber company headed "A BLACK-COT OF SAFE PRACTICES" which discloses a 147& increase in lost time accidents in February over February 1940 with only a 33$ in crease in hours worked. While the Foundations field is industrial health, rather than industrial accidents, the above experience is a significant warning. Remember, the Foundation can help you increase your precautions to safeguard employee health through industrial hygiene surveys, appraisals of ventilating equipment and other services. A slogan of 1917 was, "Food Will Win the War." Today it la more accurate to say, "Health Will Win the War." Dr. Hartborn Honored Dr. Samuel R. Haythom, Hodical Advisor on the Foundation* s staff, was re cently elected President of the American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriol ogists. Dr. Haytbom, who is Director of the Singer Memorial Laboratory, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, was also elected Vice President of the International Association of Modical Museums. Mew Mashers Latest companies to affiliate with the Foundation are Merck & Company and Hazel-Atlas Glass Company, both well known organizations. ' "Group Discipline" Can Eliminate Meed For Government Control U.S. Senator Alexander Wiley {Wis.) said in a recent address: *X prefer to see governmental control voluntarily applied on a cooperative basis with the individual and the group, or oven better, I prefer to see individual or group disci pline which is so effective that it eliminates the need for government control... "As far as I know, the greatest achievements in safety have resulted from the organized effort of comparatively small groups cooperating with government rather than by arbitrary government control alone. In other words, the greatest advances in safety have resulted from intelligent self-discipline rather than arbitrary govern ment control....." The above applies with equal force to industrial hygiene. This Foundation represents voluntary, organized action by representative industrial concerns for the conservation of employee health. This is the American method of dealing with socio economic problems. Instead of 250 companies there ought to be 2,500 companies parti cipating in Air Hygiene Foundation. Annual Index Issued for Monthly Digest Enclosed with this issue of the monthly Digest of Industrial Hygiene is the annual index for 1940. The Index is intended to assist Foundation members in locat ing specific data. Additional copies are available if desired. 03118027 AIR HYGlCMC FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVCNUf WITTFluFOH, FA. 9 HB8-000/3S3 April, 1941. s. Air Hygiene Foundation, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. DIGEST OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Literature--News--Developments Hews Items 231 Saranac Symposium on Tuberculosis. Among the subjects to be discussed at the Symposium on Tuberculosis in Industry to be held at the Saranac Laboratory from June 9 to 14 are the following: Tuberculous Infection, Sources and Modes of Transmission. -- Dr. Leroy U, Gardner. Comparative Mortality Statistics on Tuberculosis in Various Industries. -- Dr. Louis I. Dublin. Disabling Morbidity from Tuberculosis. -- Dr. iV. M. Gafafer. Predisposing Factors, Theoretically Significant. -- Various speakers. Incidence and Causation of Tuberculosis, Various Industries. -- Various speakers. Methods of Control. -- Drs. W. A. Sawyer, L. D. Bristol, and W. Siegal. A Labor Viewpoint of Tuberculosis in Industry. --- Mr. Matthew .'oll. t : 232 Maryland State-Wide Safety Conference. Maryland's First Annual State-Wide Safety Conference will be held in Baltimore, Maryland, on May 19 and 20, 1941, under the auspices of the Department of Safety of the State Industrial Accident Commission. An entire morning of this confer ence will be devoted to the study of the Maryland Occupational Disease Law, the State and city health departments' responsibilities under this law, and methods for the prevention and control of occupational diseases. Legal Developments 233 Utah Occupational Disease Disability Law. Utah has enacted an occupational disease disability law to become effective July 1, 1941, Twenty-seven diseases are enumerated as occupational diseases and diseases not listed ere not to be deemed compensable. In all case# where injury results by reason of an accident arising out of or in the course of em ployment and compensation is payable under tho Workmen's Compensation Act, no compensation shall be payable under the new Act. The list of compensable diseases follows: . 03118028 * HW06-000735*i Digest of Industrial Hj'giene - 2. .1. Anthrax 2 Glanders 3. Poisoning by acetaldehyde or its compounds 4. Poisoning by acetanilide or its compounds .=, Poisoning by cyanogen and its compounds A 6 Poisoning by chlorine and its compounds 7. Poisoning by arsenic or its compounds 5. Poisoning by antimony or its compounds 9. Poisoning by cadmium or its compounds .10 Poisoning by lead or its compounds .11 Poisoning by manganese or its compounds .12 Poisoning by mercury or its compounds 13. Poisoning by selenium or its compounds 14. Poisoning by tellurium or its compounds 15. Poisoning by vanadium, or its compounds 16. Poisoning by phosphorous or its compounds 17. Poisoning by hydrogen sulphide or carbon by-sulphide 18. Chrome ulceration and poisoning .19. Poisoning by toxic halogenated hydrocarbons 20 Poisoning by benzol or its derivatives, including toluol, xylol, and the nitro, nitroso, and amino derivatives of these substances. 3: ,21 Methanol poisoning t .22 Epitheliomatous cancer or ulceration of the akin or of the corneal aurfafa of the eye, due to tar, pitch, bitwen, mineral oil or paraffin, or.say compound, product or residue of any of these substances ' 23. Gastrointestinal disorders due to contact with petrolew products aatf their fumes 24. Dermatitis (Venenata) excluding any donaatitia of which tha primary cause is infectious or parasitic In nature. 5, Synovitis, or tenosynovitis, or hursltis, or cellulitis, of the wrist, elbow, knee, or hand, due to continual pressure or friction or to repeated trauma or vibration of tools 26. Ulceration of the skin or destruction of tissue due to the prolonged exposure to roentgen rays or radium emanations 27. Silicosis (CCH) 234 Total Disability Caused by Lead Poisoning. "Compensation* for Occupational Disease Includes Medical Expense. Claimant contracted lead poisoning and was totally disabled. The referee and the board made an award of $143 for lose of earnings but denied a claim for medical expenses of $93. On appeal both claims were allowed as compensation. The Commonwealth appealed, raising the question whether the term "compensation" includes the supplying of medical and hospital services. Tha word "canali sation" is used both In its limited sense -- contemplating the loss of wages only, and in the more ?mprehensivs sense -- including medical and hospital expenses. The provision requiring the employer to furnish medical service is in the interest of the employee and when the employer's liability Is established, supplying medical service is as much compensation as payments for loss of earn ings. Whatever relieves one from necessary expense is the equivalent of a dir ect payment to him. Judgment affirmed. Staller v. Stellar at al. Superior Ct., East. Dist. Decided February 28, 1941. (CCH) 03118029 P HWB8~00i)/355 >> :1? _< - Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 3, 235 Death from Silicosis. Time for Presenting Claim, Effect of 193a c,mT,rt^nt $0 Law. James Hayden, deceased husband of the appelee, was an employee of'the pred ecessor of the Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company. Hayden and the Company were operating under the provisions of the Wor&acn's Compensation Act. Hayden developed silicosis and left the Company's employment on December 2, 1936. He died of silicosis -n June 3, 1938. Mr3. Hayden filed her claim for compensation May 31, 1939, within a year after her husband's death. The full Board ruled in favor of Mrs. Hayden, Hayden's last opportunity for exposure to silica dust was on December 22, 1936. If the position of appellant is well taken, Mrs. Hayden would have had to present her claim within one year after December 22, 1936, notwithstanding the fact that her husband was alive during that period and had reached an agreement with the appellant as to his compensation. The position of appellant is not well taken. There is basis for the contention that the legislature intended by the 1934 amendment to section 4914 to treat depen dents of persons being compensated for tho disease of 3ilicosis differently from dependents of any other person receiving compensation. Judgment approv ing the award of the Board is affirmed, American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Coro, v. Hayden et al. Ky. Ct. of App, Decided March 11, 1941. {CCH). 236 Dermatitis. Bffect of Medical Report. Date of Disablement to be Determined. Plaintiff filed a notice and application for adjustment of claim under the occupational disease amendment to tho compensation law reciting that "he im suffering from the disease known as dermatitis." Defendant company filed Anlal of liability and motion to dismiss denying that plaintiff was suffering fwgl said disease. The commission appointed a ccamti salon of three qualified partial physicians to examine plaintiff. These doctors filed a medical faMrt reciting that "Goldwin A. Smith is not suffering from Dermatitis venemtt#* Subsequent to the filing of the report, the application of plaintiff oeme on for a hearing before a deputy comi3sloner. Motion to dismiss was granted on the ground that the medical comnission found the plaintiff, Goldwin A, Smith, is not suffering from dermatitis venenata," Plaintiff thereupon appealed to the commission. The commission remanded the cause to a deputy ccemiiaeioner for the purpose of taking testimony to determine whether or not plaintiff had suffered disablement from dermatitis venenata due to causes and conditions characteristic of and peculiar to his employment with the defendant prior to tte eyination by the medical commission; and whether or not he wae entitled to compensation therefor. Defendant company appeals from this order of reference end contends that the department of labor anl industry has no right to inquire with regard to a prior condition of the employee with reference to which no medical com mission has been appointed. Section 6 of part 7 of the compensation lav provides in part: "The report, when signed by at least two of the mMbera of said conisaion, shall be final and conclusive as to the condition ef said em ploye with reBpect to the alleged disease or diseases." It appears that tha medical commission is limited and may only determine the condition ef the in jured employee on the date that he appears before it for examination. Its re port is final only as to the date of the examination, but the liability ef the employer is to be determined as of tho date of the disablement of the aploye*. The date ofdisablement is a fact to be determined by the department, Under the theory advanced by defendant company, an injured employee cannot have a determination of the period of hi3 disability if the medical eowlssion subse quently finds that he is not suffering from an occupational disease. Such a theory deprives an injured employee of his rights. The order of tho department of labor and industry remanding the cause to a deputy commissioner for the pur pose of taking testimony to determine whether or not plaintiff had suffered an Injury under the occupational disease act was a proper order. Affirmed, with costs to plaintiff. Smith v. Wilson Foundry & Machine Ce. Mich, Supreme Ct, Decided March 11, 194i?TcCH)'. :_ 03118030 f HHBB-0007356 ~/ a =^i -c Digest of Industrial hygiene - 4. 237 Death from Monoxide Poisoning. Necessity for Determining Proportion which Occu pational Disease Bore to all Causes of Death. This is an appeal from an award of dependency compensation granted plaintiff under a finding by the commission that a contributing factor in causing the death of her husband was an occupational disease arising out of and in the course of his employment by defendant Field Pontiac -- Cadillac Company. Defendants claim there was no competent evidence in support of the findings and, in any event, the findings required the commission to also determine the proportion which the said occupational disease, as a causative factor, bore to all the causes of death and hence proportion the compensation accordingly. The finding of the commission that monoxide poisoning contributed toward death from pulmonary edema, caused by cardiac failure, brought the necessity of determining the proportion which the occupational disease, as a causative factor, bore to all the causes of death and to proportion the compensation as provided in section 8, part 7 of the act. This was not done and the case is remanded to the commission in order to comply with the mentioned provision of the occupa tional disease act. The award as made is vacated and the proceedings remand ed to the commission to make proper award. Kail v. Field Pontiac - Cadillac Co. et al. Mich. Supreme Ct. Decided March 11, 1941. (CCS). 238 New Montana Legislation. The "injury" for which an employer must pay compensation, by Section 2911, vised Codes of Montana, 1935, Chapter 2S6, is qualified in Section 2810, a follows: "'Injury* or 'injured' refers only to an injury resulting frcfc*eo#~ fortuitous event, as distinguished from the contraction of disuse.*" r ftps of 1937, Chap. 82, Fart IX, as added by Laws 1941, Chap. 5, approved FetoruafpXI, 1941, effective July 1, 1941, provides for $30 monthly benefit payments ti per sons having silicosis resulting in total disability to do manual labor. A con dition to the receipt of such payment is not receiving compensation under tbs Workmen's Compensation Act or old age assistance in the amount of $50 par month. {CCS}. 239 Traumatic Neurosis. Injury Suffered Within Meaning of Workmen* Pmanaatlon Act Where Shock or Fright Results in Disability. This appeal is from a decision of the Industrial Commission of Virginia awarding the appellee, Inez Bagood, compensation for disabilities alleged to have bun due to an accident In the course of her employment. On March 23, 1939, Mrs, Hagood, was worfcli^ at a machine, approximately 15 feet away from an electrio motor which was being repaired. A loose wire in the motor caused e short cir cuit, which produced an electric flash and a sound resembling that of a shotgun* Mrs. Hagood saw the flash and had started to fall backwards when she wag reeoued by a coemployee. She said that she felt as if something had run-up her arm. While at work on April 13, 1939, she looked up and suddenly saw the uployea who had caught her when 3he fell on March 23rd. She thereupon fainted end fell, end has not returned to work since. An award was rendered the employee et the rata of 6 per week, beginning April 13, 1939, to continue during disability and until subsequent conditions should justify a modification, together with allowances for medical and hospital attention. The appellant contends that the evidence does not support a finding that the appellee was suffering from trauma tic neurosis. Three medical doctors testified. The doctors, in affect, stated that traumatic neurosis was traceable to the shock or disturbing effect on the nerves of the patient, and that in turn, the irritation of the nerves caused functional disorders, and, that whether the disability resulted from nervous reaction or from auto-suggestion set in motion by memory of the accident, the result was the same to the injured person. The majority of the reported 03118031 p Digest of Industrial Ifygiene - 5. =T\ cases take the view that there is an accidental or personal injury within the workmen*s compensation acts where an employee, in the course of his employment, receives a sudden shock or fright, involving no physical impact, which results in his disability. The disability of krs. Hagood was occasioned'by an injury which may be fairly traced to a risk which arose out of and in the course of her employment. There was a direct causal relation between the electric flash and the irritated condition of her nervous system. The order of the Industrial Commission is affirraod. Burlington Mills Corn, et al. v. Hagood. Va. Supreme Ct. of App. Decided Pobruary 24, 1941. (CCH). 240 Partial Disability Because of Silicosis. Constitutionality of Act. This is an action at common law wherein an employee seeks to recover damages for 0 alleged partial disability on account of silicosis or other dust disease caused by the alleged negligence of the employer. The employer moved for judgment on the pleadings dismissing the complaint on the grounds that it failed to state a 0 cause of action and that the court was without Jurisdiction of the subject of the action. The motion was based on sections 66 and 72 of the Workmen*s Compen sation Law (Cons. Laws, ch. 67), which, according to defendant, not only deny compensation under the Workmen* a Compensation Lew, but also bar a recovery for demagog in en action at common law whore a claim Is made for partial disability due to silicosis. The Supreme Court entered a judgment dismissing the complain1 and from that judgment plaintiff appeals directly to this court; attacking the constitutionality of such a statute. Prior to 1935, the Workmen's Compensa tion Law made no provision for the payment of compensation for diabiliky* par* tial or permanent, due to silicosis. The following year the Legislature subdivision 2 of section 3 by adding a twenty-eighth category: "Any and all occupational diseases" (L. 1935; ch. 254; but this amendment did not apply whem "the last injurious exposure * * occurred prior to September first, nineteen hundred thirty-five"). Silicosis thus became a compensable disease and it also became subject to the bar of section 11 concerning actions at canon law. In 1936 silicosis was excluded from paragraph 28 of subdivision 2 of section 3, end made the subject of a separate article in the Workmen's Compensation Lem, article 4-A (L. 1936, ch. 387). The concluding section of article 4-A is section 72, entitled "Alternative remedy," which in language almost identical with that of section 11 provides that "The liability of an employer prescribed by this arti cle shall be exclusive and in place of any other liability whatsoever, at ocnon law or otherwise * * But in the course of enacting article 4-A, the Legis lature also provided that "Compensation shall not be payable for partial dis ability due to silicosis or other dust disease" (Sec. 66). This is the point at which plaintiff is aggrieved and which causes him to argue that if sections 64 and 72 token together rule out both the payment of workmen's compensation and the recovery of damages at common law in cases of partial silicosis disability, article 4-A is to that extent unconstitutional. Plaintiff's contention on the merits may not be considered at this time, and the appeal must be dlodssed because there are involved questions other than the constitutionality of the statute. In order for the plaintiff to succeed the attack on elthar section 66 or section 72 must presuppose the existence of tbs other section. If plaintiff were sustained in his contention that the 1936 amendment is unconstitu tional in so far as it purports to deprive him and others similarly situated of the right to compensation theretofore created by the act of 1935, than it would follow that his rights are governed by the act of 1935 as relieved of the invalid amendment which the Legislature sought to engraft upon the statute. In that event plaintiff possesses not the right tc recover damages at oommon law, but only the right to receive workmen's compensation. An action to recover damages at common law cannot conceivably lead to an award of compensation and, therefore, the question of the plaintiff s right to compensation cannot possibly be 03118032 w JET . HHBB-0007358 Digest of Industrial Ifygiene - 6. litigated in thi3 action for damages which he has brought. In considerlig the second alternative the validity of section 66 is assumed. It 13 not intended to pass upon the merits. It is clear that the appeal in the case at hat must be dismissed because there are presented questions other than the constitutionality of the statute whose validity is challenged by the appellant. The appeal should be dismissed, without costs. Powers v. Porcelain Insulator Com. N.Y. Ct. of App. Decided March 6, 1941. (CCH)" 241 Pneumoconiosis. Death Prom Improper Ventilation Not Compensable. Plaintiff, as sole dependent of Jacob Sutter, deceased, sought compensation under the occupational disease amendment to the V.'orioaen's Compensation Law. Decedent hod worked as a molder in the foundry of the Kalamazoo Stove & Furnace Company, defendant, for approximately 12 years. Deceased hnd suffered from a bilateral diffused pneumoconiosis and silicosis and active proliferated tuberculosis with cavitation; he contracted the disease some eight years prior to his death. Beth the deputy commissioner and the hoard on appeal denied plaintiff compensation. The testimony leaves no doubt that the room in which decedent was working was continually dusty. Tuberculosis is not compensable under the act. Silicosis is only compensable under sec, 2 when it is caused by mining. Pneumoconiosis is the only possible disease for which plaintiff can recover, The causes enuaerated must be causes which are "characteristic of and peculiar to* claimant's trade. . Grinding of metal is not a portion of the trade of molding. Decedent's death f in the present case arose from the lack of proper ventilation in the foundry in t which he worked. While the legislature has provided for the maintenance of f sanitary conditions in foundries, it has not seen fit to predicete statutory liability thereon under the occupational disease amendment. Plaintiff's dsoi dent was not engaged in quarrying, cutting, crushing, grinding or polishing ef metal and, therefore, plaintiff may not recover under the act. The award of the commission is affirmed, with costs to defendant.. Sutter v. Kalamazoo Stove Sc Furnace Cc. Mich. Supreme Ct, Decided April 8, 1941. (CCH). 242 Trichinosis held Compensable under Workmen's Compensation Act. (Massachusetts Supremo Judicial Court; Pestefanov. Alpha Lunch Co, of Boston. Valda v. Same. 30 N.E. sd 327; decided January 3, 1941?) In actions for breach of the implied warranty of fitness of food under a Massachusetts statute It appeared that the plaintiffs worked for the defendant company in on* of its restaurants. Each plaintiff took two meals a day, excopt Sunday, at tbs restaur ant, the meals forming part of the pay. Both plaintiffs became 111 with trich inosis and testified that, during the 2 weeks preceding the onset of the disease they ate pork and other products of the pig at the defendant's restaurant and nowhere else. The defendant was insured under the workmen's compensation act and the plaintiffs had made no reservation of comnon law rights under that act*. The supreme court took the view that what happened to the plaintiffs consti tuted a "personal Injury" within the workmen's compensation act. "It differed from the inhalation of germs of disease, illustrated by Smith's Case, Mass*., 30 N..2d 536. It resembled more the cases of poisoning therein cited, and Osterbrink*s Case, 229 Mass. 407, 118 N.E. 657, where the employee drank muriatic acid by mistake for water." Also the court was of the opinion that such personal injury arose out of and in the course of the plaintiffs' rn^iloy- ment. "Since the injury was compensable under the workmen's compensation act, it will not support an action against the employer at law, whether la tort or in contract, or whether or not based upon a statute. * * *" The action of the court below in ordering judgment for the defendant was sustained.. Pub. Health Rep., 36, 300 (February 14, 1941). 03118000 e 5? V Digest at Industrial Hygiene - 7. 243 No Exposure to Silica la Glass Plant. This claimant applied for an award from the Occupational Disease ?und, alleging that he wa3 forced to quit work on May 31, 1940, as the result of getting glass in his lungs while in the course of his employment. The claims reviewer report ed that the claimant entered the service of the employer in January, 1937 and worked until May, 1940, when he was compelled to quit -work. He was a laborer in the plant, which has a glass processor for the preparation of glass sheets for shipment and sale. He did not do any of the work of grinding or polishing and the evidence was to the effect that there was an infinitesimal quantity of free silica in the air of the plant and no more dust than in the average plant. Med ical proof of record 3hows that the claimant's disability was caused by pneumonia end that silica was not a factor. Proof also failed to show that claimant had any injurious exposure to silicon dioxide either before or after the date of the Silicosis Amendment. The medical department also disapproved the claim and the Commission ordered that it be denied. Ohio Ind. Comm. Monitor, 14, 27, (February 1941). 244 Recovery of Demages Because of Contraction of Silicosis. (Pennsylvania Supreme Court; Rebel v. Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co.. 16 A. 2d 534; decided December 4, 1940). In an action to recover damages the plaintiff alleged that ho had contracted silicosis while in the employ of the defendant j company as a result of the latter's violation of the following provision of a | Pennsylvania statute regulating employment in industrial establishments: "Ex- * haust fans of sufficient power, or other sufficient devices, shell be provided for the purpose of carrying off poisonous fiaes and gases, and dust from ameTf~ wheels, grind-stones and other machinery creating dust." The plaintiff present ed proof to the effect that although there were exhaust fans in the grinding and sand-blasting room they were not sufficient to carry off the dust In tbst room and that this deleterious substance permeated the atmosphere of the welding room where plaintiff was employed, which rooa was separated from the grinding and sand-blasting room by a 12-foot roofed alley. The plaintiff prevailed in the trial court and the defendant appealed, its principal contention before the supreme court being that the statute added nothing to the responsibility of the employer or to the right of the employee and that, therefore, the plaintiff could not recover until he had shown the availability or practicability of more sufficient devices for the prevention of dust. With this argument the appellate court said that it could not agree. That this legislation, said the court, placed a definite responsibility upon tho employer could not be successfully con troverted, for it was wall settled that a violation of the statute, which result ed in injury to the employee, made the employer liable in a canon lew notion for damages. "There was no burden upon plaintiff to establish that more effi cient devices than those used by defendant for the prevention of duet were avail able, All plaintiff was required to show was that the exhaust faaa in use wwre not proper or sufficient compliance with the provisions of the statute." Also the court was of the view that the defense of assumption of risk was not per missible, as there was nothing in the employment as a welder that preaupposed any scientific knowledge "such as a knowledge of the properties of silica duflt and their injurious affect upon the body." Respecting the word "sufficient" used in the statute, the court stated that It was a relative ten depending upon the facts of each case. Another claim made by the defendant was that the above-quoted statute had no bearing upon the controversy since it had been repealed without a saving clause, but the court found no merit in this conten tion, saying that the vested right under the provisions of the statute which plaintiff had immediately upon the injury occurring is 1935 could not be impair ed by the 1937 repealing statute, "It is well settled that the repeal of a 03118034 p Digest at Industrial Hygiene - a. statute cannot deprive a plaintiff of his cause of action under it for damages for injury either to person or property." The judgment of the lower court in favor of the plaintiff was affirmed. Pub. Health Rep., 56, 4GC-4C1, (February 28, 1941). Peger^o^Dus^^Gase^^n^jener^^I^ustr^l^I^gieue 245 Medical Service in Industry. D. limter. Lancet, pp. 1-3, (January 4, 1941). Industrial medicine, in its function of safeguarding tho health of workers and minimizing lost time, is not confined to routine tasks, but also presents prob lems for research when unusual disoases occur. The author cites a number of unusual diseases which have led to successful research. For instance, the similarity between turpentine dermatitis and the irritation of the shin in worteors exposed to the juice of oranges, lemons and eclory, brought to light the terpene, limonene, with its Irritating qualities. The action of metallio poisons varies according to their physical state, whether organic or inorganic, whether solid, liquid or ga3, or whether inhaled or ingested. For instance, tetraethyl lead is absorbed through the skin and causes ataxia, Insomnia, delu sions and mania, instead of the wrist-drop, colic and anemia of inorganic lead poisoning. These facta, besides a number of others that ore mentioned, shot; that there is constant cell for research. Industrial medicine lncroasee lagS** portance ns a special branch, and, as such, it must be taught by specialist# with opportunities in industry. 246 A Critical Review cf Dust Sampling Methods Employed In Wltwatarsrand Oold Mlpea. J.deVTLambrechts. J.Chem.Met.Min.Soc., So.Africa 141. 210^40 (December, 1940). The author has made on extensive comparison of the konimeter and the thermal precipitator as used in the South African Gold mines. Sis conclusions ere summarized as follows: (1) the thermal precipitator, if usod la conjunction with the technique which only requires ignition of records, frequently gives < entirely misleading information as to the number and size distribution of rockdust particles in tho air, and the consequent silicosis risk; (2) & revised technique is recommended by which the soluble and other less important particles are removed, without losing ovor 10)6 of the rock-dust particles; (3) the effi ciency of tho konimeter can be greatly Improved by a similar change la technique; (4) aggregates of dust particles are broken up by impingement on the konimeter 3lide, but are not broken in the thermal precipitator; (5) for moattypea of dust encountered in these nines, the konimeter has an efficiency almost equal to that of the thermal precipitator; (6) with the darkfield technique, the efficiency of the konlmetrlc method falls off with increased dust concentration, very largely due toDeficiency in the microscope technique; (?) generally speaking, the koaimotor with the recommended treatment should give an entirely reliable indication of tho dust risk at the time and place of sampling; (8) the thermal precipitator, used as recommended, is Invaluable for special investigations, because, besides giving a continuous sample, it gives information both as to niabers and sizes of dust particles. In certain types of Investigations a darkfield technique can be employed to advantage with thermal precipitator samples. The paper is illus trated with numerous charts, tables and photomicrographs, and a bibliography Is appended. 03118035 F Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 9. 247 The Determination of Dust Concentrations in Mina Atmospheres. (29th Resort to the Committee on the Control of Atmospheric Conditions in Mines.) 1. Howard Griffiths and T. David Jone3. Trans. Inst. Mining Engrs. (London). 99_, 150-30, (July, 1940). This report is the result of a year's study of methods of dust sampling in coal mines, and covers choice of methods, rate of sampling and size of apparatus. Only weighing methods are considered, as is customary in British mines. An apparatus including a Soxhlet thimble was found superior to a filter-paper device. The authors' conclusions are as follows: (1) a correct sample can be obtained only when the velocity of sampling is the same as that of the air current; (2) if the samplit^ velocity is low, the weight of the sample is too high and con tains too high a percentage of coarse material; (3) if the sampling velocity is high, the weight is too low and the percentage of fine particles is too high; (4) the effect of high velocity is not as marked as that of low velocity; and (5) sampling tubes down to 0.4 inch in diameter give correct results within the experimental error of 4#, but smaller tubes give inconsistent results and have the additional drawback of requiring a long time to collect the necessary sam ples. Extensive discussion of the paper is reported. 248 The Design and Testing of a Dust Collector for a Conveyor Loading Point, Placed Tn an Intake Roadway. Coal Dust Research Committee of the Moaaouthshire ant South Wales Coal Owners' Association. Abstracted in Iron fc Coal Trades RevT, 141, 33-41 (July 12, 1940) and Colliery Guardian 161. 29-32, 56-6, (July 12fen& 19, 1940). r- The report gives a detailed description of a dust collector construsted at the loading point, at which the dust is much heavier than at any other point ia the mino. A mist projector materially increased the efficiency of the collector for fine particles. In sampling tests, the dust 4 feet from the loader was reduced from 0.112 to 0.007 g. per cu. ft., an efficiency of 90>. Reccamiendatiooe for additional improvements are made, especially in reducing the size of the collect- - or when the mist projector is used, 249 Sprays for Dust Suppression. Coal Dust Research Committee of the Komouthshire and South Wales Coal Owners' Association. 2nd Report. Abstracted in Iron & Coal Trades Rev., 141, 362 (October 11, 1940) and Colliery Guardian 161. 366*0 3Q9-92 (October 11 and 18, 1940), This report covers a study of the efficiency of various water sprays and water with compressed air in allaying mine dust. Water sprays are not very effective against air-borne dust, but are ideally suited for wetting the surface of the coal and so preventing dust-cloud formation. The addition of certain ohemlcala to the water to reduce the surface tension increases the effectiveness by de creasing the mist particle sizes, but the increase is only 10)1 even when using relatively strong solutions, and does not warrant the additional cost and trouble entailed. The most efficient atomization is obtained by passing water through the inner nozzle and compressed air through the outer nozzle. The average size of the mist particles produced by a South Wales mist projector is about 10 mi crons. In general, the greater the air to water ratio the finer the nist, but there is a critical figure beyond which very little advantage la gained by fur ther increasing the air consumption. The finer the mist, the more effective it is against air-borne dust. However, if it is too fine the water evaporate! be fore it can wet the dust. In practice it is best to adjust the mist so that the air feels damp, but not wet, at a distance about 4 feet from the projector. The greater the relative velocity of the mist to the dust cloud, the greater the effectiveness of the mist, and therefore it is recomneolod that the mist should 03118036 r Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 10, be projected In the opposite direction to which the dust cloud is moving. The South. Walee miat projectors, found superior to all others, are capable of suppressing 80 to 90# of air-borne dust containing particles below 2 microns. The efficiency of all such projectors is much greater than that of steam. 250 Predicting Dust Concentration. Frank B, Rowley and P..C. Jordan. Heating, Piping and Air Cond.. 12. 699-702 (December, 1940), This article is devoted to the factors affecting dust concentration levels in enclosed spaces. The rates at which dust laden air is introduced into the ,'C^I space, with which dust is produced in the space and with which dust settles from tho air, and the rata at which air is filtered, are usually of greater impor tance in the determination of ectual dust concentrations than the efficiencies of the filters themselves. Methods of rating filter performance, in filtration and exfiltration, internal dust sources and settling of dust are discussed in detail. 251 Predicting Dust Concentration. II. Frank 3. Rowley and R.C. Jordan. Heating, $ Piping and Air Cond., 13, 99-101 {February, 1941). a In this installment the application of the data derived in the first paper (Abstract No. 250) to continuous filtering processes is given. The treatment is largely mathematical. 252 Cleaning of Air and Gas by Thermal Repulsion. I. Samuel C. Blacktin. Chem. Ind., 50, 334-8 (1939). The affect of heated solid bodies of rod form in producing at Dorsal a dust-free region around them is tensed a radiometer action. The anthflf dpk ducted experiments testing various sources of beat and different type* of dfeot- Tepelling apparatus. Electrical heating (by conduction) and hot-mater heating gave comparable results. A peripheral hot-wire repulsor was developed and served well as a dust repellor. In an electrically heated apparatua with air originally containing at 18.4C, 90,300 dust particles per cc., the content* were at 38.5 52,000, at 55 25,760, at 74 17,080, and at 85.3 3,200 particles. An apparatus using hot-liquid heating gave with air originally containing at 14 56,000 particles peroc., at 29 17,100, at 44* 4300, at 55 3100 and at 81 "nil" particles per cc. 253 Cleaning of Gas and Air by Thermal Repulsion. II. Samuel C. BlacJrtin. J.Sec, Chon.. Ind., 59. 153-4 (1940). The author gives data showing the efficiency of a perforated repulsor 0.25- in* in diameter and 0.375 in. in length, described in the first paper. An effi ciency of 94# was obtained with different smoke dispersions at a rate of 4 co* ft. of air per hour with the extremely low resistance of 1 mu water gaugp for the perforated repulsor of 0.2 sq. in. of effective area. The author claims that the resistance can be further lowered by increasing the length of the re pulsor. Trial of an unperforated repulsor gave decidedly inferior results, be cause the black body radiation from the perforated device contributes very materially to its efficiency. Tho work described is being made the subject of patent rights. 254 Silicosis from Porphyry with a note on "Acute Silicosis." Symanskl. Arbeitsschutz, p. 272-4 (1940). (German). ` Porphyry contains 30 to 50# free silica. The author reports a serious ease of silicosis in a man. whe worked for 7 years as a quarryman but was endangered only during 9 month's experience as a driller. Twenty other cases, mostly alight or medium, were noted in workers in porphyry. 03118037 f HWBB-MJ0/363 ~ C\! __ fl 73 TO) Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 11. 255 South African Silicosis Report. Anonymous. Iron it Coal Trades Rev., 141, 524 (November 22, 1940), The Annual Report of the South African GoYernnent Mining Engineer for 1939, just issued by the Union of South Africa Department of Mines, records that silicosis prevention work was continued energetically throughout the year, on the same general lines as in the previous year. Water is . still relied on as the princi pal method of controlling dust production, but ventilation has been increased, and is considerably in excess of the minimum requirement. Generation of dust by jackhammer drills has received considerable study. The incidence of silico sis has steadily fallen from 11,95 per 1000 in 1931-2 to 7.61 per 1000 in 1936-9. This decrease, however, is partly duo to the increase from 51.9 to 60$ in the number of miners v.lth less than 6 years' service. The nuaber of new cases of silicosis, 230, detected in 1938-9, is the highest recorded since 1929-30, and is to be expected, because the number of miners with over 12, and over 18 years' service has greatly increased. Practically all the new cases are of "old miners" who had begun work before 1916, and before the beginning of protective improvements. 256 Investigations Comparing the Danger to the Lungs from Natural and Artificial Grindstones in Grinding Shops. Gaertner. Arbeitsschutz77p* 245-6 (1940). (German) . Experiments were conducted in which rabbits inhaled dust produced by crushing 2 natural and 2 artificial grindstones. One of the latter was compounded o| minerals, the other of ceremic compounds, containing 25$ insoluble silicic meld. No silicotic changes were produced by their dusts, but only slight connective tissue and capillary proliferation. The dust of the natural grindstones, bontaining 93.2 and 74.2$ quartz, produced typical silicotic nodules. A fuller report is being prepared. 257 Dust in the Stone and Earth Industry. Anonymous. Arbeltsschutz, p. 226-9 (1940). (German). . A short review of the dust problem in the ceramic industry is followed by a re port by Hass on the technical aspect of the problem, especially regarding dust sampling and counting, mentioning only the konimeter and tyndallmctar. He recommends portable vacuum cleaners for dust elimination in the workshops. A report follows by Buckup on the medical aspects of the problem. The Saxon min istry has installed an x-ray car with which over 13,000 exsnlnations here been made in 9 months. The screen method used Is cheap but sot alweys reliable in diagnosing first stage silicosis. 258 The Silicotic Module in Human and Experimental Silicosis; a Comparative Study. I.H. Belt. A.A. Jerri's and E.J. King. I.Path, and Bact.. 51. 363-7 {September, 1940). The authors have made a comparative study of silicotic lesions in men and in rats, the latter produced by single intra-tracheal injection of silica, ranging from 0.8 to 5 microns. They stress the zone of fibrous tissue practically with out silica particles ("redundant fibrous oncapsulization") as an important difference between silicosis as seen in man and that in experimental animals, in which they found the condition was absent. They also point out sane differ ences in the character and pattern of tho fibers. They speculate os the possi bility that in man the lesion may be complicated by infection. An additional report is promised. 03118038 p Hli68-000736*i Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 12. 259 Phagocytosis of foreign Material in the Lung. O.H. Robertson. Physiol. Rev., ' / 21, 112-39 (January, 194l7^ The author reviews the nodes of entrance, distribution and disposition of for eign material in the respiratory tract. First, the progress of foreign particles to the lung is impeded by thealanous course of the nasal passages, the sticky mucous character of the surfaces, action of the cilia of the membrane and the cough reflex. Disposition.of the material that has entered the terminal respir atory units is less simplo. The principal method is by phagocytosis by amebic cells, the type of cell employed depending upon the character of the foreign matter. Bacteria such as tho pneumococcus are-handled by the polymorphonuclear leucocytua, which appear in great numbers. However, with mineral dusts, the large macrophage normally present in the region goes into action. They quickly engulf siiica du3t particles and carry them rapidly to lymph vessels and lymphoid tissue. On occasion the amebic cell degenerates, leaving tho silica free in the parenchymal tissue. iVitfc asbestos, the process is somewhat different on account of the large size of the dust fiber. Macrophages accumulate around the fiber - ^ and fern giant cells in which the so-called asbestosis bodies appear, Inasmuch as the lung appears to act as a filter for foreign material injected intraven ously, it has been suggested that the pulmonary capillary endothelium carries on 0 phagocytic activity. The evidence, howover, is to the contrary. The 3ame is true of the cells lining the traoheo-bronchial tree. A bibliography of 155 re ferences is included. ^ 260 Asbestosis in Grinders and Drillers of Brake Bands. Bractaann. Arbeitsschutz, i pi 172-4 (1940). (German). ` '* ' Brake bands arc made of sheets of asbestos, or are pressed out of asbestos waste products and a filler, impregnated with artificial resin. Afterwards tbe bands end plates ore ground and drilled. In Saxony all workers in asbestos plants must be examined annually. Clinical and x-ray examination of the grind ers, drillers and men who file individual pieces has 3hown a few light cases of asbestosis after 2 years' work, and in nearly all such workers after 5 yoars employment. 261 Tho Struggle Against Asbestosis Today. Ehrhardt. Arbeitssehutz. pp. 191-3 {1940). (German). The paper is a brief description of asbestosis, rather than an account of the struggle against it. The author states that no relationship was found between nasal dust filtering ability and degree of asbestosis. 262 Methods of Avoiding tho Dust Danger In Asbestos ?lant3, 7alid from Avgust 1, 1940. Anonymous. ArbcitsschutzT pp. 263-5 (l940). (German) The new regulations concerning exhaust systems, established by tho manufacturers, insurance association and Goman factory inspectors, are described. The effi ciency of the systems must be tested by a representative of the insurance association. 263 Regulation to Change the Regulation Regarding Manufacture of Glass, Grinding. Etching, Painting. Glass Containers end Related Industries. Dated September 13. 1940. Anonymous. Arteltsschut2. ?. 263 (1940) (German). The German regulations prescribe that x-ray examinations be made of all workers employed at certain jobs in rooms where glass containers or refractory materials are produced or where sandblasting is conducted. The examinations are repeated every second year. All persons engaged in producing lead-containing mixtures or using lead colors are to be examined at least every 6 months. 03118039 i tI P MtffiB-000736!> ,n 0 0! __ _ ' ! Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 13. 264 Silicosis in Ohio in 1940. Anonymous. Ohio Ind. Comm. Monitor. 1, 15 and 30. (January and February, 1941}. Although incidence of silicosis at large may be on the decrease due to the knowledge gained regarding the disease during the past twenty years, neverthe less many more cases havo come to the attention of the Ohio Industrial Com mission in 1940 than during any year since the disease became compensable in 1937, During the first 29 months of operation of the law, 330 claims were filed; while in the 12 months of 1940, 249 claims were filed. In the 29-month period previous to 1940, 111 claims were allowed and 155 claims rejected. This is about a 40 per cent allowance. In the year 1940, 83 were allowed and 113 disallowed, a percentage of about 42. 265 X-P.ay Examination of the Structuro of Dust aa a Method of Medical Examination. Gaertner. Arbeitsschutz. pp7 193-5 (1940). (German). The x-ray examination of air-borne dust and dust in the lung is described. The author found no quartz in silicotic lungs of china-clay workers who used kaolin and siliimanite. He concludes that these substances are also able to produce silicosis. 266 Elementary Processes in Dust and Vapor Filtration. H. Witanann. Z. Elektro- chtaa., 46. 315-21 (l940). (German). , The basic laws of aerosol filtration are discussed, with reports of xperima|ta on filter materials of known porosity and structure with definite test vapogp- The condensation aerosol of the dye sudanrot G is used as test vapor. With * multiple-layer filters of cellulose and rayon the deposit of the precipitate# vapor within the filter cross-section follows a simple absorption law. fte per centage absorption power for nmerous paper and silk filters a* well aa for filter bricks and Jena glass frits was determined. The ideas of separation of dust particles by sedimentation, reflection and spinning-out are transferred to aerosol filtration. The controlling significance of flowing motion for aerosol filtration is proved. Laws found for the system drying filter-aerosol are like wise basic for the filtration of liquid suspensions. 267 Developments in Electrical Precipitation In Steel Plants. C.W. Hedbarg and L.M. Roberts. Iron & Steel Engr., 1^, 18-27 (July, 1940). The authors discuss the general principles and history of electrical precipita tion, and describe its use in various processes in steel manufacture including cleaning of blast furnace gas, ferro-manganese gas, high silicon iron furnaces, and detarring coke oven gas. A spocial application In cleaning coke ova gas under high pressure is described. In each of these uses, the problems Involved . and their solution arc discussed. Studies on the applications mentioned and on new ones ore being continued, and promise improved perfonuance and lower initial cost. 28 Soldering Fluid Containing Hydrochloric Acid, end Pulmonary Elbrosie. J.Am.Med, Assoc., (Queries and Minor Notes.) 116, 355 (January 25, 1941). A tinsmith has used hydrochloric acid in his work for 20 years, and now has widespread pulmonary fibrosis and disabling dyspnea. The question is whether the acid is responsible, and whether the use of Spear soldering fluid will pre vent similar trouble. In the reply the conclusion is given that hydrochloric acid does not cause pulmonary fibrosis, although it has injurious properties when inhaled in excess. Spear soldering fluid when properly employed is said to yield no free acid and the manufacturer claims that it is free from lead and arsenic. 03118040 t HiS6~UtfO/366 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 14, 269 Colorimetric Determination of Carbon Monoxide. S.M. Chumanov and M.B. Aksel'rod. J.Applled Chea. (Q.S.S.R.l lg. 1565-70 (1929). (Russian, with French suaoary), Experiments were carried out for determining minute amounts of carbon nonoxide In air. Ferric salts as well as salts of palladium and gold are reduced by carbon monoxide. The reduction is slight without a catalyst but reaches almost CO# in the presence of silica gel. The divalent iron formed by the action of 0.02 mg. of carbon monoxide per liter can be detected with potassium ferricyanide, 270 An Indicator Method for the Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Air. L.E. Karl son. Hig. i. Sanitarlya (1939). No. 5. 50-3. From Cham. Absts"., 34 , 7213 (November 10, 1940). Optimum conditions were found for the determination of carbon monoxide by the indicator method based on the formation of a light bluish green color appearing (0 from the contact of carbon monoxide with a suspension of iodine pentoxide in fin 5; ing sulfuric acid added to silica gel. The color obtained Is compared with standards prepared by wetting pumice with various solutions. The important de 0 tails are given in the above abstract. 271 Small Amounts of Carbon Monoxide in Gas Mixtures. P.J.G. Nall. Hot Gas, 60. 13-21, (1940). (Dutch). A method of determination of small amounts of carbon monoxide by means of t palladium chloride colorimetry is described. It is shown from a amber of feats with palladium chloride paper in mixtures of city gas and air, of fcydrogmm* carbon moncxide, carbon dioxide and air, in flue gases that a proper grada tion of blackening can be obtained with palladium chloride papers without addi tion of gold chloride. In the presence of the latter the color tends to be purple and inconclusive below carbon monoxide concentrations of 0.1#. It Is furthermore pointed out that the blackening is more intensive If hydrogen Is present in the gas mixture and least intensive in diluted city gas. The pallad ium chloride paper was exposed to the gases for 20 minutos, than washed out in dilute hydrochloric acid to remove excess chemical, dried and compared with standards made up in similar manner. The lowest concentration used was 0.0123# carbon monoxide. 272 Dangers of Carbon Monoxide. Snetting. Arbeitsschutz, pp.. H5-? (1940) .(German). The author reports that 73# of the workers in a foundry were poisoned to sons degree in a room heated by coke stoves without exhausts. Carbon monoxide hazards in foundries, especially in drying molds and heating of drying chambers, are discussed. Two eases of poisoning during repair work on a gas generator are also reported. 273 The Mental and Neurological Sequelae of Carbon Monoxide Asphyxia la a Case Observed for Fifteen Years. N. Raskin and O.C. Mullaney. I,Nervous and Mental Pis., 92~ 640-59 (November, 1940). The author presents a thorough sunmary of the clinical and anatomical changes following carbon monoxide asphyxia as reported in the literature, and des cribes observations made on a case over a period of 15 years. A woman of 43 suffered sub-lethal carbon monoxide poisoning. Partial recovery from the early symptoms was followed 7 years later by nervous disorders which persisted until her death 15 years after the accident. The clinical picture was essentially that of Parkinson's syndrome. Clinical and anatomical details are given. 03118041 r rtWKB-iiijy/j 6 / Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 15. 274 Determination of Carbon Monoxide Hemoglobin In the Blood by Means of the Photo, C' / electric Colorimeter^ R. Havemann. Kiln. Wchnschr..' 19. 1183-5 (1940). (German) "* Determination by this method, which is described, requires only a 3hort time and 1 cc. of blood, or even as little as 0.1 cc, Thearror is said to be 0,5#, ' 275 Sulfur Dioxide In the Foundry. F.A. Allen. Metal Ind., (London). 5, 172 (August 50, 1940). Sulfur dioxide is inevitably present in varying concentrations in foundries pro ducing magnesium alloy castings. It is used in magnesium casting to act as a diluent of the air to prevent serious oxidation. It is also often used in treatment of castings undergoing solution treatment for the same purpose. The question of its effect on health is important now, because magnesias casting production is increasing. Workers acquire considerable tolerance to the gas, but it is possible that this apparent tolerance is attained at the expense of general health conditions, although there are scale workers who have been in the magnesium industry for about 15 years without injury from the gas. The (British) s; Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has established one part sulfur dioxide in 100,000 parts of air by volune as the maximum concentration allowable for several hours' exposure, and one part in 2,000 as dangerous oven for short a periods. It is necessary, then, for foundry managers to test their foundry atmosphere to ascertain whether their sulfur dioxide content is within the gsf* limit. The tests should be made at points near the workers and at approxlvfcaly head level. j 276 The Treatment of Acute Hydrogen Sulfide Poisoning. I.D. Moehernia* mod. exptl., U.S.S.R.", _6, 439-41 (1938). (Russian, with English fiaasgnM^The injection of a solution of 0,5# hydrogen peroxide end 1# sodlta blcrihsmnte in. physiological saline solution into dogs in a paralytic state as.a result of the injection of lethal aoses of sodium sulfide solution (4.0-4.Sag* bydrogon sulfide per kg. body weight) iod to complete recovery in all 9 cases In which it was tried, 277 Carbon Disulfide: Its Toxicity and Potential Dangers. Div. of Industrial Hyg., Nat'l Inst, of Health. Pub. Health Repts., 56. 574-581 (March 21, 1941)* * An excellent short but complete discussion with bibliography on carbon disulfide. The topics discussed are: Physical-Chemical Properties, Permissible Concentration (20 p.p.m.), Sources of Exposure, Determination In Air* Blood and Urine, Absorption and Excretion, Relation Between Concentrations in Air and Toxic Symptoms, Clinical Picture of CoS Poisoning, Pathological Changes, Changes of Tolerance, Physiological Mechanism, and Prevention* 278 Alarm Devices for Indicating the Presence of Dangerous Qes* 7*T?Ty~ Chnmisch-technlsche Reichsanstalt, Z.ges. Schiess-u. Sprengstoffw. 21) 387-9 (1959), (Genian). Upper and lover explosive limits are given for 13 combustible pass in mixture with air, and dangerous and lethal concentrations arc given for 16 poisonous gases. The requirements which a satisfactory alarm devioe should meet are list ed, All commercial devices tested by the Chemisoh-technischs Reichanstalt and by certain other testing stations are named and the principles upon which they operate are described briefly. 279 Physiotoxicolofty of Poison Gases. L. Herlant. J. charm. Eelg., 21_, 815-24 (1939). (French). The gaaes arc classified and tabulated according to their toxicity* Symptoms produced by the different gases are given. 03118042 NU6-d07368 Digest of Industrial Ifygiene - 16. /--hC'v 80 War Gases and Other Tone Substances. Louie Diaerens. Teintex. 5_, 2-9 {1940). (French). The importance of the following factors in war gases and related materials is reported.; stability, density, volatility, heat of vaporization, melting point, ease of atomization, solubility, action on metals, odor, color and toxicity. -1 A list of some gase3 is given, classified as asphyxiants, vesicants, respiratory irritants, lachrymators and general poisons. The specific use, physical and chemical properties, preparation and physiological action of eleven of the most common war gases are discussed. 31 War Gases and Toxic Substances. II. Louis Diserene. Teintex. ,5, 45-54 (1940), (French). The physical and chemical properties and physiological action of some addition al war gases arc discussod. Preparation of papers and solutions used for the detection of poison gases is discussed and formulas are given. A chart Is in cluded which gives the name, formula, physical 'properties, action, detection, and disinfection for each of the gases included in the paper. a 282 Blood Tests in Gas Poisonings. Scbwantke, Arbeitsschutz, pp. 139-140 (1940), (German). On account of the difficulty of diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning, the* Insurance Association of the German smelting works and rolling mills has develop ed a plan by which blood samples are taken in all suspected cases according to Instructions furnished by the Association and are sent to a cooperating labor atory for examination. 283 War Gases. Their Detection. Ch. Berthelot. Ctimie et Ind. g, 91-106 (1940). (French). " A discussion and description of the physical properties of the chief nr gases, of their chemical and physiological detection, of their methods of projection and practical value, of the disinfection of contaminated premises and of first aid for gassed persons. 284 Noxious and Explosive Gasos in Industry and War. E.A.G. Colls, Trans, Can. In3ty~Mln. Net.. 43. (In Can. Mining Met. Bull. No.336) 179-204 (1940). Dangerous industrial gases and safoty means for protection against that are described. The types of war gas, their properties and affects, methods of liberation and protective measures are tabulated. 285 An Apparatus for Producing Constant Gas Mirturos. R.A. Lewis end O.J. Koepf. Science 93, 407-408 (April 25~,~ 1941). Because of tha prohibitive cost and variation in composition of coMercial gas mixtures, an apparatus has been designed by means of which constant mixtures of atmospheric air and nitrogen can be made economically. Two wat gas meters are connected by means of a ladder chain and sprocket gears. Nitrogen from a cylinder is introduced into the first meter creating enough mechanical force to turn the second at a corresponding speed. Air drawn into the second meter as it revolves, passes into a bottle where it mixes with nitrogen from the first meter. Any change in rate of flow of nitrogen through the first meter eeuses a similar chango in rate of rotation of the second, keeping the composition of the mixture constant at all time3. The apparatus is not designed to work against s large back pressure, but will produce gas mixtures of unchanged character, des pite fluctuations in the rate of flow. 03118043 * Wl. HMB8-0007369 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 17. 286 Pharmacological Properties of Certain Saturated Fluorocarbons. H.C. Struck and E.B. Plattner. J. Pharmacol., 687'2j7^9"'( 1940). Breathing air containing high concentrations of decafluorobutane, boiling point -- 4.5C., and decafluorocyclopontane b.p. 23, profoundly depressed mice but did not produce true anesthesia, the mice responding to stimuli at all times. Death followed from congestion of the lungs due to irritation. 287 Benzene (Benzol): Its Toxicity and Potential Dangers. Div. of Ind. Hyg., Nat'l Inst, of Health. Pub. Health Repts., 56. 519-527 (March 14, 1941}. Another in the series of short but complete discussions of common industrial hazards. Thi3 follows the standard form discussing: Physical-Chemical Proper ties, Maximal Permissible Concentration (100 p.p.m,), Sources of Exposure, Determination in Air and Blood, Absorption and Excretion, Relation Between Con centrations in Air and Toxic Symptoms, Symptoms of Acute and Chronic Poisoning, Pathological Changes, Physiological Mechanism, Habituation, Prophylactic Measures, and Treatment. 288 Benzine and 3enzene Hydrocarbons Used as Solvents. Engel. Arbeltsschutz, pp. 133 (1940). (German). This exposition of the poisonous nature of benzine, benzene and its homologs covers acute and chronic poisoning as well as irritating effeots on the' aklgu Benzene and its homologs, toluene and xylene, have more injurious effects, fceute and chronic, than those of the mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons known as zine, naphtha or light gasoline. Pennsylvania benzine contains 1.4 to aromatic hydrocarbons, of which 0.1 to 0.15$ is benzene; the produet mgjlM Dutch East Indies contains 36$ aromatic hydrocarbons, including 7$ betted#* Mb chronic effect has been noted from these mixtures but blood changes and somhematogenous diseases have been noted. Among the aromatic hydrocarbons, ben zene is much more dangerous than toluene and xylene, probably becauae toxic intermediary products aro formed from benzene and not frem the others. Oft the other hand the irritating effect on the skin is stronger from the paraffins than from the aromatics, and less in low-boiling fractions than in the highboiling ones. 289 Chronic Benzol Poisoning in Plastics Industry: Note on Liver Damage. H, Heiaann and C.B. Ford. N.Y. State Dept. Labor, Ind. Bull., 19. 224 (November. 1940). A study of 13 employeescf a factory processing cotton cloth with benzene dis closed 1 fatal case of benzene poisoning, with symptoms and clinical signs of aplastic anemia, and multiple hemorrhages. There were also 3 mild cases, in which the symptoms disappeared after removal from exposure except that in one, a case of nozmocytic anemia, the normal blood picture was not regalnod. As a result of the Investigation another solvent was substituted for benzene, and adequate Ventilation was installed. There is now no apparent health hazard, 290 Colorimetric Determination of Vapors of nitrobenzene. Azobenzene. Aniline end Benzidcne~Tn Air~ M.3. Bykhc-uskaya. Org, Chcm. Ind., tu.S.S.R.) 6^ 638-9 ri939). (Russian). The analysis by known methods of contaminated air In the production of beszldene is described in detail, The air is passed through a nitrating acid to convert nitrobenzene into dinitrobenzene and azobenzene into dlnitro-azobenzene. The latter reacts with glucose and sodium hydroxide to give an intense blue. Dini trobenzene in acetone with sodium hydroxide gives a violet reaction. In vapor* absorbed in water, benzidene gives a blue reaction, with ferric chloride and sodium hydroxide, and aniline gives with sodiua. hypochlorite and phenol a paleblue indophenol reaction. 03118044 P HWBB-0007370 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 18, 291 Toluene and Xylene. Industrial Data Sheet D-Chaou 35, National Safety Council, Nat. Safety News. 42, 3d, 38 (August, 1940), 7 i.y The hazards of both substances include: (1) acute poisoning through respiration of tho fixes or vapors, or ingestion of the liquids; (2) chronic poisoning through respiration over a longer period of snail concentrations of the fumes or vapors: (3) dermatitis due to the drying action of the solvents, and (4) fire and axplosion. Both arc good solvents for a number of substances used in indus try, such as resins, rubber, castor and linseed oils. They are both less toxic than benzene but have possibilities of acute and chronic poisoning. The acute effects of toluene Include headache, drunkenness, vomiting, disturbances of equilibrium, feeling of illness and sometimess unconsciousness. In chronic cases the signs are headache, giddiness, insomnia, lack of capacity for work, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and bleeding from the nose and gums. Xylene is similar in action but to a lesser degree. Workers exposed to either --n material should be given physical examinations before employment and at regular intervals, including urinalysis particularly if benzene is also used. Accepted local exhausts and general ventilating systems should be Installed. Synthetic rubber gloves should be provided. Frequent air tests should be made, and a S; supplied-air respirators should be used in any place where the vapor concentra tion is over 2#. Fire precautions must he taken, 292 Porphyrinuria in a Case of Industrial Methyl Chloride Poiaonlna. J.N.M,Chalmers, A.E. Gill am and J.E. Kench. Lancet, pp.80^806 (December 28, 1940). \ The case reported is that of a refrigerator engineer, aged 36, who expert.wiped severe methyl chloride poisoning as a result of exposure to fixes while at jvrk. Delirium, convulsions and tremor were the principal symptoms. Coproporp^prin series III wa3 found in large quantities in feces and urine, disappearing with tho subsidence of toxic symptoms. The possible origin of porphyrias Is amah cases Is fully discussed without definite conclusion. Recovery was complete at the end of 7 weeks, Uost of the previously reported cases of methyl chloride poisoning have been in America. The sdbstance is widely used In domestic refrig erators. Its slight odor makes it difficult to detect; its greatest action is on the respiratory and nervous systems. Its effects appear to resemble those produced by certain nitro- and amino- compounds, as well as drugs of the sul fanilamide group, which probably act on the liver and interfere with the normal breakdown of hemoglobin. 293 Nitrous Fumes in the Chemical Grinding of Files. Schramm. Arteltssafautz, pp. 221-2 (1940). {German) A new method for sharpening old files consists in part of dipping them in nitric acid. Nitrous fixes are generated in the process. In one plant every worker exposed to the fumes was Injured, one seriously. 294 Water Spray as a Means of Fighting Respiratory Poisons. Moebius. Fsuerschutz, 20, 2-4 (1940)7 (German). ' A spray of water from a nozzle can be used to decrease the hazard to life from industrially used toxic gases that have escaped from their containers (chlorine, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) and to counteract the effects from war gases. The efficiency of this "atomized" water depends on the solubility of tho chemicals, adsorption, increased reactiv ity, etc. The application of the method is described. 295 Air Conditioning in Eloktron Metal Foundries. Anonymous. Giesserei. 27, 347-8 ^September 6, 1940). (German). This article discusses and illustrates principally the methods and equipment employed for the removal of sulfurous fumes resulting from electric furnaces in foundries. 00118045 F HiittB-00073/1 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 19, 296 Ionization la Mine Atmospheres. L. funda. Glueckauf. (1940). (German). Ab stracted la Iron 4 Coal Trades Rot., 1U, 279, 282, 206 (Sept. 20, 27, 1940). While almost erery other phase of mine conditions has been investigated, little attention haa been paid to electrical conditions of the air. The author has studied Ionization In some German mines, making a total of 3,000 measurements at 50 points in 6 mines. The ion concentrations found at the intake wore nor mal. The concentration tends to increase with distance from the intake on account of the presence of radium emanations, but absorption on dust particles and other factors tend to decrease the number of small ions, so that in some cases tho ionization is less than in outer air. Usually, however, the concen tration is greatly increased. Large ions exhibit great irregularities in dis tribution. The concentration of positive ions is much higher than that of negative ions. The effects of explosion products, water vapor and pressure were studied, The possibllty of ionization as a cause of ignition of fire-damp la discussed. 297 Measurements of the Ozone Concentration of the Air Hear the Barth. Vlotor H. Regener. Meteorol. Z. 55. 459-62 119^1. ?irom Chean. Abets. 34. 77B0 (Hotember 20, 1940). a Tha author describes a variation of the thiosulfate method which be used for the determination of ozone. No oxides of nitrogen or hydrogen peroxide, which, would interfere with the determination, were present in the air tested. T$ volume ratio of ozone to air amounted on an average to 3.0 x 10" os the | Jungfrau Pass (3600 m.) and to 2.1 x 10" In Friedricbshafen (400 m.)> Th^dacrease in ozone content in lower altitudes is regarded as due to the daaoqtpaltion of ozone from the stratosphere on the dust and smoke particle* oftfcfc. troposphere. 298 Incidence and Costs of Acute Rosniratory Disease in Industry. A.J. Lanza. J. Am. Med. Assoc.. 116. 1342-1343 (March 29. 1941). ' Records of sick absenteeism in industry show a preponderance of colds a cause of lost time. Occupation shows some relation to the incidence, but not geog < = raphy. Women show much highor rates than men, averaging one per person oempared to 61 per 100 for males in a study of 14,000 clerical workers. Another study among the employees of a public utility company showed the average nuaber of colds, diebllng for one day or longer, was 22 per 100 males snd 40 per 100 females. If an average of one day a year per person, male and female, Is assum ed to be tha loss due to colds and acute respiratory infections, the total cost is believed to be conservatively in the neighborhood of $400,000,000 for workers and $400,000,000 for employers. Such an amount is its own argument for scienti fic study and attack. 299 Influence of Environment on Mucous Membranes of tha Upper Respiratory Tract. A Review. H. Peuasner. Hale-,Nason-, u. Ohrenarzt 50, 41-57 (1940). TOSw). The author describes the physiological function of the nose, and dleoussas the influence of dust, vapors, gases, smoke, cold, dryness, and lmmidlty on tha ears end respiratory tract. 300 Accident Prevention in the Chemical Industry. K. Schlldt. Chsmieche Tabrtk, 137 268-72"(July 27, 1940). (German). This is a review of German official reports on accident prevention and occupa tional disease published in 1939. 03118046 r H w iitt-m ju/j/? Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 20. -""'T'i 301 fafre of the Physician In Industry In the Control of Acute Respiratory Diseases. G.H. Piersol. J.Am.hed.Assoc.. lit. 1359-42 (March 29. 10411. u' The cannon cold and acute infections of the respiratory tract remain the out standing problem in Industrial medicine. They will continue to tax the re sourcefulness and the best efforts of the physician in industry, until the existing knowledge of virus diseases is further advanced. One of the most im portant steps in the proper control of respiratory diseases among any group of workers is to institute an adequate system of checking up absenteeism and the reporting of all acute illness. With the complied reports such a system would afford him, the industrial medical officer can readily determine in what depart ment the greatest incidence of respiratory diseases occurs. Correction of various unhealthy conditions such as overheating, improper ventilation, the existonce of drafts, working in wet clothing or various factors that make for undue fatigue, all of which any be important contributing causes in the produc tion. of cold3 and like infections, can then be achieved. 302 Workmen*s Compensation in Great Britain. Monthly Lab. Rev., 51, 888-891 (October, 1940). ' Compensation payments for all disabled workers, their wives and children are in e creased by the Workmen's Compensation Act of 1940. Workers suffering from sili cosis and certain other industrial diseases also share in the increasing bene fits. Up to the end of 1938, compensation had beon paid for 7,504 cases cj silicosis, since this disease became compensable. Payments were made in STSt cases in 1938. In 8 years, compensation was made for 257 cases of asbestos!* of which 4 fatal cases and 54 disablement cases occurred in 1938* Per--|m< increased from 270 cases in 1919 to 3,489 in 1936. Skin ailments oer fcfa variety of industries but chiefly among bakors and confectioners, dye sozftere, French polishers, and engineers. ' Papers on Industrial Poisons. Cancer. Dermatitis, etc. 303 Determination of Small Quantities of Load with Dithizone. Sellaut Fischer and Greto Leopoldi. Z. anal. Chem.. 119. 161-88 (1940). ifloiaan). A study of 56 papers published in the last 12 years ca the determination of vary small quantities of lead with dithizone shows that there is sometimes leek of clarity with respect to various important steps In ths procedure. A new. Im proved procedure is given for the colorimetric determination of lead vhieh is based on various suggestions in the literature and on seme new experiments. A simple procedure for titrating the colored solution is also given which can be carried out with simple apparatus. A particular study was nade of the pE effect with respect to the complete extraction of the lead dithizonate. A good extrac tion can be made in alkaline potassium cyanide solutions so that separation and determinations of lead can be made in the presence of large excess of 0 metal like zinc. Traces of copper may catalyze ths oxidation of dithizone by certain substances but such an effect con be prevented by adding hydroxylonin* hydro chloride and boiling the solution. Since it ie possible to extract the lead from solutions containing potassium cyanide, the sensitivity of the test for lead in the presence of bismuth or stannous tin can be increased greatlx; as little as 0.5 gamma of lead can be detected In ths presence of 1 ag. of bismuth or 2.5 mg. of stannous tin. At pH 9, 0.5 gamma of lead can be detected in tbs presence of 12 mg. of thallium. For the detection of lead la the presence of considerable bismuth, it is recommended to effect an extraction of the lead first at pH 3, whereby most of the bismuth is removed and then carry out a second ex traction in strong potassium cyanide solution. Zn the separation of lead from 03118047 r riif68-0807 373 ^0 ,--'--ij % S?- Dlgest of Industrial Ifygiene - 21. thallium in the presence of potassium cyanide advantere Is taken of the fact that the lead dithizonate is formed before the analagous thallous compound, 304 Lead Encephalopathy Simulating Cerebral Tumor. A.M. Nussay and I, DrybroughSmith. Brit. ed. J. 2, 379-00 (September 21, 1340}, A caso is described in which the patient's occupation had been collecting bullets fired on a target range, ordinarily collecting half a ton per night, with very inadequate respiratory protection. Illness began after 2j years work, with characteristic symptoms of load poisoning. The similarity of the symptoms to those of cerebral tumor is discussed. He improved on a milk diet with seda tives and calcium gluconate, and hie condition after 14 weeks of treatment appeared normal. 305 Mercurlallan and its Control in the felt Hat Industry. P.A. Neal and others. Public Health Bull. No. 263. 132 pp, U.S, Public Health Service, Washington, D.C., 1941, For sale by Superintendent of Documents -- 20 cents. Fifty-nine cases of chronic mercurialiam were found on medical examination of 534 hatters employed in five representative felt hat factories. Four of the twenty-one men engaged in mixing and blowing; 8 of the 34 Conors; 6 of the 29 hardeners, and 33 of the 179 starters, wetters-down, and sizers were so diag nosed, Mixers and blowers were exposed to 5 mg. Kg per 10 cu.m, of air; hardeners to 2.7; and starters, wetters-down, and sizers to 2.1 mg. Hg pertlO cu.m, of air. In any range of exposure above 1,0 mg. Hg per 10 cu.m. the inci dence of mercurialiam increased with increasing duration of employment. 91 cases were found among hatters exposed to less than 1.0 mg. Hg per 10 cu*m, of air, as measured by the Nordlunder instrument. Chronic aercurlallms la obafantar- ized by fine, intention tremor; psychic irritability of an exaggerated degree; aermographia, excessive perspiration, and abnormal readiness to blush; exagger ated tendon reflexes; pallor; and certain abnormalities of the mouth. Mercur ial ism cases wero found to excrete slightly less mercury in their urlae than similarly exposed but nonaffoctod workers. Workers with elevated systolic blood pressure and albisinuria tended to excrete less mercury in their urine than similarly exposed workers who were normal in those respects. The moat direct means of preventing the occurrence of mercurialiam among hatters la to substi tute a nontoxic carroting agent for mercury. Until this is practicable, control of the mercury hazard depends on coordinated general and local exhaust ventila tion so arranged and maintained as to prevent the escape of mercury into the breathing zone of workers, and upon enclosure or segregation of fur storage rooms, blowers, driers, end other sources of volatile mercury* Sketches of hoods and other enclosures, and specifications for air flow are presented. Methods for quantitative chemical analysis of tho mercury content of air, fur, tank water, etc., and for the quantitative spectrographic analysis of mercury In urine are described in dotail. 306 Toxicity of Mercury Vapors. Mario Adamo. Rass.med.ind. 10^ 664-90 (1999). (Italian). With guinea pigs subjected to inhalations of mercury vapors under a variety of conditions the greatest toxic action was found when the degree of hmldlty and the carbon dioxide content of the air were high. Mercury mines must be kept thoroughly oxygenated and low humidity must be maintained. 307 Industrial Mercury Poisoning. Leon Pollot. Arch, maladies profea. 385-94 71939)7 (French). Industrial poisoning by mercury is not very common in France. In Sweden it is caused by working on thermos bottles and in Belgian by working with mercury compounds. The principal sources of poisoning are distillation of mercury, use 03118048 p HW8B-0007374 2ige3t of Industrial l^rgiene - 22. of mercury p-japs, manufacture of barometers and other instruments, silvering of mirror*, manufacture of chemical compounds, use of mercury salts in treatment c / of hides and the manufacture of fulminate caps. 308 Experimental Investigation on the Absorption of Mercury Vapors. Folco Domenici. 5&ss. med. ind. 10. 703-11 (1939). (ItalianH From Chen. Absts., 34, 2934 (May 10, 1940). It was shown that when rabbits inhaled mercury vapors the nervous system and nasal passages wore affected, but intestinal lesions appeared only in a small percentage of the animals but when the fumes entered the digestive system the typical intestinal hemorrhagic lesions were present. In this way may be ex plained the nervous disorders occurring in cases of mercury poisoning. 309 Occupational Arsenic Poisoning and its Detection by Chemical Methods. F. Kuenkele. Chcm.-Ztg., 64. 29-32. 37-8 (l940). (GcrmanT. The chief causes of occupational arsenic poisoning aro reviewed and the colori metric method for the determination of arsenic in the human body is described. The effects of occupational (chronic) arsenic poisoning are discussed on the basis of clinical cases both of agricultural and Industrial workers. Arsenic contents higher than 10 gamma per 100 cc. of urine and 3 gamma per g. of the hair of the hoad indicate arsenic poisoning. Pubic hair may contain 3.8 times 03 much arsenic as hair of the head. As much as 150 gamma per 100 cc. of urine and 120 gemma per g. of hair of the head have been observed. ' 310 Self Poisoning by Cadmium Oxide. M, Richnow. Sanaa, v. Verglftungsfall., lpft. 77^80 (1939). (German!"! The author, a chemist, relates his experience with cadmium oxide polsesiag* having inhaled a considerable quantity of the dust cmd fumes. The symptom* wars an irritating cough, chest pains and oppression. He recovered In 8 days. 311 Pathology in the Dry Battery Industry. E. Zanetti. Med.del. Lavoro. 31. 218-226 (1940). The author describes in detail the manufacture of dry batteries end the ease of manganose poisoning which occur in that occupation. During e year's observa tion only minor ailments other than manganese poisoning were suffered by the men. none of wham had worked longer than 2 years. 312 New Data for Practical Design of Ventilation for Electroplating. W.P. Battista, T. Hatch and L. Greenburg, Heating, Piping, Air Cond., 13, 81-5 (February, 1941). Because all electrolytic tanks have conventional shapes and proportional dimen sions, certain basle fundamentals of design are applicable to all processes wherein dissemination of contaminants makes control of ventilation essential. This article considers fundamentals of tank ventilation with reference to pro portion and design. In usual practice, the atmospheric contamination is removed from an electroplating tank by means of lateral exhaust ventilation through slottod air chambers or ducts along the two long sides of the tank. The capa city of the exhaust system should vary approximately with the 1.6 power of the tank width rather then directly with the tank width. The rate of ventilation should be constant throughout the longth of the tank, but that condition is not always achievable. The uniformity can bo improved by use of manifolds of uni form cross-section with distributing vanes. 313 The Neglected Danger of Baths Containing Cyanide Salts. Fatal Accident in the " " ' of Tools by Sodium Cyanide. Fichtl. Arboltsschutz pp7 257-8 (1940). When on experienced worker pushed a tool through the crust on the surface of a cyanide salt bath, the molten material splashed through the opening end many 03118049 F Hii8S-0007 375 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 23. droplet* Bade mall bums on the sen' a akin. He fainted a few minutea later and died after 45 minutee. Autopsy prated poisoning by bydrogen cyanide absorbed from the burned areas. 314 Fluoride Intoxlcation. D.A. Greenwood. Physiol. Rev., 20, 582-616 {October, 1940). An extensive review with 380 references to the literature on fluoride intoxica tion, covering methods of analysis, industrial uses of fluorides and acute and chronic intoxication in man and animals. 315 Effect of Chronic Intoxication with Chlorine at Low Concentration on Experiment al Tuberculosis in Guinea Pigs. Fernand Arloing, Etienne Borthet and J. Viallior. Pres3emed., 48, 361 (1940). (French). The tuberculous process is accelerated by respiration of smell quantities of chlorine, regardless of whether the chlorine is applied preceding or following the infection. 316 Aseptic Necrosis of Bone Occurring In Caisson Disease. W.A. Walker. J, Bone and Joint Sura.. 22-. 1080-4 (October. 1940)." ' '' This is a report of a case of aseptic necrosis of bone following caisson disease, with microscopic and x-ray studies. A numbor of bone changes seen are stated to represent the remains of extensive infarcts caused by nitrogen emboli formed when, the patient suffered caisson disease 26 years previously, not treatedJfay recompression. ? 317 Experimental Data on the Effect of Naphtha Products on the Skin. SJC* Bosemtal. Arch, scl. biol. (U.S.S.R.) 57. No. 1 45-58 (1940). (Russian, with B&gllsb summary.) . Various samples of naphtha oil were injected into rabbit ears and the smsulfcg atypical epithelial proliferations were histologically examined aa to their intensity. Oils with a paraffin content of 2 to 3$ are lees toxie than those containing 1.2$, The sulfur and tar contents of the oils do not influence the intensity of the skin reaction! The lower aromatic fractions of haphtlk die* tlllates and the oxidlzable high-aalecular naphthenes are most toxic. Sulfuric acid treatment renders the lower fractions harmless but not the higher ones. By means of selective solvents (alcohol and phenol) it is possible to mske the oils and the naphtha harmless, but also to obtain very harmful extracts. Baphthe oils as such have no carcinogenic effect. 318 Allergy and the Photographer. H.W. Greenwood. Brit.J.Phot. 86, 5re-80 (1939). "Mctol poisoning" is caused by impurities in the aetol, of which sya. H,Kdi- mothyl-p-phenylenediamine is most usual. The ccsnoneet symptoms ere those of a weeping eossma, and treatment consists In the application of an ointment con taining lchthyol and boric acid, and tho wearing of gloves day and night. p-Phenylenediamine and its derivatives are known by the experience of the fur and hair-dyeing trades, to be toxic to many persons. Chrome sores are due to the handling of chromium compounds, and take the form of ulcers around the'finger nails and on the knucklos. 319 A Case of Dermatitis from 9-Bromofluorene and a Peculiar Reaction to the Patch Tost. Alfred Cavendish. Brit.jVPermatol.Syph.. 52. 155-64 (1940). A generalized rash in a chemistry student was tracod to contact with 9-brcmofluorene. Fluorene, fluoreaoae and fluorcnol, to which the student was also exposed, were found to be innocuous. 03118050 HH88-0B07376 a r._ "V' Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 24. 320 A Sew Industrial Chemical Dermatitis. K.O. Stingily. South Med. J., 33, 1266-71 (Dwcimbr, 1940), " Sodium tetrachlorphenoxide is employed to rid lumber of a fungus that ce.useB in jury and discoloration. This chemical has been observed to cause a fairly characteristic dermatitis. Those offoctod come in direct contact with the material in solution and the lesions appear in tho exposed parts of the body. The symptoms are, first, a sensation of burning, followed by erythema and ulcer ation which may persist for months or years. Ccnjunctivis is frequent. No pathogenic organisms have been grown from the wood, but It is suggested that a second degree fungus Infection may be present, as the matorlal from the ulcer is capable of local auto-inoculation. Treatment as yet is not highly satisfac tory, but the author believes that curettage and acetic wash has beneficial effects, 321 Dermatitis In Rubber Industry. W.2. Obetz. Rubber Age. (NY) 48, 27-30 (October, 1940). Tho author lists tho chemicals used in rubber manufacturing processes which ere most frequent offenders In production of dermatitis. Causes are classified, with notee on skin lesions, treatments ore briefly described, and preventive measures are outlined. A stannary of claims filed in 1939 is included. 322 Seven Million Dollar Itch. J. Stifter. Can.Chon. fc Process, 25, 117-8 A (March, 1941). | This is a brief general paper on industrial doraatitis, listing seas of thf most common irritants and methods of protection, ospecislly by use of liquids add creams. . 323 Constitutional Sczema (Late Exudative Sczamatoid of Proat) and the Question of Compensation. P. Koch. Dermatol. Wchnschr. 110. 383-7 41940). (Omen). The author denied the occupational nature, and therefore compensation, in two of five cases of eczema, although in one of the two there was a clear connection with the occupation, because It later developed the character of constitutional eczema and all skin teats were negative. The author emphasizes the fast that skin tests must imitate the eirctmstances of worker's occupation so far ss possible. In tho other 3 cases the patch tests wore positive, end the occupa tional connection was clearly recognizable, 324 Constitutional Eczema and the Question of Compensation.. H. DoeUken* Dermatol. Wchnschr..Tib, 437-9 (1940). {German). The author believes that the two cases rejected by Koch (Abstract Mo. 323} are unquestionably occupational. In one of them the patch test was made too late, 2 years after the occupation as a baker had ended. According to (German) court rulings, the disease must be compensated in spite of a contributory constitution al weakness, provided the disease is aggravated or accelerated by the occupa tional influence; this case is evidently covered by this interpretation. Many occupational diseases are not consequences of sensitization but are caused by "wear and tear"; theroforo, the value of the patch test should sot b* overrated. 325 Constitutional Eczemas and Export Opinion. A. Welcker. Dermatol. Wchnschr. Ill, 663-5 Tl940T In continuation of the discussion of cases published by Koch and DoeUken (Abstract tlos. 323 and 324] Welcker recognizes the one case as of occupational origin but not the other. He refers to a case of eczema, existing for 6 years in a man who ground and polished nickel plate parts. The occupation was very dirty, and tha workor had considered the dirt and dust as causes of the eczema. However, careful inquiry showed that he also polished chromium plated parts and that he was hypersensitive to all chromium compounds. 03118051 p HWBfi-0007377 ('C'".'T- V1 < Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 25, 326 Occupational Dermatitis (Oil). C.G. Lane. Arch. Dematol. fcSyphil., (Soc. trena.fr 43. 1S4 (January. 1941). The author describes a case of detmatltis in a machinist, which evidently was caused by the oil which he used in his 40 years' experience. In addition to a nuaber of areas of deimatitiB, autopsy revealed carcinoma of the esophagus. This type of oil dermatitis is fairly common in England but rare in this coun try, possibly bocause oils omployod here aro loss carcinogenic, 32? Experimental Pulmonary Cancor Induced in the Hat by Respiration of Petroleum Combustion Gases. A.H. Boffo. Eol. Inst, exptl. estud. cancer. 16, No. 52, 1-6(1939). (Spanish, with English sunmary,) Fran Chem. Absts. 34, 6355 (September 20, 1940), This paper gives a fuller account of the work described in our abstract No. 218 in the preceding Bulletin. Bats exposed to the effects of combustion gases from fuel oil developed malignant pulmonary tunors, with symptoms and complications which ere fully described. The author states that hydrocarbons were responsible for the development of cancer, in the lung through respiration of combustion gases, and in the stomach through absorption of food exposed to their toxic action. 328 Poos the Tarring of Roads Produce Cancer? Gugllelminetti. Bull. acad. mad., 1227 89-94 11939). (French). i According to the author there is no convincing evidence that tar duet everfeaused cancer in man. | 329 The Carclnogonlc Action of Wood Tar. P. Valado. Bull, assoc, freno. etofe cancer. 28 . 849-51 (1939). (French). "" No carcinogenic action was noted when tar from various wood* (chestnut, oek, poplar, etc.) was painted three times a week for 6 weeks on the ekin of the backs of 40 white mice and on the inner surface of the ear of 2 rabbit*. Unlike oil tar, the wood tor caused no toxic effects (diarrhea, loss of weight, etc.). - Similarly, no carcinogenic action was exhibited by resin, powdered and made up as a 7-1096 ointment in silica gel, applied to the backs of 20 alee; however, a* the ointment did not adhere well to the skin, the results with it ere not con clusive. It is suggested that the absence of carcinogenic activity of wood ter is due to its low temperature of distillation from the wood (not over 400C), and that the carcinogenic agents of oil tar are fomed by polyoydlclsatlon at temperatures of about 850C. 330 Tanors Produced by Tar and Benzopyrene In Amphibia. C. Koch, B. Sctaroiber and 0. Schreiber. Bull.assoc.franc,otudo cancer. 28, 852-9 (1959). (French). Hetnstizing akin tunors were produced in adult Triton cristatus and T. taenlatu* by Injection of a solution of 0.29ft tar in olive oil or by injection of a 1,2-benzopyrene solution obtained by mixing (1:10) olive oil end a 0.085 (J6?) solution of 1,2-benzopyrene in benzene and then allowing the benzene to evaporate 331 Biological Considerations on Resin Cancer. J. Firket and A. Halter. Bull, assoc, franc, etude cancer 29. 24-35 (1940). The 1,2-bcnzanthrene and 3,4-benzopyrene contents of various resins, determined spectrographically, were as follows: British resin 2 and 0.5)6, German resin 0.896 and traces, Cockerill resin 1 and 0.2-0.5, ougroe reein 3 and 0.3-0.4$6. Despite the presence of these carcinogenic agents, workers in Liege exposed to resin did not show a higher cancer incidence than the general population. 03118052 r BtfBB-0007378 Digest of Industrial Ifygiene - 26. 332 Should Coronary Disease and Hypertension be a Cause for Rejection In Industry*? H.M.7. Behneaen. j.~Am. Med. Assoc. 116. 209-13 (January. 1941). Coronary disease and hypertension in workers present a dilemma in that they are not industrial in origin hut restrict capacity for laborious work, and it is difficult to judge what procedure is fair to the employer, the worker and the insurance company. The best method for industry would be to adjust at once the v.-ork of any of its employees who over a period of years develop symptoms of these diseases. In ease of applications for employment, an electrocardiogram will aid in determining the probable extent of injury present, and special jobs may be found at which tha subject may safely work. In some 3tates a waiver may be ob tained which clears the employer of responsibility. The laws could properly be amended to reduce the responsibility of the employer and therefore encourage the employment of men having hypertensive or coronary disease. v.T>1 333 Cardiac Adaptations in Acute Progressive Anoxia. C.J. Wiggere. Ann.Int.Med., 14~. 1237-47 (January, 1941)T In acute progressive anoxia the supply of oxygen to cells is not solely condi tioned by the degree of pulmonary ventilation and the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood; it involves also an increased blood-flow. The aechanitn of the e increase in circulation was extensively studied in experiments on slightly anesthetized dogs, during hypoxia (progressive decrease in respired oxygen volumes to about 1S5&) and true anoxia, which begins when tbs toIum is pr&reseively below 12$. Detailed conclusions are given in the paper. Whan oxyg volume decreases to 7 or 65t, a circulatory crisis ensues. It is essentia^/ an acute congestive heart failure due to depressant effect of anoHa cm the ^oeardiun. It probably supervenes when the increasing coronary flow on as J|M|n keep pace with the rapidly diminishing tension of oxygen in the blood. 334 Visual Efficiency in Industry. A.M. Culler. J.Am.Med.Assoc., 116. 1349-1355 (March 29, 1941), ' . A record of visual acuity, with end without glasses, of all industrial workers is important. The establishment of minimum standards of visual efficiency for various occupations is necessary. It is urged that the American Medical Association appoint a cosaittee for the study of this problem. This ocmmlttee may also aid in tha correction of faulty legislation. The sequelae of eye in juries is discussed, some of which may snake manifest latent refractive errors. The conservation of eyesight in industry depends upon (1) testing the eyesight of applicants, (2) examination of the eyes of thoso having defective vision, (3) proper placement of woxkors with defective vision, (4) proper illumination without glare, (5) education of workers regarding hazards to the eye, (6) pro tection of eyes in hazardous jobs, and (7) prompt treatment of ocular injuries. 335 Protective tauigaent for gyes in Industry. H.F. Caiman. l.M.Med.Aeeoe., 116. 1343-1346 (March 29, 1941). Sye injuries are preventable -- the experience of a large industrial concern over 13 years shows that this is possible -- 22,000 employees having been saved from loss of sight or evon partial loss of vision. It has been estimated that 155S cf the blind of America have lost their sight because of occupational hazards. About 2,000 eyes are lost in industrial accidents each year. The author outlines the method for instituting a complete eye protection service In any plant, providing for preliminary visual examinations of employees and a sur vey cf the plant. There is a lengthy discussion of mechanical protective de vices, especially goggles cf all sizes and types. Safety devices on machines, illumination and ventilation aro briefly considered. The author intimates that there is little information available on the eye hazards of industrial poisons. 03118053 p HnBB-6007379 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 27. 336 Radiation In Electric Arc Welding. J. May. Arbeitsschutz, pp. 117-S (1940). (German). " " ^ ') The author reports on the investigations made by LeComte (Abstract no. 395, 1940), In his own investigation of electric woldlng he found only the same rays as in carbon arc welding, no x-rays and no gamma rays. 337 Industrial Injuries to the Syo. 5. Walker and E.L. Autea. J. Am. Ued. Assoc., 116, 1356-1337 (March 29, 1941). It is important to determine the visual acuity at the time of the first visit, end in the injured eye first. Injuries which appear trivial are often potential ly dangerous, especially in the presence of focal infection. The use of a mydri atic (a drug for dilating the pupil) after removal of foreign bodies from the cornea or after any injury to the cornea affords the patient comfort and expe dites healing. Bandages and patches tend to produce infection by damming up 5=3 secretions and should not be used. In doubtful cases, the plant physician will do well to turn the case over to an oculist. The authors present a breakdown S' of 1500 cases into the various types of lesions. In their series of nre than 100,000 eye injuries, foreign bodies have been the causative agent in 48jt. NOTE: The appearance of an article in this Digest doos not imply approval or ^ disapproval of its contents by the Foundation, The Digest merely reports, it t expresses no opinions. With this in mind wc cite the instance of Abstract #2011 entitled "An Abortive for the Caronon Cold" which appeared In the March issue fer this year. The Medical Director of a maaber company points out that the dosage of tincture cf iodine advised is In excess of that given by two textbooks in pharmacology. Such a dcsoge, he Indicates, would be dangerous is individuals v3^ with tuberculosis, syphilis, cr kidney diseases. Our ley readers are advised to consult their physicians before undertaking any medication mentioned In S' abstracted articles. I 031X8054 p HWSti-OGU/381 INDEX (April, 1941) Aerosol filtration 266 Aniline determination 29C Anoxia 333 Arsenic poisoning 309 Asbestosis in brake band Electrical precipitator 267 Electroplating ventilation design 312 Eye injuries 337 Fluorocarbons toxicity 286 Fluoride pmsnrvlnfl 314 Occupational disease compensation 302 statistics 3C0 Ozone determination 297 Phagocytosis in lung 259 Protective equipment for eyes 335 industry 260 general 261 Gas indicators 278 Respiratory tract physiology 299 Azobenzene determination 290 Benzene general 287-288 in plastics industry289 Gas mixtures 285 Gases, poison detection 283 protection 294 toxicology 279-280-281-284 Silicosis experimental from porphyry pathology report statistics 256 254 258 255 264 Benzidene determination 290 Hydrogen sulfide treatment 276 Skin diseases brcmoflucrine $19 Cadmixan poisoning 310 Ionization in mines 296 general 322-323-324325 Caisson disease puthoLogy 316 Cancer experimental 327-330 resin 331 tax dust 328 Law, occupational disease 233-238 Lead determination 303 encephalopathy 304 oil 326 in pictography 318 in rubber induetry 32L sodium tetrachlor- phenoxide 320 Soldering fluid 268 wood tar 329 Legal decisions Sulfur dioxide Carbon disulfide 234-235-236-237-239 in foundries 75-295 - jr. general 277 240-241-242-243-244 Thermal repulsion of Carbon monoxide Manganese poisoning dust 252-253 determination 269-270-271 311 in foundries 272 pathology 273 Medicine, industrial 245 Toluene general 291 Carbon monoxide hemoglobin determination 274-282 Mercurialiam experimental 306-308 Tuberculosis effdet of chlorine 315 Colds, cnrnmnn incidence 298 prevention 301 Coronary disease 332 in felt hat industry 305 general 307 Methyl chloride poisoning 292 Vision 334 Welding 336 X-ray examinations Cyanide poisoning 313 Naphtha oil effect on skin 317 263 of duat 265 Dust control 248-249 in ceramic industry 257 in asbestos industry 262 Nitrobenzene determination 290 Xylene general 291 Dust determination general 250-251 Nitrous fumes 293 03110055 methods 246-247 w