Document NGY5korbgqmq32B0KgyyaRod8

COPT r O R K BOX HUMBER VKvH'Z SEGMENT HO. H OT E S MT-PWHD-003816 t MT-PWHD-003817 WITNESS ANALYSIS DR. EDWARD MCBRATNEY 8651 Hihgway 3 Port Orchard, Washington WORK EXPERIENCE AND EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND 1933 - MD., Northwestern University 1934 - 1941 Practiced in California 1942 - Served in U.S. Navy, South Pac: Front 1945 - Discharched from Navy 1945 - 1960 Medical practice in Idaho 1960 - Doctor with Puget Sound Naval Shipyard 1962 - Medical Director, Puget Sound Shipyard 1972 - Retired DEPOSITION 4/12/84 Significant Testimony 1. From 1962 to 1972 he was in charge of the medical program at Puget Sound which included an overview of the industrial hygiene program. During this time frame, Mangold, Bessmer and Becket reported to him. It was McBratney's general responsibilty to control the hazards of the shipyard. 2. Before 1960 they had a few cases of asbestosis at Puget Sound. At one point is his testimony he indicated that many of these individuals developed cancer. However, his testimony is somewhat rambling and confusing in this area. -i- MT-PWHD-003818 2 - McBratney 3. He was aware of the relationship of asbestos and asbestosis when he had his legal training during the mid-thirties. In 1960 when he first arrived at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard he became aware of the relationship between asbestos and cancer. 4. Before he arrived workers were masked to protect themselves from breathing asbestos. In 1960 an X-ray program was already in effect for pipe coverers and insulators. If an insulator had abnormal X-rays, the Naval Hospital would immediately take over. 5. While at Puget Sound he does not recall a severe case of asbestosis happening. There were no cases of cancer caused by asbestos exposure while he was the head of the department. Some workers had X-ray findings indicative of asbestos but these individuals did not have any symptoms. 6. He indentifies a memo dated March 19, 1970 from himself which states "this report should show any critic that the U.S. Navy, particularly Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, had a continuous program directed at asbestos exposure control for more than fifteen years." 7. He has shown and identifies a report from Mangold indicating a list of positive X-ray findings due to asbestos exposure. The first such finding is 1947. 8. If a worker at the shipyard had positive X-ray findings he was advised of the presence of those finds and told to be careful about being exposed to asbestos. He was also advised to consider changing his job so he would not be exposed. 9. McBratney indicates that he had the authority to remove a man for not wearing his respirator. In order to do this he would go to the individual's foreman, and if that did not work, further up the line of authority. Generally speaking it was not necessary to take such action. However, elsewhere in his deposition he indicates that workers would put their masks on while he was making routine inspections and would remove them shortly after he left the area. His testimony MT-PWHD-003819 3 - McBratney as to whether wearing masks was required or simply voluntary is extremely confusing. Negative Testimony 1. McBratney indicates several places in his deposition that there were an enormous number of hazardous materials used in the shipyard and that asbestos was only one of them. While this testimony is not directly damaging it tends to indicate that the Navy had their hands full with all these various hazardous products and that they were doing their best to meet the situation. 2. At one point he indicates that half of those who got sick from asbestos exposure developed lung cancer. He knew of this when he began his practice in the mid-thirties. This of course does not fit into our state of the art position. 3. Several times in the deposition he praises the competence of Mangold and Bessmer. The Navy may use this to argue that these particular individuals were exceptional and that they should not be held to a standard set by a few exceptional men. 4. He indicates that at some time Selikoff came through the shipyard and observed the conditions. This was approved by an admiral. The Navy may use his testimony to show favorable conduct on their part in permitting Selikoff to view the conditions. They may also use this to challenge any testimony that we may offer that they were unwilling to par ticipate in a survey done by Selikoff. Although, McBratney clearly is not talking about a survey but rather a visual inspection. 5. McBratney does not emphasize any communications he had with other medical doctors relating to health conditions in the shipyards or steps to be taken. His testimony cannot be used to support the exchange of information among medical officers in the shipyards. RECOMMENDATION McBratney's testimony generally supports the superior job done at Puget Sound Shipyard as to their industrial hygiene program. One could reach the conclusion based upon his testimony that this was a particularly MT-PWHD-003820 h - McBrntncy good program because of the superior personnel in charge of it, namely Bessrner, Mangold and Beckett. We probably do not wish to emphasize this aspect. Since undoubtedly the testimony of Mangold and Bessmer covers the same ground McBratney's testimony is not essential. It is recommended that his testimony not be designated unless there are particular aspects that are important to support the testimony of other witnesses out of Puget Sound. MT-PWHD-003821 MT-PWHD-003822 JAMES A. MURPHY* JOHN D. WALLACE DOUGLAS E. ALBRIGHT LEE CORKRUM** WAYNE D. TANAKA G GEOFFREY GIBBSt LARRY C. MARTIN ROBERT G ANDREW MICHAEL G. WICKSTEAD OF COUNSEL RAYMOND D. OGDEN. JR. RAYMOND D. OGDEN (1876-1972) RONALD A. MURPHY (1930-1983) LAW OFFICES OF OGDEN, OGDEN & M 2300 WESTIN BUILDING 2001 SIXTH AVENUE SEATTLE. WASHINGTON 98121 (206) 622-2991 August 1, 1984 R. MARK ALLEN STEVEN A. REISLER LAURA C. INVEEN CHRISTOPHER A. WASHINGTON0 JAMES E. HANEY ROSEMARY P. BORDLEMAY SUE E. FREEBORN BARBARA B. HEAVEY W. SCOTT SNYDER ALSO A0MITTE0 IN CALIFORNIA '* ALSO ADMITTED IN DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA tALSO ADMITTED IN MONTANA J ALSO ADMITTED IN COLORADO. NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY "ALSO ADMITTED IN WISCONSIN Ms. Nita Plotko JOHNS-MANVILLE CORPORATION P. 0. Box 5723 Denver, Colorado 80217 Re: Telophone request for exhibits to depositions Dear Nita: Per your request, enclosed are exhibits 1-12 to Dr. McBratney's 4/12/84 deposition. I have requested copies of exhibits to Raymond Kardong's deposition of 4/9/84 and Starlazzi depositions of 4/13/84 et seq, and will send them to you as soon as possible. Very truly yours, OGDEN, OGDEN & MURPHY AMN/cm Enclosure fa Alice M. Noll Legal Assistant MT-PWHD-003823 t ft)!, 1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT Om WASHINGTON r2 AT SEATTLE $ 3 HARVEY SPIEGELB ERG, 4 Plaintiff, ) '^.5. / 5 vs. ) ) 6 JOHNS-MANVILLE CORPORATION, et al.,) ) 7 Defendants. ) 8 HUGH TEFFT, ) ) ) 9 Plaintiff, ) 10 vs. ) ) ) 11 JOHNS-MANVILLE CORPORATION, et al.,) ) 12 Defendants. ) :) 13 WILLIAMRAINES, ) ) 14 Plaintiff, ) ) 15 vs. ) ) 16 JOHNS-MANVILLE CORPORATION, et al.,) ) 17 Defendants. ) No. C84-166M No. C84-154M No. C84-16 5M 18 DEPOSITION UPON ORAL EXAMINATION OF EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 19 20 10:20 o'clock a.m. April 12, 1984 21 v* 8651 State Highway 3 Port Orchard, Washington 22 23 24 MARK HOVILA 25 Court Reporter DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES 1610 Pacific Building Seattle, Washington 98104 MT-PWHD-003824 1 2 3 Number 41 5 2 6 7 8 3 9 10 4 11 5 12 13 6 14 7 15 16 8 17 18 9 19 20 10 21 22 11 23 24 12 25 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 2 EXHIBIT INDEX Description Memorandum from Dr. McBratney dated 7 April 1967 Page 24 Memorandum from Dr. McBratney dated 19 March 1970; document entitled Asbestos and Control; memorandum from Dr. McBratney dated 16 February 1971 24 Conference notes presented to Captain Reh, USN, Code 300 24 Memorandum from Dr. Bratney dated 10 June 1971 24 Letter from Mr. Mortensen to Deborah D. Moran, dated November 25 , 1980 24 Document entitled Marine Pipe Covering and Insulating, Shop 56, dated May 1961 24 Document entitled Practical Industrial and Toxicology, dated 1 April 1965 24 Document prepared by Mr. Mangold entitled Occupational Exposures of Pipe Coverers and Insulators, a Summary 24 Document entitled Pulmonary X-ray Changes in Shipyard Production Trades, dated March 196 8 24 Document entitled Asbestos Exposure and Pulmonary X-ray Changes to Pipe Coverers and Insulators at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, dated August 196 8 24 Document entitled Occupational Health Hazards of Asbestos dated June 196 9 24 Recommendation for Special Achievement Award for Mr. Mangold, signed by Dr. McBratney, dated 4 April 1972 24 DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003825 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 f 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D EXAMINATION INDEX 3 Counsel Mr. Allison Mr. Winchester Mr. Gardner Mr. Hilfer Mr. Comfort Mr. Petty Mr. Bemis Pages 5 - 36 36 - 45 45 - 55 85 - 87 55 - 65 88 65 - 68 68 - 79 79 - 85 89 DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-0038?fi EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 4 1 APPEARANCES 2 3 FOR THE PLAINTIFF: 4 5 RICHARD J. HILFER Bangs, Castle, Schnautz & Hilfer 614 Boylston Avenue East Seattle, Washington 98102 6 FOR PITTSBURGH CORNING: 7 8 JOHN R. ALLISON Garvey, Schubert, Adams & Barer 3 0th Floor Bank of California Center Seattle, Washington 98164 9 FOR RAYMARK INDUSTRIES: 10 11 12 ANTHONY R. WINCHESTER Karr, Tuttle, Koch, Campbell, Mawer & Morrow, P.S. 1111 Third Avenue, Suite 2500 Seattle, Washington 98101 13 FOR EAGLE-PICHER: 14 15 KENNETH E. PETTY Williams, Lanza, Kastner & Gibbs 1400 Washington Building P.O. Box 21926 Seattle, Washington 98111 16 FOR OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS: RONALD C. GARDNER 17 Lee, Smart, Cook, Martin & Patterson 18 400 Washington Building Seattle, Washington 98101 19 20 FOR KEENE: 21 22 MICHAEL DAVIS Carney, Stephenson, Badley, Smith & Mueller 17th Floor, Park Place Building Seattle, Washington 98101 23 FOR FIBREBOARD: 24 25 RONALD SCOTT BEMIS Stafford, Frey & Mertel 400 Union Street Seattle, Washington 98101 DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-0038?7 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 5 FOR CELOTEX: BRIAN T. COMFORT Billettf Comfort & Rosenow Suite 301 Tacoma Mall Office Building Tacoma, Washington 98409 FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: JO ANN BORDEAUX Department of Justice P.0. Box 340 Ben Franklin Station Washington, D.C., 20009 ALSO IN ATTENDANCE: MRS. McBRATNEY ********** EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. , being first duly sworn by the notary, was examined and testified as follows: MR. ALLISON: For the record, this is a deposition of Dr. Edward McBratney, taken pursuant to notice in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the order of the special master concerning discovery. EXAMINATION BY MR. ALLISON: Q. Dr. McBratney, have you ever had your deposition taken before? A. No. Q. Let me explain the procedure, sir. I'll ask questions and I'll just ask you to answer them. If I ask a DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003828 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 6 1 question that does not make sense just let me know and I'll ask 2 it differently, because our purpose is only to get information. 3 A. A lot of the questions, it's many years back, so I'm 4 not going to be too clear about answering them. 5 Q. I know it's been a longtime. I'll justask -- 6 A. I'll do the best I can. That's all I can do. 7 Q. That's all we can expect. Sir, would you please tell 8 us your full name for the record? 9 A. Edward William McBratney. 10 Q. Where do you live? 11 A. It's right here. What is it, eighty -- They've 12 changed the address on this thing six or seven times here in the 13 last year. Every time I get so I learn it, they come through 14 with a new number. 15 Q. Port Orchard, Washington? 16 A. Yes. It's Port Orchard, but not the number of the 17 street or where the house is. 18 Q. Okay. I think we have that. The -- 19 A. 8651 , I think it is. 20 Q. Okay. 21 A. Highway 3 . 22 Q. In Port Orchard? 23 A. Southwest. 24 Q. Southwest? 25 A. Highway 3 Southwest. DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003829 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 7 1 Q. Dr. McBratney, you are amedicaldoctor; are you not? 2 A. Yes. 3 Q. When did you graduatefrom medical school? 4 A. Back in 1933. 5 MRS. MCBRATNEY: *35, it was. 6 A. '35, yes. 7 MRS. McBRATNEY: It's right in here on his thing 8 hanging on the wall. He's a little hard of hearing, so speak 9 up. 10 Q. Doctor, you were born in Idaho? 11 A. Yes. 12 Q. When? 13 A. February 13 th, 1907 . 14 Q. And Ibelieve you went to college at the University 15 of Idaho? 16 A. Yes, I went there for four years and then I went back 17 to Northwestern University. 18 Q. Okay. NorthwesternUniversity -- 19 A. Medical School. 20 Q. -- Medical School in Chicago? 21 A. Yes. 22 Q. When were you first admitted to practice as a doctor? 23 A. Well, it was right in '35. Then I practiced for a 24 while in California, and then the war came on, and bang, I was 25 out -- I was in the Marines and they took me up into the South DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003830 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 8 1 Pacific and all around, so -- 2 Q. Okay. Now, Doctor, when you practiced in California, 3 was that with a company? 4 A. Well, I had partnerships out there. I was up north 5 of Los Angeles there along the coast. 6 MRS. McBRATNEY: That was with Dr. Sink, up there 7 in Santa Maria. 8 A. Santa Maria. Santa Barbara County. 9 Q. I see. One of these articles that you brought to 10 this deposition mentions that you practiced medicine for a while 11 at the Union Sugar Company. 12 MRS. McBRATNEY: That was in Santa Maria. 13 A. Santa Maria. 14 Q. That was before the war? 15 MRS. McBRATNEY: Yes. 16 A. That was before the war. 17 Q. So before the war, was that industrial medicine? 18 A. No, it was general medicine. 19 Q. General medicine? Okay. And then you served in the 20 Marines? 21 A. Well, I was, not a Marine, if you're in the Navy. I 22 mean, I was with the Navy, but assigned to the Marines. 23 Q. I see. And you served in the South Pacific in World 24 War II? 25 A. Yes. 18 months I was out in the South Pacific. All DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHn-nma^i EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 9 1 my customers and everybody was Marines. 2 Q. Doctor, then you were discharged from the Navy about 3 when? 4 A. That was in forty -- what, '45, was the last of the 5 war? 6 Q. And then -- 7 A. I was disabled out in the Pacific and they flew me 8 back to here, and I was in San Francisco for a while, and then 9 they flew me down to San Diego, and the next thing I knew, they 10 put me up and they retired me. That was down in San Diego. I 11 got a full retirement from the Navy, and my pay remained the 12 same. I didn't have anything but the full pay at the time they 13 retired me. 14 Q. And after you were retired, was that because of an 15 inj ury? 16 A. Well, I had a lot of trouble out there in the jungle, 17 and I got trouble with my lungs, you know, and everything else, 18 and then a few bangs and blows out there, you get an exploding 19 shell or two, it doesn't take long before you're pretty sick, 20 see. 21 Q. So then after you retired from the Navy, right after 22 the end of World War II, did you go to Idaho to practice 23 medicine? 24 A. Yes, I was up there and looked around and was 25 thinking about coming down here, and then I decided -- They DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003832 10 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 1 wanted me to come up there to Idaho, Twin Falls. So I went up 2 and started to open practice in Twin Falls, Idaho.3 Q. So you were in private practice in Twin Falls, Idaho, 4 from shortly after World War II until -- 5 A. Until 1960. 6 Q. -- 1960. 7 A. That's when I came uphere. 8 Q. In 196 0, did youbecome the medical director of the 9 Puget Sound Naval Shipyard at Bremerton, Washington? 10 A. No, there was two doctors here for two years, so I 11 didn't start taking over the chief of the outfit until two 12 years, '62, it was. 13 Q. '62, okay. But in 1960 you joined Puget Sound Naval 14 Shipyard as a medical doctor? 15 A. Yes, the next in command. There were two doctors, 16 one for a year, and then the next was for another year, and then 17 I took the whole thing over, and it was ten years I was chief 18 medical officer, chief of medicine. 19 Q. You were the chief medical officer at Puget Sound 20 Naval Shipyard from 1962 until 1972? 21 A. 1972, yes. 22 Q. In 1972 youretired? 23 A. Yes. 24 Q. I believe your certificate indicates that you retired 25 on June 30, 1972. Is that consistent with your memory? DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003833 11 EDWARD W. MCBRATNEY, M.D. ! j ! 1 A. That's right. ii 2 Q. Dr. McBratney, what states have you been licensed to I 3 practice medicine in? 4 A. California, Idaho and Illinois. Then I gave up my 5 practice in Illinois about two, three years after I got the 6 degree there because I didn't want to ever go back to Illinois. 7 I'd had enough of that five years in Chicago. I'd had enough of 8 that in five years. 9 Q. Five years of Chicago weather was enough? 10 A. It was enough, yes. Then I came back toCalifornia. 11 Q. Dr. McBratney, did you ever specialize in any 12 particular field of medicine? 13 A. Just general surgery, is all. I was chief of surgery 14 at this hospital in Twin Falls, which was the largest hospital 15 in Idaho at the time. And I was chief of surgery there. I came 16 up here and then I went to work here. I was mostly industrial 17 surgery where I was, rather than any obstetrics or anything like 18 that. Up there I took care of everything. But down here, I was 19 mostly industrial medicine. Industrial surgery. 20 Q. At Puget Sound NavalShipyard? 21 A. Yes. 22 Q. Doctor, when you were at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, 23 who did you report to? The shipyard commander? 24 A. Shipyard commander was the only boss I had. 25 Q. Okay. And during your time at Puget Sound Naval DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003834 12 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 1 Shipyard, there was an industrial hygiene department? 2 A. Oh, yes. 3 Q. And at various times Carl Mangold and Dan Bessmer 4 were part of that department? 5 A. Those two were the ones that I had dealt with most of 6 the time. 7 Q. Okay. And I take it they reported to you? 8 A. Yes. Everything had to go -- anything went out 9 through me to get out of the shipyard. 10 Q. So do I understand right, Doctor, that when you were 11 at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, the industrial hygiene 12 department reported to you on a regular basis? 13 A. Yes, they were in the same building with me. They 14 were upstairs and I was downstairs. And anything that went on, 15 they took it up with me. And I didn't try to tell them how to 16 do it, because they were well trained men. So that made it nice 17 for me. 18 Q. Did Puget Sound Naval Shipyard have an industrial 19 hygiene department in place when you arrived there in 1960? 20 A. Well, yes, it was the same department that I had for 21 quite a while. There were two medical officers before me there 22 that took charge of it. 23 Q. Do you recall who they were, Doctor? 24 A. Well, Dr. -- It's hard for me to remember some of the 25 names. One of them just lives down here just two houses down DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003835 EDWARD W. MCBRATNEY, M.D 13 1 there. Oh, what the hell's his name? I'll get it. He's in the 2 hospital now. He's been sick for about a month or more. 3 Q. Was there also a Dr. Ponzer? 4 A. No. 5 Q. That was before -- 6 A. wait till I get -- 7 [Discussion off the record] 8 Q. Okay. George Watkins and -- 9 A. Dr. Hutchison. 10 Q. Dr. Hutchison. And they were the -- 11 A. And they left there when I took over. 12 Q. I see. They were the medical officers before you, 13 okay. Thank you, Doctor. Is it Dr. Hutchison or Dr. Watkins 14 who lives just down the street from you? 15 A. What? 16 Q. Which one of the two lives just down the street from 17 you? 18 A. Dr. Watkins. 19 Q. Dr. Watkins. 20 A. The other lives in California. Still does. No, he 21 lives in Arizona. Phoenix there. What do they call that down 22 out there, just by Phoenix? It's part of Phoenix. Sun City. 23 Q. Sun City. 24 A. Sun City out there. 25 Q. Dr. McBratney, as medical director of Puget Sound DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003R3R 14 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 Naval Shipyard, did your duties include monitoring and trying to 2 control -- . 3 MS. BORDEAUX: Objection. Leading. 4 MR. ALLISON: Let me finish. 5 Q. -- monitoring and trying to control hazards to the 6 wor kers? 7 A. Control what? 8 Q. As medical director of PugetSound NavalShipyard, 9 did your duties include anything having to do with hazards to 10 wor kers? 11 A. Yes. There were more hazards in the shipyards than 12 there was in any business in this whole Northwest. 13 Q. And it was your job to try andcontrol the hazards? 14 A. The best I could. 15 Q. Okay. 16 Q. When you arrived at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, was 17 there any kind of a safety program in place to protect workers 18 from asbestos? 19 A. Well, I don't recall anything definite about 20 asbestos. But they were working at that time thinking about 21 starting some kind of a new deal, you know, that would 22 specialize in asbestos. But a lot of the things were dangerous 23 to the lungs. Asbestos is just one. Steel workers and copper 24 boys, and all those things around where they're handling metals 25 and things in the air, those are all dangerous to the chest, DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-P\a/h n_nn^R^7 15 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 1 seef and the lungs. But the reason they didn't get too far at 2 the time was because when you got into asbestos you had to be 3 dealing in it for about 20 years, breathing asbestos dust, 4 before you began to get any trouble with it. So about 15 to 20 5 years as soon as you could get anything. And I never, ever 6 remember having any of my crew coming down with asbestos, or 7 asbestosis. Before that, some of them had been sick with it, 8 but not when I was there. 9 Q. Okay. So you're saying before 1960 there were 10 workers at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard that got sick from 11 asbestos? 12 A. Yes. Very few. Just occasionally somebody would. 13 But they had to be working in that field for 15 to 20 years 14 before they expected to ever contact it -- or come down with it, 15 see. 16 Q. When you say that there were workers at Puget Sound 17 Naval Shipyard who got sick from asbestos before 1960, how did 18 they get sick? What disease did they have? 19 A. They developed trouble in the lungs, and many of them 20 got cancer of the lungs. 21 Q. And that was before 1960? 22 A. Yes. They still get it. If they're working in 23 asbestos, they're still eligible for cancer of the lungs. 24 Q. Okay. When, Doctor, did you first become aware of a 25 relationship between breathing asbestos and getting cancer? DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003838 16 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. i 1 A. When I first arrived. ! i j I 2 Q. In 1960? .| II 3 A. People I knew, and doctors in this this town, that 4 was always in the back of our minds. If somebody come down with 5 trouble, why, we'd get them over to the naval hospital, get 6 x-rays of the chest and everything immediately, and be sure that 7 there wasn't any cancer that they could find. 8 Q. It was your understanding that when you arrived at 9 Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in 1960, it was already known that 10 breathing asbestos could cause cancer? 11 A. As far as I remember, yes. I don't remember any 12 definite time when we -- We watched them carefully for that 13 reason. That's why when I came here, they was making them all 14 wear masks. 15 Q. And that was in 1960? 16 A. Yes. Before I arrived they were wearing masks. 17 Q. Before 1960,the workers wore masks, and that was to 18 protect them from breathing asbestos? 19 A. Yes. That's the thing they worried more about than 20 any of the other dusts. There's a lot of the other dusts, you 21 know, copper and zinc and everything else, you know, that you 22 worked with, but asbestos is the one that they feared most. But 23 they didn't see it very often because they had to be around it 24 and working in it for about 15 to 20 years before you ever saw 25 any signs of it. DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003839 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D 17 1 Q. Now, Doctor, when you arrived at Puget Sound Naval 2 Shipyard in 1960 as a medical officer, was there an x-ray 3 program in effect? 4 A. Not -- Yes, there is. 5 Q. Regular x-rays? 6 A. We took x-rays every year. But, see, at that time, 7 the Navy had their hospital on the grounds, right at the 8 shipyard. And I'd take them over there and the radiologist 9 would take pictures of the lungs. 10 Q. Okay. Was that done for pipe coverers and insulators 11 A. Yes. 12 Q. -- who worked with with asbestos? 13 A. Anybody that had any trouble with -- danger with his 14 lungs. 15 Q. What was the procedure, Doctor, if an insulator had a 16 chest x-ray that was abnormal? 17 A. Well, the naval hospital would immediately take over 18 and assume the full responsibity for it then if he was an 19 employee of the Navy at the time, see. 20 Q. Who would interpret the x-rays? 21 A. Radiologists. 22 Q. Did you ever get involved in interpreting x-rays, 23 chest x-rays? 24 A. Well, a lot of -- I knew a lot about x-rays, but I 25 was not a professional or an official x-ray man, see. DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003840 18 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. j 1 Q. That was left to the radiologists or the specialists? ! | 2 A. So many of them are just the routine pictures that i 3 they run everybody through and take pictures, not because they t 4 had any disease. But, for the most part, I could read a chest 5 x-ray easy enough. If there was any question, I always took it 6 to a radiologist. The reason I took it down to them is so I 7 could get it done. But if I took all my pictures down to the 8 radiologist in the hospital, he'd never get to it. 9 Q. Too many x-rays? If, Doctor, an x-ray was abnormal J 10 and it was interpreted as being abnormal, would there be some i 11 kind of a report prepared, an x-ray report? j i 12 A. Yes. You'd go to the x-ray man in the hospital, and j 13 they would take care of any reports. 14 Q. And they'd do a report? 15 A. If they felt there was anything going on. i j | 16 Q. What was done with these x-ray reports? Were they 17 sent back to the bureau of medicine and surgery? 18 MS. BORDEAUX: Objection. Leading. 19 A. _ I don't know now where they were done, but it was 20 through the Navy itself, the Navy medical department. See, the 21 Navy medical department didn't do anything about the workers 22 here except when they had an injury or an illness. Then it was I 23 taken to the naval hospital, see. | 24 Q. Who was in charge of the naval hospital at the same 25 time that you were the chief medical officer at the shipyard? DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES ________________ _____________________________________ J MT-PWHD-003841 19 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 A. Oh, there was four or five, six of them here at that ' 2 time. I can't remember the names so much. This last 12 years j | 3 is hard on my memory, the details of these things. I haven't 4 paid much attention to it. 5 Q. The naval hospital, is that now called the Naval 6 Regional Medical Center? 7 A. Yes. 8 Q. And has that physically moved since you were at the 9 shipyard? 10 A. Oh, yes. It's a new hospital. It's out about four 11 or five miles out there, you know, on the road. 12 Q. But from 1960 to 1972, the hospital was closer to the 13 shipyard? 14 A. Oh, yes. It was part of the shipyard. 15 Q. It was actuallypart of the shipyard? 16 A. It was set right inthe shipyard. 17 Q. Okay. 18 A. The hospital's only been about five, six years, the 19 new one is, where it is now. 20 Q. I see. Okay. And I'm sorry, Doctor, I forgot, the 21 medical facility, or the medical hospital, was called what, at 22 the shipyard? 23 A. What? 24 Q. Well, if somebody had an x-ray and it was abnormal, i l 25 would it be sent to the radiologist? DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003842 20 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. Ij 1 A. Well, the radiologist and the medicaldepartment j 2 there of the hospital was officially in charge of it then. 3 Q. The hospital, okay. And that was the -- 4 A. But that wasn't the -- that was only the people who 5 were employees or had possibility of some injury or sickness ! j 6 from his work in the hospital. If he just got sick and had a J 7 cold and like that, he went out to his own private doctor. We j didn't take care of him. 8 ! 9 Q. What was the official name of the hospital at the 10 time? .; 11 A. The naval -- It's the UnitedStates -- Oh,this is ^ 12 the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. 13 Q. Hospital? 14 A. What? The hospital was just part of the U.S. Naval 15 Hospital. We didn't have -- The Puget Sound Naval Shipyard 16 didn't have any charge of the hospital. 17 Q. I see. 18 A. We just asked for their help, and they worked with us 19 all the time. 20 Q. I see. Do you know whether or not the U.S. Naval 21 Hospital would send reports to the Bureau of Medicine and 22 Surgery or BUMED, B-U-M-E-D, about abnormal x-rays? 23 A. I don't know, but I think they would. But I wouldn't 24 want to swear anything about it, because I didn't have anything 25 to do with it. I don't recall having any trouble or any DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003843 21 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. i 1 arguments or anything about the hospital and the Department of 2 the Navy back in Washington. ' 3 Q. Doctor, when did you first become aware of any 4 relationship between breathing asbestos and getting asbestosis? 5 A. As soon as I became a doctor, intern and everything 6 else. That was all part of my life at that time. I hadn't had 7 too much experience just in that field, but I'd had it as part 8 of general medicine. 9 Q. That was generally known within the medical community 10 at that time? 11 A. Yes. | i 12 Q. Now, when did you first become aware that asbestosis j 13 could lead to disability, become a disabling condition? i j 14 A. Where? j 15 Q. When. 16 A. When I started practicing medicine. 17 Q. Back in the 193 0s? Was the possibility that 18 asbestosis could become a disabling condition generally known 19 within the medical community back in the 193 0s? 20 A. Oh, yes. Most of the -- At least half of those who 21 got sick from asbestos had developed cancer of the lungs. 22 Q. When did you first become aware of that? 23 A. As soon as I began to practice. I don't ever think, 24 in the ten years that I was at the shipyard, I don't remember 25 any specific case that developed the severe parts of asbestosis. I DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES ! MT-PWHD-003844 22 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. I 1 Some of them had lungs full of a lot of spots and things, but j I 2 they weren't sick or acutely ill or anything. But' if you take a I 3 picture, you'd have all kinds of asbestos spots and things in I j 4 the Navy. But they weren't suffering from it at the moment. 5 Q. But that was visible on x-ray? 6 A. Then by the time they got a cancer, in a couple of 7 months they were down and out. I never had one of them at the 8 time I was the head of the department at that time. I know that | i 9 some of my patients -- not patients so much as workers, in the I i 10 shipyard, had asbestos spots in their lungs. I know that. But j 11 they weren't suffering from it as being ill. i i i 12 Q. When did you first become aware of any relationship j 13 between breathing asbestos and mesothelioma? 14 A. Well, as far as I remember, that was one of the ii 15 things that we worried about more than anything else, was 16 anybody that had spots of asbestos, definite spots, we took it 17 pictures a lot more often than normally, of somebody who was not j 18 ill at the time but he had these spots, because we were worried 19 about him developing that cancer of the lung. 20 Q. When did you start doing that at Puget Sound Naval 21 Shipyard, taking those more frequent x-rays of people who had j 22 spots on their lungs? j 23 A. I don't know whether I was the one that did it or 24 not, but the others had the same idea. ; j j 25 Q. You think it was something that was going on even ; DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003845 23 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 before you got there in 1960? 2 A. Ohr yes. I didn't develop that. ' 3 Q. Somebody before you had developed that? 4 A. Yes. 5 Q. Do you remember. Doctor, whether there were any 6 studies of Puget Sound Naval Shipyard workers who were exposed 7 to asbestos and also smoked cigarettes? 8 A. I can imagine that probably most of the them did. 9 Everybody -- There was a lot more smoking in those days than 10 there is now. 11 Q. Do you remember if there were any studies or 12 statistical studies done at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard to find 13 out if there was a higher risk of disease in people who worked 14 with asbestos products and also smoked cigarettes? 15 A. No, I can't -- They may have had that, but I wouldn't 16 want to make a statement that I had anything to write or put 17 down. There was a lot of the men working. When you got about 18 1900 men working for you, under you, you know a hell of a lot of 19 them smoke. And most of them didn't have any particular 20 suffering from it, other than just the regular smoking deal. 21 But we always knew that if you lived in this asbestos long 22 enough, there's a good chance of you getting in trouble. But, 23 hell, it took 20 years before you began to -- before it come out 24 where you could prove it. I don't know how many -- I didn't 25 have any that I can recall when I was actually head of it where DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003846 24 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. I 1 there was a definite sick man under me or in my area with j 2 asbestos. But I know that before that and since then, there has 3 been several asbestos individuals, I mean people with 4 asbestosis, 5 Q, Thank you, Doctor. 6 MR. ALLISON: What I'd like to do now is ask the 7 court reporter to mark these exhibits. 8 [Exhibits 1 through 12 marked 9 for identification] 10 Q. Doctor, if it's okay, why don't I come over there and s 11 maybe we can just go through these one at a time. What I'd like j 12 to do is maybe ask a couple of questions about each one of 13 these. What the reporter's marked here as Exhibit Number 1, it i j 14 looks like a memorandum dated 7 April 1967 from yourself, and ! 15 I'll ask you. Doctor, to please just take a look at it and see 16 if you remember preparing that, or having it prepared. 17 A. "Difficulties wearing prescription glasses beneath 18 full face respirators." Well, I don't -- That might have 19 happened, but I didn't go into anyplace where I stopped them 20 wearing the glasses or recommended they go and do it anyway. 21 Q. Well, do you remember that while you were at Puget 22 Sound Shipyard there was a program in effect to require workers 23 to wear respirators? 24 A. No. I know that we were pushing it to those who we 25 felt needed it. Because it wasn't just everybody that worked DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES i ! i MT-PWHD-003847 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D 25 1 with asbestos. It was different areas where asbestos was bad, I 2 mean, was thick, other places where it was just occasional, see. j I 3 And we didn't force anybody to -- It was just occasional there ; I i 4 to be wearing masks and all that stuff until we found them j 5 working in an area that was dangerous, or there was a 6 possibility of getting in danger with it. The only thing I used 7 to have is someone that -- I never made a definite round. I 1 8 mean, they didn't know when I was coming. I'd just take off and 9 go right around through all the shops and see who was doing 10 what. If some of them was working in dangerous areas, I gave j 11 them hell right there. 12 Q. Like Shop 56, the insulators' shop? ! I : 13 A. Yes. And if they didn't do it, or theygot upset 14 about it and argued with me about it, I'd take them right off 1 15 duty right then, andthey went to see the captain. And if they j 16 came back, if they didn't, I didn't care. But they had to do j i 17 what I said as far as protecting themselves. I wasn't trying to ! 18 help asbestos in any way; I was trying to keep them from getting 19 in trouble with it. And you always got -- When you got 1500 or ! 20 more, 2 ,000 working working for you, there's always a few damn 21 fools, you know, that will do anything, just to get you in 22 trouble. ! ! ! i 23 Q. Did you start doing that in 1960, when you arrived at j 24 Puget Sound Naval Shipyard? 25 A. Yes. II I DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003848 26 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. ! i 1 Q. Did you go around making rounds and -- I 2 A. Not so much -- I used to go around with the others a 3 lot, but after the first two years, I made the rounds at least 4 three times a week, and maybe more. Not a definite time. There 5 was no time set. I just strolled in there without any notice 6 and, bang, see who was wearing a mask in an area where he should 7 have been. Most of them had no argument. They'd look at me and 8 they'd go ahead, put on their mask. They'd look up to see if I 9 was gone before they'd take it off. And I could go back in a 10 half an hour and they'd have it off, see. Some of these guys 11 would just -- And they'd say, "What's bothering you?" I said, 12 "It doesn't bother me, because you're the one that's going to 13 die, not me, with this asbestos if you won't perform right." "I i 14 guess you're right," and that's about it. But they didn't get I Ii 15 too tough about it. Once in a while I had some tough ones that ! 16 would -- I'd have to get ahold of the captain, get them out of 17 there, jerk them up there, and if they didn't want to work 18 there, they'd quit. 19 Q. Did you ever have discussions with people at any 20 other Navy shipyard or Navy office about the wearing of 21 respirators? j 22 A. Not that I can recall. See, we were a long ways from 23 any other shipyard. Not industrial things. I've had a lot of 24 industrial things over in Seattle and Tacoma around there, but 25 there wasn't any Navy deal. When I had a chance traveling DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES i i ! 1 MT-PWHD-003849 27 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 around, I'd go into the navy yard in Oakland or down in -- 0hf 2 what's the other one right down there -- ' 3 Q. Mare Island? 4 A. Mare Island, places like that. Not on business, but 5 just to visit, see what's going on, what they have down there. 6 But it's a long ways to go down there. See, you're dealing with 7 a thousand miles to get down to those areas from here. 8 Q. Dr. McBratney, let me show you Exhibit Number 2, 9 which says "Memorandum for Code 100." Is that the shipyard 10 commander? 11 A. I think so, yes. Code 100 would be the shipyard 12 commander. 13 Q. It's dated 19 March 1970, and it appears to have come 14 from you. 15 A. See, I left in '72. 16 Q. Right. There's a reference in the next to the last 17 paragraph of Exhibit 2 of the first page. It says, "This report 18 should show any critic that the U.S. Navy, particularly Puget 19 Sound Naval Shipyard, has had a continuous program directed at 20 asbestos exposure control for more than 15 years." Do you 21 remember that being accurate? 22 A. Yes, I knew that these were trouble there for 15 23 years. I didn't start it. 24 Q. But since about 1955, you knew that Puget Sound Naval 25 Shipyard had an asbestos control program in effect? DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003850 28 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 A. The best they knew how to get it. Just when it 2 started, I don't know. It started before I come here. We used 3 to have some -- These top boys from back east, you know, they're 4 real top doctors in that type of work, see. They'd come around 5 and visit me, spend a day or two here and going through the 6 whole thing. Many times they would give me some good advice. 7 Sometimes they said, "You're doing fine. Sure glad to see 8 you're doing it," and were very good about congratulating us for 9 getting it done. But you didn't turn the place upside down and 10 start kicking everybody out and examining them. 11 Q. Doctor, this Exhibit 2, there's this one-page memo, 12 and then attached to it is a report, "Asbestos Exposure and 13 Control," which Carl Mangold and Dan Bessmer and Roger Beckett 14 have all explained was something that was prepared in 1970 , the 15 final draft. Was this report something that you reviewed before 16 it was officially approved? 17 A. Take it all over my head, and then they give me the 18 dope before they turn it in. 19 Q. Over here on what's marked page one, it's in here, 20 this report -- 21 A. Mangold and Bessmer were very good, very competent 22 people. 23 Q. It says up here at the top, under Introduction, "The 24 relationship between lung disease and exposure to asbestos dust 25 has been known for many years." Did you agree with that DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHn-nmacii EDWARD W. MCBRATNEY, M.D 29 1 statement? 2 MS. BORDEAUX: Objection. Leading.' i 3 A. Well, for many, I don't know. But I knew that before 4 I came here that there was such a thing. That's the one that we 5 were afraid of, was the asbestos. 6 Q. Before 196 0? 7 A. Before 1960. As I say, as I recall, in the ten years 8 when I was in charge of it, I don't remember any one of the j 9 workers ever coming down with cancer of the lung. We had lots 10 of x-rays taken, and some might have trouble coughing and 11 things, think maybe he's coming down with, boy, we'd give him 12 the works, and it would prove out that he wasn't down with 13 cancer of the lung at the time. ; 14 Q. But there had been lung cancer cases before 1960? j fl 15 A. There had been. I knew about it, not so much any i 16 more here, but in the other area there, the other departments -- 17 I mean other shipyards. j 18 Q. This table 3, Doctor, in Exhibit Number 2, is a 19 chart, work history of pipe coverers and insulators with 20 positive chest x-ray findings. And that was something, I think, j 21 that Carl Mangold, either Carl Mangold or Dan Bessmer prepared. 22 The column that says, "Year positive chest x-ray first 23 reported," there are some workers that are just identified by 24 case number that according to that had positive chest x-rays as j 25 early as 1947 . ' I DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES j MT-PWHD-003852 30 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 1 A. We found a lot of them had spots in their lungs, i j2 definite spots that were asbestos spots. They weren't giving 3 them any symptoms, they weren't having any trouble with them, ! 4 and they weren't growing or developing at the time. But we 5 watched them carefully because we knew that there was a damn 6 good chance they might come down with the real thing pretty 7 soon. 8 Q. The real thing being cancer? 9 A. They didn't have cancer at that time, but it could 10 suddenly develop into cancer. 11 Q. Did you ever have any discussions with anybody else i 12 in the Navy about finding these asbestos spots on the x-rays? 13 A. Only the person that had them, or the family, ! i 14 something like that. But I can't recall. I don't know who they j ! 15 were or where they are or whether they're still alive or what. 16 I do remember going over some of these x-rays, lung x-rays, and, 17 boy, I'm sure glad I didn't have that kind of a picture myself. 18 And yet they weren't suffering or anything. They weren't 19 complaining about any pain, coughing or anything else. They 20 were just going along. ! 21 Q. Did you ever have an opinion, Doctor, at the time you 1 22 were at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, about whether or not jI 23 respirators would work in keeping asbestos particles out of the i j 24 lung? j 25 A. Well, we all knew that they weren't perfect about it. j DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003853 EDWARD W. MCBRATNEY, M. D 31 \ I 1 Nobody purified or put on a respirator that would protect him a 2 hundred percent from dust. He couldn't breathe if he did. 3 Q. Do you have an opinion about whether it would help? 4 A. Yesf I always thought that many times it's better 5 having you wearing them, because the dust was thick enough and 6 present enough that it would be dangerous to your lungs if you 7 didn't put on a respirator or a mask. 8 Q. Now, I'd like to show you Exhibit Number 3, Doctor, 9 which doesn't have a date on it, but from reading through it, it 10 refers to things happening in early 1969, so it would have to be 11 sometime in late 1969 or perhaps a little bit later. And it 12 appears to be a memo summarizing a meeting with Captain Reh -- 13 A. Captain Ray Pearson. He's a production officer. 14 Q. Right. And yourself. | 15 A. Myself, Bessmer and Mangold. 16 Q. Right. Do you recall a meeting like that? 17 A. Well, we have so many of them. Every week, you know, 18 we have meetings. I don't remember anything special about them, 19 particularly. 20 MS. BORDEAUX: Excuse me. What was the date of 21 the memorandum? 22 MR. ALLISON: It's undated, but from the context 23 it would have to be after early 196 9. 24 Q. Dr. McBratney, did you ever run into any opposition 25 from the production officer, or the production people, to any DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES 32 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 safety suggestions that you made having to do with asbestos? j 2 A. I can't recall any at that time. They listened to me j 3 and they knew that I could get awful tough on them if I had to. ! 4 They never did. They'd do the best they could. I don't ever 5 recall ever having any war or battles with the managers of the 6 shops or heads of the shops, except when I ran into some monkey 7 that wanted to just do what he damn pleased and go ahead, and to 8 hell with protection. I took him up to head of the shop, and he 9 quit working right now. Then from there he went to the captain. 10 Q. Dr. McBratney, did you happen to prepare or author 11 that Exhibit Number 3 , if you recall? 12 A. Ray, myself, Mangold. That's after 15 years. Like I | 13 said, that's up to about 15 to 20 years where they begin to show j 14 things in the lung, it probably developed. j I 15 Q. From asbestos exposure to something showing up on an j 16 x-ray would normally be about 15 to 20 years? 17 A. Yes. Just casual, if he hadn't had any definite 18 symptoms. A lot of these didn't have any symptoms at all, but 19 boy, they had a lot of spots in their lungs. But they weren't 20 suffering from it and they weren't short of breath or giving me 21 any trouble. 22 Q. Doctor, if I may, I'd like to hand you Exhibit Number 23 4, which is dated 10 June of 1971. It appears to be a memo from 24 you to -- 25 A. The metal trades, Bremerton Metal Trades. That DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003855 33 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 wasn't in town. I mean, that was in town here, but not part of 2 the shipyards. ' 3 Q. That was the union? 4 A. That was the union. 5 Q. Do you remember sending this document, Exhibit Number 6 4, and attached to it is a series of questions and answers. Do 7 you remember that taking place? 8 A. I can't definitely remember it particularly. These 9 things come up. They were coming up every day, or several times 10 a week. And I don't remember. I do know there was a general 11 policy to put these things out and verify them, but -- 12 Q. Do you remember, Doctor, whether studies of asbestos 13 workers were conducted at any shipyards besides Puget Sound 14 Naval Shipyard? 15 A. Yes, down in -- Well, I went in there in New York, 16 before New York closed down and asked them about it, and they 17 were putting up some protection there. 18 Q. When was that? 19 A. That was in the -- '60s, yes. I went back there. 20 And then in California, around there. They had two shipyards in 21 the San Francisco area. 22 Q. Do you remember anything called an asbestos source 23 report? 24 A. Especially picking out the asbestos -- Only thing you 25 knew, we all knew that asbestos was always a problem, DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003856 34 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 1 particularly when you were working with breaking down ships. 2 That's where most of it came in, was busting ships down and 3 relining them, see. They all had -- The old ones had asbestos 4 coatings and insulation in there. That's why they would try to 5 redo it over again and put in other types of insulation and 6 protection in there. But a lot of the old ships, when they came 7 into the shipyard or any other, were remodeled or torn down. 8 That's when we -- The worst problem I had was tearing those 9 things down, and in those areas there that was pure asbestos, 10 and scattering and picking up and scattering it everywhere, see. 11 That's where I insisted they wear masks. 12 Q. In ripping out? 13 A. Ripping out and all that. j ! 14 Q. Doctor, I'd like to hand you now Exhibit Number 7, j i 15 which is entitled -- it's called Lecture Series Outline, 1 April j 16 '65, by the industrial hygiene division of the medical j 17 department. Now, on that date you were in charge of the medical 18 department? 19 A. What? 20 Q. You were in charge of the medical department at that 21 time? 22 A. '65? 23 Q. '65. 24 A. Yes. But most of the work that went on with Bessmer 25 and those, it was all their work. And they gave it to me and DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWH 0-003857 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D 35 1 we'd go over it and say everything's all right. They went 2 through and signed it and delivered it, see. 3 Q. If I could, Doctor, I'd like to turn to, I think it 4 was page four, where it says, up here at the top, "Environmental 5 Hazards Encountered at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard," and after 6 outlining noise and radiation, lighting, illumination, heat 7 stress, vibration, abnormal atmospheric pressure, then it starts 8 talking about mineral dust, and then some chemicals. Is it 9 consistent with your recollection that these mineral dust 10 substances and these chemical hazards were present at Puget 11 Sound Naval Shipyard during your tenure from 1960 to 1972? 12 A. They were all present then, yes. It was quite a j 13 problem what to do about it, I mean, how you could clean it up. | 14 Like I say, you bring in a ship and start tearing it apart, j 15 you'd be surprised what you got to go through there. And the j I 16 things that people have to wear, and the ventilation and 17 everything else, to get the dust and stuff settled down. The 18 vibration, and abnormal atmospheric pressures and all that, I 19 don't remember too much about that, other than the fact that it 20 existed. 21 Q. What about the chemicals, the stuff on page six and 22 page seven. 23 A. Page six? Arsenic. They all had a little arsenic in 24 those things. Sodium hydroxide. Sulfur was quite common. ' 25 Beryllium and cadmium were something we always had hanging DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES ! ! i ii ' MT-PWHD-0D3R5R 36 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. i j i 1 around our neck we had to try to get rid of. Chromium, chromic 2 acid, cobalt. Iron and iron oxide was probably one of the least 3 troublesome of any of them. Mercury was bad, vanadium, chromium 4 and chromic acid, cobalt, zinc and zinc oxide. Those are all 5 what we had -- You know, this shipyard had more hazards, more 6 hazardous things than most any company in America. I mean, when 7 it come to -- I mean, the shipyard itself. Not this definite 8 shipyard, but I mean shipyards, the stuff that they did was the 9 most hazardous of all jobs because they all dealt with so many 10 things, different chemicals and dusts and materials of that 11 type, see, and heat and moisture and everything. You just 12 couldn't eliminate everything. 13 MR. ALLISON: Doctor, thanks very much. I don't 14 have any more questions. Some of these other lawyers might, but 15 probably not very many. 16 17 EXAMINATION 18 BY MR. WINCHESTER: 19 Q. I have just a few. Doctor. As you know, my name is 20 Tony Winchester. I'll try and keep my questions as brief as 21 possible. 22 Now, you mentioned that asbestos had a 15 or 20-year 23 period before you could start to see signs of the exposure; is 24 that right? 25 A. I wouldn't necessarily see signs. By the time you DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003859 37 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 see the x-ray signs, it's several years before they had any 2 symptoms. 3 Q. So that was the period between the exposure and 4 symptoms, then? 5 A. That was the time between the time of exposure till 6 you began to develop symptoms from it, was 15 to 20 years. 7 Q. Is that something that was known to you in 1960, when 8 you came to the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard? 9 A. Yes. But as I say, I can't recall a time I was chief 10 medical officer having one case that we were concerned about, or 11 ever having -- I take a lot of x-rays. A man might have a cold 12 or a cough and everything else, and you'd get plenty of good 13 x-rays to see that there wasn't any malignancy in his lungs. 14 Q. But when you came to the shipyard in 1960, you were 15 aware of that 15 to 20-year period? 16 A. Oh, yes. 17 Q. Were the other doctors there aware of it, to your 18 knowledge? 19 MS. BORDEAUX: Objection. Speculation. 20 A. I think they were. 21 Q. Okay. Youmentioned an x-ray program that they had 22 at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard? 23 A. What? 24 Q. You mentioned an x-ray program at the shipyard. 25 A. Well, that was through the Department of the Navy DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003860 38 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 Hospital. 2 Q. And that program -- 3 A. And of course we had our own little small x-rays just 4 to take chest x-rays and hands and fingers and things like that 5 in each shop, see. 6 Q. So they had an x-ray program for each shop at the 7 shipyard, then? 8 A. The minor stuff. It wasn't the big one, you know. 9 It was primarily just for injuries, primarily. 10 Q. Was there a regular program in 1960 when you arrived 11 of taking chest x-rays of the workers there at the shipyard? 12 A. Well, there was no definite one, unless you went 13 through the Navy. We had certain shops, certain things like i 14 that. It was like with asbestos and things like that, we had | ii 15 definite x-rays with regularity. I don't know if there's a 16 definite time I can set you, but we did have definite x-rays 17 taken of people who had definite lung hazards working in an area 18 where there were hazards to the lungs. 19 Q. So in 1960 when you arrived there was already in 20 place a program taking regular chest x-rays for workers that 21 were around asbestos? 22 A. Oh, yes. 23 Q. Bu' t not for the other workers at the shipyard? t I 24 A. Not all of them. Just those that had hazardous duty j 'I 25 around hazards to the lungs. i i DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES 39 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. ; | i 1 Q. And these x-rays were taken periodically? 2 A. Yes. With regularity. 3 Q. At whose direction were the x-rays taken, if you 4 know. Doctor? 5 A. What? 6 Q. At whose direction were these x-rays taken? 7 A. Well, each shop would set up a time. And I would 8 tell them to get the things going, and everybody in the shop had 9 to come through and get these x-rays taken from a specialist in 10 x-ray. If there was any question that they found, why, it went 11 to the Navy x-ray -- 12 Q. Was this an established policy, then, of the shipyard j I! 13 when you arrived in 1960? i 14 A. As far as I remember, it was. I don't -- 15 Q. Do you know why these x-rays were taken of the , 16 asbestos workers at the shipyard? 17 A. Why? i | | 18 Q. Yes. 19 A. To see if they had any of those bad effects there. j i 20 The main hazard was the cancer of the lung. It didn't have to ! i 21 bepainful. Didn't know about it beingpainful, but boy, once [ 22 it started going, it wasn't very long before it wiped you right 23 out. j 24 Q. Do you know how long this program had been in effect j 25 at the shipyard before you arrived? DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES itIi 1 1 MT-PWHD-0f)3Rfi9 40 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 A. No. Not definitely. 2 Q. Was there an awareness at the shipyard in 1960 when 3 you arrived that those workers that were working around asbestos 4 were at some risk with regard to their lungs, then? 5 A. When I first came on duty, yes. Some of the doctors 6 before me didn't push it too hard, or didn't bother with it, but 7 I used to get a little bit tough with them. Most of the men, I 8 got along beautifully with them. They didn't make a fuss or get 9 angry at me. But you'd run into a damn fool once in a while, 10 and you'd have to jerk him up and get rid of him out of there. 11 But most of the time they knew well that they should be wearing 12 a mask or something like that, and they saw me and they put it 13 on with a smile. There wasn't a fight or any argument. But 14 like I say, though, occasionally you run into some damn fool who 15 wanted to make an issue of it. 16 Q. Okay. Now, you were asked some questions, Doctor, 17 regarding Exhibit 2 to this deposition of a memorandum that you 18 had sent out. 19 MS. BORDEAUX: Objection. Misquotes the witness. 20 Q. Pardon me, that's correct. A memorandum you were 21 questioned about. And the memo stated that there had been an 22 asbestos control program at the shipyard for 15 years. Do you 23 recall any of the details of that program, at least insofar as 24 when you were at the shipyard? 25 A. Well, like I say, I knew it was there, but during the DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003863 41 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 1 time I was the chief there, I don't remember ever having had a 2 serious case develop at the time. 3 Q. Well, my question is slightly different, Doctor. 4 What I was asking you is if you could recall any of the details 5 of that program as it was put into practice. What sort of 6 things were done? 7 A. Well, there was regularity of having pictures taken 8 of your chest, x-rays of the chest. When, how, and all that, 9 the details are a little bit -- I don't want to get too far in 10 there, because I'm not too sure of it. That's 12 years ago the 11 last time I was ever around it. 12 Q. Now, you were asked some questions about Exhibit 3 to 13 this deposition, and you said you had no recollection of the 14 meeting that that pertained to, but you did recall that you had ! i 15 meetings every week. Is that a fair statement? j 16 A. In the shops. I was through that shop at least two 17 or three times a week. 18 Q. Okay. I j 19 A. I'd walk through there and talk to the people and see 20 how things are going, see if any of them are sick or any of them 21 had any troubles, particularly those that had to wear definite 22 protection. 23 Q. Okay. 24 A. But I didn't give the time. They didn't know when I 25 was coming. I just pulled in. I made it possible to see what DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-P\a/h n_nn^RR4 42 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 was going on, but I never let them know when I'd be there at a 2 definite time so they could be prepared. I'd just walk in. 3 Q. What was the purpose of your visits to the shop? 4 A. To see what was going on, to see if they were getting 5 the right protection for their health. 6 Q. Okay. What sort of health hazards were you concerned 7 with in the shop? 8 A. Well, one of them was too much noise, too much dust, 9 too much of this and that, see. 10 Q. Was part of your concern with dust involving a 11 concern with asbestos dust? 12 A. What? 13 Q. Was part of your concern with dust involving a 14 concern with exposure to asbestos dust? 15 A. Oh, yes. Lots of other dust besides asbestos dust, 16 you know. Our worst problem was when they were starting to jerk 17 these ships down, tear them down, and they had everything inside 18 of them. They'd get that -- if you didn't be careful there. 19 And we'd hose it down and we'd spray the area where they were 20 working in there, hose it down so it wouldn't be all flying all 21 through the air. Some of it was asbestos, some of it was 22 sawdust, everything else you get in there. 23 Q. So then in your mind, the worst problem there was 24 involving when they were tearing down the old ships and 25 replacing the insulation in them? DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHn-nmRfic; 43 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 1 A. Yes. 2 Q. Okay. 3 A. That was the worst days, when they were ripping those 4 apart. 5 Q. Do you have an impression about the dust levels? 6 A. What? 7 Q. At that time? 8 A. Any question -- 9 Q. On those ships? Do you have an impression about the 10 dust levels on those ships? 11 A. Well, not unless they were tearing them down. I had 12 no way of knowing. Some of them would be terrible, some of 13 them, working around there. You start ripping one of those 14 sides out, you can have an awful lot of dust in there, 15 particularly in a confined area. ! 16 Q. You've been kind enough to provide to us some 17 newspaper clippings, and one of these says that you were j I | 18 assigned to the dispensary at PSNS immediately after 19 commissioning in the Naval Medical Corps at the outbreak of 20 World War II; is that right? 21 A. Yes. 22 Q. What year was it that you were -- 23 A. Not at the -- I wasn't confined here to the shipyard. 24 I was confined to the Navy. Not the Navy, but the Marine Corps, j 25 see. I was a Navy officer. But I was in the Marines, went out DEAN MOBURG &ASSOCIATES ! MT-PWHD-0038fifi EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D 44 1 overseas. 2 Q. Now, you went overseas in 1943 to the South Pacific? 3 A. Earlier than that. It wasjust right after the war 4 started. 5 Q. Okay. 6 A. I was a little over 18 months, 19 months out there in 7 the Pacific. But that was all the way from, all the towns out 8 there, you know, and clear up to -- I didn't get into Japan 9 because we hadn't conquered them yet. But I was in the 10 Philippines, one edge of the Philippines. 11 Q. Doctor, at the time that you were working at the j 12 shipyard, particularly during the early '60s, did you ever read j I 13 or become aware of an article written by two gentlemen by the | ! 14 name of March and Robbins titled Asbestosis? I 15 A. No, I can't recall it. If I did, I don't remember 16 it. 17 Q. How about an article by a gentleman by the name of j ! I j 18 March, the same gentleman, titled Asbestosis During Naval Vessel ' 19 Overhaul, published in the Industrial Hygiene Journal? Did you 20 ever read that article? 21 A. No. I didn't do too much about the industrial 22 hygiene article thing like that, because Mangold and Bessmer | 23 were overthere, and they wereextremely good men, thorough in j ' 24 their work, and they pulled me into every deal they had. So .* 25 that wewouldhave a full --togetherness in doing anything, i | II ! i i DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-0038fi7 44 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 overseas. 2 Q. Now, you went overseas in 1943 to the South Pacific? 3 A. Earlier than that. It wasjust right after the war 4 started. 5 Q. Okay. 6 A. I was a little over 18 months, 19 months out there in 7 the Pacific. But that was all the way from, all the towns out 8 there, you know, and clear up to -- I didn't get into Japan 9 because we hadn't conquered them yet. But I was in the 10 Philippines, one edge of the Philippines. 11 Q. Doctor, at the time that you were working at the 12 shipyard, particularly during the early '60s, did you ever read 13 or become aware of an article written by two gentlemen by the 14 name of March and Robbins titled Asbestosis? 15 A. No, I can't recall it. If I did, I don't remember 16 it. 17 Q. How about an article by a gentleman by the name of 18 March, the same gentleman, titled Asbestosis During Naval Vessel 19 Overhaul, published in the Industrial Hygiene Journal? Did you 20 ever read that article? 21 A. No. I didn't do too much about the industrial 22 hygiene article thing like that, because Mangold and Bessmer 23 were over there, and they were extremely good men, thorough in 24 their work, and they pulled me into every deal they had. So 25 that we would have a full -- togetherness in doing anything, DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003868 45 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 see, anything we'd work together on. They were good men. 2 Q. So you have no recollection of these articles, then, 3 at all? 4 A. No. 5 Q. Thank you very, Doctor. That's all the questions I 6 have for you. 7 A. I may have read them, but I don't want to tell you I 8 can remember them. 9 10 EXAMINATION 11 BY MR. GARDNER: 12 Q. Doctor, my name is Ron Gardner. As you know, we met 13 earlier this morning and I represent one of the defendants. I'd i 14 like to ask you a few questions. j .i 15 During the time that you were at the shipyard, were j 16 you familiar with the orientation program that the shipyard had 17 for new employees coming to work there? 18 A. Not too much, no. When I got them they'd be assigned 19 definitely to my shop, or the one that I had charge of, see. Of j 20 course, I was over anything that was industrial, butthey didn't j 21 give me a lot of the details. I was just morethegeneral of 22 all the different shops that had the hazards and everything. 23 Q. Do you know what, if anything, new employees were 24 told about asbestos by the shipyard when they first were hired 25 on at the yard? DEAN MOBURG MT-PWHD-003869 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D 46 A. I don't recall that there was any definite man who defined it or told the whole bunch. But I know that they were told that if they were going to work in asbestos, they knew it, and the bosses and everything else told them about it. And if I was around there, I told them what was going on, too. Q. Okay. How would the worker be told? You've already told us how you would go around. Is there some other method that workers would be advised about asbestos hazards? A. If the asbestos was very bad, dust was very bad, they had to wear masks. They had to wear things of that nature to protect themselves. Q. How did the workers learn that? A. Mostly just from -- MS. BORDEAUX: Objection. Speculation. A. From somebody just telling them about it and telling th em how to do it. They all learned there were hazards there, and they didn't want to get in trouble. Q. Do you recall if the shipyard had a booklet entitled General Safety Rules? A. Not definitely. I couldn't tell you. If it was there, I probably seen it and knew it. I don't recall it now anymor e. Q. Now, you mentioned that if a worker's chest x-ray was abnormal, the Navy hospital would take over his care. Is that correct? DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003870 47 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 A. If he needed care. 2 Q. If he needed care. . 3 A. They had -- If I was the first one that got ahold of 4 itr then I would push it through the Navy hospital to take more 5 definite pictures and study it more. 6 Q. Okay. Now, when you say the chest x-ray was 7 abnormal, what are you referring to when you say abnormal? 8 A. Well, it wasn't clear. There were spots in the lung. 9 I mean, metallic and spots of asbestos, metal, different things, 10 scattered through the lungs. Some of them were remarkable how 11 much there was in there, and they didn't have any symptoms. 12 Q. If the worker had those spots but didn't have any 13 symptoms, was he referred to the naval hospital? 14 A. He was watched over and had more studies made so that 15 they could follow him, maybe. They'd probably take more 16 pictures, and more frequently from him to follow it up. They 17 didn't want to wait until he had a full case of cancer before 18 they got him in there to take care of him, see. 19 Q. Would the worker have been advised about the presence 20 of the spots? 21 A. Yes. 22 Q. Would the worker have been told that the spots were 23 from asbestos dust? 24 MS. BORDEAUX: Objection. Speculation. 25 A. Well, we never -- couldn't tell him definitely it was DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003871 48 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 1 asbestos, because, you know, just a picture or shadow is not 2 going to define asbestos for you, unless there's something 3 special or peculiar about asbestos that is only that type of 4 shadow, see. 5 Q. Would the worker be told at that time that he should 6 take precautions to avoid asbestos dust? 7 A. Yes. If we think he was getting a lot of asbestos 8 spots in his lungs, he was told right there. In fact, we made 9 it possible, as far as I was concerned, he'd better get thinking 10 about it and maybe find another type of job and get the hell out 11 of there, because he wasn't going to get better by working in 12 it. 13 Q. Is that something that the worker would generally be j I 14 told? 15 A. Yes. If he had bad spots in his lungs, he was told. 16 He wouldn't go out of there without the knowledge that we knew 17 about those things. Like in private life anywhere else, there's 18 always people that don't pay much attention to the advice you 19 give them. 20 Q. I believe you told us that the asbestos control 21 program that had been in place at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard 22 even before you arrived included periodic chest x-rays of people 23 who worked around asbestos. Is that correct? 24 A. Yes. 25 Q. How did the shipyard identify or classify those DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-00387? 49 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 1 people who worked around asbestos? 2 A. Wellr the jobs. 3 Q. Can you recall which jobs would have been classified 4 as involving work around asbestos? 5 MS. BORDEAUX: During which period? 6 A. Any kind of a job where you worked in that shop. 7 Asbestos was there 24 hours a day in that shop. 8 Q. You're talking about the pipe shop? 9 A. Pipe shop's one of them. 10 Q. Can you name for me the other shops? 11 A. Oh, mainly pipe, and then your construction stuff 12 there. There was lots of dust in the construction department. 13 And, you know, like I say, we'd even have to take water and cut 14 it all down. When they're tearing the thing down, the dust in 15 there, we'd squirt the whole area with water to cut the dust 16 down. 17 Q. What trades worked in the destruction shop? 18 A. What? 19 Q. What trades worked out of the construction shop? 20 A. Oh, God, I can't think of all of them now. There was 21 a hell of a lot of shops there, from 7 on up. 22 Q. Can you recall the shop numbers that would have been 23 involved in the asbestos chest x-ray monitoring program? 24 A. There would be more than one, more than just one 25 shop. There would be several shops that dealt with that. Just DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003873 50 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 1 like those that were working on ships that were pulled in here 2 and then overhauled. 3 Q. Can you list for me now either the shops by name or 4 by number or perhaps the trades that would have been involved in 5 the monitoring program? 6 A. Well, there's a hell of a lot of them. I can't 7 remember whether I remember them all or not, but I think they 8 were the shops by numbers, and not by numbers. You come in and 9 you had the pipe shops, you had -- all of them around there, 10 they were -- the first four, five, six, dozen shops, you come 11 right in the front gate, on either side of you, they were all 12 shops that were working with metals and hazardous things of that 13 type. 14 Q. So this would include people working in the 15 boilermaking trade? 16 A. Yes. 17 Q. People working as machinists, outside machinists on 18 board ship? 19 A. Yes. 20 MS. BORDEAUX: Objection. Leading. 21 Q. Would this include -- 22 A. Inside machinists, too. 23 Q. -- inside machinists, also? What about welders? 24 A. Well, some welders, yes, very definitely. They were 25 working, and they were hazardous. DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003874 51 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 1 Q. What about electricians? 2 MS. BORDEAUX: Objection. Leading. 3 A. Well, not so much unless they were working around 4 doing a lot of -- setting up and constructing parts of the ships 5 and working part of the ships, you know. Maybe putting 6 electricity and stuff in. But most of them were not too bad, 7 because they weren't making too much of a fuss when they were 8 working in electric. 9 Q. Okay. Is it your testimony that the trades that 10 we've just been discussing were subject to the chest x-ray 11 monitoring program from prior to the time you arrived at the 12 shipyard in 1960? 13 A. I don't know. I do know that when I got there -- 14 Q. All those trades were covered by that program; is 15 that correct? 16 A. Yes. 17 Q. The asbestos control program, was there a writing or 18 booklet at the shipyard that described the nature of the program 19 and its scope or purpose? 20 A. Maybe, but I can't tell you what it is or much about 21 it. 22 Q. Do you recall that there was such a document or a 23 writing? 24 A. It seems to me that they had instructions and stuff, 25 and every shop had something about doing industrial work that DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003875 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D 52 1 might be hazardous. How often or anything else, I don't know. 2 That's too far away to remember all that. 3 Q. Would that written information have originated from 4 the industrial hygiene department at the shipyard? 5 A. Primarily. Most of the stuff would come from the 6 industrial hygiene. 7 Q. Now, you mentioned that from time to time people from 8 back east apparently visited you at the shipyard. Is that 9 correct? 10 A. A few times, yes. 11 Q. Can you recall -- 12 A. Very important guys back there. At that time, they r 13 were known as important, top boys in their field, see. 14 Q. What field are you referring to? 15 A. Anything industrial at that time, see. 16 Q. Were these people Navy personnel? 17 A. No, most of them were -- Well, they were in private 18 industry or they were in universities, schools, and that type, 19 doing that type of work. 20 Q. Were they employed by the government? 21 A. Not necessarily. They might be. That wasn't 22 anything that I tried to find out anything about. 23 Q. Do you recall any of their names? 24 A. No. They just checked, looked over the place, and, 25 "Thank you, I enjoyed being here, see you later sometime," and DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003876 53 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 gone. That's about all they did. They didn't pull anything out 2 or take a lot of pictures or anything like that. . 3 Q. Nowr you mentioned that when you first went to work 4 in the shipyard and throughout your employment there, you 5 periodically made rounds through the yard to look for hazards. 6 Is that correct? 7 A. I made the rounds on the shops. But primarily, where 8 the hazards developed or were present, I went through those 9 shops two or three times a week. Not on any definite schedule. 10 I never would let the boys in the shops know the day I was 11 coming through or when I was coming through. I'd just drop in, 12 bang, in the shop and see what's going. Then you could tell 13 definitely who's wearing his hat and who isn't, see. 14 Q. How frequently would you find workers not wearing 15 masks in dusty areas? 16 A. Oh, I'd probably find at least a dozen in each shop. 17 See, they had to wear caps, too, hats. Lots of times there was 18 lots of danger of getting a whap on the head from something 19 flying through the air or falling, or upset that way. Many of 20 them were not metal hats, many of them were just plastic, but 21 they were enough to protect you from a blow on the head. 22 Q. When you made these rounds through the shops, did you 23 also go on board the vessels under construction? 24 A. What? 25 Q. Did you also go aboard ships when making your rounds DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003877 54 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 through the shops? 2 A. Some of them, if they were doing very active work at 3 the time, tearing them apart or something like that. Usually 4 that was the ones that we were afraid of, where the danger was, 5 ripping the side out and all that dust and asbestos flying 6 everywhere, see. And I would be there so they could turn the 7 fire hose on and dampen it down the cut the down dust. That was 8 the main thing. When they were rebuilding it, they usually 9 didn't get in much trouble when they were rebuilding the ship or 10 fixing it up. They usually didn't use asbestos. They used 11 everything else except asbestos in the same insulation area, 12 see. That's where asbestos got into trouble, was where they 13 were tearing down these used ships. 14 Q. So as I understand it, the rounds that you made 15 periodically each week included going through the buildings for 16 the shops as well as going aboard vessels under construction or 17 repair; is that correct? 18 A. Yes. There was never any definite time schedule for 19 it. I didn't want the guys to know when I would be around. I 20 would just drop in when I was going by, and if things were 21 looking quiet I'd just slip into the shop, and the first thing 22 they knew I was standing right along their bench and watching 23 them, talking to them, watching them. They wondered how I got 24 in there, see. 25 Q. Did you have authority to remove a man from his job DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003878 55 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 if he refused to comply with your request to wear a respirator 2 around dust? 3 A. Yes. I didn't personally grab him and take him out. 4 If it was very important, I'd go to the boss or the shop. 5 Q. You'd go to that worker's supervisor? 6 A. Yes. And if he couldn't get the thing done, why, 7 then it went to the admiral and his group. They put the men 8 down there. But I never had much trouble that way. Just 9 occasionally I'd find someone a little stubborn or little 10 obstinate. Then when I'd turn it over to the captain of the 11 shop, or I mean the supervisor of the shop, I didn't want to get 12 I wasn't in the mood to get in a fight with any of them. 13 Sometimes I'd have liked to have kicked them where it would do 14 some good, but I decided not to. 15 Q. All right, Doctor, that's all the questions I have. 16 Thank you. 17 A. But when you're dealing with 1 ,000 , 2 ,000 , 3 ,000 18 people right in a few shops, you know, there's lots of peculiar 19 characters in there. Most of them are very good, though. I 20 never had any real trouble with any of them. 21 22 EXAMINATION 23 BY MR. HILFER: 24 Q. Doctor, my name's Richard Hilfer. I have a few 25 questions for you. You were the medical officer at Puget Sound DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003879 56 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 1 Naval Shipyard and you had a lot of other things to worry about 2 besides asbestos, didn't you? 3 MR. WINCHESTER: Objection. That's a leading 4 question. 5 A. Yes. 6 Q. Tell us some of the things you had to worry about 7 besides asbestos. 8 A. Well, heat and dust, and other kinds. 9 Q. What about benzene? 10 A. What? 11 Q. What about solvents? 12 A. Any of the solvents, benzene. 13 Q. What about silica? 14 A. Silica. 15 Q. What about other chemicals? 16 A. What? 17 Q. What about other chemicals? What types of other 18 chemicals did you have to worry about? 19 A. Oh, God. I don't know. We had more chemicals in our 20 shops than any business in the United States. We had more 21 hazardous materials that we worked with and our men worked with 22 in the shipyards than anyplace in the United States. Because 23 they were more specific, see, than anyplace in the United 24 States, was more specific. But the shipyard was general. 25 Q. You were doing your best to protect these workers, DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003880 57 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 weren11 you? 2 MR. WINCHESTER: Objection. 3 A. Yes, very definitely. 4 Q. Did you ever do less than your best to protect these 5 workers? 6 A. What? 7 Q. Did you ever do less than your best to protect these 8 workers at the shipyard? 9 MR. ALLISON: I'll have to object. That's 10 argumentative. 11 A. I don't understand what you said. 12 Q. Did you ever do less than your best to protect the 13 health and safety of these workers? 14 MR. ALLISON: Objection. That's argumentative. 15 It's not a proper question. 16 Q. Go ahead and answer,Doctor. 17 A. I didn't do anything general to everybody. I tried 18 to give them what was right and what would protect them the 19 best. It would get them in trouble if they didn't. I never had 20 much trouble with them at all. 21 Q. About how much of your time did you spend worrying 22 about asbestos when you were the medical officer there? 23 A. I had too many other things to worry about besides 24 just asbestos. 25 Q. Did you rely on Mr. Mangold and Mr. Bessmer to take DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-P\A/wn_nn-3DD-) 58 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 care of the asbestos problem for you? 2 A. Not a hundred percent. But they did a lot of the 3 gross stuff and like that. 4 Q. To what extent did you rely on Mr. Bessmer for advice 5 on industrial hygiene matters? 6 A. Wellr primarily that was his job, was industrial 7 hygiene. I was over the whole thing, and I expected him to 8 perform these different functions, which he did. He did them 9 good, too. 10 Q. And he did a good job? 11 A. Damn right. He was a good man. 12 Q. Did you learn more about asbestos and the hazards 13 posed by asbestos when Mr. Mangold came to work at the shipyard? 14 A. No, I don't think so. 15 Q. What about from Mr. Bessmer? Did you learn more 16 about that from him? 17 A. I learned a a lot from him, Bessmer and Mangold, as 18 far as what's going on. So much of this was general, you know, 19 in your practice, but these are the ones that were specific in 20 pointing out and showing me things that were definite. 21 Q. Do you think Mr. Bessmer knew more about asbestos 22 than you did? 23 MR. WINCHESTER: Objection. Calls for 24 speculation. 25 A. I don't know whether he did or not. I don't know DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003882 59 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 what he knew. I know he's a very bright and very competent man, 2 but I didn't go into any detail with him as to whether he was 3 good or bad or knew more than I did or didn't. 4 Q. Did you rely on him? 5 A. Damn right I relied on him. 6 Q. 7 | you? Do you remember when Mr. Mangold came to work for 8 A. Not definitely. 9 Q. Is that about the middle '60s? 10 A. It could have been, but I don't -- I was there before 11 he was, I know that. 12 Q. Okay. 13 A. But I don't remember -- 14 Q. Were you there for several years before Mr. Mangold 15 came to work at the Shipyard? 16 A. I don't know. I don't remember the number of years 17 he was there. 18 Q. When you made the rounds that you described of the 19 shipyard, did you wear a respirator? 20 A. If it was necessary. If I was in an area that was 21 dangerous I'dwear a respirator or mask. 22 Q. Could you tell me what would indicate that the area 23 was dangerous that would require you to wear a respirator or a 24 mask? 25 A. Dust and everything else. What type of dust it was. DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003883 60 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 Q. What types of dust were you worried about? 2 A. Any that were irritating or that would cause disease, 3 be a danger in your lungs and your body, 4 Q. Did you ever walk around Shop 56 without a mask on? 5 A, Probably, 6 Q. Were you ever around asbestos dust without wearing a 7 mask or a respirator? 8 A. Not if I knew asbestos was in the air in there. I 9 had some type of protection, 10 Q, And what type of mask would you wear? 11 A. Well, the two types, according to what you -- you use 12 the respirator or wear the face masks, just light going through 13 there. That would take care of a big percentage. It couldn't 14 take everything out of the air that was there, because you had 15 to breathe, you know. I still had to have oxygen to live on. 16 Q. Would you just wear a respirator when you could see 17 the dust in the air? 18 A. It would have to be heavy dust. 19 Q. It would have to be heavy dust before you'd put on a 20 respirator? 21 MR. GARDNER: You're referring to asbestos dust? 22 Object to your question. 23 Q. Any dust. Would it have to be heavy dust before 24 you'd put on a respirator? 25 A. Well, according to what the dust was. DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003884 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D 61 1 Q. Doctor, when you were working as the chief medical 2 officer at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, did you .smoke 3 cigarettes? 4 A. When did I quit smoking? It's about 20 -- 5 MRS. McBRATNEY: It's been a long time. 6 A. About 25 -- 7 MRS. McBRATNEY: I think you were smoking 8 cigarettes then, but you quit while you were there. 9 A. Somewhere about that time when I quit -- when I quit 10 smoking. I'd been -- I don't know. 11 Q. You quit in the early '60s? 12 MRS. McBRATNEY: Yes. 13 Q. Okay. 14 MRS. McBRATNEY: So did I. 15 Q. Doctor, have you ever heardthe word mesothelioma? 16 A. Mesothelioma? Yes. 17 Q. Do you know what mesothelioma is? 18 A. Yes. 19 Q. What is it? 20 A. It's a cancer. Acancerousgrowthgrowing in the 21 soft tissues area. 22 Q. And where does it grow? 23 A. It grows anywhere, in thelungs and places like that. 24 Cancer can grow practically anyplace that there's growth. 25 Mesothelioma is one that's a rapidly growing soft tissue tumor. DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003885 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D 62 1 Q. Doctor, you indicated that after some of the these 2 ripouts where they were ripping out things and replacing 3 insulation, that they were using nonasbestos products. Do you 4 remember that? 5 A. Yes. 6 Q. When do you think that started? What's your memory 7 on that? 8 A. When it started? 9 Q. Yes. 10 A. It started when they started -- when I was there, 11 when they brought in the ship and remodeled it and put in new 12 stuff. 13 Q. What date can you remember them using nonasbestos 14 substitutes for the formerly asbestos products? 15 MR. ALLISON: What kind of products? 16 MR. HILFER: He's talking about insulation. 17 Q. You're talking about insulation, aren't you, on the 18 ships? 19 A. Anything that had to do with it, insulation or piping 20 or anything, you know. 21 Q. What's your memory of when they started using 22 asbestos free insulation to replace the former asbestos 23 insulation on these ships? 24 A. When they brought in the ship full of asbestos and 25 they ripped it apart and put in other insulation on it. I don't DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-00388fi EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D 63 1 remember the date or when it was. 2 Q. What year? 3 A. I don't remember the year. 4 Q. Was it in the middle '60? 5 MR. ALLISON: Objection. 6 MS. BORDEAUX: Objection. 7 A. I don't know. That's 12 years since I've been around 8 the damn place. 9 Q. You just have a hard time remembering what dates all 10 these things fell inr don't you? 11 MR. ALLISON: Objection, Rich. That's 12 argumentative. 13 Q. These lawyers were asking you a bunch of questions 14 about what you knew about lung cancer. Do you remember if you 15 knew that in 1962 or 1972? Do you remember that? 16 A. About lung cancer? 17 Q. Yes. 18 A. I knew that back in the '30sf when I was getting out 19 of medical school. 20 Q. You knew about lung cancer and the relationship to 21 asbestos in the 1930s? 22 MR. GARDNER: Object to the form of the question. 23 A. I don't know what you're talking about. I wasn't 24 working in the shipyard then, so -- 25 Q. Okay. Now, when you were the chief medical officer DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003887 64 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 there, I think you said that you never saw one of the workers 2 that you were treating come down with a serious case of 3 asbestosis; is that right? 4 A. He had asbestosis, but he wasn't suffering symptoms 5 and misery from it. But the x-rays showed it. And that's why 6 we were concerned. But he didn't show that kind of stuff until 7 he'd had 15 to 20 years of exposure. But it was such that he 8 wasn't suffering a lot of pain or a lot of shortness of breath 9 from it. But we watched him pretty carefully. When you find a 10 guy with that kind of a chest, you were a little more frequent 11 with your x-rays and care, that's all. The fact is, most of the 12 time we decided it was the best for him to get the hell out of 13 there and not work, if it was possible to get him a retirement, 14 see. Host of the time the men were pretty good about retiring, 15 the officers, about retiring these people that had definite 16 signs of problems. 17 Q. Doctor, when you made your rounds around the yard, 18 did you have your own respirator? 19 A. No. I just picked one up where I went. I didn't 20 have my own. 21 Q. So you would just pick one up from the area? 22 A. They had them in every shop. 23 Q. Would there be some extras lying around for you to 24 pick up whenever you saw a situation that looked dangerous? 25 A. If I had to go and call them and tell them I was DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003888 65 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 coming over, they'd have it ready for me. But most of the time 2 I never told the shop I was coming in or anything else. I went 3 in by myself, just walked in. That's when I would catch the 4 guys careless and not paying attention to what was going on. 5 Q. Was the main problem that you'd catch them on such 6 things as not wearing their hard hat? 7 A. Yes. 8 MR. HILFER: I have no further questions. 9 MR. DAVIS: No questions. 10 11 EXAMINATION 12 BY MR. COMFORT: 13 Q. I just have a few. Doctor. My name is Brian Comfort 14 and I represent one of the defendants, also. 15 Doctor, in your experience at PSNS, what naval 16 official or PSNS supervisor usually made the determination when 17 and where a mask or respirator would be worn on a particular 18 job? 19 A. It was the medical officer that determined that. 20 Q. The medical officer, then, at PSNS would determine 21 when masks and respirators were worn on the job? 22 A. Well, they'd go to the captain of the ship, or the 23 fellow -- the supervisor of the work would get the thing going. 24 Q. Did you ever make that determination that masks and 25 respirators were needed by workers on particular jobs? DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003889 66 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 A. As I recall, I think I did. 2 Q. Can you remember the names of any other, medical 3 officers who might have made those determinations? 4 A. You know, you go back 12 years and you're not doing -- 5 I haven't even been in that shipyard -- 6 Q. I know. 7 A. -- in 12 years, so I don't know a lot of things. I 8 don't have a memory. 9 MR. WINCHESTER: I don't remember a lot of things 10 that happened yesterday. 11 Q. Doctor, did you have the authority to ever shut down 12 a project if you found everyone not wearing masks or 13 respirators? 14 A. Well, I don't know if it got that bad, but I did 15 throw a lot them out of work, jerk them out. If they didn't put 16 the masks on or didn't have them, they didn't work until they 17 did get them on. 18 Q. Okay. If you took x-rays and they showed evidence of 19 possible exposure to asbestos, I believe you indicated that you 20 told the worker about this and suggested that he find other 21 employment; is that correct? 22 A. If it was bad enough. Remember, these things, like I 23 say, were 15 to 20 years developing. So you just don't -- and 24 they're not having any symptoms, you just don't jump and throw 25 him out of the place and tell him to get the hell out of town or DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003890 67 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 anything like that. But you suggest to him, you take and show 2 him the pictures and what's going on and explain to him that he 3 is now on the danger list and could develop more from that. It 4 may be ten more years before he shows any symptoms, I don't 5 know. 6 Q. Can you recall, Doctor, ever advising a worker that 7 he should probably find other employment, and then this worker 8 electing to continue employment, can you ever recall the 9 shipyard ever forcing that person to retire? 10 A. Not particularly. I didn't have anything to do with 11 that man's job, except telling him what I wanted him to do and 12 what he should do. And if he didn't do it, I would go to the 13 boss, the admiral, if I had to, to get rid of him. But on most 14 of those cases it was just that I advised him, "You got a hazard 15 there and you may get in trouble, and so you'd better think 16 about it, tell your own Doctor about it, because that's the main 17 thing." But there sure isn't anything more there than just the 18 shadows, see. 19 Q. If you found these suspicious findings, then, would 20 it be your normal course then to advise these workers to go to 21 their own private doctors? 22 A. They had to, unless they were Navy employees. They 23 just take the emergencies and the rapid stuff, and you take care 24 of them. Otherwise you ship them out to their own physician in 25 town, or wherever they had their own physician. DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003891 68 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 Q. Thank youf Doctor, that's all the questions I have. 2 A. We didn't do any care -- And the Navy wasn't 3 obligated to take care of those people up there, unless it was 4 an emergency or something. If somebody was hurt on the job, 5 yes, we'd take care of him. But if he'd come in there and he 6 was just sick and had this and that and he wasn't a Navy boy, or 7 a Navy recruit or anything like that, we'd never take care of 8 him. Take him to his own doctor. 9 10 EXAMINATION 11 BY MR. PETTY: 12 Q. Doctor, my name is Ken. Petty. I introduced myself 13 earlier. I represent defendant Eagle-Picher in these cases. 14 What I first want to ask you is, while you were the 15 chief medical officer at the shipyard, did you keep in touch 16 with other chief medical officers at other shipyards in any way? 17 A. Not a definite thing -- Yes, I'd get in touch with 18 them, and this and that. If there was something we'd like to 19 know we might get ahold of one of them in California or 20 something like that. 21 Q. Can you recall the names of any of the chief medical 22 officers that you were in touch with at the other government 23 shipyards ? 24 A. Not now, I wouldn't. It's been a long time. I don't 25 know whether any of them are practicing or not. DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003892 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D 69 1 Q. Can you recall which shipyards they were? 2 A. Well, the only ones I had most to do with was in 3 California, the two in San Francisco. They had two shipyards 4 there. 5 Q. Mare Island and Oakland? 6 A. Oakland and Mare Island. And then they had one down 7 in Long Beach, a small one, went to once in a while. Then you 8 had to go back east to get to them. I was back there 9 occasionally just on a trip or something and drop in. In fact, 10 I was in the New York shipyard in New York City. That, of 11 course, was closed some time ago. I wasn't there on business. 12 I was just looking things over. 13 Q. Do you recall yourself ever contacting or being in ! 14 touch with these other chief medical officers to exchange 15 information regarding their experiences or your experiences with i 16 asbestos hazards at your shipyard? 17 A. Not definitely, specifically, that I talked to, that 18 I can think of. We might have, just sitting around discussing 19 some of these problems and all that, but I don't remember. 20 Q. Was there any kind of a regular -- 21 A. There wasn't any definite special cases that we 22 looked at. 23 Q. What I'm next wondering is was there any kind of a 24 method or a practice or a procedure, any kind of regular system 25 that allowed the shipyard medical departments to exchange their DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003893 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D 70 I| 1 experiences regarding health hazards on the job? 2 A. I don't think there was anything that the shipyard 3 had anything to do with. If it had anything to do with our own 4 , work, if we had a problem to discuss with the doctor in Oakland 5 or wherever, we'd talk about it and discuss it. 6 Q. So there was no regular system -- 7 A. As long as we was both working for the Navy -- 8 Q. There was no regular system for exchanging 9 information? it was just whenever you felt like you wanted to 10 pick up the phone or someone else would call you up, that's how 11 it would happen? 12 A. Just casual stuff. Intermittent stuff. '! i 13 Q. Did you ever, while you were chief medical officer at i 14 the shipyard, attend any government sponsored seminars or i 15 courses regarding shipyard dust hazards? 16 A. Well, not necessarily shipyard dust hazards, but just 17 dust hazards of that type all around the country. 18 Q. Did you attend some seminars? 19 A. If they were handy or convenient, yes, I sometimes 20 went to them. 21 Q. Do you remember where? Were these local seminars to 22 the Seattle area, or did you leave the state of Washington to 23 attend seminars? 24 A. Most of the time it was just local. I'd be down in 25 San Francisco someplace like that and go over to the shipyard DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003894 71 ; EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 j and catch itr but I didn't make any trips special down to San 2 I Francisco or Long Beach or any of those. . 3 Q. Okay. 4 A. Or back to Chicago -- or not Chicagor but the other. 5 Q. Do you have any recollection of making any special 6 trips, say to San Francisco or the Oakland area, to go to a 7 course or a seminar to discuss occupational hazards in the 8 yards ? 9 A. No, I have no -- 10 Q. The seminars or the courses that you did attend 11 locally, do you recall, were those government sponsored courses, 12 or were they like University of Washington Medical School 13 seminars or something of that sort? 14 A. Well, I used to see some of those that were put on by 15 the University of Washington, Washington State College, and 16 things like that. They're on locally, see. They'd invite me to 17 come if I wanted to come. It was definitely in my field. 18 Q. But you have no specific recollection of the 19 government ever sponsoring any seminars or courses regarding the 20 occupational hazards of the shipyard? 21 A. Not that I know of. 22 Q. Do you recall any outside the state of Washington 23 that maybe you declined to attend for one reason or another? 24 A. It's so hard for me to remember the times gone, but I 25 don't remember if it was on business or pleasure trip or DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003895 72 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 something. I can't recall. It wasn't anything that I can 2 recall that was definite where a shipyard would invite me down 3 there. 4 Q. Do you ever recall sending Dan Bessmer or Carl 5 Mangold to any seminars or courses regarding occupational 6 hazards in the shipyards? 7 A. If they came to me and they wanted to go to some of 8 these, and I would okay itr within my -- we had the money to do 9 it, why, I would okay it. And we usually had no trouble with 10 getting the captain of the shipyard or anything else to okay it 11 if I wanted to send them down there for that kind of thing. 12 Q. Now, Doctor, do you have any recollection of ever 13 communicating with any of the manufacturers of 14 asbestos-containing insulation products? 15 A. Not in a business deal. It might have been just 16 locally, you know, this man works for this asbestos company or 17 something like that, discussed it, talked to him about it, but 18 it wasn't any definite thing by the government or anybody else 19 making a special trip to his shop or anywhere else for it. 20 Q. Okay. So you have -- 21 A. There was one of these, if they were putting on a big 22 fuss here in Seattle or Oakland or someplace like that, you 23 might get there, just because you had a reason to get there. 24 But I'm not -- 25 Q. You don't have any recollection of contacting any of DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWH n-nn^RQR 73 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 1 the manufacturers of insulation products on official business to 2 discuss with them the hazards that you felt may have been 3 attendant to their products? 4 A. No, not that I can recall. I know there was a lot of 5 them that we had they were dealing with, but I didn't take it up 6 with the company, though. 7 Q. Are you aware of anyone under your direction, such as 8 Dan Bessmer or Carl Mangold, who may have contacted 9 manufacturers of insulation products to discuss potential health 10 hazards ? 11 A. Not particularly. I can't think of any that -- They 12 may have. They came to me, a lot of times, I would think it was 13 a good idea, okay it, and I would see to it that the captain 14 would okay it to pay the freight to go down there. 15 Q. Okay. 16 A. If it was down in SanFrancisco orsomeplace like 17 that. 18 Q. But you don't have any special recollection of you or 19 anyone under your direction going on official business either to 20 visit or to just talk to -- 21 A. No. 22 Q. -- any ofthe insulationmanufacturers about any 23 health hazards? 24 A. No, I can't say that I did. I talked to them off and 25 on. Most of it was casual type of conversation, rather than any DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-P\A/I-I n_nmon7 74 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 special business deal. 2 Q. Do you have any recollection of ever suggesting to 3 anyone that maybe asbestos should be removed from insulation as 4 one of the ingredients? 5 A. That was damn near every day, wondering why they 6 couldn't do that, you know, put a new type of insulation instead 7 of asbestos. But that's where we got in trouble with that, all 8 these ships coming in and tearing themselves apart. That's 9 where you'd first find all about the asbestos that was there. 10 Q. Okay. Now, you just mentioned that kind of on a 11 daily basis the question would come up, why couldn't they make 12 the products without asbestos. Who did you discuss that with? 13 A. Ships, or boys making the ships there in the shipyard J j 14 and all that. ! Ii 15 Q. Did you ever gain an understanding as to why they 16 couldn't make those insulation products without asbestos in 17 them, the time you were at the shipyard? 18 A. I don't remember having any particular like that, 19 because most of them, when they came to me, they were already 20 loaded with asbestos and we had to clean them out. It wasn't my 21 business to do anything about it except to keep the workers from 22 laying around and breathing that stuff, and sleeping in it. 23 Q. The medical department, did it have a library of its 24 own? 25 A. They had a library, yes. DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003RQR 75 EDWARD W. MCBRATNEY, M. D. 1 Q. How big was the library, just physically? 2 A. God, I don't -- It changed two or three times when I 3 was there. 4 Q. Do you have a recollection as to whether that medical 5 library had books that discussed the subject of asbestos health 6 hazards ? 7 A. Well, not offhand, I can't answer you about it, 8 because, you know, 12, 14 years ago, I don't remember a lot of 9 things in that time period. 10 Q. The library of the medical departmeent, was that the 11 same library is that Dan Bessmer and Carl Mangold would use as j 12 well, the industrial hygenienists? I ; 13 A. If it was in their field, it would. 14 Q. Do you know whether or not the industrial hygiene , 15 department, which was apparently on the floor above you -- j 16 A. Yes. i 17 Q. -- do you know whether or not they maintained their J i 18 own separate library of source books on industrial hygiene and 19 occupational hazards? 20 A. I think they did. I don't know. I don't have any 21 books to prove it or anything. j 22 Q. Now, I just want to make sure -- I j 23 A. They'd discuss it with me. If they had something in j i 24 one of their books that was interesting and something that I 25 should know, think I should know, they brought it over, like | DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-0D3RQQ EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D 76 1 that, but I don't -- It wasn't something that I had with me or 2 they didn't have to leave there to look at it and read it. 3 Q. But I guess what I'm after is, there were two 4 separate libraries. There was the medical department library, 5 and then the industrial hygiene department also had probably a 6 smaller, more specialized library? 7 A. Well, they kept their own special types of material 8 in them. 9 Q. Okay. 10 A. Many of them probably are the same, but medicine and 11 injuries and all those things were just general, where they were - 12 which library you were in, somebody who had an injured hand or | 13 wrist could go to both libraries. 14 Q. Now, the last subject I want to ask about is this 15 chest x-ray program. Is it true, then, that you were the i i j 16 medical person that had the responsibility for reading the small j 17 little x-rays? 18 A. Not necessarily. 19 MS. BORDEAUX: Objection. Misquotes the witness. 20 Q. Who were the other people that would initially read 21 those x-rays besides you? 22 A. Well, I think it wasthe medical department. 23 Q. Were there radiologists employed by the medical 24 department? 25 A. Oh, yes. DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003900 77 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 Q. How many radiologists do you recall when you started 2 there in 1960? . 3 A. Well, most of them are up in the United States Navy. 4 Q. Okay. 5 A. The medical department. 6 Q. Okay. What I'm trying to understnd is, the x-rays 7 would never get to the Navy hospital unless somebody in the 8 medical department first looked at them and found some positive 9 findings; is that correct? 10 A. Yes. Then we'dshipit to them, see* 11 Q. Who were the people in the medical department that 12 would review those to see if there were positive findings that 13 would warrant shipping it to the naval hospital? 14 A. You mean bring the x-ray to me and I saw the area 15 there in the lungs that could be asbestos? I couldn't prove 16 that it was asbestos or anything else. I thought it ought to be 17 checked further, so I'd send them to the hospital. 18 Q. So that was you that made that determination in the 19 medical department? 20 A. Yes. 21 Q. Was there anybody else in themedical department, 22 radiologists or anybody that would review them to decide whether 23 to send them -- 24 A. We didn't have any definite radiologists up in the 25 hospital, except up in the medical department. DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003901 78 EDWARD W. MCBRATNEY, M.D. 1 Q. Let's see. You had no radiologists in the medical 2 department, but there were some in the naval hospital? 3 A. Yes. 4 Q. Okay. 5 A. I mean, I didn't have any radiologists under me. 6 Q. Right. So you were the one responsible for reading 7 those x-rays and deciding whether it warranted more detailed 8 review at the naval hospital? 9 A. I couldn't make the diagnosis, because you've got to 10 go a long ways lots of times, and take many pictures. 11 Q. Could you just describe for us briefly, what was your 12 training in the area of radiology? 13 A. Not much more than -- mostly in industrial and 14 surgery and stuff like that. 15 Q. You were not a radiologist? 16 A. No. 17 Q. Do you know what a B reader is? Have you ever heard 18 of that terminology? 19 A. A what? 20 Q. A B reader? 21 A. A B reader? 22 Q. Yes. 23 A. No, it doesn't mean -- 24 Q. Okay. Are you aware of there being a specialty in 25 radiology concerning reading chest x-rays for dust diseases, DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHn-nmqno 79 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 like asbestosis or silicosis? 2 A. Most of those people were definite x-ray specialists, 3 And they did all the reading of chest x-rays. Some of my 4 closest friends were x-ray specialists, I mean, medical 5 officers that were -- 6 Q, At the naval hospital? 7 A. Other than that, in private hospitals. Some of my 8 closest friends were radiologists in hospitals outside of the 9 Navy, They weren't part of the Navy, 10 Q, Did you ever have occasion in your job as chief 11 medical officer to consult with any of these outside 12 radiologists concerning the x-rays you were reading? 13 A, Not unless the town or somewhere where you could -- 14 unless it was convenient for them to let you look at them. 15 Otherwise you'd have to send it to the Navy hospital or, if they j i 16 didn't have any Navy connections or anything else, send it to a 17 radiologist down here in town, Bremerton. 18 Q. In town, okay. I have no further questions. Thank 19 you, Doctor. 20 21 EXAMINATION 22 BY MR. BEMIS: 23 Q. Doctor, my name is Ron Bemis. I represent one of the 24 defendants. Doctor, in your time at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, 25 did you ever read any reports or studies by a Dr. Selikoff? DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003903 80 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 A. Selikoff? 2 Q. Yes. . 3 A. That name seems familiar. That kind of registers a 4 little bit, but I don't -- I know that we had one here -- it 5 seems to me there was a Selikoff here that came around on 6 industrial problems. And he was here a day or two days, 7 something like that, and spent most of his time in my office, 8 then he'd go around. But he'd come back to my office and stayed 9 there, and then he shipped out, down to California. 10 Q. Okay. Was this Dr. Selikoff that you're referring to 11 from Mt. Sinai, New York? 12 A. I think he was from New York, but I don't know 13 whether it was Mt. Sinai or where he was. 14 Q. Did you understand his specialty to be in the area of 15 epidemiological studies regarding industrial hygiene, and in 16 particular asbestos? 17 A. No, I can't recall that he was a specialist in that 18 field. 19 Q. Okay. 20 A. But he mostly -- As I recall, if this is the man I'm 21 thinking about, he was interested in all types of industrial 22 hazards in the shipyard or other big outfits where there was 23 hazards going on there, he wanted to look them over and -- 24 Q. Do you remember the dates, approximately, of his 25 visits to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard? DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003904 81 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 A. No, I can't remember the dates. I know that it was 2 probably two or three years after I took over the whole thing, 3 he was there. That's about all I can tell you. 4 Q. Somewhere in the area of the mid to late '60s? Would 5 that sound -- 6 A. I took over fully in '62, and I left in '72. 7 Q. Okay. So would your best recollection be that he 8 visited the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard by the late '60s? 9 A. In that area, '60s or early '70s. 10 Q. Do you recall learning anything from Dr. Selikoff 11 about asbestos health hazards different or more than you already 12 knew about potential asbestos health hazards? 13 A. I remember, if that's the man I'm thinking about, it 14 was interesting, because he spent some time, he came up, and I 15 know we invited him to come in my office and stay there, do 16 whatever he wanted to. He didn't take me with him when he was 17 around in the yard looking things over. But he had gone to the 18 admiral, and the admiral gave him permission through me to do 19 what he wanted to get things going. But I don't remember the 20 year he came and I didn't have much to do with what he decided. 21 Q. Okay. So you don't have any recollection about him 22 giving you any particular information about asbestos one way or 23 the other? 24 A. No. 25 Q. Do you have any recollection of ever reading any of DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003905 82 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 his reports or writings separate from any visit he may have had 2 at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard? 3 A. I can't recall ever reading anything he had. 4 Q. Okay. 5 A. I remember talking to him, when I first talked to 6 him, I said well, he's a good Jew boy, speaks good Jewish. 7 Q. Now, at the time that you were in charge of the 8 medical program at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard then, you didn't 9 do any particular reading in the literature about the latest 10 studies or reports concerning asbestos hazards then; is that 11 right? 12 A. Special reading? 13 Q. Right. 14 A. Nothing in particular. I had too damn many things I 15 had to consider to spend much time on asbestos or anything else 16 alone. You're dealing with a hell of a lot of hazards around 17 there, and you have to be on your toes all the time to protect 18 these men from a lot of hazards besides asbestos. 19 Q. In your experience in walking through the shipyard on 20 your rounds, you would observe that in repair work and ripout, 21 that is, when insulation was being taken out of the ship, would 22 be the most dusty time and there would only be a little bit of 23 dust when insulation materials would be put into the ships; is 24 that a correct statement? 25 A. Well, far less on repair or going in to renewing or DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003906 83 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 rebuilding a ship. This was pulling the stuff out of the old 2 ship, see. 3 Q. So your memory of excessive dust would be at the time 4 when materials were being taken out of ships; is that right? 5 A. Well, that's one of the worst times that I can recall 6 for asbestos, is when they were pulling it out of a used ship. 7 Q. At the time that you were medical director at Puget 8 Sound Naval Shipyard, was there any particular program, control 9 program that was specific to, for example, arsenic? 10 A. Well, arsenic was brought up several times. I can't 11 recall anything special. 12 Q. Any particular programs about sulfur or iron oxide? 13 A. Yes, sulfur, we discussed that lots of times. 14 Q. Were there any particular health protection measures 15 undertaken for sulfur, for example? 16 A. Not so much, because usually the sulfur thing, you'd 17 put on a face mask or something like that, or you sprayed the 18 area if it was dusty, and that usually took care of it. 19 Q. If a worker would wear a mask while working around 20 sulfur, that would be generally up to him as opposed to some 21 formal special program; is that right? 22 A. Yes. 23 Q. Okay. And with regard to mercury, was there any 24 particular health control program? 25 A. Mercury? . DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003907 84 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 1 Q. Mercury, yes. 2 A. We thought about it. . 3 Q. But again, no particularprogram? 4 A. We didn't have any special program. 5 Q. Is that the same with-- wasit chromic acid? 6 A. Chromic acid? 7 Q. Yes. 8 A. I could give you alist there of 50chemicals and 9 things like that that we had to deal with here that we didn't. 10 As I say, we had more chemical problems -- more hazards in this 11 shipyard than any other business in the country. 12 Q. Did you have any policy or practice, regular policy 13 or practice with regard to welders and the safety precautions 14 that they were to take at all times? 15 A. Well, most of them had definite hazards that they 16 tried to protect themselves from. But I never had much trouble, 17 as I recall, anytime with welders. 18 Q. As you recall, there was no particular program at 19 Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for protecting workers from such 20 items as zinc, zinc oxide, chromic acid, mercury, iron oxide, 21 sulfur, arsenic? No particular progams; is that right? 22 A. No particular program. Just a general program. We 23 find out they were working with that, and we were sure that they 24 were careful and getting things -- doing the right thing, if 25 they could. We didn't have any special writeup about it. DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003908 85 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 Q. No special procedures, anything like that? 2 A, (No response) 3 MR. BEMIS: I don't have any further questions. 4 MR. HILFER: Anybody else? I've got a couple 5 mor e. 6 MR. GARDNER: I'd like to ask a couple more, too. 7 8 FURTHER EXAMINATION 9 BY MR. GARDNER: 10 Q. Doctor, do you recall if the shipyard ever placed 11 caution labels on hazardous materials on the boxes of these 12 materials or materials themselves? i 13 A. As I recall, yes, certain hazards had labels on the 14 box. They hadn't been opened, you know. Shipped in and -- they 15 had definite hazards. 16 Q. The labels that you recall, are those labels that 17 were placed on the boxes by personnel at the shipyard? 18 A. I don't know where they were put on. At the time I 19 saw them they were stuck on there. 20 MR. HILFER: Bust not have been asbestos. i 21 Q, Can you describe what the labels looked like for me? 22 A. Not now. 23 Q. Can you tell me what types of materials were labeled 24 in the manner you just described? 25 A. Most of them that were hazardous, certain hazards DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHn-nmQno 86 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 against the touch, or against your body and things like that. 2 Q. Do you recall if insulation products that contained 3 asbestos were labeled? 4 A. X can't recall that the asbestos label was present, 5 no. It might have been, but I'm not going to say that it was. 6 Q. So you don't recall one way or the other? 7 A. Unless -- When we had trouble with asbestos is when 8 they were tearing it down. It was loose and flying through the 9 the air and you had to have protection for your lungs. 10 Q. So, as -- 11 A. If you're just touching asbestos, anything like that, 12 that wasn't a hazardous part. 13 Q. As I understand it, then, you don't recall whether 14 there was or wasn't a label on insulation products that 15 indicated there was an inhalation hazard or caution, "Do not 16 inhale," something to that effect? You don't know one way or 17 the other whether there were those labels on products or the 18 boxes; is that right? 19 A. I know we would see lots of hazardous labels on the 20 boxes and things that would come in by ships, or trucks bringing 21 them in. But I don't remember what they were now or what they 22 were on. Didn't open them at the time. 23 Q. So you don't know which specific types of products 24 had those labels; is that what you're saying? 25 A. The ones that were hazardous to skin or content and DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003910 87 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 like that, and hazardous to the air and breathing, that was the | 2 main thing that I know of. So many of them, my God, there was 3 hundreds of hazards, you know, that you had to deal with. As 4 far as that's concerned, chemicals were generally pretty well 5 protected, people knew that they were -- didn't want to touch 6 them or handle them. If they were going to burn them, they 7 stayed away from them or used gloves or put things over them to 8 protect themselves. Most of those things that were obviously 9 dangerous and hazardous, a worker was pretty careful about those 10 things himself. i 11 Q. So as I understand it, you do recall seeing hazard ; j 12 labels -- j 13 A. I'm sure there was hazardous labels on ship material, j 14 I couldn't tell you what they are or what name now, because it's - ; i 15 They'd bring these things in by truck and dump them in the shop j ' II 16 or they'd come in the ship and they'd put a hoist on it and | 17 throw them around and dump them in from the ship. ! j 18 Q. Do you recall if you saw those types of labels when 19 you first went to work at the shipyard? 20 A. What they were? 21 Q. No. Do you recall if those labels were present when 22 you first went to work at the shipyard in 1960? 23 A. I can't tell you yes or no on that. I can't remember 24 when I accepted the fact that they were there. j 25 MR. GARDNER: That's all the questions I have. DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES i ! I : MT-PWHD-003Q11 88 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 FURTHER EXAMINATION 2 BY MR. HILFER: . 3 Q. Doctor, when Dr. Selikoff was out here, did he tour 4 the shipyard? 5 A. Tour it? 6 Q. When Dr. Selikoff was at Puget Sound, did he go 7 around the shipyard on a tour? 8 A. Part of the way. I took him around several places. 9 Q. Did you take him around personally? 10 A. Yes, some of it. And he took some other shop boys. 11 If he'd be in the shop, I'd send the shop superintendent. 12 Q. Did he ever tell you as the chief medical officer to 13 change any of the work practices that he observed? 14 A. Did he what? 15 Q. Did Dr. Selikoff ever tell you as the chief medical 16 officer to change any of the work practices that Dr. Selikoff 17 observed on the tour you took him on? 18 A. No. All I recall of him, we got along well, and he 19 was very nice. And when he left he was very pleasant and 20 thanked me for taking him around, and never had any criticism or 21 anything like that. He was very good to me that way. 22 Q. I have no further questions. 23 A. He didn't criticize us about anything, that I recall. 24 25 DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003Q19 89 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 2 BY MR. BEMIS: FURTHER EXAMINATION 3 Q. Doctor, Dr. Selikoff wasn't in any superior position 4 to you, was he? He wasn't your boss; is that right? 5 A. No. 6 Q. So he didn't have the authority to tell you what to 7 do at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in any event, did he? 8 A. No. 9 Q. I don't have any further questions. 10 A. He didn't work for the shipyard. 11 Q. I see. 12 MR. ALLISON: Let me explain the procedure, 13 Doctor, for reading or not reading this deposition. All of us 14 are going to ask the court reporter to type up his notes and 15 transcribe your testimony. You have the right to read the 16 transcript if you want to see, if you think any corrections 17 should be made before the transcript is filed with the court. 18 Usually the reporter will allow a couple weeks to do that. Or 19 you can waive signature, which means that it will be typed up 20 and filed with the court and you'll never have to see it again. 21 It's entirely up to you. You have the right to read the 22 transcript to make corrections if you want to. I think most 23 witnesses waive that so they don't have to be bothered with it, 24 but it's entirely up to you. 25 THE WITNESS: Most of the stuff that I've talked DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-nmQI'} EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D 90 1 about are things that are generally known, but not specific 2 about certain things, tiroes and amounts and all that. So it's 3 too long ago that we're dealing with. I don't think I could be 4 very positive about anything of that type. 5 MR. ALLISON: Doctor, do you want to read the 6 deposition? 7 THE WITNESS: If you want to give it to me. I 8 get out of here next week or so. I don't know when I get out of 9 here, but I'm going to be gone a couple of weeks to maybe a 10 couple of months. I'm going down to California to find a home 11 to buy down there. 12 MR. HILFER: It sounds to me like signature is 13 reserved. 14 MR. ALLISON: Just a moment. Unless you really 15 want to read it, Doctor, you can do what we call waive 16 signature, in which case you don't have to bother with it. 17 THE WITNESS: Well, I don't have any quarrel 18 about any of the workers or you or any of them. I haven't had 19 any problem. And most of my job when I was working here, I got 20 along very well with the employees. Got along beautifully. 21 Like I say, once in a while I ran into a damn fool, he needed a 22 little bit of correction, or a kick in the rear end, but -- 23 MR. ALLISON: Why don't we go off the record. 24 [Deposition concluded at 25 12:45 p.m.; signature waived] DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003914 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D 91 1 CERTIFICATE 2 STATE OF WASHINGTON ) : ss. 3 COUNTY OF KING ) ' 4 I, the undersigned Notary Public in and for the State 5 of Washington, do hereby certify: 6 That the annexed and foregoing deposition of each 7 witness named herein was taken stenographically before me and 8 reduced to computerized transcription under my direction; 9 I further certify that the deposition was submitted 10 to each said witness for examination, reading and signature 11 after the same was transcribed, unless indicated in the 12 record that the parties and each witness waive the signing; 13 I further certify that all objections made at the 14 time of said examination to my qualifications or the manner 15 of taking the deposition, or to the conduct of any party, 16 have been noted by me upon said deposition; 17 I further certify that I am not a relative or 18 employee of any such attorney or counsel, and that I am not 19 financially interested in the said action or the outcome 20 thereof; 21 I further certify that each witness before exami 22 nation was by roe duly sworn to testify the truth, the whole 23 truth and nothing but the truth; 24 I further certify that the deposition as transcribed 25 is a full and correct transcript of the testimony, including DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-nn^Qi z 92 EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M. D. 1 questions and answers and all objections, motions, and 2 exceptions of counsel made and taken at the time of the fore 3 going examination; 4 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and 5 affixed my official seal this 15th day of April 1984. 6 7 8 9 10 NOTARY PUBLIC in and for the State of Washington, residing at Port Townsend 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003916 1 2 3 Number 41 5 2 6 7 8 3 9 10 4 11 5 12 13 6 14 7 15 16 8 17 18 9 19 20 10 21 22 11 23 24 12 25 giolT) $<fof EDWARD W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 2 EXHIBIT mPEX t i Description Page Memorandum from Dr. McBratney dated 7 April 1967 24 t.ou Memorandum from Dr. McBratney dated 19 March 1970; document entitled Asbestos and Control; memorandum from Dr. McBratney dated 16 February 1971 Conference notes presented to Captain Reh, USN, Code 300 24 Memorandum from Dr. Bratney dated 10 June 1971 24 Letter from Mr. Mortensen to Deborah D. Moran, dated November 25 , 1980 24 Document entitled Marine Pipe Covering and Insulating, Shop 56, dated May 1961 Document entitled Practical Industrial and Toxicology, dated 1 April 196 5 24 24 Document prepared by Mr. Mangold entitled Occupational Exposures of Pipe Coverers and Insulators, a Summary 24 Document entitled Pulmonary X-ray Changes in Shipyard Production Trades, dated March 196 8 24 Document entitled Asbestos Exposure and Pulmonary X-ray Changes to Pipe Coverers and Insulators at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, dated August 196 8 24 Document entitled Occupational Health Hazards of Asbestos dated June 196 9 24 Recommendation for Special Achievement Award for Mr. Mangold, signed by Dr. McBratney, dated 4 April 1972 24 1 ; ] i 1| | 1 ! i1' DEAN MOBURG & ASSOCIATES MT-PWHD-003917 EXHIBITS EXHIBITS oeanmoBure & assumes court roportors MT-PWHD-003918 i (730)^\ ^ 6260(731*2301 7 Aprl967 MEMORANDUM FOR CODS 2301 Subj: Difficulties wearing prescrip lion glasses beneath full face respirators; Investigation of Baft (a) Code 2301, PUNS, memo to Code 2301, PSNS, Subj: Attaining a satisfactory face fit vbila wearing glasses with a mask; request for information on, of 29 Mar 1967 (b) NAVSHIPS 289-0362, "Radiological Vork Praotlcea Handbook," 8ectlon 7, Part 2. (c) Respiratory Protective Devices Manual, American Industrial Hygiene Aasociatlon/Aaarican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1963 Enel: (1) Code 2301, PHHS, uno to Code 2301, PSNS 1. In accordance with your notation on reference (a), Code 730 has reviewed the subject problem. 2. Comments. a. The U.S. Bureau of Mines Approval Schedule does not list any full face respirator chat will form a seal over glasses with temples. The temples cause the seal to leak under either positive or negative pressures (references (a), (b), and (c)). b. The Mark V or the Acme full faco respirators are not readily adaptable for wearing corrective glasses (paragraph 3.2.12 and 4.2 of reference (b)). The MSA "Clearvue" full face respirator can be worn with a welding adaptor (paragraph 4.1.c of reference (b)). The MSA full faca respirator used at this activity has two rubber "ears" inside Che mask through which apaclal short camplas can ba inserted. e. The Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Dniveralty of California, hat had consldarabla axperlenca with this problem during underground nuclear taaca in Nevada. They found: (1) Nona of the different types of seals on various types of full faca respirators would seal over the temples of glasses, even whan metal temples Mrs hammered to foil thickness. (2) The only successful solution vas fixing the prescription glasses inside the mask. Glasses with short temples which ere inserted through rubber "ears" inside the mask could be used readily in the MSA "Clearvue" full face respirator. The welding adaptor vas not usad. fXXWT l ~ *' 10 .<'2- WITNESS .. ; d M. HOVILA, REPOkISH MT-PWHD-00391 <r (730) 6260/731:2301 . 7 Apr 1967 When ocher than MSA masks were used, e Scott/Acme wire bow support attached the glaaaes frame to the Inside of the mask face piece vlth a rubber auction cup (available from Safety & Supply Company, Seattle, Aaae Catalog No. 727). (3) Whenever possible LRL assigned specific full face respirators for highly skilled workmen or scientists vlth very careful fitting, in affect, personalizing the mask. Code 730 does not believe this is . practical at this activity based on the tool room arrangements, high mobility of the work groups, and the inherent difficulties in assigning a particular mask to an individual. (4) The use of contact lenses in place of glasses was not allowed. They contend that the drying efface of air leads to irritation, and eventual injury of the eye around the edge of Che contact lens. (5) Wearing glasses with long temples vlth a full face MSA "Clearvue" ultra-filter respirator was strictly prohibited because negative pressures created inside the mask by inhalation drew gases and particulates into the mask around the temples. With air-supplied full face respirators under conditions which were not dusty or highly radio active, this restriction was relaxed. Classes with thin metal temples were then worn. The positive pressure minimized ingress of contamination around the temples. B. W. McBRATNEY, M.D. 2 MT-PWHD-00392 MEMORANDUM FOR CODS 100 (730) 6260/2100 19 Mir 1970 Subj: Asbeitoc Exposure and Control ie Puget Sound Naval Shipyard Sncli (1) Subject report 1. This report reflects our current knowledge of the asbestos exposures at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, and shows what control measures have been applied. The Chief, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, has Judged that ue have an excellent program for the control of asbestos exposures (See Page 2 of report) and the Head, Industrial ITyglene and Safety Branch, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, haa recotanended that representatives from other shipyards study our approach and control methods. So far, teams from Naval Ship Engineering Center, Bureau of Medicioe and Surgery, and Mare Island Naval Shipyard have made visits. In addition, photographs of our asbestos control methods have been on display in Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. / j 2. Ue have been requested by Bureau of Medicine and Surgery to present this report at Detroit in May 1970 at the annual meoting of the Navy Industrial Hygiene Association. The attendees are Navy Medical Department personnel from most Naval activities. About a year ago. Dr. I.R. Sellkoff, an asbestos researcher, publicly*.' charged in the Washington Post that the U.S. Navy was lax in its asbestos control program. This report should show any critic that the U.S. Navy, particularly Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, haa had a continuous program directed at asbestos exposure control for more than 15 years. For these reasons, this report la brought to your attention for review and approval. E._V._McBRATNSY, M.D. Mndlcai Director X .. i': i' j l CbAtfA. JUPj- ^uLya-d ] ], - A P'^-- x,JL~ iJ'C-LC--^ ^ /' EXHIBIT ' . i,,f WITNESS " - M. HOVHA PEpORTER 1C044~ MT-PWHD-003921 (r ft, -^aSSSSi IV70 CjiiUjs izr: c -'' .J ASBESTOS EXPOSURE and CONTROL N fl yAl on m* P.S. 08l-r MT-PWHD-003922 rr A PREFACE The complexity of the field of occupational health is ever increasing. In addition to the newer and more exotic health hazards, the older, more prosaic health hazards have a way of suddenly acquiring new dimensions with attendant re emphasis on evaluation and control. The long-known hazard of asbestosis is one of the latter. Recent publicity has focused attention on the health-endangering proclivities of asbestos, particularly in the pipe covering and insulating trades. E. W. McBRATNEY, M.D. Medical Director p.s. 087-r MT-PWHD-003923 c( ASBESTOS EXPOSURE AND CONTROL AT PUGET SOUND NAVAL SHIPYARD INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIVISION MEDICAL DEPARTMENT PUGET SOUND NAVAL SHIPYARD C. A. MANGOLD, R. R. BECKETT, D. J. BESSMER March 1970 P.S. 087-0 MT-PWHD-003924 rc DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY BURl'AU OF Ml DlCiNC ANO SURGERY WASHINGTl/N. O.C 20340 RtrcnIN CTLY TO BUMED-732-SHB:snp 13 October 1969 From: Chief, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery To: Commander, Puget Sound, Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington 98314 Subj: Asbestos Control Measures at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard 1. During a recent visit of LCDR S. H. Barboo, MSC, USN of the Industrial Hygiene and Safety Branch of this Bureau, it was favorably noted that the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard is conducting an excellent program for the control of asbestos dust exposures among Shipyard workers. 2. It is requested that approximately twelve large photographs of shop and ship asbestos dust control measures be furnished this Bureau for display purposes. The captioned photographs should be accompanied with a description of the exposure hazard and a narrative method of the control measures. R. E. Faucett Assistant Chief for Research and Military Medical Specialti P.S. 087-00 MT-PWHD-003925 c( DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY WASHINGTON. O.C. 20390 !* c*vv acre* ro BUMED-732-SHB: 10 December 19 Mr. D. J. Bessmer Head, Industrial Hygiene Division (Code 730) Puget Sound Naval Shipyard Bremerton, Washington 98314 Dear Dan: I want to send you my special thanks for the eleven photographs of the asbestos control measures. They are now on grand display in our lobby of Building 7 of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. Last week, while on a visit to the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard, I discussed your excellent asbestos control program with the Commanding Officer, Captain Barahardt. I suggested that a member of the Industrial Hygiene Division and a member of the lagging shop visit your shipyard for the purposes of observing shop and shipboard control measures. In the event that the Navy Industrial Hygiene Association offers papers on various aspects of Navy Industrial Hygiene, I think it would be well that Carl Mangold deliver a paper regarding asbestos control measures at Detroit in 1970. Again, thanks ior the photographs, and advise if I may retain them. Sincerelv Copy to: Alex Munton, PoNSY S. H. BARB00 LCDR, MSC, USN Head, Industrial Hygiene and Safety Branch P.S. 087-0' MT-PWHD-003926 cc The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of the Navy, the Department of Defense, or any other official agency. Reference to a company or a product name does not imply approval or recommendation of the product to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Portions of this report were presented at the annual meeting of the Pacific Northwest Section of the American Industrial Hygiene Association at Richland, Washington on October 3-4, 1968. P.S. 087-0 MT-PWHD-003927 cr ABSTRACT A two and one-half year comparison of chest X-ray findings in the total work force of Puget Sound Naval Shipyard shows that 21% of the Pipe Coverers and Insulators handling asbestos have pulmonary abnormalities compared to 3.5% of the Boilermakers who have some exposure to asbestos and silica, and less than 17. of the Clerical workers with no known exposure to industrial dusts. Pulmonary abnormalities have remained high although evaluation of the asbestos dust exposure of Pipe Coverers and Insulators shows their time weighted exposures are below the current Threshold Limit Value of 5 million particles per cubic foot of air. The Threshold Limit Value may be too high and intermittent peak exposures may play a greater role than suspected. A number of engineering control methods and changes in work practices are suggested to reduce asbestos exposure. P.S. 08 7-0f MT-PWHD-003928 rr CONTENTS PART I CLINICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL FINDINGS A. Introduction B. Comparative Chest X-ray Study C. Environmental Evaluations D. Discussion E. Conclusions and Summary F. References G. Tables and Figures PART II CONTROL METHODS A. Introduction B. Respirators and Protective Clothing C. Ventilation Controls D. Substitution of Materials E. Change of Work Practices F. Educational G. Summary P.S. 087-0' MT-PWHD-003929 rc PART I CLINICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FINDINGS P.S. 087-0 MT-PWHD-003930 rr A. INTRODUCTION The relationship between lung disease and exposure to asbestos dust has been known for many years. Numerous authors have described many cases of asbestosis among insulation workers with regular exposure to asbestos or asbestos containing materials(l2,3). In 1946, Fleisher(5) found three cases of asbestosis among insulation workers in east coast Navy yards, but since each of the three individuals had worked more than 20 years in the trade and asbestos dust levels were below the Threshold Limit Value, it was concluded that pipe covering was not a hazardous trade. This conclusion was accepted at face value for many years because air samples generally showed asbestos dust counts to be near or below the Threshold Limit Value of 5 mppcf(^), but this study evaluated only ship construction, or asbestos installation which produces less airborne asbestos dust than ripout. During the early 1950's when considerable ship modern ization was being done in Naval Shipyards, extensive exposure to dust from ripped out asbestos took place. Marr^^ in 1964, evaluated the asbestos exposure to installation workers during ship overhaul (rip out and installation of asbestos materials), and concluded that shipboard pipe covering and insulating was a hazardous trade. Unfortunately, Marr's dust samples were collected with a Bausch & Lomb counter, and therefore the dust levels are not directly comparable to those used in establishing the Threshold Limit Value. In general, current literature(7,8,9,10,11) indicates that asbestos dust is hazardous to health; that the Threshold Limit Value of 5 mppcf in air is too high; that the effects of asbestos dust exposure are chronic; and that better controls are necessary. B. COMPARATIVE CHEST X-RAY STUDY A Naval shipyard encompasses a variety of industrial operations and provides a reasonably large population with a multiplicity of exposures for study. Puget Sound Naval Shipyard's occupational health program includes semiannual 14x17 inch chest x-rays on individuals involved in potentially lung-hazardous duties. In addition, a voluntary program of annual 70 mm chest x-rays includes almost all other personnel. Complete medical records are available for all employees. Prompted by Marr's work, in July 1965 a study was initiated to compare the incidence of lung abnormalities among various occupational groups in the Shipyard. 1 P.S. 08 7-r MT-PWHD-003931 rc The study covered a two and one-half year period during which statisti cal analyses were made of all positive x-ray findings likely related to occupational causes. Specific diagnosis and degree of lung damage were not considered. However, the majority of the positive findings were classified by qualified physicians as pulmonary fibrosis. Results of this study are shown in Table I. It is clear that pipe coverers and insulators and their closely associated work group, the boilermakers, have a significantly higher incidence of pulmonary abnormalities than other trade groups. Speci fically, further attention was focused on the pipe coverers and insulators because of their exceptionally High rate of positive chest x-rays. Table II shows the incidence of positive x-ray findings in pipe coverers and insulators by median age and years employed in the Shipyard. The apparent anomaly of higher median age and higher percent of positive x-ray findings in the 6-10 year employment group is due to a number of workers hired with previous employment and exposure to asbestos. A very high incidence of positive lung findings in pipe coverers and insulators with over 20 years exposure is noted. Balzer reports(13) a 257. incidence of asbestosis in insulators exposed 20 or more years. The work histories of the 22 men with positive x-ray findings were reviewed to determine the lapsed time between first known exposure to asbestosis and first observed x-ray changes. These data are presented in Table III. It is probable that very short intervals between first exposure and observed chest x-ray findings indicate causes other than an occupational exposure to asbestos. Case number 7 vas the only diagnosed case of asbestosis. This was confirmed by chest surgery. He was retired for disability and received compensation at a rate of three-fourths pay for the rest of his life. C. ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATIONS The impinger has been used as a sampling device for asbestos dust at this Shipyard since the early 1940's, although it has some recognized limitations such as low collection efficiency. Accordingly, the midget impinger was chosen for this study so that data collected would be comparable to previous data and also comparable with the current Threshold Limit Value. The Threshold Limit Value was established on data collected by the Standard Procedure for Sampling and Counting Dust, adopted by the 5th annual meeting of the National Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in 1942(14), which specifies impinger collection and light field microscopic counting methods. 2 P.S. 0 8 7-' MT-PWHD-003932 c( The insulation materials described in Table IV are commonly used by most insulators at this Shipyard. The amosite and crysotile asbestos products are similar to those used by employees in other studies^6 . Airborne asbestos dust samples were collected aboard several ships of various sizes, ranging from destroyers to aircraft carriers, and in the shop complex. The dust sample data represents that dust found in an insulator's breathing zone. The results are summarized in Tables V, VI, and VII together with an estimate of the time spent on each type of operation. This estimate is for extended work periods as workers are assigned specific jobs which may take a few days or several months to complete. Particle size distributions were determined for 207. of the samples counted. The geometric mean diameter did not exceed 2.3 microns for any sample. Many asbestos fibers were below the resolution limit of the light field microscope (. As was expected, the number of fibers in the sample was related to the type of material, fiber content and method of sampling. Observation of work patterns indicates that most exposures occur during intermittent peak dust levels throughout the day. Pigure 1 shows a time-exposure pattern for a typical operation. D. DISCUSSION Lung changes are the possible effects of many factors which are not shown by our data. For example, knowledge of the smoking status of personnel would be of interest, as would positive diagnoses of the chest x-ray findings. However, we feel that these data show without doubt that we do have a problem with asbestos. The percentage of pipe coverers and insulators having positive x-ray findings are compared to other occupational groups is too outstanding to be without meaning, in spite of other possible contributing factors. Claims for compen sation for asbestosis which have been paid after thorough investigation tend to confirm this concept. The data also show, as would be expected, that the number of positive findings increases with age and length of exposure. The data presented in Tables V, VI, and VII indicate that the controls established at this Shipyard have been adequate to maintain asbestos dust exposures below the Threshold Limit Value, giving consideration to time weighting and asbestos content of materials. In most cases, the exposures have been below the proposed lowered Threshold Limit Value of two million particles per cubic foot of air^ In spite of this, pipe coverers and insulators display a high incidence of 3 P.S. 087-0' MT-PWHD-003933 (r pulmonary abnormalties detectable by X-ray even though most cases are not specifically diagnosed as asbestosis, but more often as pulmonary fibrosis, probably because diagnosis of asbestosis in the early stages is difficult. Figure 1 shows that peak exposures considerably above the Threshold Limit Value frequently occur during the work day of a pipe coverer and insulator. It is reasonable that these peak exposures could be responsible for lung damage, even though the time-weighted exposure is within what has been considered to be safe limits. If the rate of lung clearance is less than the rate of arrival of dust^ the rate of accumulation increases. E. CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY A two and one-half year comparison of the chest X-ray findings of the working population of a Naval shipyard shows that about 21Z of all the pipe coverers and insulators have positive X-ray findings compared to 3.571 for the boilermakers and about 171 or less for other occupations with no known asbestos exposure. A very high incidence of positive lung finding in pipe coverers and Insulators with over 20 years exposure is evident. Exposures depend on work habits, asbestos content of materials, type of job, and protection used. Considering time weighting factors and asbestos content of materials, pipe coverers and Insulators received exposures below current and proposed Threshold Limit Values for asbestos dust. Peak exposures during the work day often exceeded Threshold Limit Values up to ten times. The high incidence of pulmonary changes may be explained by: a. Intermittent peak exposures which are of more Importance than formerly recognized, based on the knowledge of lung loading character istics. b. Threshold Limit Values which are too high; c. Methods of assessing exposures may not reflect the true airborne concentration of asbestos dust. In general, workers handling, sawing, cutting or ripping-out asbestos materials produce considerable amounts of very fine asbestos fibers and particles in their breathing zone. The larger particles fall rapidly, but the tiny unseen particles between 0.1 and 100 microns average diameter remain suspended for hours. Particles of this size range enter the lung easily, and are trapped, where they provoke an 4 P.S. 087-0 MT-PWHD-003934 rr irritating and inflammatory reaction. The disabling pneumonoconiosis, asbestosis, is caused by prolonged exposure to fine asbestos dust. The amount of pulmonary fibrosis is proportional to the amount of dust breathed daily and the years of exposure. Exposure to low concentrations of asbestos dust does not necessarily imply that asbestosis will develop, so that careful control of the environment will reduce the probability of serious pulmonary effects. The Threshold Limit Value refers to the airborne concentration of asbestos fiber or dust and represents conditions under which workers may be exposed daily without adverse effect, based on an eight-hour day and pathological evidence. The TLV of 5 million particles per cubic foot of air was proposed in 1938, and adopted in 1942 by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, along with the impinger collection and light field microscopy techniques for evaluation. This value has remained until about 1968, a period of almost 30 years, until epidemiological evidence showed that perhaps the TLV was too high. The notice of intended changes of the TLV's published in 1969 recom mends lowering the allowable airborne concentration to 2 million particles per cubic foot counted by light field microscopy, or 12 fibers greater than 5 microns in length per milliliter of air when counted on filter membranes at 430X phase contrast magnification. Revisions under consideration by the American Conference of Govern mental Industrial Hygienists would lower the TLV for asbestos to 5 fibers greater than 5 microns in length, per milliliter of air. Recent studies compiled by the Bureau of Occupational Health and Safety, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, suggest that 20% of all deaths of asbestos workers is d,ue to lung cancer, which is 7 times the expected rate in a normal population. Other researchers have suggested that cigarette smoking roughly doubles the risk of cancer in this work group. The evidence in Part I of this report and the work of other researchers suggests that the Threshold Limit of 5 mppcf is too high, and supports lowering the values. Lowering the TLV, and reduction of exposures of PC&I workers will require a sustained, detailed program of control. Otherwise, the threat of pulmonary abnormalities and asbestosis will remain high. The success will largely depend on how well the control measures suggested in Part II are applied. 5 0 nQ7MT-PWHD-003935 cc 7. REFERENCES 1. Lanza, A.J., and Goldberg, J.A.: Industrial Hygiene, p. 385, Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, N.Y. (1939) 2. Hunter, D.: The Diseases of Occupations, p. 900, Little, Brown and Co., Boston, Mass (1955) 3. Meriwether, E.R.A.: Industrial Medicine and Hygiene. Vol. 3, p. 105, Butterworth and Co., Ltd. London, G.B. (1956) 4. Committee on Threshold Limit Values: Documentation of Threshold Limit Values, revised edition, p. 15, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio (1966) 5. Fleischer, W.E., F.J. Viles, R.L. Gade, and Philip Drinker: A Health Survey of Pipe Covering operations in constructing Naval vessels. J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol. 28: 9 (Jan 1946) 6. Marr, W.T.: Asbestos Exposure During Naval Vessel Overhaul, Amn. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 25:264 (May-Jun 1964) 7. Selikoff, I.J. M.D., Jacob Churg, M.D., and E.C. Hammond, DSC: Asbestos Exposure and Neoplasia, JAMA 188:22 (Apr 6, 1964) 8. Keane, W.T., MS, and M.R. Zavon, M.D.: Occupational Hazards of Pipe Insulators, Arch Environ Health 13:171 (Aug 1966) 9. Kleinfeld, M., M.D., J. Messile, M.D., and 0. Kooyman, M.D.: Mortality Experience in a group of asbestos workers, Arch Environ Health 15:177 (Aug 1967) 10. Cooper, W. Clark, M.D.: Asbestos as a Hazard to Health, Arch Environ Health 15:285 (Sep 1967) 11. Lynch, J.R., and H.E. Ayer: Measurement of Asbestos Exposure, J. Occ. Med. 10:21 (Jan 1968) 12. Balzer, J.L., and W.C. Cooper, M.D.: The Work Environment of Insulating Workers, Amn. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 29:222 (May-Jun 1968) 13. Balzer, J.L, M.S: Industrial Hygiene for Insulation Workers, J. Occ. Med. 10:25 (Jan 1968) 6 P.S. 0 8 7- MT-PWHD-003936 rr 14. Standard Procedure for Sampling and Counting Dusts, adopted by the 5th annual meeting of the National Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Amn. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. p. 550 reprint (Nov-Dec 1967) 15. Beattie, J., and J.F. Knox: Studies of the mineral content and particle size distribution in the lungs of asbestos textile workers. From Davies, C.N.: Inhaled Particles and Vapors, p. 419, Pergamon-Press, New York, N.Y. (1961) 16. Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Contaminants, adopted by ACGIH for 1969, and intended changes. 7 P.S. 08 7-r MT-PWHD-003937 (c G. tables and figures TABLE I Incidence of Positive Chest X-ray Findings in Occupational Groups TABLE II Incidence of Positive Chest X-ray Findings in Pipe Coverers & Insulators Versus Years of Employment in Shipyard TABLE III Work History of Pipe Coverers & Insulators With Positive Chest X-ray Findings TABLE IV Asbestos Insulation Materials TABLE V Airborne Dust - Ship Overhaul TABLE VI Airborne Dust - Shop Fabrication TABLE VII Airborne Dust - New Ship Construction FIGURE 1 Peak Exposure Pattern from Sawing and Handling Preformed Magnesia Block 8 P.S. 087-p MT-PWHD-003938 cc TABLE I INCIDENCE OF POSITIVE CHEST X-RAY FINDINGS IN OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS Occupational No. of Persons No. With Pos. Percent Having Pos. GroupIn GroupX-Ray Findings X-Ray Findings Shipfitters 890 6 0.7 Sheetmetal Workers 489 6 1.2 Forge Workers 32 0 0.0 Welders 998 11 1.1 Machinists 536 1 0.2 Marine Machinists Boilermakers 490 115 0 0.0 4 HUH Electricians 574 0 0.0 Pipe Coverers & Insulators 104 22 r*1-21 Pipefitters 765 6 0.8 Shipwrights & Joiners 228 0 0.0 Electronics Mechanics 280 0 0.0 Painters 263 4 1.5 Riggers 664 1 0.1 Temporary Service Mechanics 143 1 0.7 Clerical Workers 420 1 0.2 P.S- 087-01 MT-PWHD-003939 TABLE II INCIDENCE OF POSITIVE CHEST X-RAY FINDINGS IN PIPECOVERS A INSULATORS VERSUS YEARS OF EMPLOYMENT IN SHIPYARD Years Employed At Shipyard Number Of Employees 0-5 27 6-10 30 11-15 16-20 I0 12 21 Number With Percent Percent Of Median Positive Of Total AgeX-RaysGroup______ Workers 37 2 2 47 5 5 43 1 81 48 4 19 4 Clvl 0 W) d~( \ <Z. r6 'O V/V) O' C Of S ) r 1 d ^ vJ r . >( Cvd"'V a.'l" U. I( I rr '( / bo<si~ ^ ^ /6^ks ^ , c J , C ~- s6 -j /; * S -(c if -f-'l-s - r P.S. 087-0 MT-PWHD-003940 MT-PWHD- o o CO o00 -ig CD o TABLE III WORK HISTORY OF PIPE C0VERERS & INSULATORS WITH POSITIVE CHEST X-RAY FINDINGS Case No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Age When Hired 22 22 18 27 26 39 31 30 25 28 19 36 38 45 35 49 38 54 31 57 47 22 Year Hired 1933 1933 1936 1939 1941 1941 1942 1944 1945 1947 1947 1951 1952 1952 1953 1960 1958 1961 1961 1961 1963 1965 Years PC&I At Other Activity 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 5 3 2 6 0 10 0 0 Years PC&I At Shipyard 33 33 30 27 25 25 17 22 21 20 20 15 14 14 13 6 8 5 5 5 3 1 Years Total Employment As PC&I Year Pos. Chest X-Ray First Recorded 33 1959 33 1954 30 1958 27 1963 25 1947 25 1953 25 1961 24 1951 21 1963 20 1965 20 1964 17 1963 14 1962 16 1958 18 1962 9 1960 10 1960 11 1966 5 1961 15 1962 3 1965 1 1966 Years Between First Exposure and First Positive X-Ray 26 21 22 24 6 12 19 9 18 18 17 14 10 8 14 3 4 10 0 6 2 1 TABLE IV ASBESTOS INSULATION MATERIALS Amosite: 957. long fiber asbestos Magnesia block: 15% asbestos, 85% magnesium carbonate Asbestos cement: Unibestos: Asbestos cloth: Used on piping, fittings, machinery units and large or irregular surfaces. Used on tanks, boilers, valves, pipes Several brands in common use: Usually contains 10-25% asbestos fibers and less than 30% cement. Used as a smooth finish over cloth or metal. Fine asbestos fibers mixed with a waterproof adhesive. Used as a pipe Insulation, very little installed at present. 80-95% crysotile or amosite fibers with cotton. Used for a covering over amosite or magnesia block on valves, piping, tanks and fittings. MT-PWHD-003942 I in oco l-J o TABLE V SHIP OVERHAUL Material and Operation INSTALLATION Asbestos cloth; cutting, fitting, glueing, and installing Airborne Dust Concentration In Breathing Zone (Million Particles per Cubic Foot) Range Average 2.8-5.7 4.3 Magnesia block; cutting, installing 3.5-40.5 16.7 Percent of Time Exposed (Average) 157. 35% Material and Operation Magnesia block Ainoslte Asbestos cloth Fibrous glass, rubber, cork TABLE VI SHOP PREFABRICATION Airborne Dust Concentration In Breathing Zone (Million Particles per Cubic Foot) Range Average 1.1-1.3 1.2 (cutting, glueing) 0.4-4.7 2.4 (cutting, fitting, applying) 0.1-4.0 0.2 (cutting, fitting, sewing) -- - (cutting, fitting) Percent of Time Exposed (Average) m 33* MT-PWHD-003944 13 cn o00 -1j o NJ MT-PWHD-003945 TABLE VII NEW SHIP CONSTRUCTION Amosite: Installation Breathing Zone Dust Concentration Range Average 2.6-8.9 5.6 Estimated Average Percent 107. Magnesia block: Cutting & installing 2.4-13.3 6.1 397. Asbestos cloth: Cutting, fitting, glueing 3.1-4.6 3.6 207. Asbestos cement: Mixing 11.5-82.8 47.5 17. Fibrous glass, rubber, cork: Cutting, fitting, installing ---- _ 307. cn oCO I o t TOTAL PARTICLE COUNT (MPPCF) MT-PWHD-003946 d ooo oI-4 0740 | 2 345 6 i i /s i i r~> r umni/ r\ a \ / 78 cc PART II CONTROL METHODS P.S. 0 8 7MT-PWHD-003947 cc A. INTRODUCTION Even though some exposures to asbestos have been reduced over the past 20 years, exposures still appear too high based on results of studies shown in Part I, and leave no doubt that occupational exposures to asbestos materials cause injury. A four point program was drafted to further reduce exposures. First, a respirator program was initiated to immediately reduce exposures until other control methods could be developed. Secondly. the work practices were examined to identify the most hazardous operations and to suggest alternate methods. For example, wetting of amosite materials reduced the airborne asbestos dust production 50 to 607.. The change of work practices gave the greatest promise for the reduction of airborne asbestos dust as an immediate engineering control, with minimum expenditures. Thirdly, engineering controls which have a far reaching effect, but take longer to initiate are: (1) substitution of materials, (2) new methods, and (3) techniques of ventilation control. Fourth, an educational program was initiated to help workers understand the potential hazards and the reasons why a change in approach to the control of asbestos was needed. This educational program was based on a survey of pipe coverers and insulators that revealed much misunderstanding regarding asbestos exposure and its effects. Part II presents some of the methods employed to reduce airborne asbestos exposures. While it is by no means complete, it represents the opinions of the authors that control must follow: a. Adequate respiratory protection; b. Change of work practices and handling methods; c. Eftgineering controls such as ventilation; d. An educational program to retrain workers to use less dusty methods; e. Substitution of less hazardous materials. The ultimate goal is to reduce the exposure level to a point where workmen are no longer affected. 1 P.S. 08 7-r MT-PWHD-003948 rc B. RESPIRATORS AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING Respirators were first issued to pipe eoverers and insulators at PSNS early in the 1950's, and were required in 1960. The emphasis waxed and waned until about 1967 when the Industrial Hygiene Division began urging strict compliance based on epidemiological data which showed that asbestos was still a serious occupational health problem. In January 1968, dust respirators were made mandatory because a survey showed that 76% of the insulators did not use a respirator. About 507. of all insulators did not have a respirator in their possession. Poor face fit, breathing resistance, and comfort were given as reasons for non-compliance, although enforcement was lax. A laboratory program was started to find respirators suitable for long periods of wear. Of the ten best dust respirators commercially availa ble, four were selected that were U.S. Bureau of Mines approved and gave a good face fit, good visibility, and lowest breathing resistance. They were: a. Mine Safety Appliance Company MSA Dustfoe 66 (#10-76869) Cushion Face Piece (#10-41501-N) Dustfoe 66 Filter (#10-73056)----- Box of 50 b. American Optical Company R-3030 Respirator with the R-30 "Red Devil" filter - for dusts and mists. A/0 Filter R-30 c. Safeline Respirator #5441 Safeline Filters #5905 d. Acme "Duo-Seal" Dust Respirators #8101-R Dust Filter (Lambs wool) 8147 EW Filter Holder 5021-R Some of the rejected respirators failed the simple tests when used on the job. The respirators now supplied are largely accepted by the workmen and provide effective filtration of at least 907. of the airborne particles and fibers that are of the size most often trapped by the lungs (1 to 100 microns in size). Even though usage is not 100%, the insulators usually wear the respirators during peak dusty conditions. This, alone, effectively reduces the peak intermittent exposures thought to play a large role in the development of asbestosis. 2 P.S. 087-0 MT-PWHD-003949 cc On 15 August 1969, a Naval Ship Systems Command Notice directed that protective coveralls would be worn by all employees engaged in shipboard rip-out of asbestos which produces high airborne dust levels. The coveralls were to be cleaned before each use in an attempt to limit personal clothing contamination. Coveralls were to be removed before removal of the respirator to limit exposure. The Industrial Hygiene Division recommended disposable, plastic impregnated, paper coveralls with zippers, costing about $1.00 each, because they were cheap compared to procurement and laundry costs of cotton, twill, or duck coveralls. The lastic finish on the paper coveralls reduces the number of fiber penetrations and disposal of the garment aids dust control. In addition, packing, laundry, transportation, and re-distribution costs are eliminated. When the paper coveralls are taped at the sleeve, and pant cuffs, the worker is essentially enclosed, yet the paper garments are permeable to air and do not trap body moisture. 3 P.S. 087-0 MT-PWHD-003950 \ Figure 1. Insulator shown wearing an approved respirator and disposabl paper coveralls. The canvas or plastic refuse bag is conveniently located. o c nqn MT-PWHD-003951 cc C. VENTILATION CONTROL The high mobility of asbestos workers aboard ship and the non uniformity of handling, installation, or rip-out of asbestos material presents unusual ventilation problems. Local exhaust ventilation (most often a 3" or 5" diameter flexible sucker) must be used in conjunction with general ventilation to be effective. The local exhaust ventilation applied to the source of dust production is ideal, but in practice workmen find such ventilation bothersome, do not properly place it, or objects worked on are too large for effective control. General ventilation requires large volumes of air to maintain dust counts at acceptable levels in compartments where asbestos handling is done. Ideally, the dust should be captured at the source of generation by local exhaust ventilation. General ventilation should remove and prevent build-up of dust escaping the local exhaust ventilation. There seems to be a practical limit to the local exhaust and general ventilation available to pipe coverers and insulators. During periods of high levels of dust, ventilation techniques customarily used do not adequately keep airborne dust levels in acceptable ranges. Rip-out of old asbestos materials aboard ship is cited as a classic example. Enclosures around dusty operations have not gained wide acceptance, but hold promise as a good control method for especially dusty asbestos operations. Portable polyethylene enclosures set up arounc the operations limit the spread of the dust to the rest of the ship's compartments. When such enclosures include local exhaust ventilation, capture of asbestos dust is effective. The enclosures in current use, range from plastic sheet to form one side of a hood and capture debris, to reasonably tight containments as the situatic requires. The photographs display some additional methods of applying ventilat principles to control asbestos dust generated in the work enviromnen 4 n c OP 7- MT-PWHD-003952 MT-PWHD-003953 cc D. SUBSTITUTION OF MATERIALS One of the most direct methods of reducing asbestos dust exposure is the substitution of less hazardous materials. Fiberglass products have been applied where asbestos materials have traditionally been used for insulation aboard ship. Fiberglass dusts are not presently known to produce an adverse physiological response in the lung. A magnesium or calcium carbonate rigid block material containing only 157. asbestos fibers is used for much of the piping. Only minimum exposure occurs unless the block material is sawed, broken, or ripped off. Substitution is limited only by technical requirements, such as temperature range, and the willingness to change the design or specifications. Identifying, testing and applying new insulation materials takes considerable time. Therefore, changes in applicatic and substitution are likely to appear gradually as technological advances occur. For example, "Ceramic Foam," a new rigid insulation material, has been Introduced by Dow Chemical Company in 1969. Ceramic foam is an entirely Inorganic, closed cell, vitreous material that is incombustible and resistant to chemical attack. The material has a density of 8 lbs. per cu. ft.; heavier than plastic foams but having greater structural strength for piping, tanks, vessels, low temperature storage and block foam building insulation. The temperature range is from cryogenic to more than 1400F., and is impervious co moisture. In May 1968, the PSNS Pipe Shop requested planning and design branch to substitute other insulation material for asbestos products as a measure to reduce airborne asbestos dust exposure to tradesmen. The Naval Supply Systems Command prohibited the use of asbestos materials for carton packing in 1969. Such measures of substitution will eventually reduce the overall exposure to workmen. 5 P.S. 08 7-r MT-PWHD-003954 P.S. 087-0 MT-PWHD-003955 rr E. CHANGE OF WORK PRACTICES Until asbestos substitutes are in full use, the most significant reductions in airborne asbestos dust can be accomplished by changes in work practices. The worker often applies the materials in a manner that leads to high concentrations of dust in the breathing zone regardless of ventilation supplied, location, or packaging. For example, one worker may carefully pre-wet the materials while another will not, yet pre-wetting is known to reduce airborne asbestos dust production from 50 to 60Z. Such changes in work practices will largely depend on the identification of dusty processes, and development of new work methods. Education and training will allow the worker to accept a realistic role in his own health protection. For management, a careful review will show that asbestos dust reduction practices provide better control at little or no extra cost. The change of work practices can be divided into several categories, each containing methods that do not require large expenditures, extensive engineering, or special ventilation technique. (1) Pre-fabrication in shops and on the job site. (a) Materials are removed from containers under ventilated conditions because this source produces much fine dust. Pre-wetting by dipping or spraying reduces dust levels. (b) Dust collection systems are attached to power saws to capture dust at the point of generation. (c) All machines or process tables have waste container systems to prevent the material from falling on the floor. Otherwise foot traffic would keep the dust dispersed for long periods. (d) Wetting down asbestos material of any type reduces airborne dust production. If the materials are to be used later, a plastic bag will retain the moisture and contain any dust. (e) Pre-fabrication of asbestos materials in the shop is done under adequately ventilated conditions. Such pre-fabrication in the shop saves time aboard ship, and reduces cutting by workers on the job. Pre-cut sections are packaged and identified in the shop and delivered directly to the job site. All of the pieces are kept together, breakage is reduced, and dust is contained. (f) The modular assembly of piping and insulation under ventilated conditions holds promise because of the time saved, minimizing ship assembly time and uncontrolled exposures. 6 P.S. 087-0 MT-PWHD-003956 (g) For small applications, asbestos cements are placed in a plastic bag, water is added, and the mixture is then kneaded. Often the correct amount of asbestos cement can be sent in the mixing bag to the work site from the shop along with the materials to be applied. Asbestos cements produce high levels of asbestos dust when handled dry. . (2) Installation. (a) Unpacking, handling, and applying asbestos materials aboard ship contribute significantly to overall exposures. Pre-wetting, pre packaging, and careful handling does reduce breathing zone exposure. Throwing asbestos materials contributes significantly to airborne dusts, a practice largely accepted. (b) Hand sawing, cutting, and jacket stripping are performed under ventilated conditions but not all dust is captured. Respirators should be worn by the exposed individual, becanse hand sawing or breaking, produces excessively high dust levels throughout small compartments. (c) Portable dust collectors or exhaust blowers are used to collect asbestos dust at their source and exhaust them outside the ship. Exhausting into adjoining spaces is avoided. (d) Asbestos cloth with a built-in or re-wettable adhesive is used to reduce airborne dusts. Plain asbestos cloth produces relatively high levels of airborne fibers when ripped or handled vigorously. (3) Application of Cements. (a) Most asbestos cement products are mixed at dockside and delivered to the work site aboard ship. Some cements which harden rapidly on addition of water are mixed at the site. (b) The bags of cement are emptied without shaking to reduce dusts. (c) When the bag is emptied, the material is dropped the shortest distance to avoid dispersion of asbestos dust. (d) Empty bags are placed in containers, wet down, then removed from the ship. (e) Mixing areas are selected. Ventilated mixing stations at dock side, open air mixing, or adequate local exhaust ventilation are required to keep large scale asbestos cement mixing from producing excessive airborne dusts. 7 P.S. 087-0 MT-PWHD-003957 (f) U.S. Bureau of Mines approved respirators are worn by personnel mixing asbestos cements. (g) Surfaces scraped clear of old asbestos cement are pre-wet. Wetting the tools also aids in dust reduction. 4. Removal ("Rip-out") a. Ships under overhaul have large amounts of asbestos material removed. The removal produces high airborne concentrations of dust in ships' compartments for weeks at a time. The pipe coverers and insulators attempt to isolate the area with curtains, portable partitions, or enclosure of the work area to provide capture of the dust by ventilation, and prevent spreading of dust to adjacent work areas. b. When rip-out produces high dust levels, PC&I personnel wear coveralls and respirators. Other trades usually have no protection and are excluded from the work area. c. Materials are sawed into sections for removal instead of ripping with a bar. Removal in this manner produces less rubble. A cast-cutter such as used by the medical profession produces excellent results and little dust. d. Plastic drop cloths are suspended beneath work areas to catch falling scraps and debris that produces dust. e. Asbestos scrap is collected in bins, and wet down prior to removal. f. In inaccessible places, asbestos materials are placed in plastic bags. Burlap bags are no longer used because the fine dust sifts from the bags when they are moved. g. Exhaust ventilation is provided at the source of rip-out. General exhaust ventilation is provided to the compartment to prevent accumulation of asbestos dust in air. 5. Housekeeping for Shop and Ship a. Periodic cleaning of work area, especially at the end of each shift, contributes greatly to dust reduction. The longer materials lie the more widespread they become, producing considerable airborne dust. b. Foot traffic produces considerable dust from fallen asbestos scrap, shavings, or debris. The simple procedure of placing cutting or work stations away from general foot traffic significantly reduces dust. 8 P.S. 087-C MT-PWHD-003958 c. Surplus materials are picked up and placed in cartons or plastic bags. d. Industrial vacuum cleaners are excellent to remove settled asbestos dust and other material around cutting benches. They provide some ventilation when attached to ventilated cutting tables when other sources of ventilation are not available. e. The use of brooms, fox-tail brushes or rags is discouraged for clean-up of asbestos dust, because of the high dust levels produced. Such fine dust once re-dispersed remains suspended in air for many hours. f. Scrap materials are placed in disposable plastic bags. At the end of the shift the bags are taped shut and removed from the work location as refuse. g. Large pieces of scrap materials are placed in containers and wet down to reduce dust. 9 P.S. 087-0 MT-PWHD-003959 P.S. 087-'' MT-PWHD-003960 Kipurp 1. A n n rta h le downdraft ta b le attached to a p o rta b le vacuum u n it. MT-PWHD- cn Code 731 0 PSNS o o CO CD CD 1970 1 o O) D. 1/2" plywood aides ^fold inward Hinged corners 1/2" plywood - l" holes 3" O.C. o Fits 3" sucker or vacuum cleaner ^250 CFM recommended o i n Aluminum angle (removable) FIGURE 4. PORTABLE DOWN DRAFT CUTTING TABLE P-S. 087-0* c. c P.S. 087-04/ MT-PWHD-003963 0 C/3 tG cGr C3rrODrBt rOrB rcr 0HN-* 3HO* nCrAQl. Or* rom*" 00 OB 00a0* o3Ha--o cb O0 -00mX0C*O31 0rrO3c0H3r** rOri* *00O*O331 00OHr3r rK-- m o>>cimsq-*l-1 *araaori* P.S. 087-043 MT-PWHD-003964 P.S. 087-04 MT-PWHD-003965 F io u re 9. A m osite is a ma lo r so u rce o f a irb o rn e a s b e s to s d u s t aboard s h ip Figure 10. Asbestos refuse collected in polyvinyl plastic bags are sealed and removed from the ship. This reduces a major source of asbestos dust and simplifies clean-up. p.S. 087-0^ MT-PWHD-003966 Figure 11. Magnesia block Insulation Is relief sawed under concroll conditions in the shop to minimize sawing aboard ship. ' t> c. 087 MT-PWHD-003967 Figure 12. Magnesia-asbestos cement is pre-mixed at dockside under controlled conditions. Dry cement mixed in confined spaces aboard ship produces high dust levels. MT-PWHD-003968 P.S. 087-0' MT-PWHD-003969 F igure 13. S ealing magnesia b lo c k in p la s tic , bags reduces a irb o rn e dust MT-PWHD-003970 Fteure 14. Plastic or canvas drop cloths prevent debris from falling to ({ F. EDUCATIONAL A sustained, detailed educational program appears essential to continue an asbestos dust control program. A survey revealed asbestos workers did not fully understand the hazards of asbestos, nor had they received formal training explaining the medical and environmental controls. In June, 1969, lectures and demonstrations were given to win their acceptance, allay fears, and carefully explain proposed changes of work practices, and the effects of breathing asbestos dust. Many doubted that the proposed changes would be helpful, or resented some of the Inconveniences, such as respirators. The lecture series explained improved methods for minimizing exposure of insulation workers, and encouraged them to recommend methods of their own through the U.S. Navy Beneficial Suggestion program. Also, the lectures explained the medical aspects, tests, the meaning of chest X-rays, and methods of environmental testing. The scientific reasoning for control rules, or equipment use, was carefully explained to insure intelligent application. The results were excellent; most of the workers began applying changes in work methods that reduced exposures. The Beneficial Suggestion program provided several excellent changes, and identified a number of problem areas worthy of environmental control. Most of all, the attitude of the workers changed to one of interest and cooperation. No adverse reaction or worker-employer difficulties developed as a result of the presentation of all the facts regarding the health and environment of pipe coverers and Insulators. The authors believe that the change of work practices, which relies largely on the individual worker, could not have been accomplished without the educational program. Training programs should be sustained because workers forget, new methods develop, and worker feed-back of problems and ideas is important. A follow-up educational program is warranted to convince PC&I workers not to smoke. The risk of lung cancer among asbestos workers who smoke is nearly 2:1 compared to PC&I workers who do not smoke. 10 P.S. 087-0 MT-PWHD-003971 ( G. SUMMARY The control of. asbestos materials and the dust produced required a 5 point program to reduce exposures to acceptable levels. The evidence of excessive pulmonary abnormalities among pipe coverers and insulators implied that overexposures were still occurring even though the Threshold Limit Value of 5 million particles per cubic foot asbestos dust in air had been applied for the last 20 years. Proposed reductions in the 1970 Threshold Limit Value for asbestos dust to 2 million particles per cubic foot means that more effective control measures must be applied. The respirators and change of work practices provided an immediate solution, but substitution of less hazardous materials, and engineering controls, such as improved ventilation methods, must ultimately be applied. They hold greater promise for direct material control and engineered applications which eliminate human decision related to asbestos dust on the job. 11 P.S. 08 7-0 r MT-PWHD-003972 f I* * u. >' I ( <r '- f':-v (730) . y'i 6260/-22M' 2 3SZ . .. ',Tv v 16 Feb 1971 ` vi: MEMORANDUM FOR GROUP SUPERINTENDENT, MACHINERY p: 1& 8ubJ t Asbestos exposure; record of . f' 1. An Increasing emphasis on control of known occupational haaarda/ auch , ; :&* aa aabeatos, requires a more careful accounting of exposures. 8uch in* " formation is needed for continuing epidemiology, industrial hygiene control measures, medical estimations of exposure and to provide adequate and ` accurate background data in the event disability claims are filed. - .Jr$VI-t : 2. Asbestos exposure appears to fall into two categories; those regularly .r - assigned to Shop 956 as PC&I workers, and those temporarily assigned from lV other shops, or within Shop 956 for periods of 30 to 90 days. Investigation has shown that soma men temporarily assigned to PC&l work may receive intermittent but significant exposures to asbestos, yet they do not receive medical screening, nor are medical records kept of their exposures. Also, y>\ men from other trades with certain physical conditions should not receive asbestos dust exposures because of increased risk of further physiological damage. t V; 3. Personnel in each of the following categories should be reported to Code 730; ` lY" a. All regularly assigned PC&I workers should be identified once. Thereafter, only additions or deletions to the regularly assigned PC&I workers should be reported. , > V' .x *t : *-* ` r b. Personnel assigned to handle, cut. Install, or rip out insulation, or to any other work where inhalation of asbestos dust may occur during any period of 30 days or more. Notification should also be made whan each v. individual is reassigned to his parent shop, or to other duties not in volving asbestos exposure. X Hi ;> if Medical records of those personnel should be reviewed by Code 700 prior to assignment. Copy tot SUPT II PIPE7ITTBR, SHOP 956 BUMKD (Code 73) R. W. MC BRATNEY, M.D. Medical Director v^ / v* ' v* i . <_ *t \' MT-PWH n-nn^Qv^ c Conference Notes preaanted to Cpt. Raht USN, Coda 300 ( ( Ho e(a.t4. ) pcs-f C.A. Mangold, Haad, Industrial Hygiana Branch (Coda 731) Medical Department, Pugat Sound Naval Shipyard Subj: Ravlew of Asbastosla, and Engineering Controls Attendees: (1) Cpt. Reh, Prod. Offlee. Code 300 (2) E.W. McBratney, M.D., Medical Director (3) D.J. Bessmer, Heed, Industrial Hygiene Division (4) C.A. Mangold, Head, Industrial Hygiene Branch 1. ASBHSTOSIS: After about 15 years In the trade, PC&I workers began to show a diffuse nodular pattern In their chest x-rays Indicative of fibrosis of the lung. Shortness of breath, loss of vital capacity, and cardiovascular disease are latent symptoms of asbestosis. The effect Is generally a declining state of health, increased shortness of breath and an early death depending on the age, exposure, and rate of progression of the lung abnormalities. Thera is about a 37. incidence of cancer associated with workers suffering from asbestosis. PC&I workers in Naval Shipyards receive multiple exposures to welding fume, paint vapors, and other harmful dusts associated with ship building. The additive or synergistic effects are unknown, but recent research indicates that smoking and asbestos exposure increases the Incidence, of lung cancer. A recant study at PSNS shows that the average rate of pulmonary abnormalities among Insulators is 21 compared to the next higher incidence of 3.57. for boilermakers with some asbestos and silica exposure, and less chan 17. for the elerical group with no known asbestos expesure. When the insulator work group is studied by years In the trade the Incidence of pulmonary abnormalities are: (1) 15 to 20 years-- 207.* (2) 20 to 25 years--577.; (3) 25 years + -- 907,. These rates are abnormally high and undoubtedly reflect long term inhalation EXHIBIT 3' c . WITNESS DATE H -6 i M. HOVtLA. REPORTER P.S. 067-0r MT-PWHD-003974 (( of asbeseoa fibers, and material* asaoeiated with them. It la probably mora than chance that boilermakers with an intermittent exposure to asbestos during rip out of boilers, and allies during rip out of brick show the next highest pulmonary incidence of 3.5T1 compared to other work groups in the Shipyard. 2. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE STUDY: The industrial hygiene study reflects all pulmonary abnormalities found among 6571 production workers and 420 clerical workers (control group) over a 2\ year period beginning July 1965. Field sampling was conducted on most every job assigned Insulators at PSNS. The arrays were "read" several times during that period to eliminate random orrors. Near the conclusion of the study a researcher from the University of California, a Mr. LaRoy Balzer, found an average of 257. pulmonary x-ray finding among union Insulation workers In the San Francisco Bay area. This figure agrees with the findings of the PSNS study. An inquiry to the industrial hygienist at Long Beach Naval Shipyard revealed another independent figure of about 207. Average pulmonary abnormality findings among PC&I workers. The current threshold limit value for asbestos fiber in air is 5 million particles per cubic foot as counted by light field microscopy. The methods of sampling have been standardised by the American Conference of Goeennmental Industrial Hygienists, but have eotna under some criticism recently. The argument resolves into the methods of air sampling and dust counting, since different methods will provide different values. Thera appears to be little argument that the threshold limit value of 5 mppcf is too high. P.S. 06 7- MT-PWHD-003975 tc 3. HISTORICAL: Respirators were first Issued In the early 1930's mandatory In i960. The emphasis has waxed and wanod until about 1967 when tha PSNS Medical Department began urging strict compliance. PSNS has averaged about 1 aabestosla claim filed with the Bureau of Employee's Compensation each year since 1957, but not all those eligible file claims. Records before this time are unavailable. In January 1968 the wearing of respirators for insulation workers has again been made mandatory. The PSNS study showed that 767. of the Insulators did not use their respirators, and at the time of the review about 507, of all Insulators didn't have a respirator in their possession. The biggest complaint seems to be face fit. breathing resistance and comfort. A testing program was recently completed that provided 4 cholees of 10 of the best dust respirators on the market to Shop 956. Some substitution of materials has occurred but most changes have come because of technological advances. At this time there Is virtually no sustained educational program to gain worker acceptance to the required environmental control procedures, understanding of the problem, or Integration into tha apprentice program. Effective ventilation techniques for shipboard installation of asbestos materials are not in use. Often workers occupy small compartments to which neither natural ventilation, nor local exhaust ventilation is provided, and proceed to handle abbestos materials. When respirators are not worn, intermittent peak exposures to asbestos fibers occur that may exceed the Threshold Limit value as much as 20 times. These Intermittent peak P.S. 06 7-r MT-PWHD-003976 c( exposures are felt to be far nore important than previously realized. Past methods of sampling gave average exposures, or extrapolated the values from grab samples over the work day, thus the intermittent peaks were obscured. Lung clearance of particles is probably affected by the higher loading during Intermittent peak exposures. 4. ENGINEERING CONTROLS; Prior to 1967: a. Ventilated work benches and an enclosed fabrication shop. b. Substitution of soma asbestos materials largely from improved work praetlees ot technology. c. Provided respirators (largely unenforced) d. Wetting of asbestos materials found to reduce dust production Since 1967: a. Substitution of fiberglass for asbestos whenever possible in design (See Shop 956 letter to Code 260) b. Re-evaluation of asbestos exposures. (Industrial Hygiene study defined problem, and most hazardous operations. Recommendations submitted to Shop 956) e. Evaluation of Respiratorst Good face fit, comfort, and low breathing resistance is a must for worker acceptance. Four such types were found and suggested to Shop 956. d. Suggestions for training programs made to Shop 956 to seek worker acceptance and understanding of required environmental control measures. This Included integration of apprentice training with the control measures. e. Modular assembly of piping and insulation under ventilated conditions In the shop, thus minimizing ship assembly time and uncontrolled exposures. f. Wetting, precutting, and fabrication of asbestos materials In the shop under well ventilated conditions. PC fl 7 MT-PWHD-003977 y ( r K 5. Reconsnended Action: Mandatory wearing of a suitable dust respirator Is reconmended as an interin measure to reduce asbestos fiber in air exposures until other control measures such as engineering control, change of work practices, and training programs adequately reduce overall exposures. p.c nfi MT-PWHD-003978 c t memorandui TO DZJLSCTO& OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS (730) 6260/2120 10 Jus* 1971 Subji Clarification of Asbestoa Concrol Program Raft (a) Coda ISO maao to Coda 700, Subji BMIC to R.H. Brlttaa ltr of 17 May 1971 aod ancloauraa (b) Coda 731 confaraaca with Coda 170, of 21 May 1971 Encli (1) Clarification of questions praaantad by tha Bremerton Matal Tradaa Council 1. Rafaranea (a) raquaated clarification of quaaelona praaantad by tha BKTC about tha aabaatoa control program, and an avaluation of tha occupational haalth hasarda of exposure to aabaatoa duat. Tha raquiramaata for clarification vara aatabliahad by rafaranoa (b). 2. Bach quaatlon praaantad by tha BMCC regarding the aabaatoa control program haa been anavared Individually in enclosure (1) by tha Industrial Hygiene Division staff, who are intimately associated with tha program. 3. Additional evaluations of environmental conditions related to tha aabaatoa eontrol program vill be made on request. Copy toi Coda 170 B. U. McBHATNBY, M.D Medical Director DATE M. HOV1LA, REPORTER MT-PWHD-00397 tt mm r- f 'w ... . 4 . 6260/2130 10 Jun 1971 Question fli Hov and what facilities ara being provided to eliminate th| haaarda of Injury, illness and death7 How effective ir> these? , I*. " . ' ,. Answer! , Tha haaard presented by inhalation of aabaatoa duat dapanda on Cha coneantratlon of duat In tha braathlng aona, duration of axpoaura on a dally basis, and total yaara of axpoaura. Unprotaetad workara nay davalop aabaatoala on long tana axpoaura if anvlronaantal conditlona ara advaraa. a tha coneantratlon of flbara in cha braathlng aona la raducad by any means, tha rlak of lung Injury la raducad, tharafora control methods ara baaad on Chla pramiaa. - . , ' A datallnd aeudy of PSNS aabaatoa workara waa bagun In July 1965 to evaluate tha currant aabaatoa control program and davalop a morn coaplata and dlraec approach, k 4 point program vaa drafted to further reduce aabaatoa duat axpoauraa. 1 . First. a reaplrator program waa developed to provide tha beat fitting, and moat functional raaplretora. In addition, the mandatory veering of the reaplrator vaa re-emphasised. If the worker doaa not breathe tha aabaatoa c flbara no injury will raault. Tha reaplrator givea Immediate protection, but ahould be only ona approach. It la good protection until other control mechoda era developed to minimise aabaatoa duat axpoauraa. Becord. work praeticea are continually being examined to Identify tha meat hasardoua operatIona ualng tha beat scientific equipment and ataff avallabLa, * end to davalop alternate aathoda. Many men contribute graatly to their own axpoauraa by tha work praeticea they use, which often ean ba changed to eliminate or reduce aabaatoa duat axpoauraa. Such change of work praeticea doaa not eoat much, or lncraaae tha vork difficulty, but tha effeetlvenaea largely dapanda on tha acceptance ' and Initiation by the workers themselves. < For example, studies show that watting of Amosite materials reduces airborne duat production about 50 to 601. Although they appear simple, changes of work practices based on scientific measurements that reduce airborne aabaatoa dust levels still hold tha greatest promise as an immediate engineering control, era low cost, and affective because tha source of dust production is controlled. - Third. Engineering controls have a far ^reaching affect but require longer to initiate. For example, changing epaclflcetlone of materials, substitution of materials (fiberglass for aabaatoa), nsw methods of fabrication or rip-out, and techniques of ventilation control are being applied. ** ( Fourth. An educational program la used to help workers understand the new control methods end the reasons for them. As new scientific findings occur, they era passed on to tha workara. For example, tha Industrial Hygiene ,^ { * . ** iUiaAosifra (l) MT-PWHD-00398 ( / 6260/2130 10 Jua 1971 Division, Medleel Department, ia continually evaluating the aabeatoa control program, racoamandlng control measure#, and providing currant information to both management and workers. Specifically, the facilities and devices that are being used to roduca the aabeatoa health hasard arei t T ' % * v, , a. Adequate exhaust ventilation system for the Fabrication Room, Shop 956, Building 107. Additional ventilation for band aawa has been added. b. "TOMT" downdraft work tables have been installed outside the fabrication shop. These tables have substantially reduced duets from relief cutting and gore assembly. c. Industrial vacuum cleaners are now specified.for clean*up. These vacuums are quite effective compared to sweeping. d. Gores and other products are placed in polyethylene bags for storage and shipment. The bag serves several purposes such as keeping the asbestos materials moist. Identification and control, and dust enclosure. e. Vetting of magnesia block insulation or asbestos blankets reduces dust production 50 to 601. f. Asbestos products are kept stored in boxes in a clean, neat area in Building 107. g. Many materials are pre-assembled In the pipe shop, which reduces shipboard sod dockside asbestos exposures. ` h. Tha four bast commercially evailabla respirators ara mads available to the aabeatoa worker through the Shop 956 toolroom. Improved or new respirators ara evaluated by tha Industrial Hygiene staff as they become evailabla. v 1. Ventilated downdraft tables vara developed for dockside and shipboard work. These tables can be operated with a commercial vacuum or barrel sucker, or exhaust blower as e ventilation source. This table substantially reduces airborne asbestos dust levels from sawing, reduces scrap and dust on tha floor, and can be moved from place to place. j. Plastic or canvas drop clothe are provided and used under installation and ripoue operations. This prevents wide dispersion of fallen debris or > dust and facilitates clean-up. '* k. Plastic bags for aabeatoa scrap ara provided. Bach man places hla scrap In tha bag at tha work site instead of throwing it on the floor. The bega prevent the scrap from producing dust and make clean-up easier. > V 2 1 f r ; MT-PWHD-0035 c * 6260/2130 V 10 Jim 1971 .' l. Plastic impregnated disposable paper eeveralla are provided for protection. These coveralls allow body moisture to pass through tha fabric but keep asbestos out better than cloth coveralls. When tha coveralls are removed, they are discarded to minimize spread of asbestos. Coveralla are provided for very dusty operations to protect the workers' street clothes and to prevent asbestos from traveling horns in tha alothaa, Clothes csn be a raal source of airborne asbestos fibers in such cases where street or work clothes are not changed efter becoming very dusty with asbestos materials. / ; ' .. m. Industrial barrel eductors ere used as vacuum cleaners for tight enclosures such as submarine compartments snd machinery spaces. This minimises dust production, snd sllows fast clean-up, in hard to clean places. '' n. Modular assembly of piping and insulation in the shop la dona when possible, and holds great promise for the future. Such pre-fabrication in the shop saves time and reduces the number of uncontrolled lagging operations aboard ship. >V ' o. Asbestos cement la mixed at dockside in pails under ventilated .- coalitions for movement aboard ship. Mixing of such fluffy dry asbeatos ceraont aboard ship La known to be a serious source of asbestos dust exposure. It has virtually bean eliminated by pre-mixing at dockside. For small applications, the cement is placed in a plastic bag, water la added, and the mixture is kneaded. p. Asbestos cloth la now cut with a scissors or knife Instead of tearing, which la known to produce elevated asbestos dust levels in tha . breathing zona. q. Surfaces to be scraped of old asbestos materials are pre-vat if possible. Wetting the tools also aids in dust reduction. Asbeatos is removed and placed in bins, end wet down prior to movement. Materials are sawed into sections for removal instead of ripping with a bar. This change of work practice produces less rubble snd asbestos dust. A castcutter such as used by the medical profession, produoes eacellent results end little dust for the removal of asbestos from small piping. PSNS has one of the beat applied asbestos control programs of any Haval .Shipyard. This program was studied by NAVSHIPS BUG CM3 to formulate the current asbestos control instruction for the U.S. Navy. It has alao bean studied by several scientific groups because of successful methods of dust reduction that have been applied. ^ ' 3 _' "jJU w o. i I\/IT_P\A/1-Iaaoaoo f r c ( 'v- * 6260/2130 10 Jua 1971 Question $2 How has the Shipyard reduced the hacard of asbestos dua^ to the lowest level possible? How effective ere the results? Answeri If an asbestos worker has a long tent exposure to concentrations above the Threshold Limit Value of 3 fibers per milliliter of air; greater them . 3 microns in length, he may develop pulmonary abnormalities related to his exposure. If he la not so exposed then lung Injury will not likely occur* All exposures are measured and receive attention according to their relation to the Thresold Limit Value as specified by NAVSHIP INST 3100.26, of 9 February 1971. The whole asbestos control program Is geared to one thing control asbestos dust so that it does not reach tho breathing cone of the worker. The methods outlined In Question 01, end NAVSHIPS IHST 3100.26, and the PBH8 Asbestos Exposure aod Control Manual all reduce exposure#. For example, the reopirators are so immediate and direct method to limit exposure followed by changes in work practices. Methods of engineering control, substitution of materials (fiberglass for asbestoa), and ventilation sequlramanta are . slower to develop but none-the-lesa aVe being applied as they ere tried, perfected, and approved. Whole sources of asbestos fiber have been eliminated by substitution such os fiberglass betta for asbestos, end fiberglass blankets for smosite. The ventilation, clean-up, packaging, cutting, removal and sducatlooal programs hava all been, end are currently being improved. The results are effective based on current knowledge sod past measurements. Question 03* How are the health hacards controlled? Answer v The whole eebeatoe control program has been developed to reduce the man's exposure. Some of the methods contained In the answers to Questions ; 01 end #2 are elmed at controlling the dust production at its source, eliminate the need for that asbestos product, or removing the dust from * the breathing cons through ventilation. Of course, proper veering of the 'respirator where some of these methods cannot be used Insures minimal exposui The health hacards ere only controlled when each man knows the right way to do things chat reduces dust production, wears the respirator, end applies the techniques he has been taught. . Cooperation of each man will insure minimal exposure if the proper control methods end devices provided are used. 4 A.VJO, a a-p t c ( i 6260/2150 10 Jua 1971 Ouaatlon 04l Hov affective and efficient are the reeplretore wnd nepa^ coveralls In controlling dust? Anaveri Besplratora vara first iaauad to PC&I vorkara lo tha 1950's and vara requirad la tha 1960'a. Tha emphasis on good raapirator selection and mandatory wearing waxed and waned until about 1967 whan strict compliance vaa urged because respiratory protection waa known to effectively reduce exposures. ' L \ In 1960 dust respirators were made mandatory by directive when asbestos products are handled or processed under uncontrolled or poorly ventilated conditions. 81nca poor faco fit, breathing resistance, and comfort ware given as reason for non>compliance, an Industrial Hygiene laboratory teat program was begun to find the best respirators that meet the approval of the U.S. Bureau of Minas test schedules. Four approved types were found that would give FC&I workers a choice. Each of these respirators available in Shop 956 toolroom do moet tha U.S. Bureau of Minaa test schedulas aod effectively capture asbestos fibers when proparly worn. Exposures occur whan workers improperly wear, or do not bother with using the raaplratora under dusty conditions. > The respirator is the only simple effective way to protect individual workers with intermittent exposures and high mobility, where other control measures cannot be applied. Even though usa;?a is not 100%, the Insulators usually wear the respirators during peak dusty conditions. This alone effectively reduces peak intermittent exposures thought to play e large role in lung loading of particles. Tha respirators provide affective filtration of particles and fibers 1 to 100 microns in length, which are most often trapped by the Lungs. On 15 August 1969, a NAVSUIPSYSCMD NOTICE directed that protective coveralls would be worn by ell employees engaged in shipboard rip-out of asbestos, and that coveralls would be removed prior to removal of the respirator to limit exposure. Tha Industrial Hygiene Division found that disposable, plastic impregnated, paper coveralls with rippers were more effective than cotton becausei e. Cotton coveralls had pockets anA edges that collected fibers paper eovaralla do not. b. Workers oftan wear cotton coveralls too long, or shake them out paper coveralls are worn and discarded. c. Cotton coveralls retain fibers stuak into the fabric - tha plastic finish on the paper coveralls reduces tha number of penetrations. 5 1,0036u . MT-PWHD-003984 t 6260/2150 10 Jua 1971 d. Cotton coveralls were sometimes taken home, exposing tba family paper coveralls are treated ae aabeatoa waste. a. Cotton coveralls are expensive and costly to launder - paper coveralls cost about $1.00 each. Uhen the paper coveralls are taped at the sleeves and pants cuffs, the worker Is essentially enclosed, yet the paper garments are permeable to air and do not trap body moisture. The respirators and paper coveralls properly worn provide effective protection for each highly mobile asbestos worker. How effectively they are used depends on the attitude end training of the individual worker. Question What are the changes in work practices and ventllation7 Answert Changes in work practices and ventilation have bean improving for the last 15 years. Some comparatively recent effective changes sra listed In tabular form. a* Changes of work practice ' (1) mandatory wearing of specially selected respirators. (2) mandatory wearing of protective clothing fer rip-out, or other similar operations. (3) place all ecrap on the job in plastic bags. (4) vacuum all fallen asbestos, dust-sweeping is prohibited. (5) vetting down of all asbestos materials for installation or v rip-out. ' (6) bagging pro-fabricated materials assembled in the shop. duet. (7) mixing asbestos mortar on the pier. ^ (8) mix small amounts of asbestos mortar in plastic bag to confine (9) use of plastic or cloth drop cloths to collect debris, (10) cutting asbestos cloth instesd of ripping, which is known to produce high breathing sane du9t levels. 6 *i i c 0 6260/2130 10 Jua 1971 (11) modular assembly of piping aod insulation in tha shop. (12) llmltad rip-out of asbestos in tha shop under ventilated conditions* (13) mandatory good housekeeping at supply points aboard ship or at dockside* (14) dally scrap removal from work areas* (15) controlled storage area in Shop 956 requiring extrema cleanliness, and packaging of asbestos materials. (16) materials are sawed into sections Instead of rip-out with a bar* k medical cast-cutter can be used in some instances for this* (17) containments of plastic to enclose dusty operations, such as submarine piping rip-out. This contains tha dust and debris, and allows positive ventilation control. b. Changes in ventilation prnctico (1) vantilatad downdraft portable tables for mobile work on ships or remote locations. (2) stationary "Torlt" downdraft work stations in the shop. (3) use of containment tents around soma difficult to control areaa, and positive ventilation control. . (4) use of vacuum cleaners exclusively for cleaning. (5) ventilation of band sows, v (6) use of industrial barrel eductors and long 2" hoses for vacuum clean-up aboard auboarines. (7) general ventilation required for all compartment! where rip-out takes place. (8) local exhaust ventilation (suckers) at cutting ox processing , locations. ** While some changes of work practices and ventilation control have bean l known to be effective for some years, compliance was poor. Now the control methods are mandatory and arc part of tha job. ; 0036 - , C / 6260/2130 10 Jua 1971 Question #6t What are the substituted materials? What percantaaa do tliaso substituted materiala represent comaarod to hazardous materials? What hazards are Involved with the substituted materials? Answer! On* effective method of reducing aabaatoa exposura Is to subseltuta It with another material that is not hazardous. Rubber Insulation, aagnasla block insulation, unicellular plastic foam, and fiberglass has reduced the asbestos use rata about 40% in the last five years* In addition, manufacturers have altered their product so that they do not produce aa many "fines," which is responsible for the asbestos fibers of physiological interest (1 to 100 microns in length). The rubber presents little or no haaard for workers, however soma of the adhesive may produce dermatitis if excessive contact occurs* The fiberglass is chemically the same aa the glass in low grade throw-away bottles. Published medical research studies over the past 30 years show fibrous glass to be a biologically inert substance which presents no health risk greater than any other lnnocuoua dust. Fibrous dust however, is a mechanical irritant that may cauaa Itching of the skin on contact, or irritation of the nose, throat, and eyas. Generally, the fibers are just too large to enter the lungs, end if a few do they are biologically lnart. Under no circumstances should fibrous glass exposure be equated with asbestos fiber exposures. V 8 1.0036 ^ \ MT-PWHD-00398 cc rfcoti amhmaon UUM II Mil ft jAftfcf | AKI | A11 *A JOHN WUi UMAftft jAMU U HAll k> J lAlHUkS LUAMU I \ A III Ml IS SC'IIKOI I I K. (iOl.DMAKk & 111 Mil K. . n >40 I | N I H 'll M || | ilM , llllNh A I it| I Mill S M A Mil. WASIHM. lUN Vrtio4 I C il plume i20I > <>J2-*S00 I HOM IINI Ml H luM lM I I Ml I I 4N-IJ7I IMH.f.i AN If M.MMIM.14 LIMA | Ml. l| NNI A I* AI I If Nl II I I IIN..M11 A M II Ml >1 I I M HAMUAMA f SI A SI 1*1 I'AI I A A III | AN IfASIlIJ If ANI LNLI. a I a. Novunlicr 2rj, 19a0 Debra D. Mot an LT, JAGC, USNR Department ut the Navy Puget Sound Naval Shipyard Bremerton, P/' 0uJ 1 4 Code 10 7.1: HUM: nm Dear Lt. Mor.,n; Pursuant to our telephone convorsai i on ut this date I * ni enclosing various materials to assist you in request last summer. As we discussed .V T.. K . \ I. i t} in ,^Ik . A. !. D . . C.A. Miiiun Ti! i nil 11. .1 . h ssrii v0,11 I- u. i ut tiji is tow.iid our FOIA / HL / * ' 1 yt 1 Seem to have the tiiosL^fair.i 1 iar ity with various asbestos surveys anil `tadie:; connected at l*. 3. N . S . , 3rem- erton. In our actions against the various asbestos menu t ucturers (see uttachoc list) it is post vital that we identify which, it not all, of them sup;,; P.S.N.S. or other northwest shipyards wich asbestos bearing productstogether with the years, quantities and typer, involved. I hope the otl enclosures herein will ut least stimulate or tilayer sources of this desired information at or within your disposal. I would he especially uil< i. st<d in procur inn all 11 Asbes t. ,s Source kt-uc generated by P.S.N.S. pe i ii.m 1 . I hay.- tluee pies > < t these- and expect dozens more xist. Lt. Moran, thank yo . very .inch to: yom int. r.-st and concern on this entire matter. KIM/jf te 'j-a-ef'i HOVILA, REPORTER j_'ue4. MT-PWHD-003988 ..'LZ22: ( Marine Pipe Covering and Insulating Shop 56 May 1961 PRODDEPTBREM F4300 (l) Puget Sound Naval Shipyard Bremerton, Washington 13NO-3717 (REV.tO-54) / DATE '-t ~\l-6 M. HOVILA, REPORTER P.S. 037-0 MT-PWHD-003989 cc PRACTICAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIVISION MEDICAL DEPARTMENT PUGET SOUND NAVAL SHIPYARD LECTURE SERIES OUTLINE l April 1965 EXHIBIT WITNESS 17 <;*Z* y DATE ^^ M. HOVILA. REPORTER P.S. 038-001 MT-PWHD-003990 cc PHASE I - INTRODUCTION - D. J. EESSMER 1. PURPOSE OF COURSE A. Field of Industrial Hygiene B. History of Industrial Hygiene C. Trends in Occupational Health D. Scope of Industrial Hygiene Program E. Relationships as a Service Organization F. Services Available and Coordination Requirements 2. COURSE OUTLINE A. Introductory Phase D. J. Bessmer, Director, Industrial Hygiene Division B. Technical Phase C. A. Mangold, Head, Industrial Hygiene Branch T. G. Goldader, Head, Sanitation Branch R. R. Beckett, Industrial Hygienist C. Philosophy of Industrial Health Program 3. DEFINITIONS A. Industrial Hygiene - Industrial Hygienist B. Industrial Health Program Urr~ INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PRO-.'RAM AUTHORITY P.S. 038-002 MT-PWHD-003991 cc PHASE II - TECHNICAL - C. A. MANGOLD, R. R. BECKETT 1. TOXICOLOGY A. Characteristics of Industrial Poisons B. Threshold Limit Values C. Classification of Chemical Agents D. Factors Influencing Toxicity E. Measurement of Tonicity F. Mode of Action of Poisons G. Differential Diagnosis - Role of the Industrial Hygienist H. Preventive Measures (General) (1) Medical Control (2) Working Conditions (3) Engineering Control (4) Education 2. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE A. General Principles of Occupational Environmental Evaluation (1) Recognition of the Problem (a) Field Inspections (b) Surveys of Individual Problems (c) General Surveys (2) Evaluation of Industrial Hygiene Problems (a) Field Sampling 1. Gas 2 P.S. 038-003 MT-PWHD-003992 cc 2. Fume 3^ Mist 4. Dust (b) Levels of Exposure (c) Effectiveness of Control (d) Complaints (e) Research and Statistical (f) Compliance with Regulation (3) Control of Industrial Hazards (a) Control of Source of Toxic Material JL. Local Exhaust Ventilation 2. Wet Method (Paint Spray Booth) 3. Housekeeping (b) Dilution Ventilation (c) Isolation (d) Enclosure (e) Substitution (f) Personal Protective Devices (g) Maintenance of Equipment (h) Education 3 P.S. 038-004 MT-PWHD-003993 cc B. Environmental Hazards Encountered at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. (1) Noise (a) Definitions (b) Physics of Sound (c) The "Decibel" (d) Principles of Perception (c) Noise Hazardous Areas (f) Hearing Loss Experience (g) Instrumentation (2) RF Radiation (a) Microwave - Magnetic Radiation (b) Physics of RF Radiation (c) Permissible Exposures (d) Field Experience (e) Instrumentation (3) Ultra-Violet; Infra-Red Radiation (a) Physical Description (b) Biological Effects (c) Occupational Exposures (4) Illumination (a) Lighting Efficiency (b) Instrumentation (c) Industrial Experience 4 P.S. 038-005 MT-PWHD-003994 cc (5) Heat Stress (a) Heat Stress vs. Efficiency (b) Heat Stress Problems at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard (6) Vibration (a) Physiological Response (b) Types of Vibratory Equipment (c) Locations of Occupations (7) Abnormal Atmospheric Pressure (a) Reduced Pressure (b) Increased Pressures (c) Biological Effects C. Mineral Dust (1) Pneumoconiosis (2) Crystalline Quartz (3) Amorphous Silica (4) Silicates (less than 170 crystalline silica) (5) Asbestos (6) Fiberglass (7) PhysLological Response D. Chemical Environmental Hazards Encountered at PSNS 5 P*S* 038-006 A VIT i--\\ a n ii^ cc (1) Acids (a) Definition (b) Sulfuric Acid (H2S04) (c) Hydrochloric (HC1) (d) Hydrofluoric (HF) (e) Occupations Exposed (2) Alkaline Material (a) Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) (b) Ammonium Hydroxide (NH40H) (c) Sodium Carbonate (NA2CO3) (d) Trisodium Phosphate (NA3PO4) (e) Sodium Silicate (NA2Si03) (f) Occupations Exposed (3) Arsenic (a) Arsine (ASH3) (b) Arsenic Compounds (c) Organic Arsenic Compounds (d) Locations and Occupations Exposed (4) Selenium and Tellurium (a) Hydrogen Selenide - Hydrogen Ielluride (b) Selenium Compounds (c) Tellurium Compounds (d) Toxic Response 6 P.S. 038-007 MT-PWHD-003996 cc (5) Sulfur Compounds (a) Sulfur Dioxide (S02) (b) Sulfur Trioxide (SO^) (c) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) (d) Carbon Disulfide (CS2) (e) General Physiological Response (6) Ozone (O3) (7) Nitrogen Dioxide (N02) (8) Carbon Monoxide (CO) (9) Phosgene (COCI2) (10) Metallic Lead (a) Toxicology (b) Location and Use (c) Industrial Experience (d) Medical Control (11) Beryllium (12) Cadmium (a) Toxicology (b) Use (c) Types of Exposure 7 P.S. 038-008 MT-PWHD-003997 c( (13) Chromium and Chromic Acid (14) Cobalt (15) Iron and Iron Oxides (16) Manganese and its Compounds (17) Mercury (18) Nickel and Nickel Carbonyl (19) Vanadium (20) Zinc and Zinc Oxide (a) Typical Exposures (b) Physiological Response (metal fume fever) (c) Occupations Exposed E. Organic Chemical Hazards. (1) Gases (a) Combustible Organics _1. Me thane 2. Propane 3. Act tylene 4. Natural Gas 5. MAPP Gas 8 P.S. 038-009 MT-PWHD-003998 cc (b) Non-Combustible Freons JL. Discussion of Structure 2. Toxicology 3^ Use and Location 4. Experience a. Welding - Phosgene Gas Potential Suffocation c. Frostbite Potentialities (2) Solvents (a) Paint and General Solvents JL. Petroleum Benzine - Ligroin Petroleum Ether - Ligroin 2. Petroleum Naphtha _3. Stoddard Solvent 4. Terpentine _5. Benzene 6. Toluene 1_. Xylene _8. Styrene (b) Alcohols _1. Me th ano 1 2. Ethyl Alcohol 3. Isopropyl Alcohol 4. Butyl Alcohol 9 P.S. 038-010 MT-PWHD-003999 ( (c) Giyccls and Derivatives _1. Ethylene Glycol (antifreeze) 2. Dioxane Cellosolve Ethyl Cellosolve Butyl Cellosolve (d) Ketones _1. Acetone 2. Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK) (e) Halogenated Hydrocarbons _1. General Toxicology and Use 2. Methyl Chloride Gas ^3. Methyl Bromide Gas 4. Methylene Chloride J5. Chloroform 6. Carbon Tetrachloride 7. Methyl Chloroform J3. Vinyl Chloride 9[. Vinyl id Lne Chloride 10. Trichloroethylene 11. Tetrachloroethylene 12. Chlorinated Diphenyls Chlorinated Naphthalenes 10 P.S. 038-011 MT-PWHD-004000 c( (f) Cleaners and Preservatives JL. Phenols 2. Cresols 2_. Creosote 4. Pentachlorophenol Cg) Synthetic Resins and Paints J-. General Discussion 2. Epoxy Resins 3. Polyester Resins 4. Polyure thane _5. Vinyl Chloride Vinylidene Chloride (SARAN) 6. Teflon ]_. Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins 8. General Discussion of: _a. Effects of Amines on Man t>. Past Experience with Plastics (h) Insec ticides/Roden ticides/Herbicides l. ,,'se and Location 2. loxicology 3. Exper lent, e 4. DDT 5. Chlordane 11 P.S. 03R-012 MT-PWHD-004001 .6 Nicotine 7. 2,4-D " 2,4,5-T (i) Organic Phosphates _I. Use and Location 2. Toxicology _3. Experience 4. Typical Compounds j. Phosphate Esters j). Malachion _c. Parathion ji. Diazinon e. Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate (TEPP) Occupational Dermatoses (1) Principle Factors of Action of External Irritants (2) Actual Causes of Occupational Dermatitis (a) Mechanical Irritants Friction 2. Pressure 3^ Trauma (b) Physical _1. Heat, Cold 2. Radiation 12 P.S. 038-013 MT-PWHD-004002 (c (c) Chemical _1. Primary Skin Irritant 2. Sensitizer 3.. Photosensitizer (d) Biologic Dermatitis (3) Occupational Cancer (a) Types of Occupations Likely to Develop Cancer _1. Soot - Flue Ash 2. Coal Tar Derivatives 3_. Petroleum Derivatives 4. Aniline and Dyes (4) Occupations at PSNS Likely to Develop Occupational Dermatitis (a) Rubber Worker (Shop 31) (b) Plastic Worker (Shops 56,17,71,64,10) (c) Platers, Acid Workers (Shops 56,51P) (d) Adhesive Applications (Shops 64,71,56) (e) Solvent Handlers (Shop 71) (5) Prevention of Occupational Dermatitis (a) Interrogation (b) Pre-employment Physical Exam. (c) Ventilation 13 P.S. 038-014 MT-PWHD-004003 c (d) Protective Clothing (e) Cleanliness (f) Protective Creams (g) Change of Work Practices 3. SANITATION - T. C-. GOLDADER A. Objective of Branch E. Food Service C. Methods cf Inspection D. Handling Complaints E. Tests Performed PHASE III - D. J. BESSMER 1. PHILOSOPHY OF INDUSTRIAL HEALTH PROGRAM 2. CONCL'.SIoN ( 14 P.S. 038-015 MT-PWHD-004004 { iijvw iU`uT^ r*r---wc^-Lrv*T*** *H,ICAL DSFAF.TL'XITT FUGS? SCUI3 UAVAL SHIFTED T^^CI Carl A. I-ar.gold, Industrial Hygienist Occupational Exposures of Pips ^ovcrsrs and Insulators, a summary 1. ^^^tosis^ Mien airborne asbestos fibers are inhaled as dusts, the fibers retained in the lung nay act as an irritant. An inflammatory process occurs ireond it leading to a fibrosis. The protein film that soon cov rs the fiber keeps it from provoking a foreign body reaction. After some years the protein covering ;uay break, or dissolve. This way occur several tinesper fiber during the lifetime of the individual. The tissue around the asbestos body then shews typical signs of fibrosis. In some instances carcinoma. of the lung (mesothelioma), a:ul ^ r A c. 0 a that.neoplasiajis associated with asbvstosis. Accent literature indicates that (Am***U bensppyrene in the fibers of asbcstosjfc <5xon Africa may be the causative agent leading to a higher incidence of lung carcinoma among African a'b -stosis workers. a. Aruphibole Group: (1) Actinolite (2) Amosite (3) Anphibole (generally fUm Scuth Africa --encell.at blanket inculr (magnesium. Iron Silicat-e) (i) anthophyllite (5) Crocidolite -- v c^'-vc (6) trenclite (Ti* i Of > r^) b. Terpentine Group / 7} c" / ^ .//* FEXHIBIT'-' * , WITNESS & h'rc4 ' 1 DATE M. HOVILA, REPORTER \f *+> ) :hyotile (3:.gC.25i02.2H^0) (T..Uc of ccim.-rcbal a :ceis ir. UGA and comes*':roc Cansga -- good for asbestos cloth) rCAI h'orl: Tiotribution X-5o i T "Gil work is dene in the shoo JW]/ c- i" i .cr. is destined Puget Sound Naval Shipyard Bremerton, Washington 13NO PSNS 5400/3 (R.*. EXHpn. fXt DA:r M. HOVILA, REPORTER P.S. 044-001 MT-PWHD-004006 PULMONARY X-RAY CHANGES IN SHIPYARD PRODUCTION TRADES INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIVISION MEDICAL DEPARTMENT PUGET SOOTH) NAVAL SHIPYARD MARCH, 1968 Prepared by: R. R. BECKETT Industrial Hygienist jcnes Laboratory Technician Reviewed by: C. A. MANGOLD Head, Industrial Hygiene Bra- P.S. 044-002 MT-PWHD-004007 (c INTRCDPCTIOH The Industrial Hyglena Branch In cooperation with Or. Frank, Physical Cualllicatlons Broach, detarmlaed tha pulmonary abnonaalitiao among workers in Shipyard production trades. This information was intended for guidance in evaluating potentially hazardous occupational exposures. INVESTIGATION Each year shipyard workers likely to be exposed to lung hazardous conditions are required to have a 14 x 17 inch chest X-ray. All other workers are given a 70mn cheat X-ray(1). Tha Physical Qualifications Branch examines thase X-rays and reports the findings on e radiographic report (Figure I) for the worker's medical record. The individual's work history is not always available when the X-ray films are interpreted. Between July, 1965 and January, 1963 all radiographic reports of pulmonary abnormalities were referred to the Industrial Hygiene Branch for cataloging. The trade, age, and years of service at PSN5 were obtained from each medical rocord. The total number of men in each trade was determined from the Daily Personnel Distribution Reports (FSNS 12280-4). From these figures the number diagnosed pulmonary abnormalities in each trade was calculated. Results are given la Table I. Because tha pipe eoverers and insulators work group had the highest number of pulmonary abnormalities compared to other tTades, their work history vac further investigated. Table II gives the age, date when hired, the time Interval between employment and first X-ray indications of pulmonary abnormalities, and the total years in pipe covering and insulating work at ?SHS. Table IV shows the distribution of pulmonary findings vs yeers employed as asbestos workers for the entire work group. CONCLUSIONS This survey shows that pipe eoverers and insulators and boilermakers have significantly more diagnosed pulmonary abnonaalitiao- chan closely associated trades such as pipefitters, valdera, and shipZitters, according to X-rcy findings. Both trades work with materials known to cause pulmonary fibrosis (i.c. asbestos and silica). Employee Number 7 (Table III) had lung surgery which revealed asbestosis. The 21.ST diagnosed pulmonary abnormalities found in pipe eoverers and insulators as a work group compares with 257. found in the San Francisco Bay area in a recent survey oZ pipe eoverers and insulators by Balzer^*-'. These findings suggests that the occurrence of pulmonary abnormalities in boilermakers and pipe eoverers and Insulators are ccu3cd by occupational exposure. Table IV shows that pipe eoverers and insulator workers with over IS years exposure have a higher occurrence of diagnosed pulmonary abnormalities. P.S. 044-003 MT-PWHD-004008 ri c ma&mnm 1. The cataloging of radiographic reports of pulaouary abaorualltles should eoutlane, to dotandao tbo variation la rates of pulaooary abaofalitiaa by trade over extended periods. 1. The m of haaardooa naterlals by bolleraakers aad pipe coverars and insulators ihoaU be sdadlad to batter define occupational exposure. 3. The duration of exposure and ago should be compared to the first noticeable X-ray changes. 4. A caaperlsou study of fiber coants, uanbrano filter, and laplogor nechods should be conducted. The purpoae la to uake data collected previously couparable to present and future dust ssapling* ggQKBKMflgS 1. mmFTOSt 6260. ID subj: Hazardous Duty Physical Exaainatioos, of 28 Oct 1965. 2. Belter, "Industrial Hygiaua for Insolation Workers," Journal of Occupational Medicine. Yol. 10, Ho. 1, January 1966. 3. "Asbestos," Hrtlenlc Quids Sorias. Asatrlcsn Industrial Hygiene Association, 1958. 2 P.S. 044-004 MT-PWHD-00400S cf ASBESTOS EXPOSURE AMD PULMONARY X-RAY CHANGES TO PIPE COVERERS AND INSULATORS AT PUGET SOUND NAVAL SHIPYARD * C. A. MANGOLD, R. R. BECKETT, D. J. BESSMER Industrial Hygiene Division Puget Sound Naval Shipyard Bremerton, Washington August 1968 !0 EXHIBIT WITNESS 7 DATE w ' >2 " , IV1. hovila, reporter p.s. 054-001 MT-PWHD-004010 (c ABSTRACT. A 2-1/2 year comparison of chest X-rays of 6571 production workers and 420 clerical workers at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard show that Pipe Coverers and Insulators handling asbestos have 21.27. diagnosed pulmonary abnormalities as a group compared to the next highest incidence of 3.57, for boilermakers, with some asbestos and silica exposure, and less than 17. for clerical workers, with no known asbestos exposure. Exposure patterns suggest that the current TLV of 5 rag/l-r for asbestos may be too high. 1. INTRODUCTION. Numerous authors describe many case of asbestosis and the increased risk of lung cancer for Insulation workers with regular exposure to asbestos or asbestos-containing materials (1,2,3,4,5,12,13,14). Fleischer (1) found few cases in 1946 of asbestosis among insulation workers in Eastern Navy Shipyards and minimized the potential hazard because dust levels were below the threshold limit value. Asbestos exposures to insulation workers during ship overhaul at Long Beach Naval Shipyard were evaluated in 1965 by Marr (4) showing asbestosis remains a serious occupational disease at Naval shipyards. Nearly all of Marr's work was done with the Bausch and Loud) Dust Counter. Balzer (7,8) reported in 1968 that insulation workers in the San Francisco Bay area were exposed to overall environmental dust counts near the threshold limit value; however, definite radiologic lung changes were observed in the asbestos union population. Approximately 257. of the men with over 20 years work experience and a 457. time weighted exposure displayed radiologic lung changes. His studies however, did not include Naval shipyards. Cooper (6) and Balzer (7,8) point out that the midget impinger sampling used in determining dust concentrations includes all dust, and the asbestos dust that is counted is mainly grains although some fibers are included. Lynch and Ayers (9) have suggested that the 5 mppcf threshold limit value is no longer a good measure of asbestos exposure, because short asbestos fibers are largely below the resolving power of light field microscopy. Cralley et al (14) has suggested that asbestos fibers act as carriers for carcinogenic metals or other substances. 2. STUDY 3ASIS. At Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, a 2-1/2 year study was begun in 1965 to compare the chest X-ray findings and the environment of 104 insulation workers with 6571 production and 420 clerical workers. Asbestos exposures have been periodically evaluated by midget impinger sampling and counted by light field microscopy since 1956 (10,11). The same methods were used in this study to compare data collected over the past 12 years. 1 P.S. 054-003 MT-PWHD-004011 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIVISION MEDICAL DEPARTMENT PUGET SOUND NAVAL SHIPYARD June 1969 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS OF ASBESTOS ASBESTOS DUST Pipe Coverers and Insulators handling, sawing, cutting, or ripping out asbestos or asbestos-containing materials often produce considerable amounts of very fine airborne dusts in the work area. The larger particles fall rapidly, but the tiny unseen fibers may remain suspended in air for many hours. These tiny asbestos fibers have an average diameter of 0.1 to 100 microns (a micron is 39 millionths of an inch). Unfortunately, particles of this size range are small enough to enter the lungs easily. Some of the airborne dusts and asbestos fibers are trapped in the lungs and' provoke an irritating action, but most of the fibers are eliminatedi by the lymphatic system and lungs. An inflammatory process occurs around the trapped fibers causing a type of lung damage called pulmonary fibrosis, and in the case of asbestos--asbestosis. EXPOSURE PATTERN The amount of pulmonary fibrosis provoked in the lungs by asbestos fibers is proportional to the amount of dust breathed daily and the number of years of exposure. Continued exposure at high concentration hastens the amount of lung damage which may be produced. Exposure to small amounts of asbestos fibers does not imply Chat asbestosls will develop. The disease develops very slowly, and at a race proportional to the exposure, so chat careful PC&I personnel can limit their exposures and work a lifetime wichouc adverse effect Co cheir health. During low exposure, some unnoticeable lung damage may occur which will not significantly change the health and vigor of the worker. The workmen actually are the only ones who can effectively limit their exposures by using better tools and work methods, correct venti lation, and safe work practices, and the provided respirators. This is a lifetime goal for each insulator--to minimize his exposure and the exposure of others to airborne asbestos fibers. DUST RESPIRATORS ' The best dust respirators available are selected specifically for PC&I workers to give good face fit, lowest breathing resistance, and good visibility. While the respirators are uncomfortable to some, they EXHIBIT p j WITNESS bra'T^-\ DATE * M. HOVIA REPORTER P.S. 074- MT-PWHD-004012 are the best to be found today. Some respira'tors on the market claimed effective fail the protective tests when put to use. The respirators provided will effectively filter about 9071 of the particles that will lodge in the lungs and cause irritation (no respirator is 100% effective). The respirator must be worn religiously, since the invisible particles remain in the workers' breathing zone for hours and must be prevented from reaching the lungs. Wearing the respirator only when the supervisor is around fools only the worker, and putting on the respirator only when dusty conditions are created only prevents peak exposures. "Respirators must be worn while working with asbestos or asbestos products aboard ship or in certain shop areas to adequately protect workers," is a mandatory requirement established by Shop 956 and the Medical Department. CHANGE OF WORK PRACTICES Workers can do much to reduce the asbestos dust and fiber production by using work practices that produce less dust. If the asbestos fibers cannot become airborne, then inhalation of particles will not occur. Some of the methods to reduce asbestos dust and fiber production are: 1. Enclose dusty cutting operations and ventilate the process when ever possible. ' 2. Throw the brooms away and use vacuum cleaners liberally. Brooms create too much airborne dust, thus increasing the exposure. 3. Wet any and all asbestos materials whenever possible, because wetting reduces the amount of dust produced by 50-60%. 4. Substitute fiberglass for amosite blanket whenever possible. Fiberglass is not hazardous to the lungs, but amosite is 95% asbestos! 5. Place scraps in polyethylene bags and seal them. Don't use burlap bags because the fine particle's filter through the cloth. 6. Use drop cloths under your work whenever possible- to catch scraps. Falling and accumulated scrap account for much of the airborne fibers in the breathing zone of workers. 7. Position cutting tables out of the line of traffic. 8. Do not throw or break materials in small compartments. Carry the materials in plastic bags or boxes, and saw the materials under well-ventilated conditions to minimize.exposures. 2 P.S. 074-C MT-PWHD-004013 9. Use good local exhaust ventilation for cutting, ripout, and sawing, and insure that the exhausted air is piped outside the ship. 10. Do not rip cloth since ripping produces high concentrations of asbestos fibers directly in the breathing zone. 11. Use ventilated containment tents of plastic, when available, to limit the spread of asbestos dust. ENGINEERING CONTROL METHODS Engineering control methods are expensive and often require a trial period to prove their worth. Some of the control methods that are re ceiving continual evaluation are: 1. Ventilation controls and methods to minimize accumulation of asbestos dust and fibers in the workers' environment. 2. Substitution of suitable materials for asbestos, especially those products containing a high percentage of asbestos fibers. 3. Prefabrication cutting and modular assembly in the shop and at the pier. 4. Materials control and packaging for delivery to the ships. 5. Portable ventilation techniques, tools, and cutting tables. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING The Industrial Hygiene Division, Medical Department, periodically monitors the working environment of PC&I workers to evaluate exposures and recommend control methods. \ 3 P.S . 074-r MT-PWHD-004014 RECOMMENDATION FOR SPECIAL ACH. IAVSO i:i50/S (ICV. A*TO)/ VN.0I04.42.MI V MENT AWARO (. TO: tncantivo Ard Offle* (tot: CtMl 4SI) PAU, 4 April 1972 / reeemmend that ammrd conaideration bo given (or the apeciai achievement herein deacribad which woa aa (armed if the employee. or group o( employaea named helow. ' p9' KCitMaHt It E. W. McBRATNEY, M.D. jlOllHO* 9t Hi*.) AMO NAME Qt ACTIVlfV t Medical Director, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard CJRLOVEC : I.Nif, firil, II.1.; or Poyrol 1 Xo. aad ill Xftor i ty Xumtor) post tion (Shop, Dept, er Die.) GAAOC ANNUAL ASK AAV Carl A. Mangold Supervisory Industrial Hygienist GS-12 $18,511 . . * .' * *. ' *, (4lfrfc Iiji for oiddiiiamaI tofloyrtt) 1. BASIS FOR AWARO RECOMMCNOAfION 0 1UR(*IM aomvflMNT M RfOWNKCW*JS*TTA*IlMMCCi9 )vrttOO pa moo eKitnvie*ci r ________________________________________________________________________i. estimate OF QCNEFITS OAf f( SI Of ACMUVCMCN1 July 1965 - April 1972 A. tf.TAHGiBI.1 8CNCMTS: PA ,tTV OD >weeovee mmeo (xJ-aac. [X] Healtl VALUC exUNT or AW.ICATION ' curt D""' mtSTaOT IU (IftMOCO MION (CIMIOIAA ocnfMi . TANGIBLE BENEFITS I to tobl* brlom ?<# tabor itvingt or orraof rati.) ITEM LABOM uri*M*s. PC* OOCLAAS P. C* . TOTAL UNITS PC* MATERIAL . COST IC* UMr TOTAL TOTAL (Leber end eattnel t) FORMER MCTMOO s '' 1 ' .* $ * '' t NEW mcthoo * SAV ISCS (SEE REVERSE) 1. Df iS: pTiJ?s J` ACMiivi^tni; (|A* *< *ef i l#n|ifcj iai tfteald iavi fst tk* tmriuj** rae**d#d /* Mr. Mangold helped to accurately Identify the asbestos exposure problems at PS1IS and set about a vigorous'control program that was compatable to both management and labor.Consequently, PSHS has been cited as having an exemplory asbestos control program that has drawn national attention, and has been used as a model for private industry and other Naval shipyards. Since 1965, he has continually provided momentu and unique innovative techniques that have improved and shaped the asbestos control program at PS1-TS. His expertise in asbestos control was applied to development of the current NAVSHIP INSTRUCTION 5100.26, "Asbestos, Control of." The prevention of 'potential' claims due to asbestos exposure is immeasurable. MT-PWHD-004015 , - r; DUTIES. He is a Supervisory Industrial Hygienist required to evaluate occupational and environmental hazards. PERFORMANCE. The asbestos control program developed by Mr. Mangold was done so in a superior manner over an extended period in the face of considerable opposition. The current program stands as a model for all . other shipyards to follow. His vision, tenacity, and diligence were responsible for development of such an excellent, program that is so widely accepted. ' .. ' SUPERIOR ACHIEVEMENT. Mr. Mangold recognized the potential impact of current asbestos exposures about 1965, and set about a sustained program for reduction of exposures, elimination or substitution of 'asbestos products, and changes of work practices to those that create less exposure. e . . Shortly thereafter, the U.S. Navy was severely criticized by medical researchers who charged that exposures were uncontrolled. Mr. Mangold's efforts and techniques were used to 3tand as evidence to refute such allegations. The program became well known and drew scientists from NAVSHIPS, BUMED, other Naval Shipyards, and private Industry. As a result, his expertise was used to represent the U.S. Navy through BUMED at a symposium on asbestos control, that was Instrumental in setting guidelines for asbestos control and allowable exposure criteria for the shipbuilding industry. These achievements have brought great credit to PSNS, the U.S. Navy, and developed a new state of the art for asbestos control for others to follow. 2.B. Cont'd. The actual cost savings over the period from 1965 to 1972 are extremely difficult to estimate because it deals in prevention and reduction. Based on the difficulties of other Naval activities and claims posture, it is agreed that the cost savings are substantial. / P.S. 130-003 MT-PWHD-004016