Document NGLnnQgxOer5yLa1j480YZjxE

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1941 Oct DOC#: NSC069 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of the NSC - 30th National Safety Congress - Part 1 P -N S C -1O TRANSACTIONS 30 th NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS . ~ T rh \s c ~ i/ * f (. f.' '.-I GENERAL SUBJECT AND IN D U STR IA L SESSIONS CHICAGO O C T O B E R 6-10, 1941 - J y / / x~; NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, INC. 20 North W acker Drive, Chicago Copyright, 1941, National Safety Council, Ire. Printed in the U. S. A. 1420377 C ontents ja.Con- f' ouns the o S esflY a ffHom e A trial fjnem4e sesCpuncil s* jgeous junen, ganiain in o f. ,a * r the vi xeed' pur- II tsions npha- fseful- ':ven- fwhat , are is to -nent 7 to ;pon- itter ?ers. x Council O fficers.................................................................. 4 Make Profitable Use of These Transactions.................. 9 Council Purposes and Program........................................ 11 Annual Meeting of Members............................. 13 Congress Banquet ............................................................ 29 Subject Sessions-- Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors............................ 35 Electric W eld in g ........................................................ 49 E lev a to rs...................................................................... 55 Fire Control and Prevention....................... 65 Fundamental Causes of Accidents.......................... 77 Governmental Safety Service in Industry.............. 97 Human Engineering and Safety...............................117 Industrial H ea lth ............ (.......................................... 145 Industrial Nursing ................................;. 159 . Maintaining Safety Interest in Defense Industries 181 Sabotage Prevention ................................................... 195 Safety Engineering Exchange.......... ........................207 . Safety Organization and Program.......................... 219 Safety T rain in g...........................................................235 Industrial Section Sessions-- Aeronautical S ection ...................................................253 ASSE--Engineering Section .................................. 263 Automotive and Machine Shop Section...................269 Cement and Quarry Section............................ *,... .287 Chemical S ectio n ................................ 301 Construction S ection .................. 325 Food S ection .................................................................339 Marine S ection .............................................................369 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries S e c tio n ...............................................425 Metals S e c tio n .............................................................435 Mining S ection .............................................................477 Paper and Pulp Section...............................................505 Petroleum S ectio n .......................................................563 Power Press Section...................................................587 Public Utilities Section...............................................599 Refrigeration Section .................................................625 Rubber Section ...........................................................635 Steam Railroad Section...............................................655 Textile S ectio n .............................................................675 Wood Products Section...............................................691 Exposition Exhibitors .......................................................719 Index ................................................... 725 on was a plQ il Safety Coup, assigned to st, also partook' a plea for as* that has beta", m that has bear, coming, we set\ king at its bestnaples of unity* dence in unity"; ;reatest and the" evolved on the" :ion which, with* : after the blot; d forever from n the threat of iew mad minds^ an absolute and? Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 9, 1941 'W:- : - SSib-.v - Methods of Combating Industrial Health Hazards A Symposium Pfinding: Walter S. P aine, Manager, Engineering & Inspection Department, Aetna ^Casualty & Surety Company, Hartford, Conn, and Vice-President for Industrial Safety, ational Safety Council. Ventilation and Exhaust Equipment e.? B y G O R D O N C. H A R R O LD , Ph. D . ilndustrial H ygiene Laboratories, Medical Department, Chrysler Corporation, Detroit 'iS .It`is difficult to give details on the many ;phases of ventilation and exhaust equipment which are applicable to the problems of pro tecting the workers' health. ' Some general principles of every day usage can be covered however, as well as specific cases. Thus for gases, less pipe velocities are needed than for fumes, mists or dusts. The lower specific gravity of gases leads to various modifications for their handling. Carbon monoxide gas which is slightly light er than air could be taken upward. However, when mixed with automobile exhaust gas the apparent specific gravity of the mixture is -raised so that it is much more feasible to remove the gas by means of staggered floor grills. Even more important than specific gravity is the temperature of the gas mass as increased temperature causes the heated air to .rise. For this reason numerous exhaust systems are built without forced draft and are suit- * particularly in smoke removal where 'gh toxicity is not encountered. Gases such hydrogen chloride or hydrogen cyanide are of such toxicity that a totally enclosed hood with up-draft exhaust is preferable. The factors of concentration and relative toxicity play an important part in the choice of exhaust systems. Of further interest is the question of whether any cumulative poisons or those leading to chronic illness may be present The older up-draft exhaust systems have in many cases been replaced with back or side draft ventilation even for gases lighter than air because of the danger of carrying the hazardous material through the breathing zone of the worker. Only in such cases as result from the gas being gen erated above the breathing zone of the worker should canopy and other types of overhead hoods be used. A combination of back and up-draft will take care of all such situations and should a canopy be open on all sides a solid partition can usually be built in the center of the operation to pro vide a back wail for both sides of the ex hausted operation. Liquids which give off vapors or mists are both simpler and more difficult to treat. Since the liquid is usually confined in a tank, the focal source only need be considered to pre- 35 36 30th National Safety Congress vent local spreading of the contaminant. The difficulty comes in devising simple and inex tanks. Also of interest is an efficient man! Cloth or bag r. fold system to deliver equal quantities of particles but the pensive systems which will not interfere with to all parts of the slot. Silverman has shov^ Electrical preci: the worker. Recent tank studies have shown that ventilation requirements vary with jbe 1^ s often tc a number of facts which either have not been generally understood or have not had experi physical characteristics of the liquid sij^ maintain. stance in the tank. Thus in one instance mental proof offered to substantiate the be shows that flange slots increase efficient The velocity i lief of individual experimenters. with decreasing depth of liquid but that higi. Efficient to prev It seems necessary to caution against care ly volatile liquids will be lost through e& trainm ent and evaporation so that the depth pay be as high ; of lead dust. S wasteful and res less use of formulae. Thus the formula de- would have to be increased for efficient op. veloped by Brandt seems to indicate that as eration with such substances. the system shorn the tank becomes wider the amount of venti pate the need f. lation required per unit becomes less. The A case of this kind is thoroughly discussal distances to colic author points out that the work of Battista, by W itheridge et al in regard to the vei sections of pipe i !i:i | ' H atch and Greenberg proves that increased tilation of trichiorethylene degreasers. They in this- endeavor '!!r. width results in increased power losses showed that vertical slot ventilation causal pipe are joined and inefficient operation. Silverman empha the lowest solvent loss increase but was leas angle should be ; sizes the importance of flanges which in efficient in reducing solvent exposures. -JJ crease tank velocities from 20 to 33 percent. round hole system caused the highest solvent A corollary of W hen the height of the flange is equal to the Joss increase and required approximately the exhaust hooc width of the tank the ventilation requirement twice as much power as the horizontal ski able to the sour is reduced 20 percent. While this is not al type to reduce solvent exposures to 100 p.pjj ideal would lead ways practical it is shown through his cal The maximum solvent loss increase d u e S jiiuce openings to culation that maximum efficiencies are ob ventilation during continuous use of this de- 4'tbe resultant fa tained as the flange angles are increased and greaser was 2 gallons per 9-hour day orvff higher. that the ideal situation is found when a com gallons per square foot of tank area per 100J i O i t e n gases a; pletely closed hood may be used. - - hours' operation. No significant relation be '^gether and usual! tween ventilation rate and solvent loss v S -meats is set by t . _ The width of slot openings is not very shown. ilhe pipes from p! im portant where we have flanges. This is not true of unflanged hoods where the reduc A ventilation rate of 615 c.f.m. around the. >as in foundry oper tion of slot width will give lower velocities 20' perimeter of the tank using the horizons! resorted to in or at the remote corners. As shown by Dalla slot or round hole system reduced the average dust Then a s Valle and Brandt, the slot velocity exerts trichiorethylene concentrations in the open keeps dust from % rapidly decreasing influence as the distance. ator's breathing zone from a maximum of Welding of vu from the face of the exhaust hood increases, and that two slotted openings, one on each 400 p.p.m. without ventilation to below 100 fume, fumes from p.p.m. The vertical slot system required a nitrogen dioxide : side of the tank, are more efficient than the ventilation rate of 1400 c.f.m. to accomplish apparently is onl; one slot due to the higher velocity obtainable the same result manganese, fluoric a t the most remote part of the tank from the exhaust slots. It is pointed out in nearly all Dust welding flux are are harmful when these papers that disturbances of work opera tions, extraneous air currents, and vapor turbulence must be overcome by a sufficiently high velocity at the most remote portion of the tank. F o r this reason, the formulas are not a true criterion unless all outside condi tions are evaluated. When solids in the form of dust must be removed, considerable attention must be giv en to the collector system, the velocities in the pipes, and the design of the piping sys tem. In addition, the face of the exhaust hood should be so designed as to be close to the source of dust generated. Work performe- tories indicated th be harmful in o[ coated rods were spaces, dangerous gases and fumes c-. types of exhaust : I t was pointed out that with flanged slots, decreasing the depth of the liquid below the slot reduced the air required by about 15 to 1. W hile great emphasis is now being laid on wet collector systems it should be under stood that such systems will not remove large The most commo; attached to flexibi face of the hood rr. w r 1" 20 percent T his is probably due to decreased ' turbulence as an unfianged hood is not af- feettd by the depth of liquid. It is also point ed out that a single long tank suitably par amounts of the dust sizes which - g m i'v 'im ity -ta-llir smik. cant from the health standpoint. Cyclones, unless of the micro variety, which will not handle the larger volumes of air often en floor grills to hooc adapted to the kit to be welded. titioned is more efficient than several small countered, suffer from the same handicap In closed tanks, Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 37 ' noth or bag filters will collect these small unities of ijr .tn has show,, articles *>ul the 'nainwnant:e costs are high. . Electrical precipitation is also very efficient ary with the but is often too expensive to install and : liquid sub. e instance h{ tse efficiency ;ut that high, through enl" -.at the depth efficient op." . f Jy discussed to the via- maintain. The velocity of air in the pipes should be sufficient to prevent deposition. This velocity roay be as high as 4500 linear feet in the case of lead dust. Since too great a velocity is wasteful and results in excessive pipe losses tho system should be so designed as to elim inate the need for excessive velocity. Short distances to collectors, coupled with straight sections of pipe with no sharp bends, are aids .asers. They ... in this endeavor. When sections of branch ation caused out was least tposures. ' jhest solvent iproxiraately rizontal slot to 100 p.pua. -ease due to : of this def r day ordl pipe are joined to a main pipe the joining mgle should be 30 degrees or less. corollary of Dalla Valles work is that the exhaust hood should be as close as pos sible to the source of dust formation. The deal would lead to a total enclosure to re duce openings to a minimum and thus cause the resultant face velocities to be much 'higher. area per 101) -Tf' Often gases and fumes are collected to- relation bit-, Sgetber and usually the limit of air require- nt loss W Jments is set by the velocity needed to keep ijthe pipes from plugging up. In some cases . around tE! 'ff" ' n operation, back draft exhaust is -.e h o r --S S 14'resorted to in order to collect the airborne " the v"ge -^dust Then a separate downdraft system th<- -peg keeps dust from getting into the air. aximum iffl 'l Welding of various kinds produces iron a below 1M fume, fumes from the flux and gases such as required J nitrogen dioxide and ozone. The iron fume accomplish apparently is only a nuisance dust but the manganese, fluorides, etc. resulting from the welding flux are harmful. The gases noted are harmful when in sufficient concentration. JSt must be ust be ghclocities is piping syshe exhaust be close tj> .i* being laid i be under move large are signifi1 Cyclones, h will not oft handicap Work performed in the Chrysler Labora tories indicated that this situation would not be harmful in open spaces unless heavily coated rods were used. In tanks and closed spaces, dangerous concentrations of both gases and fumes could be predicted. Various types of exhaust systems have been devised. The most common one depends on a hood attached to flexible metal pipe so that the face of the hood may be placed in near prox imity to the work. Other types range from floor grills to hood canopies, each type being adapted to the kind and size of the pieces -------- In closed tanks, the "Airbooster" as made by M.S.A. provides a means of readily ex hausting air from each tank or closed space, or if desired, a large volume of air at rela tively low velocity may be introduced into the dosed space. These units are portable and provide a good answer to jobs which change or move about frequently. Personal Protection Another means of providing safety when toxic substances are present is the use of individual air supplied hoods either open about the eyes or closed depending on the effidency desired. In paint operations, the open type is satisfactory and vision is not obstructed while for more rigid control with more toxic substances the dosed eyepiece type is more desirable. The numerous res pirator, canister, and self contained breath ing types, need no mention here except th at the purpose they serve is well understood. Light Metals A new/problem is now confronting safety and ventilation engineers in the growing use of magnesium and aluminum alloys. These metals are in themselves non-toxic--so much s o ' that wounds inflicted by sharp articles will become infected much easier than those inflicted by heavy metals. They are haz ardous in finely divided form due to the fire and explosion hazard. The various hazards and precautionary measures are receiving attention in various periodicals but we wish to emphasize certain aspects relating to ex haust and ventilation systems. Ordinary type dust collectors should not be used for removing magnesum or aluminum dust. A special dust collecting system which utilizes a water spray nozzle to knock out the dust so that It may be carried away as a sludge is demanded. Good ventilation is necessary to remove the hydrogen which is formed. All piping should be in straight line with no sharp turns and should be smooth on the inside so that no dust remains in the piping system. The sludge should be col lected in drums and disposed of at frequent intervals either by mixing with 5 parts by weight of sand and burying in a dump, or covered with oil and burned. It should be noted that this is one of the few cases where magnesium, in particular, can be wetted with w ater but it should be noted that the sludge ' IS 30th National Safety Congress ..should riot be allowed to become half wet but should be thoroughly flooded at all times. The parts of the system where work is done should be of non-sparking material. It is not safe to collect this material in filter screen or cyclone collectors, nor should sparking type metals be allowed to get into the ven tilation system. W e have pointed out some of the specific items involved in ventilation in connection with health and safety hazards. Some of the limiting factors in a Large scale ventilation program should also be dealt with. Indis criminate installation of exhaust ventilation without a careful evaluation of the extent of the need will lead to extremely high first costs of installation. The engineer who in stalls a system three or four times as elabor ate as needed to control a given complaint may "control" a situation but at an excess cost of thousands of dollars. The next step' after this excess air has been exhausted from the plant, must be to supply fresh air which in the industrial north must be heated for eight months of the year. Even with closely controlled systems, this factor of hcrcted air is a real limitation. In many instances, power houses have had to be greatly enlarged be cause of such program s. The power needed to run motors and auxiliary equipment is also a limiting factor. A system which is too small will not be criticized on the above score but if its purpose is not fulfilled, the entire layout may have to be scrapped. Always to be considered is whether ^ : installation is to serve the purpose of remor. ing toxic materials or those which may ^ classified as nuisance contaminants. Bq^ are legitimate requirements but it should t, dearly understood that one system is to pro. tect health directly and the other to provid, comfort. Proper consideration can then k< given to the question of "how much" and "what kind" of ventilation is to be installs). tf& A common sense program will indude ea. haust ventilation as one very important aid but only as related to other possible method) of solving the problem involved. When sub. stitution is feasible and economical, or r vision of process if possible, these may pr vide a cheaper, more sau'sfactory answer. At times, personal protection will best serve tit purpose and in some instances a few'simplt rules of operation and maintenance may. be all that is needed. Ventilation often proves tit only answer, but indiscriminate ventilation the poorest and most costly answer that cai be devised. A system should be' complettS; designed at one time with no additions with out a complete revision of all parts of 'tie system. It is, of course, permissible to CoS' pletely design a system in such a way'tJuj units may be added from time to time'but this should be a part of the original consul; eration. Conversely systems well .designed and installed to meet the condition encou? tered in the degree necessary are major aids in any health program. ^ 0: Measuring Concentrations of Toxic Substances By S. W. GURNEY Laboratory D irector, Liberty M utual Insurance Company, Boston, Mass. Frankly, on this subject of industrial schools have started courses in industrial health hazards we do not know as much in a hygiene and the number of chemists and precise way as we do about guarding belts, medical school graduates who are going gears, points of operation, and the like. back and taking these courses is a further T hat industrial health is an important subject measure of the increasing importance oi this is attested by the fact that we now have general subject of industrial health. <k a relatively new profession called Industrial 3: Hygiene, which might be defined as a study Not many plants have experienced indus a of working environments including all of the trial hygienists on their staffs ; in fact it a air contaminants as well as abnormal condi would be impossible for them to do so as - tions of temperature, humidity and even now there are not enough, of them to go around. of atmospheric pressure. The criterion is I believe" lHT~tEeTe are^very7 few in l h 15 rt the effect upon the health of workers, either meeting this morning who would call them immediate or delayed. A few technical selves industrial hygienists. W ith this as- Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 39 -r tfa 'cmcn. -ay bt Boti jld b, a pr. rovi<j{ Mi bt and allei de exnt aid rthodi n sub. repr:r. At ve th :imple be all os th don is at cas detelj* with-"1 af th: eoa? r tsF e b. aid-'. gned| sumption in mind I have tried to plan this paper for the ordinary safety engineer and the safety committee man who doesn't re member his chemistry too well--but who does feel that he should know more about the possible health hazards in his plant H e may also be somewhat w orried about claims for alleged health damage that have been submitted and may wonder if there is any thing he can do about it himself. It certainly would be fine if every plant large enough to have even one man wholly interested in safety could arrange to have one trained as well as interested in the fundamental prob lems of industrial hygiene. However, this would take a long time to accomplish and for the present we shall have to get along with what we have. I should like this morning to try to tell plant safety men what they can do along this line without the benefit of specially trained industrial hygienists. I am assuming that you know the names of, and are familiar in some way with the materials used in connection with the operations in the plants where you ' are.. This includes the dusts, fumes, vapors "'and gases, the solvents and other chemicals 'th a t are used, produced as necessary by products of, or enter at all into the manu facturing processes in any way. If you do it not you certainly should find them out--and perhaps this is the first thing you can do. stria! asti joins rth : this iduseo* o as iund this -leni- ' as- We are safe in saying that wherever a toxic substance is used an exposure exists. For example, if you have in your plant a process using benzol you undoubtedly have a benzol exposure. If somewhere in your plant you are melting lead or a lead alloy for any purpose, an exposure to lead exists in that part of the process. T his does not mean necessarily that a health hazard to benzol or to lead exists, but we can say that we do have the exposure. Now over the years by means of animal Experimentation, and by the results of human experience, it has been shown that low dosages of these toxic materials which exist as air contaminants are pretty well taken healthy -human organisms. i'TJn dosages in the time factor as well as me concentration are not well handled and damage to various organs and tissues may result from continued exposure. Further, these same studies, both animal experimentation and industrial experiences have shown that the principal way the toxic material gets into the body is through the respiratory system. It is true that some in dustrial poisoning takes place through swal lowing and some through direct absorption through the skin. However, the important thing we have to remember is that most of the toxic materials used in industry get into the system where they can produce their damage through the common process of inhalation. For some time a number of im portant com mittees have been working on the problem of establishing what we might call a thresh old dosage of these industrial toxic m ateri als. A number of Individual experts have defined threshold concentrations as those be low which health damage is very unlikely. State code committees have drawn up ten tative thresholds covering most of the wellknown industrial solvents and chemicals and suggested that these limits be used to meas ure the dividing line between w hat on one hand constitutes a safe exposure and on the other one that may produce definite health damage. The American Standards Associa tion has. appointed a sectional committee of well known experts to correlate all of these data and to establish threshold limits or m ax imum concentrations which we can use- as guideposts or benchmarks in determining whether or not our own plant is a safe one to work in. However, these threshold dosages do not mean that if you maintain a workroom air always below that concentration figure no one possibly can have any harmful health effects at all nor does it mean that if the concentrations are always above that figure that everyone is going to show symptoms of poisoning. They simply mean that below such concentrations most workers will not be measurably affected and that above it some health damage may be expected, given sufficient time. Behind some of these sug gested exposure concentrations there is a wealth ci experience and an impressive amount of factual data. Behind other figures there is very little in the way of experience and such figures represent what we might call an intelligent guess on the part of people whose intelligent guesses we respect. Thresholds need precise measurements. Because we need to know what degree of 40 30th National Safety Congress exposure Exists in our plant some reliable way of actual measurement becomes a neces sity. Otherwise how are we to know whether these exposures constitute health hazards or do not. Of course, if we have an industrial hygienist in our plant, the answer is easily obtainable. H e will proceed to use known by these simply operated instruments; Most of the safety engineers have to depend upon their own ingenuity to provide the answers. By far the majority of our plant safety men have no industrial hygienist to lean upon'* neither have they been able to procure* simply operated instruments which will give'* was some* Such info: improvemt one taking , would ha health haz techniques of sanitary air analysis, a spe them the answer they want for the particular? r I have c cialized chemical job usually involving quite air contaminant or exposure that exists in* scribe by a bit of time and fussy analysis. In any their plant. Such safety engineers are not? much dust event, the job is not impossible no matter entirely without recourse and there is quite answer to t w hat the particular air contaminant may be. a lot they can do to get some measure or to such qt Before this section in past congresses ex estimation of some of their plant exposures see clouds cellent papers have been delivered on sam without outside help. -JS hated into pling methods and analytical procedures for the various air contaminants, I believe by M r. W arren Cook and again by Dr. E. G. M eiter. There is no particular point in going over that ground again. From many sources anyone interested can secure detailed information on procedures for the measuring of any of the common air contaminants. M any plants which have not felt that they had enough of a problem to warrant the hiring of an industrial hygienist have pro vided their safety engineers with some of the newly developed measuring instruments which, with a little experience, can be F or example, take visual inspection, which] is simply the intelligent use of the sense o f' sight. Dusts, which have given us morf cases, probably than all of the other air contaminants combined, are usually perfectly! visible things. Considerable stress has been" laid upon the point that it is necessary to^ know the size distribution of such dust sus3 pended in the air before we can trulyT measure the hazard that exists. In this W has been my experience that wherever the?? have been big particles which can ea. seen there are, always plenty of small ohS*t which are deeply respirable which cannot .any process 'ventilate it, dust source ."'It has be dustrial coi ire not pa cruets and threshold c .shows that . -" that it Iv(Syvhave ,to a ".'System dama .^l.The acid v "pickle tanks operated by almost anyone. I refer to such seen. I have never yet made any dust studies* ''itS m that z devices as the Carbon Monoxide Indicator, in plants where it was obviously dusty b t| ,,;can see whei the Flammable Gas Indicator, the Mercury sight that there were not many times more*? ;jdea where it V apor Detector, and certain dust counters. fine particles well down in the so-called' appearance o There are a number of such devices on the respirable range than there were big ones.'' these pickle m arket whiclt do a perfectly swell job of Conversely you seldom find fine dust without, litat acid vap distinguishing between exposures which may large ones along with it which can be seen The fumes be dangerous and those which are not, for particularly near the source of the dust in visible--and specific contam inants; and you don't have question. If your plant is a dusty one some, suggested as to be a chemist to operate one and inter evidence of dustiness is visible, even if you, setts is a ven pret the results. A number of instrument have to climb up on the rafter to look for- describes it a manufacturers are working on the problem it as settled dust. hunk with a of extending the application of such instru ments to different contaminants. I have no I can recall one safety engineer hauling it home. doubt that the next few years will see on me half way across the continent to take Again, by t the m arket simple instruments for many dust counts at a brushing machine in > "> * spray p.- more of the air contaminants you are likely radiator foundry. So much dust was thrown Pretty accurat to see in industry. Some of these are made off into the air by this operation that it was ected and it autom atic in their operation and give contin difficult to see from 25 feet away the two' kke care o uous readings--or sound a gong, flash a light men who were operating it. It was obvious , The human or turn on additional ventilation when a to anyone that so much dust could not bcularly prec dangerous concentration is reached. Where possibly be beneficial regardless of the ?oubt differen V. awegrceaant gheeltp sutochthiensstraufemtyentesngwineeefrindin tpherom tsoillidca hciomntetnhtatanhde^roemmwoasn-saeaesiit*uaMtiwonrida-bhozuztt- 'On' tthameirinaambislit1 viding him an answer to his problem. which something should be done and our industr promptly. As a matter of interest the dust distinct and c \f However, there are a large number of air contaminants that we cannot yet measure counts ran up into several billions per cubic oan he done foot and the free silica content as quart* ." elligent use m Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 41 V joaewhere between 10 and 15 per cent. S S o * inionnation may be helpful in getting ecb'-TgjjM--OTTCr ->-ms but it seems to m.e that any2?ooetaH ng the trouble to view this operation ,lt have immediately recognized the S fceallh hazard. <"j [jjye often been asked to define or de af 2 c by appearance what constitutes too BBCj, dust I'm afraid I have no precise B i t s to that question. I have often replied . a soch questions that if you actually can Tsee clouds of any dust produced or dissemi?B ird into the air of a working area from ^aiy process it is a good idea to enclose and i reanlate it, or at least to try to control the t ' i a t source in some way. It has been my experience that most indtotrial commissions and accident boards J a re not particularly impressed with dust t eruirts and analyses and discussions of r threshold dosages as such. If testimony isboTS that a plant is dusty, and anyone can ijjee'that it is so, the plant is pretty likely have to accept any claims for respiratory 'stem damage as an industrial case. T&ft a d d vapor which arises from hot acid '"`tanks: may not be visible but the ^ jjh a t' accompanies it usually is. You (pm^Eeejwhere it is coming from and get an Sfeacwbere' it is going. The etched or rusted 'appearance of metal work in the room with these pickle tanks is also visible evidence Tftai add vapors have escaped into the room. ?-' The fumes from arc welding are perfectly visible--and the 25 mgs. per cubic meter .snggested as a limiting dosage in Massachu s e t t s is a very dense cloud. One investigator ifdescribes it as so thick you could cut out a ^.bmk with a knife and wrap it up and take it home ? v Again, by watching the rebound of spray f":* 4 spray painting operation you can tell ^ pretty accurately if the operator is well pro- ' and if the booth has sufficient air to t .<? of the fumes. ' The human nose is probably not a par- : ,Q74r'y Precise measuring device and no : -t^ lffe fe n t people's noses differ widely their ability to detect and estimate air taminants by this means. However, many dis^T *n^ ustr`a' vapors and gases do have 4nd characteristic odors and much ini n- ^ne ky 4 safety engineer by the \i. 1ent use of the good old nose. In our laboratory in Boston we arc for tunate in having a large gas tight chamber for experimental work. In this chamber we can set up easily and quickly almost any concentration of any of the commonly en countered industrial gases, solvent vapors, or dusts. Some time ago as a m atter of interest only we started some rather crude human experi mentations. From time to time we would put up in this chamber concentrations of the common industrial toxic volatiles. F or one trial we would take the suggested threshold dose. We would then try other concentra tions to see how low a concentration could be detected and identified by smell. With six men in the laboratory we acted some what as a committee entering the chamber as a group and reporting our reactions indi vidually after varying periods of exposure. This work is not completed and probably never will be as new things are coming into industry constantly. However, it is impor tant to know that the suggested threshold dosages for ammonia, benzene, the acetic acid esters, carbon bisulfide, carbon tetra chloride, in fact all of the chlorinated hydro carbons, formaldehyde, ether, gasoline, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen cyanide, hydro gen sulfide, methyl alcohol, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide, toluene and xylene are all easily detectable by the human-nose and can be identified with a little, experience. In fact the 200 ppm. of trichlorcthylene, the common degreasing solvent, suggested as the threshold is distinctly uncomfortable after fifteen or twenty minutes exposure. Personally, I would hate to work in 200 ppm. of trichlorethylene for an eight-hour day. W ith formaldehyde at 20 ppm. the degree of discomfort is extremely high and I doubt if anyone who was able to escape would remain in that concentration for more than a very few minutes. The irritating acid gases, hydrochloric, sulphur dioxide, are very uncomfortable at the suggested dosage. In fact, I don't believe that it is good policy to ask anyone to work in such concentrations even though no particular health damage below or at it has been proved. It is interesting to know that most of us can smell benzol or toluol well below the threshold dosage and some of us are able to go down as low as 15 or 20 ppm. With almost anyone of the chlorinated hydro- 42 30th National Safety Congress carbons such/ as carbon fetrachloride, trichiorethylene, and the like, most people have .no'trouble in recognizing the contaminant as a chlorinated hydrocarbon as a general class down to around 10 to 25 ppm., although it is difficult to distinguish them apart. I be lieve that the safety engineer who is willing to do a little sniffing around the plant is going to find out a lot about some of the air contaminants as to their source location and where they go to. There is one thing about the chlorinated hydrocarbons that I should like to mention and that is the fact that nasal fatigue enters into the picture very shortly and after a few minutes in the exposure your nose loses much of its ability to distinguish these solvents. The sense of smell is recovered by a few minutes in the fresh air. The same thing is very true of concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. There is no need to point out that the very toxic carbon monoxide and the very common carbon dioxide gas in the pure state have no odor. However, carbon dioxide in a brewery around the fermenting vats has a peculiar tickling sensation to the nose which is quite characteristic and after a few minutes around 500 or 600 ppm. in that process you begin to have a feeling that all is not quite as it should be. I know of several instances where the sense of smell has been used as a practical measuring, rod. The foreman of a large plating shop doing much cyanide plating . uses and has demonstrated the fact that a hydrogen cyanide smell is a sure sign that the electrical system or the plating bath concentration needs attention. Although hydrogen cyanide is extremely toxic it can be detected by smell well below the sug gested threshold dosage of 20 ppm. Many of the solvents and mixtures such as the lacquer solvents in industry are not particularly toxic and exposures constitute more of a nuisance than they do a real health hazard. Nuisances, however, can be real and we do not want to remain com placent just because no real health hazard can be proved. There is also the very real danger of getting into the explosive range with some of these lacquer solvent mixtures of low toxicity. There is another way of estimating con centrations and I can recommend, it to you if you are in doubt as to whether~or not some process should be further enclose ? ventilated or otherwise protected to ^ lookir down the concentration. It should be 5 with caution and understanding. S afety^ gineers often ask me whether or no^ coating process or a mixing process or T* such things as vapor degreasers should have something done about them. To inquiries I frequently ask the safety r gineer to go out and stand alongside of {L operator of the process in question fo r^ much of the day as the operator does hjjj. this o tscess fatal!) shown acute It is air sx tions -lions 'thresh self. I further ask him to tell me just v he feels at the end of this period. It?j remarkable how often after going thr'ourf this the safety engineer comes to the'eojl elusion that further protection is necessaj at least very desirable. Now you know that there are lots of smells, irritating gases 75 the like that workers finally get used tSi and they, will probably affect you much mon violently than they do the experience operator. On the other hand I wonderTj we are right in asking people.to work** disagreeable atmosphere where they ban to "get used to it" before they become*r5| sonably reconciled to their job. There is one other way we have of oughh -of pre mater degret carrie sympt -damag .freque - quanti .With /these igradu: jl,iowvtheJjncrea i;proc| ifptHer, mating exposure that is probably no] good as the three I have mentioned* nevertheless it has its uses. I refer tb 'S E 1 plaints on the part of the workers the selves. Safety engineers should be ciost. enough to workers in the departments when toxic materials are used so they wilfjgS Direc verbal reports of any complaints or ' * jective symptoms that arise. 2 'si I recall two fatalities this year allegedly .The tton *h is no* caused by high exposure to carbon tetra detenr chloride vapor. There may have been othq a resp cases but these two were such that I haJ best ir access to the reports of the investigations They were both rather simple jobs of clean ing metal objects with carbon tetrachloride and the whole operation was by hand. Bod operations had been performed occasional!! for a number of years, but as a result of large defense orders the time spent at these operations had increased considerably. Bod men are on record as having complain considerably. They had been nauseated sev eral times. They complained of feeling tire Eve triai be or nifica: vides, mise, ducted which contao by. ver raary ar.d restless for quite some time before the? to be finally became, reajly .seriously sick. A* use o: alert safety man nosing about the Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 43, -.dosed or looking fr trouble m ight well have picked every day. W hat used to be a short time job . to keep this up and recognised it as a measure of of 15 or 20 minutes now stretches out over l be used excessive exposure. Both cases terminated two or three hours. Complaints do not al safety ea- fatally and in the medical picture at autopsy ways mean that a serious health hazard or not a showed about what one would expect in an exists, but they should be red flags to any .s or even acute case of carbon tetrachloride poisoning. safety man that since his original investiga iiould not It is interesting to know that afterwards tion conditions may have changed to render To such air samples were taken in a number of posi the exposure much more serious than it was. safety ea- tions around the operation and concentra From years of experience in this business ide of the tions well over 100 ppm., the suggested I am of the opinion that the average worker on for as threshold dosage, were found. does not complain about dust or fume or does him. just host od. It is j through the connecessary, know that gases and used to-- much more experienced. wonder if, to work in the ft, cot., .a-' I think if we investigate our plants thor oughly we will find that there are a number of processes and operations involving toxic materials or at least materials with some degree of toxicity that have for years been carried on safely without complaint or symptoms or any other evidence of health damage. The reason for this was the in frequency of the operation or the small quantity used or the short time of exposure. With increase in production a number of these processes have speeded up so that gradually the weekly degree of exposure to'the dust, fume, vapor or gas has been increased. As a result of defense orders irritating vapors unless he had a good reason to do so and the wise safety engineer will recognize this and at least investigate. There are a number of air contaminants that can only be measured by the accepted methods of sanitary air analysis and cer tainly precision measuring can be done only by such means--but taken all together the safety engineer himself, using reasonably his sight, sense of smell, his own sense of feeling when exposed as the workers are plus a knowledge of what the workers on some of these unpleasant jobs are saying and feeling has at his command several use processes that used to take place every ful measuring rods with which he can of esti- other Thursday are now being carried out evaluate the health hazard in his plant not as med hut . to com- , rs them- ' Personal Respiratory Protective Equipment be dost its where By DR. J. H. STE R N ER will g Director, Laboratory of Industrial Medicine, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. or oh- The need for persona! respiratory protec ment be considered. Too frequently the legedly tetra- i otho I hai rations ; clean-1 ;hlorid< Bod ionah isult d it the* Boti^ iplaind i ed se'; ig tir* ' ire th<f ;k. , -laid tion in many types of industrial operations is now well recognized, but the problem of determining in a specific instance whether a respirator is required, and what type is best indicated, is sometimes not a simple one. Every type of respirator places some re striction on the wearer, and although it may be only a slight inconvenience and insignjneant compared with the protection it prov'4*s, it must be recognized as a comproIse- Ideally, alt operations would be con ducted so as not to contaminate the air which must be breathed, or the degree of contamination, would be kept at safe levels by ventilating devices_ Only after the pri- effort to achieve this ideal has pro.ved 0 he impossible or impractical should the U5e I Personal respiratory protective cquip- apparent simplicity and the immediate eco nomic advantage in merely providing res pirators are the deciding factors in the choice of this type of protection. An understand ing of the purposes, operations, and limita tions of respirators is essential If respiratory protection is to be safely and intelligently applied to the varied types of hazards which exist. ------ There are, however, many industrial situa tions where the use of a respirator is spe cifically indicated for the protection of work men ; situations where it is impossible or impractical to secure a saiely respirable at mosphere by other means. The definition o f ' an irrespirable or unsafe atmosphere is ad mittedly sometimes difficult. A discussion of the methods for determining if the air is safe yW -V-.iweit-i.iu l u w a w - n u 44 30th National Safety Congress for breathing is beyond the scope of this paper, but mention should be made of the recently increased impetus toward establish ing safe threshold values--the Maximum Allowable Concentrations which are being determined in increasing numbers for po tentially toxic materials which may be vola tilized in industrial processes. F o r this dis cussion, it is assumed that a respiratory hazard exists, that circumstances make it im practical to eliminate the hazard by other means, and that some form of personal respiratory protective device must be "worn to permit the individual to safely carry on his work. Many types of respirators have been found useful, and since many are commercially available, it is logical to examine them before investigating the factors which should de termine the selection of a respirator for a specific hazard. Schrenk of the Bureau of Mines has classified personal respiratory protective equipment as follows: (1) Those that afford protection by re moving atmospheric contaminants ("Air purifying" ), and ( 2 ) ..those by which a res pirable atmosphere from an uncontaminated source is supplied to the wearer ("Airsupplying, or air-supplied" ). The question as to the efficiency of res pirators is satisfied in part by the arrange ments for testing and approval setup by the Bureau of Mines of the U. S. Department of the Interior. For some years this organiza tion has given an official approval to certain types of respiratory protective devices which pass the rather rigid requirements specified. T here are, however, useful respirators which are not included in the approved list and which give adequate protection for many types of exposures. In the opinion of the writer, it is better to choose a respirator with a Bureau of Mines Approval, if a respirator of the types eligible for approval is indicated in the specific exposure. This is particularly pertinent when the opportunity and facilities in the plant for checking the efficiency of respirators are limited. In lieu of official approval, the integrity and recognized qual ification of the manufacturer must rank high in the considerations for accepting the speci fications given with a particular respiratory protective device. W hat are the factors that should be con sidered in selecting a respirator for a specific hazard? significant am Or a canister In many instances the actual selection will strain the va not require a step by step examination of carbon solved each of these factors--the choice will be against gases more or less obvious and made by simple combustion of "inspection," but if the selection is to be the best possible one, these principles must be I examined, recognized, and applied. In most cases, a standard model of one of the com mercially available devices will be satisfac tory, but not infrequently the circumstances of exposure are such that some degree of modification gives a more adaptable and use ful protection. How these individual factors may influence the choice of a particular type of respirator, or require a modification due to the peculiarities of the exposure, will be considered in some detail. There are a which are use nants in atr-pc one "universa there is a di amount of the tity of materi have as great sorber as poss uncertainty as indicated, the respirator is t affords proto 1. The oxygen content of the contaminated types of gases, atmosphere. countered Indi Normal air contains nearly 21 per cent, oxygen, but this oxygen content may begreatly reduced in covered tanks, in vaults' or cellars without ventilation, and in other: confined areas) particularly where fires or! explosions may have consumed the oxygen" or where large quantities of gases or vapors; may have been generated. Although an indi-f tection by abs or two of it: absorption wo container wer [sp ecific absori purifying rest gives respirato of contaminant vidual may not be in serious danger as long': as 12 per cent oxygen is present, a respirator, giving an adequate supply of oxygen must' be used in all situations where there is the danger of an oxygen deficiency. s 2. The exact nature of the specific contam inants. o j& 'l? The cone ^and the durati - These two i. for the concen important func "life" of a- git ferial. Theore It is extremely important to know the , tators afford e exact nature of the contaminating material--. concentration < not only the chemical properties, but all the air supply con physical forms in which the materials ma1 the duration of be encountered in the particular exposure. limitations upor In addition to the respiratory protection, i little informatic may be necessary to prevent contact with the absolute capaci: eyes and skin, hence the nature of the con sorbing materi taminant also determines the type of fact , tammants--eve piece or covering which is to contain the most effective, respiratory device. Of- the two general i classes of respirators, it has greater import in the -selection of the air-purifying typs-I A particular absorbent may have a relative!?! high restraining capacity against one type otf haustion of a obvious if the "oted (it is a. wdl fitted). I materials are physical state of a contaminant and hartj little or no value against others. For esT ample, a filter which gives effective protcctidjl against lead fume may permit the passage monoxide, and Js to their tenc S'nse as the < vaPors passing M~Jq.tr fo V :- Pific . ' selection win' xamination "oi -hoice will be' adc by simple Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 45 *155.' 'ificant amounts of lead in a gaseous form. V f)r a canister which will satisfactorily re- the vapors of a chlorinated hydroa rbon solvent may be much less effective " against gases accidently generated by the combustion of this solvent, such as phosgene. increase gradually and thus may not give an adequate warning. In such cases, the ab sorber type of respirator must be used with caution, and the exhaustion of the absorbing capacity controlled by limiting the time of use. jn is to be the :f*There are a variety of absorbing materials Concentration alone places a definite limi siples must, be 'which are used to "filter out" the contami- tation upon the use of air-purifying respira plied. In mbs! 7'iiints in air-purifying respirators. There is no tors. The Bureau of Mines has approved :ie of the coni ?one "universal absorbing material." Since canister masks for protection against 2 per ill be satisfac~ tliliere jj a direct relationship between the cent by volume of acid gases, organic vapors, : circumstance p:amount of the specific absorbent and the quan and carbon monoxide, and 3 per cent of ;ome degree of t it y f material absorbed, it is desirable to ammonia, and such approval indicates the iptable and use- Jhave as great a quantity of this specific ab- effective life of the absorber at this level is dividual factors itsorber as possible. Occasionally, because of at least 30 minutes. No published data could particular type uncertainty as to which type of canister is dification due to indicated, the use of an "all-service" type posure, will be Respirator is recommended. This respirator be found which gave the absolute upper limits of protection either as to concentration or capacity. ^affords protection against practically all lie contaminaiti Ttypcs of gases, vapors, fumes, or smokes en:-nt. jcountered industrially and would give pre electio n by absorbing the contaminant in one rly 21 per cent | r ,two of its layers, but its capacity for content mayTix -^absorption would be much less than if the tanks, in vault! itainer were completely filled with the an, and in .other ipicific absorber. In contrast to the air- where fires'^5' ` inlying respirator, the air-supplied type mcd the ox*y(g**e,4n*f ipyes respiratory protection against all types : gases or vapon if contaminants. \lthough aTint is danger a s 'lo j S3. The concentration of the contaminants esent, a respirate ' the duration of exposure. ^ "M of 'en must These two factors are considered together, ere re islfie 5for the concentration and duration arc both Jimportant functions of the total capacity or ic specific canton ."life" of a given amount of absorbing m a .'.'A terial. Theoretically, the air-supplied respi- If the respirator has a Bureau of Mines Approval, the efficiency for a given concen tration and a given time has been tested. F or lower concentrations than the upper ap proval limit it is probably safe to assume a straight line relationship for the effective life. Titus, a canister effective against 2 per cent vapor for 30 minutes can be assumed to give protection against 1 per cent for 60 minutes, against 0.1 per cent for 600 minutes. Since the efficiency of the air-purifying (mechanical filter) respirator for dusts, fumes, and smokes increases with use, the ~ effective life is determined not by its failure to -restrain the contaminant, but by its in creased resistance'to inspiration. When this resistance becomes uncomfortable, it is not uncommon for the wearer to relax the fit of ant to know fix inating m aterial aerties, but all the die materials nuf .rticular exposure tory protection, e nfcontact with tlx nature of the ear the type of fa is to contain fi* the two general has greater mi*"1 air-purifying typeay have a relativeO against one type .aminant and ha at others. For e? , effective protect) ;;Titors afford effective protection against any ^concentration of contaminant as long as the -.air supply continues. The concentration and ..the duration of exposure impose very definite limitations upon the air-purifying types. Very '-littie information is available concerning the ' absolute capacities of the varied types of ab: sori>ing materials for the variety of con'.taminants--even those against which they are vmost effective. In practice, the point of ex'haustion of a given amount of absorbent is '.obvious if the odor of the contaminant is ,noted (it is assumed that the face piece is fitted). Unfortunately some very toxic ; Materials are odorless, for example, carbon monoxide, and other substances vary greatly to their tendencies to fatigue the olfactory Knse as the concentration of the gases or the mask, and while he then can breathe more easily, the protection is lost. 4. The character of the work to be done and of the work space. H ere must be considered, whether the work is of an emergancy or non-emergency type, the amount and rate of physical exertion that must be done, the movements required in per form ing the work, the distance to be covered in the operation, the shape, size, and restric tions of the working space, and the time per mitted for putting on the device. It is essen tial that devices for emergency situations give complete respiratory protection, and that special provision be made against failure of the device and the resultant exposure to an immediately_ dangerous a tmosphere. Em :rmit the passage 'toors passing thru the exhausted absorber phasis is on complete protection, with com; % ^ -- : /*) - i t : 1i m 1 *4 4&V I. I'm * j 46 30th National Safety Congress fort and convenience important, but secondary. In non-emergency situations it is assumed that the individual could escape from the harmful atmosphere without any protection.. Devices for these situations usually give more consideration to the comfort and convenience of the wearer. To illustrate how ore or a combination of the above factors have re quired the modification of standard equip ment, the following examples are given. In one manufacturing operation large quantities of a variety of solvents are evap orated in a completely inclosed apparatus, and the workman, on the outside of the ma chine, has not appreciable exposure. Occa sionally it is necessary for him to place his head inside the machine, with a consequent exposure to high concentrations of hot sol vent vapors. The work inside the machine is of such a nature that it must be started within a few seconds when the need arises, and the exposure may continue from a few seconds to many minutes. The workman must have protection for breathing and for the eyes. Because of the high concentrations, an absorber type respirator unless supplied with a prohibitively large amount of absorb ing material would be quickly exhausted. Standard air-line models equipped with a fullface piece were tried, but required too long a time for the operators to put them on. Finally one of this type was modified by attaching the face piece to a spring type head-band in such a manner that the respi rator could be put on in a' few seconds. The short hoseline can be plugged in at any one of the numerous convenient terminals around the machine, and the simple insertion ini tiates an adequtee flow of air. The mask and hose attachment can be removed as quickly and easily as they were applied. This respi rator has proved to be a very satisfactory solution to a difficult problem. In this instance the high concentrations en countered favored the choice of the airsupplied mask over the absorber type, but the expense and difficulty in obtaining and maintaining a satisfactory air source seemed to outweigh this first indication. Other factors, the ease and speed of applying and removing the mask determined the final se lection, since the positive pressure of the air-supplied respirator permitted this modi fication much more readily and safely. In another instance it was found that the use of a small cartridge absorber type pirator was giving inadequate protect^ against the high concentrations of vap^ encountered in spray painting the interior,' of buildings. The alternatives in su p p ly additional protecion were to increase j, quantity of absorbing material, or to use^ air-supplied type. The relatively large y^r ume of absorbent necessary to give complex protection for an eight-hour exposure t o _ high concentration of vapors, required eithef an inconventiently larger container or irf quent refilling of a small one. A valid o jection to the standard air-line models w j that when it was necessary to_ move scaffolf ing or to perform other work in the rcS? being sprayed, the painter must, to retag his air source, carry the supply line wherera he went, an inconvenient and even dangerous impediment to climbing on and off scaffoi^, ing and ladders. If he cut loose from"8* airline die was exposed to the residual <S? centrations of five to ten thousand partTpa million, an appreciable cumulative expos? during the course of a day. an'abschangii ide) is fttquer and ho pirator air for .the 1st (request - hoTart temper: (sadsfac poistor ting m cause c m An airline respirator was modifiedJo: dude a charcoal cartridge and anti _ shutoff valves on both sides of the connecB between the supply line and the respuaS line. Thus when the airline connection's severed, the intake of air begins automatic ally thru, the cartridge and continues urn' the reconnection with the airline again atrt> matically doses the small valve in the n a of the cartridge. These modifications fit- quently require considerable experimental until a satisfactory result is obtained, W the protection and safety afforded is adequate compensation. ijg: y. S. Other environmental factors, suchjjt temperature and humidity. .Sr t^fam Temperature and humidity may influents the selection in at least two ways since O' they have a definite effect on the capacity certain types of absorbents, and (2) they affect the comfort of the wearer. The effed of moisture on the life of activated charcoal against gasoline vapors has been shown * studies by the Bureau of Mines. The or padty of the dry charcoal (0.35% moistttfw was six to twelve times as great as containing 21 per cent moisture (in equj" brium with air at 25 degrees C and 85 cent relative humidity, and showing no tO" sible moisture). The efficiency of hopca"1 ! Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 47 r type resl protection of vapors' an absorbent (actually a catalytic agent for under which he shall wear the respirator, the changing carbon monoxide to carbon diox--- signs of faulty operation and what he shall ide) is readily destroyed by moisture. It is do to correct them, and the care and clean ie interiors n supplying ncrease the r to use in'' large vol? ve complete osure to the' mired either" iner or ire"?' A valid oh-f models was frequently difficult to control the temperature and humidity of the air for air-supplied res pirators. The lines carrying the compressed air for general plant purposes even though the latter may be pure for respirator use, frequently parallel steam lines or pass thru hot areas, resulting in uncomfortably high ' temperatures at the terminals. Otherwise satisfactory compressed air may have had the moisture removed because of certain opera-' ting requirements, and the relative humidity ing of the device, must depend upon the par ticular circumstances, but it is better to err on the side of too much rather than too little. The education must include the super vision, and the supervision of the supervision. Rarely, the enforcing of protection cannot be accomplished by securing the cooperation, and altho it should be the last resort, com pulsory measures may be required. 8. Facilities for the care and cleaning. we scaffold-- ' values below 10 or even 15 per cent may in the room : cause discomfort and dryness in the respi This very important condition to the proper functioning of respiratory protective t, to retain ratory tract. equipment deserves more consideration than ne wherever V 6. Personal factors: comfort, sex, age, it usually receives. In plants where a num :n dangerom 'physical condition, intelligence, cooperation, ber of respirators are used, provision should off scaffold? etc. be made for the collection, cleaning, repair, se from the and return of the respirators. In this con -esidual coil? .Most of the respirators now available, if nection, it should be stressed that, if possible, :id partis per; ;in proper working condition, can be worn, each man should have his own respirator, ve exposure' (even for long periods of time, without appre suitably marked, so that it is returned to ciable discomfort if the wearer has become him after cleaning. If it is impractical to psychologically adjusted to the situation. It provide each individual w ith his own res dified to' in^ ^jsprobable that the chief cause of failure of pirator, provision must be made for thorough d autom at? protection in exposures where respirators are cleaning and repair if necessary before it is ne connection1 (provided is the mental and physical discom- . used by another workman. W here an indi :he respirator^ fort due to faulty operation or maintenance-- vidual is responsible for the cleaning and connection;^ I.jthe'clogging of filters, the unclean condition maintenance of his own mask, there must ns r tatic? ` jbfjthe face piece, the unsatisfactory fitting be systematic supervision to insure its being nth untS to the contour of the face.* Unless the work done. Yant, in the article previously re . again auto-. men are exceptionally enlightened the un ferred to, suggests several methods for clean * in the base comfortable protection will seem worse than ing and sterilizing different types of equip ications frt- the hazard of the exposure. In general m ent mrimentatk women adapt to the wearing of respirators ibtaincd, bnf less easily than men, and this relation ind is adequate .meases with the size of the face piece or It is unfortunate that a simple formula cannot be derived which might be applied in covering and the. amount of equipment in every instance to indicate the most effective ors, such volved. Age and physical condition must be type of personal respiratory protection. For considered, especially when devices such as the majority of hazardous industrial ex the self-contained oxygen breathing appara- posures, the selection of a satisfactory res nay influence !** *s to be worn in emergency operations. pirator is a relatively simple one, but the .ys since (!) The intelligence and cooperation of the work- factors discussed above must be recognized e capacity of mea are obvious factors. and applied if the choice is to be the best nd (2) they r. The effect ated charcoil _7. Control of personnel exposed--educasupervision. one. When the conditions of the hazard are unusual, it may be necessary to examine in considerable detail each of the factors, to en shown u> , frequently the employee is merely weigh the advantages and disadvantages, ,es. The ca- " ded the respirator with the order to "go and to repeatedly modify the device until a % moisture) cad and use it." Instruction as to the rea- practical, safe, and comfortable form of pro h reat as that -e (in equil> and 85 pef wing no sell' { *or the protection, the exact situations tection is obtained. ADJOURNMENT of hopcalite- t 152 Oth X a tio u a ! S u r e ty C ouuress Essentials of Healthful Industrial Environment j Atmospheric contaminant: [ -bnts may consist of solid c: By M Y R O N A. SN E L L 1 ;::persoics or gases or vap Supervising E ngineer, H artford Accident & Indem nity Co., H artford, Conn. I ^rsoids may be divided in: smokes. Liquid disperse In 1-I0 occupational accidents were re ployees through the elimination of unhealth, tided into mists and fogs. sponsible tor 17,000 killed, 10,000 perma ful conditions at home as well as on tlte job nently disabled, and 1,350.000 temporarily They receive a large return on the invest, Dusts disabled. ment, not only through the reduction of time Although the recognized diseases of occu pation are responsible for only a compara tively small proportion of these industrial injuries, many other factors in industrial environment are partly responsible for them. The personal habits of the individual as well as the nature of his home environment must also be charged with their share of this responsibility. lost front the job through sickness but also from the reduction in the cost oi industrial accidents and diseases. Industrial Health Although progressive employers rccognut tlte Importance to them of healthy, satisfied employees, it is unfair and unjust to impose upon tiicm tlte legal liability for any illnesses Industrial dusts arc mechar c* many different processes Typical examples arc drillir crashing in mining and qua tig, buffing and grinding in ad stonecutting, polishing Hasting in the granite and tr :ry. The cast generated in e the inorganic or mineral var: vegetable dusts are known a It is known that the incidence of the com or diseases among the employees that ait ind are generated by such c mon diseases of life which arc not due to the not actually caused by the employment. Oc processing of cotton, the wc occupation is higher among industrial work cupational disease laws should be carefully or the polishing of skins. ers than among the balance of the population. Consequently, the life expectancy of the in dividual employed in industry is approxi mately eight years less than for the nonindustrial worker. There is no doubt but that considerable improvement would result through the elimination of all of the unsatis factory conditions to which workers are ex posed in industry. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Com pany conducted a study which revealed that enacted and justly administered so that the employer will not be expected to proside general health insurance for his employees. Tlte industrial environment is actually re sponsible for only a small proportion of the time lost from the job by employees. Every employer should, of course, be re quired to provide his employees with a safe and healthful place in which to work. Such tin environment can be achieved only through a study of every condition of industrial W< 'j From the health standp lusts of above teu microns h i importance because they are inhaled into the lungs the: | below ten microns in size ar rthe naked eye but can be see xope down to about two-ten in size. Dusts containing su ages of tree silica and asb; diseases known as silicosis a inhaled in sizes below ten r approximately 2 per cent of all workers are followed by an adjustment of these condi dently high concentrations incapacitated all of the time on account of tions to the health requirements of die indus- r enough period of time. Other illness. This means that the estimated 50 trial worker. i reception of the metallic dr million workers in the United States lose jult in diseases, but many c: four hundred million days annually on ac count of injury and illness, resulting in an Atmospheric Contaminants m certain changes in the h evidently not of great imp - average direct loss of wages at $5.00 per Employees should not be subjected to the theless, workers should not t day of two billion dollars. inhalation of atmospheric contaminants f . high concentrations oi a The A ir Hygiene Foundation of America arc engaged in a study of "Sick Absenteeism in Industry." T heir records show that more than eight days are lost per male wage earner per year and more than twelve days per female wage earner per year because of sickness. A considerable proportion of- -this cost is assumed by the employer through lower production and poorer earnings. Many companies have already discovered that a large proportion of the employees with poor health records also had poor safety records. These employers arc spend ing money to improve the health of the em sufficient concentrations to cause disease <f l regardless of its composition puisoning. nor even in concentrations sufr { cient to cause any marked degree oi - Permissible limits or max comfort. Polluted air is undesirable evoj c''nccmra;ions for these du;: though the foreign material in the air is ^ | ^hlisheq by various organ: present in harm ful quantities. Workers whe . t tl there has been no com arc satisfied and contented with the work*!. 'er dust concentrations in v. environment arc not only happier and J b'Cres. The American Stand: efficient but healthier as well. Many ir&r the Protection of Heads. viduals imagine all sorts of 11 effects ee* _ lry Organs l rccomme , . from trivial industrial exposures, and *er continuously su!; even worry themselves into an actual ea Victor to an atmosphere rn illness which was not caused by the ^ vironment but from the mental attitude oi*- worker. dust in qu: nulhen particles per cub: 5 toan \q microns." The C o r.'jrc ss Ina'nstriH H ealth Atmospheric contaminants in industrial Industrial Environment Cants may consist of solid dispersoids. liquid persoids or gases or vapors. Solid dis A. S N E L L i persoids may be divided into dusts, fumes nt & Indemnity Co., Hartford, Conn. ^ and smokes. Liquid dispersoids may be di i vided into mists and fogs. nlovees through t!'.e elimination of unhealth- at conditions at home as well as or. tine job. They receive a large return on the invest. D u sts merit, not only through .he reduction oi time : Industrial dusts arc mechanically generated lost from the job through sickness lu t also i bv many different processes and operations. trom the reduction in the cost of industrial 1 Trpical examples arc drilling, blasting and accidents and diseases. crushing in mining and quarrying; polish ing, buffing and grinding in metal finishing Industrial Health md stonecutttng, polishing and abrasive Although progressive employers recognize the importance to them oi healthy, satisfied I employees, it is unfair and unjust to impost I upon them the legal liability ior any illnesses i or diseases among the employees that are | not actually caused by the employment. Oc cupational disease laws should be carefully blasting in the granite and monument indus try. The dust generated in every' case is of the inorganic or mineral variety. Animal and vegetable dusts are known as organic dusts and are generated by such operations as the processing of cotton, the working of wood, or the polishing of skins. enacted and justly administered so that the From the health standpoint, industrial employer will not be expected to provide lusts of above ten microns in size arc of no general health insurance tor his employees importance because they are too large to be The industrial environment is actually rf- inhaled into the lungs themselves. Dusts >sible for only a small proporti"ii of the below ten microns itt size are not visible to . lost from the jolt by employees. the naked eye but can be seen with a micro Every employer should, of course, be re quired to provide his employees with a safe and healthful place in which to w.rk. Such an environment can he achieved only through a study of every condition oi industrial Hie followed by an adjustment of these condi tions to the health requirements of the indus trial worker. scope down to about two-tenths of a micron in size. Dusts containing sufficient percent ages oi free silica and asbestos may cause diseases known as silicosis and asbestosis if inhaled in sizes below ten microns in suffi ciently High concentrations over a great enough period of time. O ther dusts, with the exception of the metallic dusts, do not rei suit in diseases, but many of them do result Atm ospheric Contaminants 31 certain changes in the lungs which arc evidently not of great importance. Ncver- Employees should not be subjected to tlx inhalation of atmospheric contaminants ~ sufficient concentrations to cause disease ^ "tless, workers should not be allowed to inde high concentrations of any kind of dust, ngardlcss of its composition. i poisoning, nor even in concentrations sum cient to cause any marked degree oi d!!" comfort. Polluted air is undesirable ev* though the foreign material lit the air is <** present in harmful quantities. Workers are satisfied and contented with the vvorW environment are not only happier and efficient but healthier as well. Many if* ' duals imagine ail sorts of ill effects t'^ from trivial industrial exposures, and ***' even w orry themselves into an actual ^ 't illness which was not caused by the vironment but from the mental attitude oi" 'viirt:er_ Permissible limits or maximum allowable ''aranrations for these dusts have been es-`'lished by various organizations, but as ;h there, has been no complete agreement "r dust concentrations in workroom atmosC"tres. The American Standard Safety Code r the Protection of Heads, Eyes and Ucs'-Jtorv Organs recommends "that no .'Cser he continuously subjected without a V'-eetor (0 all atmosphere containing any .l'"' oi mineral dust in quantity exceeding particles per cubic foot of a size than 10 microns." The National Sill- -isis Conference in 1937 suggested that the maximum permissible concentration should "e found by multiplying the percentage of tree silica hv the total dust count. If the result is under five million, the condition may be considered permissible. It the result is over five million, the condition may be considered too high. California, Connecticut and some other states allow no more than five million par ticles of dust running high in irce silica. New York State, in the Industrial Code adopted September 1( 1941, for the control ot silica dust in the stonecutting and stone fin ishing industry, allow five million particles i: the dust contains more than 70 per cent free silica, 10 million particles if it contains :Toin 10 to 70 per cent, and 100 million par ticles if it contains less than 10 per cent free silica. The State of California has established a permissible limit oi 5 million particles per cubic foot of air ior asbestos dust. Metallic dusts may also be generated me chanically in such operations as weighing and mixing red lead and litharge in the manufacture of paints or storage batteries. Tits permissible limits for such toxic dusts arc the same as for the fumes of these metals. Fumes and Smokes inhalation of the freshly formed fume of any metal in sufficient concentrations may cause the condition known as "metal fume fever." also known as zinc chills or sltakcs. .--./.hough this condition causes a great deal c: discomfort and may be alarming to those who are not familiar with it, it is actually no: a disease and lias no permanent effect on tit" individual. The inhalation of the dusts or fumes of the toxic metals can also cause systemic poisoning if inhaled in sufficient quantities. As vet there arc no definite standards established for most oi the toxic tnctals. The American Standards Association's Sectional Committee on Allowable Conocmrations of Toxic Dusts and Gases is developing stand ards ior cadmium, chromium, lead and m er cury. They also propose to develop standards for antimony, arsenic, manganese and zinc. AH oi these standards will probably be avail able in the near future. The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Tuxtcologv in the June, 1940, issue published 154 X ath'ital S a fe ty C u u jrcss a "Code tor S a it Conccmratic::; : i Certain Curr.mon Toxic Substances L'rvci in litJustry." This code was prepared by a group or live expert industrial hygienist; and conlamed a list oi suggested permissible limits to be used as a guide until the time that the American Standards Association's committee had completed the standards :':r the sub stances mentioned. The maximum allowable concentrations tor certain oi the toxic metals were as follows: Cadmium 0.1 mg. per cu. m eter: Chromium 0.1 mg. per cu. meter; Lead 0.13 mg. per cu. meter: Mercury 0.1 mg. per cu. meter, and Zinc 13.0 mg. per cu. meter. Very little work has been done on maxi mum concentrations of smoke which can be tolerated without impairing efficiency or causing marked discomfort, ar.d no limits have as vet been established. Mists and Fogs Mists arc formed by the mechanical dis integration of a liquid by such processes as spray coating of paints or vitreous enamels. They usually range in size from about 50 to 100 microns. Fogs are formed by the condensation of vapors. They vary in size from c to about ;0 microns. W herever hot alkaline cleaning or pickling vats are operated in a workroom itt which the temperature is quite cool, the water vapor is apt to condense in the form of a fog in the room in the same maimer that ordinary fog is formed in the outdoors. A mist wniclt may be inhaled i:: spray coating operations may be rather complex in nature. In the case of spraying paints, it usually consists of a mixture of organic solvents of a varying degree oi toxicity together with solid matter in solution or in suspension. These fine droplets in the iorm of mist may hold in suspension lead oxide as a pigment or other particulate matter of a toxic nature. In the spray coating oi vitreous enamels a water vehicle is used but the particulate m at ter in suspension may contain toxic metals in the iorm of oxide, such a: cadmium, lead and manganese. In addition, they sometimes contain finely divided particles of free silica in tlfc form of quartz or flint. The maximum allowable concentration in inspired air containing mist is the same as that for the vapors, iumes .or dusts of the substances contained in the mist. Vapors and Gases While vapors arc composed of the guse.,u; phase of substances which usualiv exist a ;hc form of liquids under ordinary ccrdi. tions, gases exist only in ;r.c gaseous s:a:< under ordinary conditions. Vapors and gases are frequently but incur, rcctlv termed "fumes." For example. "ni. trous fumes" instead oi nitrogen oxide gas, A liquid organic solvent such as carbon tetrachloride will evaporate from an op tank in a workroom and the vapors of car bon tetrachloride collect in the surrounding annosphere. Thus the carbon tetrachloride can exist under the ordinary conditions oi the workroom either as a liquid or a vapor. On the other hand, the oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in the air of the workroom cannot exist under such normal conditions in any other state. There arc a vast number of organic sol vents in use in industry and the number is increasing each year through the discovery of new and better solvents in the industrial chemical laboratories. The extent ot damage to the health of workers through the inhalalion of the vapors of many of these solvents is not known. American standards have been established this year for benzol of 100 parts per mill*!: parts of air, carbon disulfide 20 parts pa million, carbon monoxide 100 parts per mulion and hydrogen sulfide 20 parts per million. T he American Standards Association! Committee on Allowable Concentrations an at present engaged in the development standards for acetone, carbon tctrachloriik diethyl ether, formaldehyde, liydrotluor* acid, methanol, nitrous gases, dctrachlem1 thane. tetrachloTcthyicu.c, toluol, trichliicthylcr.c and xylol. Tentative suggestestnndards for these as well as for about additional gases and vapors arc given m June, 19-40, issue oi the Journal of Industry Hygiene and To.xicoingy, as already m' tioned. Atmospheric Pollution The only definite method of determine _ whether or not a concentration oi atn**' pltcric contaminants exists in the workro^ that constitutes a health hazard is by of collection and analysis oi air samp*5 These atmospheric pollution r:cz: :-e services of trained indus:r:.v. ,::d the use oi proper odd and rquipment. Many private conicaw si individuals arc equipped :o do dr themselves or for others. In addition, there arc at the pr industrial hygiene units K.cr.: any different states, wiio are p do this work ior industrial concer request. In all but Mew York a chusetts these units are opcr.mc Departments of Health in cooper U. S. Public Health Service. In supplying the plant owner with ; of the health hazards in this p units make invaluable suggestion correction or elimination through proper engineering control ntethtx Ingestion of Toxic Substa The vast majority of cases o: poisoning occur through inhalat :oxic substances rather than by i by absorption through skin, tor 1 In the first place, the principal toxic substances in industry is halation and not ingestion or ah; the second place, in those few c poisonous substances arc swallow almost entirely eliminated thror. mentary tract without being at the bloodstream and a large pc the small amount absorbed into stream is further clirnittnied t liver. Consequently very little gested poison gets into the gem tion to cause damage to the vita In the case of an employee win with lead oxide in the manuiactubattery plates, he is inhaling an; ftay contaminate the working cate of 16 times each minute du 'ire day. On the other hand, he but once a day on the job. In uay swallow at other times dm amount of lead which in itst cause poisoning. Skin Contact A few of the organic liquids s tfiyl lead used in leaded gasolii niiy cause poisoning by absorp 1-e skin Such cases, howevi Inetiislrial Hcailli ses ; : o( the gisio--. ( sur exist j, . rd. condi. < e gaseous state j' -j-l,e;v atmospheric pollution studies require lie services of trained industrial hygienists and the use f proper field and laboratory equipment. Many private companies as well , ;I uividua!s are equipped to do this work |or themselves or for others. uently but inccr. ' r example, "ry , gen oxide gast! ] such as carboa i e from an openl, .c vapors of car. the surround;-; jon tctrachloridi ary conditions .quid or a vapet, tvgen and cartes ot t!ie workrooe rmal conditions fc 1 lit addition, there are at the present time * 1 industrial hygiene units located in that many different states, who are prepared to do this work for industrial concerns at their request. In all but New York and Massa chusetts these units arc operated by State Departments of Health in cooperation with U. 5- Public H ealth Service. In addition to supriving the plant owner with an analysis ot the health hazards in this plant, these units make invaluable suggestions for their correction o r elimination through the use of proper engineering control methods. Ingestion of Toxic Substances _-r ot organic seM uid the number s I ugh the discover;' s in the industri . extent of dams;; hrough the inhahv of these solvers ve been establishes uO parts per mills: ulfidc 20 pans pc; a 100 parts per e ' ;e 20 --r t s per an- idat ssociatioz'j Toi.--utrations r ! ,c development cj arbon tctrachlori | .i:ydc, hydrofiujr: gases. Uctraciitore- u. toluol, trichkPi cutative suggest* > ell as tor about - rs are given in ' ; j >'urttal of Iiflwtr- uy, as already ir. ; The vast m ajority of cases of industrial poisoning occur through inhalation of the toxic substances rather than by ingestion or bv absorption through skin, tor two reasons. In the first place, the principal exposure to toxic substances in industry is through inha'ation and not ingestion or absorption. In the second place, in those few cases where poisonous substances are swallowed, they are almost entirely eliminated through the ali mentary tract without being absorbed into the bloodstream and a large percentage of the small amount absorbed into the blood stream is further eliminated through the. liver. Consequently very little of the in gested poison gets into the general circula tion to cause damage to the vital organs. In the case of an employee who is working with. lead oxide in the manufacture of storage battery plates, he is inhaling any dust which may contaminate the working area at the r-'t of 16 times each minute during the cnt't; day. On the other hand, he usually eats ''ace a day on the job. In addition he ~ay swallow at other times during the day *" amount of lead which in itself could not Ci'-'-r poisoning. Pollution ; i .`tited of detvrm- ' ' centration ot atm j sts in the workre hazard is by ait- ' ysis ot air s.vnl'- Skin Contact tew of the organic liquids such as tetralead used it: leaded gasoline and benzol cause poisoning by absorption through ixijt Such eases, however, are com- parativclv rare and most of the known toxic substances do not readily cttlcr the blood stream by skin absorption. Approximately two-thirds of all occupa tional disease claims, however, arc for derma titis and other skin affections. Industrial employees come in contact with a consider able number of substances which invariably result iu the development of a dermatitis condition. In addition, there are a great many other substances used in industry which cause abnormal skin conditions to develop in certain lew individuals but not in others. This highly specialized subject lias been given a great deal of attention in recent years and much information has been pub lished about it. There are two methods of prevention available. The first involves the use of skin tests to determine individual reaction to sub stances which arc generally known to cause dermatitis. This is done before employment iu the exposure, and employees who show a positive reaction are placed in other jobs. The second method consists of preventing contact between the individual and the harm ful substance through complete enclosure, exhaust ventilation, the use of rubber gloves or other protective clothing, or protective skin cream. Personal cleanliness also is an extremely important factor in the prevention ot industrial dermatitis. Infectious Diseases A considerable number of industrial cases of anthrax, glanders, undulant fever and tularemia arc reported every year. These diseases of animals arc invariably contracted by man through ignorance or negligence on the part of the employees or their super visors. Industrially they arc easily con tracted through contacts with infected hair or hides or the diseased animals themselves. Practically every such case could have been prevented cither through sterilization oi the animal parts themselves or through the use of protective clothing on the part ot the employees. Miscellaneous Diseases Thcic are miscellaneous conditions to which industrial workers may be exposed which arc responsible for a considerable number oi actual cases of disease. Com- i.: >; 9H: X a tie n a l S a f e t y Congress pressed oir illness or caisson disease results from too rapid decompression after working under pressures greater than one atmos phere. Time and pressure tables have been established for maximum rates of compres sion and decompression which should be fol lowed in all cases. In some states this is required by law. Radiant energy when used in industry may result in serious consequences if adequate safety precautions are not taken. Workers should not be exposed to harmful amounts of radioactive substances or X-rays. In every case the protective measures published by the National Bureau of Standards should be religiously followed. Both ultra-violet and infra-red rays have certain beneficial effects on human beings if they are absorbed by the body in moderate amounts. Light rays produced industrially, however, may have a serious effect upon the health of workers ii proper personal protec tion is not provided. Cataract may result from exposure to the heat and glare of molten glass. Serious eye and skin burns may result from undue exposure to the bright arc produced in electric welding. The use of goggles with properly colored lenses, face shields, gloves, and proper clothing afford adequate protection. Pressure, Motion and Shock Synovitis, or tenosynvitis, or bursitis, or cellulitis of any of the joints of tiie I. by may result from any occupation involving con tinual or repeated trauma, vibratten. pres sure or friction. Examples arc the diseases suffered by workers who spend many years in handling pneumatic tools used tv. such operations as riveting and drilling, it pos sible the employees of concerns trgaged in such operations should be rotated so that no one individual is exposed to the Itzrnful ef fects of conditions such as these tor long periods-of time. Tem perature and Humid::-/ The average comfort zone in the winter time is from 03 to 71 E. T. 'Effective Tem perature). 60 E. T. is the most popu lar effective temperature as adopted by the American Society of Heating and Ventilat ing Engineers for individuals at rest wear ing customary winter clothes living jn ,Li broad geographical belts across the Ldipi [ hot mdustr States in which beating of the cr.vetn,;a ' .:;1 this are type is generally used during four to t-js. I .-d may blow months of the year. It doesn't apply J-,' rooms heated by radiant energy, rooms -.ij excessive glass area or those with pooH, insuiated o r cold walls. In densely occupitj spaces somewhat lower temperatures CJ, be necessary. Satisfactory comfort Condi', tions for men at work have been found to vary from 40 to 70 E. T. depending on the rate of w ork and the amount of clothing worn. In hot industries SO" E. T. is consid ered the upper limit compatible with efi. ciency and whenever possible this should be reduced to 70 E. T. or less. In the summertime the average coraion zone is from 00 to 73 E. T. with 71" E.T. as the popular average. This is 4 tu 5 high average them in the wintertime. j Work in tm l ,-iie ior a nu i edits, the be I uusacn or I: ' -jt of salt ta I ndustries ha. ability and di: ; /{tv.years a 5ince the ; "tature of c l-.is been shot hvsiological dety oi Heat: has suggested ci one-half c aalified by p: to work in lio The temperature differential between a- half degree ri doors and outdoors which should be main i t limiting fa tained depends on a number oi factors. A drop in temperature of 10 F. or more may be extremely harmful if it occurred suddenly, especially when the skin and clothing are wet with perspiration. Thc A.S.H mvlronmcnt c ie requi rente brt without actors conce No standard has been established tor lie proper amount- of humidity. It may van from 30 to 70 per cent without discomfort, j The air should be dry rather than dans?The common belief that dry air in itself eserts a harmful effect on the skin and rauccs membranes has never been pros ed by ctsvincing evidence, although there have tea numerous investigations on the subject. Th temperature movement oi and mean rat rounding surf 'tries are at fesearch prog. !rg minimum 'toning (or i: 'triable to ev. addition of moisture to the air of occupW rooms by any practical method has not be_ shown to have any beneficial effect up Ah health and comfort. Experiments have sho' effect that the respiratory membranes ot is-.dustrw Milt workers exposed to hot, moist air are OmrJi tinctly more abnormal than those oi worked 4i.is exposed to hot, dry air. level, The maximum air movement should lk-j level, feet per minute with not less than 0 re-"- ini 0 feet per minute per occupant of the 'epor taken from an outdoor source. Mr. | a le.- states that "an air movement of not 40 t.p.m. is permissible under present ncering practice, when the temperature M the air current is 2 F. or less below f nary room temperature. Current vclocM as high as 200 f.p.m. may prove desif f industrial Health 137 living in t|* s the United ! -.e convection ' tour to eight i j0 (,ot industries, but velocities much higher than this arc uncomfortable and irritating lid may blow dust off the floor." i't't apply to / Work in the hot industries may be respon y, rooms will, . s e for a number of physiological derange o with poorly | ments, the best known of which is heat ex ttsely occupied : haustion or heat cramps. The conscientious ncratures may use of salt tablets by the employees in such omfort condi- I industries has largely eliminated the dis been found to ) ability and discomfort which were prevalent pending on the l a few years ago. ant of clothing E. T. is consid. .tible with eS: this should be Since the amount of rise in body tem perature of employees in hot atmospheres has been shown to indicate disturbances in physiological equilibrium, the American So ciety of Heating and Ventilating Engineers tverage comton has suggested an average "temperature rise . with 71 E. T. of one-hali degree in the average worker is 4 to 5 higher qualified by physical makeup and experience me. to work in hot industries, or a one- and rmc- rial between is- half degree rise in an occasional worker" as should be main-, the limiting factor. er oi factors. A The A.S.H.V.E. state that "the thermal F. or more may environment cannot be properly adjusted to ccurred suddenly, the requirements of human health and com and clothing art fort without control of all the four basic factors concerned--temperature (true air hed for th; ;y. may van hov.e discomfort ither than das; -y air in itself ri: skin and mucc-i !i proved by cc: > there have be: i the subject. T\t n:r ot occur has not bt- temperature free from radiatiin effectsi movement of the air, humidity the air, ar.d mean radiant temperature c: the sur rounding surfaces." Their research labora tories are at the present time engaged in a research program with the aim c: establish ing minimum requirements h-r air condi tioning for industries which v.v.uld be ac ceptable to everyone concerned. Miscellaneous Conditions -.nciai effect us' rimer, ts have sho*' ^rar.es oi indusm- air are ;n tho sc of work f 'normal noise levels have a protouna effect upon industrial workers ar.d may re'd t in deafness or other path::::gical ear C editions. The A.S.H.V.E. 1941 Guide c u j1'-"* a table giving the accc:rable noise y 'e ., under various conditions. These noise .inert should be '`Pry irom 10 to 100 dec:: els depcnc- less than 10 eu: " 5 `-a the sourcc ancj location. I Knudsett ui the fv . i or,*d that "long exposure to scur,as above -urce. Mr. YaS* " el of SO to 90 decibels or z brief ex- .L-nv.n' of not . . - to more intense noises ir. variably im- present i':* ,7 .g. r'ia r":*r 'O ther results a: t- vestibular he tcnipcratur' a.tnces. mental fatigue, 1.: s of esre- r less below y , j ' i 1 ":'d extreme ncrvousr.es which can. C urrent veU'-"- . .. j^ved to excessive noise, a -.mj pcrscr.s in1- : rove d e iir- -re susceptible to excess:-.-e tesisc than others, but no one is immune to long con tinued intense sound. Noise has become more than a nuisance-- it is a menace impairing the hearing of millions, robbing them of quiet leisure, restful sleep and taking a toll of the general nervous system of mental work ers, neurotics-, hospital patients and others who are noise sensitive." Noise reduction at the source may be accomplished by insula tion, absorption or by reducing the noise from machinery and equipment. Most em ployees object to wearing car stopiers but Dr. Knudscn has devised an car d. tender providing an insulation of 33 to 40 de-ibcls which is very effective. Tobacco Smoke and Body Odors, with the exception of toxic atmospheric contaminant.-, are the principal factors tn be considered relative to comfort and efficiency. Such odors are not harmful but nevertheless have a profound effect on individuals. In the same manner other disagreeable odors ad versely affect the efficiency of workers. The amount of outdoor air needed for body odors should be somewhere between 10 and 30 c.f.m. per person depending on age. socioeconomic status, air space in cubic toot per person, outside and inside temper atures and humidity. The minimum air change requirements for tobacco smoke has not yet been definitely determined but prob ably should be in the neighborhood of 3 to 13 c.f.m. per person. These air require ments arc in addition to those needed for indoor recirculation in order to maintain the humidity and temperature at the proper levels. Sfoee Allotments for industrial workers arc ef questionable value and minimum re quirements tor them cannot be giver, at he present time because this factor is s: ctoseiy associated with many others, principally that or tiie ventilation problem. lllumir.dtiou of the proper intensity for the type oi work to be performed slvuld be provided for all industrial workers. The vqnir.ttteut providing illumination should be of the proper type and installed so L i to give maximum efficiency with a minimum, amount of glare, eyestrain, or other adverse effects. Ixtgrcrer lighting may be responsible for aetttal diseases of the eye in ad lltiott to .yestrrin mtd eye fatigue. Improper lllumti- 13S 50th N ational Saf et y Congress Indu* nation may not only result in poor efficiency but also in a high accident frequency. The number r.f foot-candles tor proper industrial illumination varies up to a point beyond 100. place great stress on the harmful eiects t.f / improper posture among industrial workers The use of proper chairs eliminates j and greatly improves efficiency. t They are published in tabic form ior various The comfort and efficiency of ir.custrg; I i occupations in Safe Practices Pamphlet No. workers are also affected by the color schem, j 22 on `'Industrial Shop Lighting." of the environment, the length of the work- i Other Factors which should be considered in the subject of industrial health are work ing postures, and the proper kind of floor covering. Standing or walking on concrete or other hard surfaces produce fatigue and may even he harmful to some individuals in prolonged exposures. The Gilbreth Inter national Committee on Industrial Fatigue ing hours and the rest periods used in con nection with them, the general housekeepinj conditions and cleanliness oi the plant, locket, washroom, sanitation and eating facilities, medical facilities, and by proper provision! for recreation. Most of these, however, liavt little or no important effect upon the actual health of the industrial worker. W EDNESP. 'rending--Dr. M. H. Krxfaeerc ;ntnt oi Public Health, Chicago. adjournm ent Empio B; Industrial N urse Consultant, Na Why are we interested in health "grams for industrial workers" nr the real impetus lies in the "istrialists, industrial hygienists, i the medical and nursing prr.i nil as the employees themselves a rj increasingly interested in stert mst industrial waste which rcscar showoccurs yearly because of gem. : Before tve can accomplish much simulate the thinking and to cooperate oi those whose heal, tot to improve, by presenting its v ''*point of view of all who are c Wneed to bring out the fact tha y'-ught about by absenteeism is r |:'-r the manufacturer alone, but Workers' loss as w ell It is accom '-`eir own physical and mental sun through shortages in their own sa i f additional suffering on thejr pa l f rcuSh it tlicy vvilf be denied be living conditions, better edit "ttr families and other privilege t a ? 511.'0" S 10 U!> tl,c n t. "l J'te. But in addition to all this a ottonai loss -a loss that r " sra today, ,, ladh, isttial managers ' arc au O j'i'y , emotionally stable workc f r happy, |oya[" safCi efficient TUESDAY AFTERNOON' SESSION ... matt--the founds _-ja to have the man O cto b er 7, 1941 .;-y, the one who is r, the safety' engine Presiding: H. S. Simpson, Saiety i Saniti j, that as a duty, u Peoria, III. zi that he is expectec -i safety regulations. C H A IR M A N S IM P S O N : I shall first introduce the speakers on this panel, as fol lows : C. A. Sholly, Safety Director. Sibley Ma chine & Foundry Corporation, South Bend. Ind. M. \V. Dundore, Production Manager, Be loit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. J. P. Boaden, Safety Director, the Union Malleable Iron Company, East Moline. III. \V. H. White, General Superintendent, Pittsburgh Rolls Division. Elaw-Rnox Com pany, Pittsburgh, Penn. J. W illiam Fchnel, Chemist of the Indus trial Hygiene Laboratory, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York City. C. J. Brinkworth, Foundry Superintendent, Link Belt Company, Indianapolis, Ind. As you will note on th program, we have some six questions which are more or less tentative questions. In the case of several of these questions, we shall probably talk around them rather than talk directly on So industry. I believe, stands guilty toj.. J The thought I am t in no: doing a better job of training t-i I don't care win it is coing. I want to quote vou..a. co"nnecrrtt-t.Ii . ,.Je companv- or a TbVig' case. Our production recently, 1i1k1/e# evert, ( he . conclusion . that 3 vc body else's. has jumped forward. In g- --are to the wind, ran small roller shop, which has something n, ht into the front otfi 50 lathes, our CIO contract requests us to ~i m'th any man in any promote men from the labor gang to the e very valuable today machine. A year ago we used to put these --J more so as time co- boys in and then let the immediate t'oretrcr n teach the higher-ups do the training. This year, however, thrc-ugr i little time to listen to the Personnel Association of Pittsburgh, h 3 let them know that learned something about that. They advo baling with dollars but : cate putting one man, who is relieved of al rr.h human lives. production responsibilities, to take over thh training responsibility. The way to interest a y is to live it--think it It worked like a charm. In two weeks, by di; and to have the pn assigning a man who was truly adapted e any come up to him. whe the work and relieving him of his own wwi ad say, "I welcome voi and responsibility for production, he turtel fcd I hope you will be : out 15 men for us who were able to opens `-aplovee.'' these machines efficiently. The foreman ivtr along with his usual duties--kept his reeixe CHAIRMAN SIM PS' reports up--supervised the shop--and I cos'd as come pretty dose to t see the vast difference. ition. If you do what M shed even once, things them. The first question is: Now. a foundryman can be interested e mty well in your favor ; " How can you interest a founriryman in safety ?" W e have assigned this part of the program to Mr. White. Foundryman Safety Interest safer.-. At breakfast this morning I aste . CHARLES T. LINDS Mr. Simpson whether he meant the super ats Steel Corp., Cary-, I visor or the employee when asking jikd that he thought a s: qthueesftiaocnt. th0at! tchoeurssuep,erhveisotarkeiss inteterreSstieadni? l",g1i,nicecerr w,vcould feci the rc? sat.ety. a-s Ihe s,houldt tbe. FS- .o we begin .. , even the -gener: the employee. meth^ ;A`lint- I would like to W . H. W H IT E : Being an operating man, my time and efforts have been spent mostly in the technical end of industry. But having had training in the United States Navy years ago, and having gone through the pe riod of the last war, my first lesson was brought home to me when one r,f the ad mirals called me into his office one day and -Slid.."'White, we need more thinking mechan ics." In analyzing that statement, we find that what the admiral really meant was that no m atter how humble a man's job may be, he must think and perform that task to the best of his thoughts. We are not all created equal in so far as ability is concerned. which you can use to interest him. I wotukt if it is really too much trouble ter the S'j" -R- W H IT E : I know : eral superintendent of a plant--even of c ^-Jger of a plant and a i that employs as many as 3,000 men--to in your plant, you dun' about thirty seconds' time to shake ,lt !ou feel bad about it: 1 with a new employee and say to him. . A vf !TM'- The safety engu hope you will be happy with us, and plej'f1about it; but when he is . veil as t plant experience, of your family"? I do that. I think I f> ^moloyees . and .hits hirru-i the hive used psychology ut o die C IO ; at least two members a ,.JI J!'-s thbvaevnftoyriiect mhdiomes. wI1t ren ^ are or. the Safety Committee, o u r ^ , L IN D SEY : Y* l-: -- *- -- ----------more upon the safety f 3 die management? Metals Section 44 7 ractor rLorapa-. '' man--the foundryman--in saicty other to have the man highest up in the comthe one who is most respected, together the saicty engineer, who is supposed to i, t1h1at a.s a. duty, w.ish ,him we.ll, a. nd , tell iitn that he is expected to be careful in obev^ safety regulations. tands guilty tod;- The thought I am trying to bring out is > of training thi j,;s: I don't care whether you work for a ne you a conerc; ;tle company or a big one, I have come to cently, like evert. e conclusion, that you should stand four- forward. In e~ ^,,are to the wind, raise your head, and go has something lj. njht into the from emee on an equal foot- ract requests us t ff with any man in any mill anywhere. You labor gang to ii, ice very valuable today and becoming more j used to put the- jad more so as time goes on. It is our task immediate forera; d teach the higher-ups that they must take r. however, throep i little time to. listen to the safev engineer; n of Pittsburgh.; u 1 them know that they are not only that. They adtt- dealing with dollars but that they are dealing to is relieved of C rith human lives. ;. to take over fc The way to interest a foundryman in safe ty is to live it--think it--and talk it your- a. In two weeks,h !f; and to have the president of the com as truly adapted : pany come up to him. when he starts to work, im of his own wei uui say, "I welcome you to this company, oduction, he tunes md I hope you will be a safe and satisried were able to ope: aplovee." .-. The foreman tc CHAIRMAN' SIM PSON': Mr. W hite sics--kept his recta 'as come pretty dose to the crux of the sithe t -and I cci: stion. If you do what Mr. White has sup plied even once, things are going to be can be interested r petty wcil in your f-.vor as you go along. is morning I as:, CHARLES T. LIN D SEY (Carnegie-Ilse meant the su:r l-cois Steel Corp., Gary, Ind.) : Mr. W hite : when asking f - gated that he though: a safety inspector or ; takes for grass tegincer would feci the responsibilities more isor is interested r /'ter.ly than even the general management of . So we begin ' he plant. I would '.ike to have him explain are many meth-'- 'bat. surest him. I wo-- trouble for the i r MR. W H IT E : I know that if you are a a plant--even oi ir canager of a plat:: .r.d a fatal accident oc.s 3.000 men--to &' turs in your plant, y u don't like it: I know time to shake h^- 4at you feel bad a': ut i t : but you get over sud say to Him. 3 in time. The safe y engineer feels just as with us, and pi' -M about it; but v. i- :n he is making a summerit as well as - Tit? of plant expi itr.ee. the thine flares :hat. I think I f i * . him and hi: him in the lace more s. OOO employees. ; I ".r.tteiy than it I es the manager. It is in our contract ' I h'4ys before hi--. It remains with him members of the ^ | Mct than it dc-s with the manacem.cnt. mittce--our idea esy conscious, `'t more upon ou say that it wvuld safety engineer tltau ether way to MR. W H IT E : I didn't mean that. There is no reflection on him--not at all--hut I think that he is the man who feels the brunt of the thing more than the management. W. E. LEA V ITT (Cincinnati Milling Machine Co.) : W e have inaugurated a sys tem of meeting all new employees and giving them a safety talk for a m atter of perhaps half an hour before they are ever permitted in our shops. We have found that extremely valuable, not only in making a new contact with the men but in getting them started off right. W . R. T O T H ILL (Grand Rapids, Michi gan) : O ur foundry is one of several depart ments. We feel that while it is very' neces sary to introduce a man properly, our acci dent record shows that most of the accidents happen to the older employees. I believe it is true of foundrymen, as of other workers, that the best work in safety is done when a man can be taken away temporarily from his active duties--either during working hours, ii that is best, or after the work shift changes --and taught something about safety. CHA IRM AN SIM PS O N : I don't think there is any arguing that point. Look at it this w ay : we hire engineers to study which machines we should purchase: and then some times just reach in. almost as though it were a kind of grab-bag affair, with our eyes shut, and put men on those machines and expect the two to balance. A lot of us have learned the hard way. If we steered men correctly along the way, why it would save all of us a lot of trouble, if not ringers. We will pass on to the next question. ''W hen is a Foundry Safe from a Health Standpoint: W hat is Safe Atmosphere?" I will ask Mr. Fehnel to answer that. Safe Foundry Atmosphere J. W. F E H N E L : Perfection in the study and correction of industrial health hazards is most diriicult because the processes arc mostly changing; and new substances arc being used, producing more problems to study. I cannot help but reflect back to 1931 when I made a:; extensive foundry study in the Milwauke district. At that time, when it was proposed to put in. ior instance a program of houscdea:::ng. the idea was considered ri diculous. Castings had to be icund every- m .'.-kst lit -/Is f 1 risi -i a im m ko. i;'ri.,k1';VSA.& J i 'r / -V .:. tete 448 30th National Safety Congress here in a dirty shop. W hen you told them about putting in a permanent type of floor ing:. it just couldn't be done because the hot metal would splash around and would do damage to anything but a dirt floor. When you suggested cleaning off the accumulated dust on the ratters and pipelines, they simply laughed at you and that's about as far as you got. All foundries faced the silicosis scare-- and it was a scare--we got panicky. After completing a comprehensive study, sponsored hy the .Manufacturers Association of Mil waukee. winch included not only the study of the pollution but also physical examinations ami x-rays on the older employees, what were the hidings? Ten per cent of the older employees showed that they had fibrosis, hut not to any serious degree. T hat made us feel a little better. Cut in the meantime some of us took the attitude that. "W ell, it's better to let a sleeping dog lie. We arc not going to x-ray the younger men." The legal aspect of silicosis was far great er than the true health hazard, and it still is today. First of all, in a hand-operated foun dry it is less prone to be an extensive hazard than in a mechanically operated foundry. However, iti the program that is speeding up increased production, we have very few small hand-operated foundries. Today, if you will make a study of your foundry, you can do a lot as a first step; which is the adoption and practice of a good housccleatting pro gram. Use a broom and use it diligently and often. Get rid of that pile of accumu lated old glass and old core sand and what not that so often seems to be found in the middle of a foundry. Then pick out your dust-producing opera tions, one at a time, and eliminate them. That can be done by proper study and proper application of methods. It is not always a case of putting in an elaborate exhaust sys tem which is expensive to install. Often the application of good common sense will cure the offending dust-producing operation. However, there arc a lot of other hazards associated with foundry operation which arc far more serious than the silicosis hazard. Recently I had occasion to study a foundry that had been operating under a process of adding lead shot to the ladle before casting. After about 14 months, they had two definite cases of hospitalized lead poisoning. Xow in this method of the addition 0i i^, pouring room. We r. shot to the ladle, at least 90 per cent of h, accident due to a m: lead was vaporized immediately, pollatj.', carbon monoxide or s not only the immediate area around n't believe that a alarm cubicle but apparently throughout the whole -ithe man was earned c foundry a rea : and we found a lead concm. tration during this pouring operation whict SiR.FEH.VEL: l i v e was far too great for a continuous exposure `coal on top oi that hr -fbon monoxide, so don' Of course, the use of various metals add piking you are not. 0 to the ladle today is a common practice. 1 vou have a dear bed 1 would also like to warn you against the oh .t amount of carbon mo; of saline, which produces extensive kidnrr -jlly negligible. damage and is to be avoided. At least an, of these substances that produce incapaeiu. 1would say that you r tion or illness should be used in such a war rpe of heating apparatus that the fume or vapor docs not get into the :t some type of forced general foundry atmosphere. Some peojlr ifyou have to use solan-, might think that it is impossible to add lead rans put in a stnekpipe \ to the ladle without dispersion of vapor into rues to the outside at me the a ir ; but it can he done under a hood. It is common to rind, r In tile steel industry, tor instance, out hmdries and steel mu' process, producing tremendous gas bubbles, psoline propelled tractor is to add carbon tetrachloride to the mold at i slight to the men work the time of pouring. Carbon tetrachloride : practically runs throu under those conditions breaks down and lib ways. However, the 4 crates or generates a type of chlorine 10 0 m when the tractor 1 saw one installation where there was an ex setty severe. The real haust right under the platform, which *as man has to leave the very effective :u removing those fumes. a do something else, b *int, leaves the engine : We coinc now to the question, "What is t safe atmosphere in a foundry?" Well, In such instances I wc would like to tell you just what is safe; ts; bo of electric trucks v I really don't know. I have seen foundrie :'Ke of the gasoline pre with dust concentrations extremely hi: not as economical which had r.o silica content. When I sp 3't always possible to r high, I mean that it was somewhere betwee ^ when you do onera: SO to 100 per cent. Theoretically, that is: i easier to crank a t: safe atmosphere, although tree silica content :mve a man after he is way below 23 per cent. But l would Sf *bon monoxide gas. this: I would attempt to eliminate the dis QUESTION* : In ovi: persion of any substance or any dust < ring around the sa iitmes or gas into the general atmosph" -.-ay from it to prevent that is harmiul to the men, in order t ' 0 close to it. If he v. they may not develop industrial incapi00 'at. he will obtain sat: tion or illness. FEHN'EL: I CHAIRM AN S IM P S O N : Any d"* Aleman what he <1 tions ? Nation? -- * Q U E S T IO N : I would like to t>sk . sam e q u e s t i o n ' gentleman what he would suggest as a t *not under the crane. caution against asphyxiation in the case^ **ur crane operatic; moiders who. use salamanders <lur'.l'i clC- i|p winter months--open salamanders? ^ ^ '!R.*.F E 1 IX E L : I ' pany has experienced several cases / i l-1? the steel mill artificial respiration has had to be e^P ; ; 1 high conccntratic Yet these salamanders arc necessary '^Ugh continuous ex V; j ; q f a minus pressure. which dissipates the heat, and the tu n e s are exhausted out oi the building. T hat tunnel runs the length oi the conveyor from the pouring station to the shakeout; and at the shakeout some oi our units have the automatic tripoff; the shake out and everything else is completely housed. Sonic of the shakeouts have the cross-flow type at ventilation; that is, up high to one side from the point where the work is being carried on; there is a heavy draft oi fresh air across the breathing zone and it is evacu ated on the opposite side. SAM E Q U E S T IO N E R ; Ours works on the same system, but you are bound to get a lot of dust in that shakeout and also from your mixers. O ur mixers are right in the center of the unit and not above it. Also, on that type of unit it is necessary to use a metal mold. A fter all, you are going to spray y.>ur mold with something; and you have tine vapors that arise from whatever spray yrn are using. W hat do you do about your spray men there and the men working on tite molds around them? CHAIRM AN' SIM PSO N '; The overall atmosphere is being churned around quite a good deal by a central system. We have extremely high roofs in the building, and we do use a hit of coal to heat that build ing, and we use a lot of energy to ventilate it. But. by George, we are ventilating it. Till really likes to visit it. Will you finish that story, Bill: MR. FEHN'E L : Weil. line casting is a common practice in a lot of large foundries. One oi the first that I ever saw controlled, was that of the Buick foundry in '31 and 'A?; and it was being effectively controlled by means of tunnels and exhaust shakeout drafts. Several methods have been experi mented with ar.d used at different times. It all these things tai!, however, you know the solution: the thing to do is to apply good general ventilation. In other words, when an atmosphere has a harmful effect, you can make it safe by an increased dilution; you can bring it down to a safe concentra tion. T hat may be necessary in many cases where an excessive supply of fresh air is in troduced a t the floor level and creates an up draft. It also may be necessary'in some in stallations to have a combination of exhaust and forced d rafts: that is, the area at which you are exhausting may be too wide to puil acres; effectively, and so you blmv ; iirctcr. If it is a consta the other side ar.d blow the dust to n von may have to appiy hausted side. We have done that very eSj ust method. lively in some shakeout operations. MEMBERS E irm in sn a tn . . , Alabama: [j Respirator Problems F the Southwest we use a s: teel frame h u i U i - j S I M P S O N ' ; Our usually with a sheet iroan stidmintgr,. i.f. jm..., ^ Mr Prinkworti;. is going it is rather open at' times. Can vou tell1"t(.f the question : "How whether there b a t e d there as compaj* ' " vv c a r a R e s o n a t o r All with the brick building that you use in If,a \ V ealhcr when he is Persp.ri: 5cction ot the country." It . , _ 4 Dimculty Breathing: S5StJSStfS, E5&5fc "t"' - aS I MR. FEHN'EL: I*m glad you brou?ij. t. BRtN'KW ORTH: Of all tl that up. I have had some experience in jvt equipment available tor t'oundm the respirator, ' ' from dust and tunics due to the c o n stru c t! ^ ' l `probablv the most dim ot the building and the natural a t m o s p h t ^ f 'm p j hc ehlcf reaso, conditions. I made a tew notes on some t'o employees, the tactor of discomfort, is i my work. Here is one on a foundry in Led-' rt done very. little in a tangible Angeles. This was made in 1030. It is [j " to the worker the need. : good to believe. The general air in cht -aonstrate i foundry averaged ,S million; and the squeezd-tection. er molding, which was the highest count, a many cases we have had exper S.S million: but in the machine shop tve luff ese of protective masks by our cm 10 million at the milling operation. . . 1 in the use of this particular fakic should be rcincmbered that i The construction of a building with opetii aeon of the respiratory passage sides would be a type that would have good.] gpi it is only partially efficient, y natural chamber-effect ventilation. However,] only partially eiTicient, so that a a machine shop is a typical factory brick' xa dust is concerned, it does not building, totally enclosed and with steel sasi .ICOper cent type oi protection. windows. So we have a far more hazardous condition, so tar as the concentration of dust ITuh the scarcity of labor toda- in a machine shop is concerned, than we dn "tfleh makes ior :t more independent in a foundry. '.the part of our employees, our I tiling use of an approved lyp. R IC H A R D M. BAKER (Baltin. :tv.ar is going to be iar more scri Md.) : We have been Irving to use inciner (M i live years or so ago. Until s ators. W e have about 350 trucks working in -.effective but far more comiortab Baltimore which carry all sons oi trash and 'atirator is designed, our efforts rubbish, including powders and paints and '- be devoted more than ever beie undertakers' powder oi some sort; but un of selling this type of protean fortunately we haven't been able to do very ';'ees and to the job of selling 0 much with the ventilation of our incinerators. T-ry staffs on the need of far bett We have one large pit where a crane gt#1 -ffffr.g ventilation and exhausting down into the pit, picks up a load oi thn '" as dust. stuff, anti lifts it onto the conveyor after th( . trucks drop the trash into the pit. Of course.^ -'EMBER; W e have found tl wc get a lot oi dust. I wonder if you wTM* :~t are enough respirators in ust tell us about seme chemical which we niignt : servicing is an important factu use that would be helpful in this regard? .''t wear a respirator today it '.-'M to become dirty and in a me MR. FEHN'E L : I do not know of any ; 3- Where there are a large i thing that you could apply to the operttK,n ^raib rs Semg'` usod, 'a central you have described, except possibly to u* '~'ce station is a valuable assc' water. It it is an intemieilial o p e ratio n ,^ ] ^'on the respirators could be cl maybe you can give these men a certain . 1 'r;;ced, if ncessary, sterilized. ss Metals Section 451 .ely, and so you blow it in (r<J i and blow the dust to the tt. W e have done that very tB : shakeout operations. art' parts kept at all times, so that when a res pirator became out of order, it could be properly put back in shape again. In some places they use a system whereby S (Birmingham. Alabam a):^* each respirator is kept in a paper bag and t we use a steel frame huikW- a sheet iron siding, if my, *| ipen at times. Can you tell tj: ; is a hazard there as compared :k building that you use in tha country? :>| :N E L : I'm glad you bronj* ive had some experience in p i public Steel. Incidentally, that teneral is free of health hararfi J ib U IRMAN SIM PSO N : Our next jpokeii Mr. Brinkworth, is going to ani*er t te question: "H ow can you get a Wqrfcn an to W ear a Respirator All Day in , Hot'.V 'eather when he is Perspiring and i'b s'P i Realty B reathing?" 0 1 B R IN K W O R T H : Of all the pro' tectfre iquipment available for foundry work ers].'th< respirator, largely because of dis- f*u'*mes due to the c o n s t r.wukLcfrnJt^oitLhr..e, is tnhpeeroAbwhaeebkallyurerthlieapammrtAiocesutladrliyfficiunlt hSotaot ig and the natural atmosphere m ade a few notes on some'"1' *11. to employees. T h e chief reason, other ere is one on a foundry in I jfan? tl e factor of discomfort, is that we is was made in 1936. It is;1 =)5?d ne very little in a tangible way to eve. The general air h v l firms rate to the worker the need, for such when a man reports for duty, he can specify which respirator is his. C. J. B R IN K W O R T H (Link Belt Co,. Indianapolis, In d .): Do your employees wear respirators all the time? SAME M EM BER: W e have some cases where they do, but we are not proud of the fact that they have to do so. The day is com ing when those conditions will be eliminated and when men will be working in more com fortable and safer conditions. JAM ES N EW K IR K (Allis-Chalmers Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) : W e have covered this question of keeping the res pirators clean quite well. Every respirator -aged .8 million; and the sqi4* 3-returned to the department from which it vhich was the highest count* lam my cases we have had experience in was originally issued. Every eight hours it f j u t * he machine shop se if protective masks by our employees. t h ling operation. . S. !the use of this particular type should be remembered that while ir- ruction of a building wittf .of : the respiratory passages is re- be a type that would have" }i-'ij^only partially efficient, so that as ber-efleet ventilation. Hoi . .Jooly partially efficient, so th at as far as top is a typical factory . Atca dust is concerned, it does not serve as Ily enclosed and with steel a jt;I?lOO per cent type of protection. we have a far more h; far as the concentration of l| ytth;the scarcity of labor today, all of shop is concerned, than Sudunaikes for a more independent attitude '5-v* P*rt f our employees, our problem ) M. BA K ER (Baitii _ (.selling use of an approved type of res- iave been trying to use nvjjffi f % r, going to be far more serious than ,vc about 350 trueclkes work^K. five years or so ago. Until something :ich carry all sorts j __ of tra s h r ^.wive but far m ore comfortable than a nafltJ ffptor is designed, our efforts will have uding powders and powder of some sort; bWu^^tif * be devoted --m--or-e .1t_h_a_n. .e.v. .erv be--fore. .to,Lth. e e haven't been able to odao'?. *^ f selling this type of protection to em- e ventilation of our incinerators v^es and to the job of selling our super U rge pit where a erane'ig- i c i . staffs on the need of far better house- e pit, picks up a load o f "? K ventilation and exhausting of dan- s it onto the conveyor - be trash into the pit. Of coj% We have found that where dust.-- L-wor.der if you tome chemical which we are enough respirators in use, the care *^*iswerivrin g is an important factor. A man is sterilized, washed in hot water and placed ofin an oven warm enough to dry it thoroughly without hurting any of the rubber parts. But we still have a lot of difficulty, es pecially in hot weather, in getting the men to wear them. However, by the use of these cotton faceiets which the various respirator companies put out, tt is a great relief to the men when wearing their respirators over it. Whereas the dust as a rule, especially in foundries, will stick to a man's face and the robber will irritate it, these cotton faceiets or pads will absorb a certain amount of the sweat and dirt. MR. B R IN K W O R T H : Do you mean the band around the forehead? MR. N E W K IR K : No, you are thinking of the sweat pad. . MR. D U N D O RE: In Beloit we have quite a few employees who have hay fever and they wear respirators from five o'clock in the morning until the evening all summer ^ long without any complaints at ail. MR. B R IN K W O R T H : That is a very d be helpful in this regard?4^fJ C vear a respirator today if it is al- good thing to hear. A re they forced to wear 2t f** 1U0 Bbeeccome dirty and in a messy ci ondi- N E L : f do not know of**, w . "here there are a_ large -n-u--m--b--e-r o--f u could apply to the c ^V >tors being used, a centrally located scribicedu,, except ipo-ssib-l[yo-n. "5 11ML-. stil'on is a valuable asset. A t this those in anyway? MR. DU NM O RE: No, they just do it for their own comfort.' s ani intermcdial opef 0 ia W K ? , * * respirators could be cleaned and MR. W H EELER (N iagara Falls Metal m give these men a neessary, sterilized, and spare lurgical Company): W e have a lot of men '.K'.-T:V ` - a ,i . , .tv 30th National Safety Congress wearing respirators at our piant They are quite (ussy about having their own respir ators. We bought some large cans--some what larger in s i than a one-pound coffee can--nicely enameled, and printed the names of the employees on them. By placing their respirator in this can, it becomes a personal affair and that goes a long way with them. These cans are picked up every night and taken to the service department, where they are serviced. The men realise that, because of th work they do, it is really essential, that they wear these respirators ; and we do have men who wear them eight hours a day. MR. BRINK W O RTH : 'Do they wear them full time, summer and winter? MR. W H E E L E R : Yes. MR. CRANE (Erie, Pennsylvania) : For a number of years we have been having trouble getting our men to wear respirators. We found that by trying different kinds of respirators to fit the job instead of trying to use one particular kind for the whole plant, we could get the men to wear them. W e use a type that is not very heavy and yet approved by the Bureau of Mines, and we also use the sweat pads with them, ^ h e sweat pad over the head collects the moisture and dirt which streams down the w orker's face. | MR. D U N D O R E: W e try to fit the res pirator so that it will enhance the physique of the man who has to use i t Years ago I had a lesson taught me by a negro workman, to whom we gave a respirator to wear. He complained that it made a Ubangi negro out of him, for which reason he wouldn't wear it in spite of anything we could do. So we shopped around, got something that en hanced his physique, and he was then proud to wear it. MR. BRINKW ORTH: In other words, use psychology. MR. F E H N E L : A respirator should not be applied as a cure-all. In a lot of indus tries the first solution to a dust problem is to put a respirator on a man; they think that after they have purchased a respirator, their concern ends. Mention has been made here about per sonal respirators. One of the larger manu facturers has a system, like this. A man comes to work in the morr.ir.g and receives a per- sonal respirator which has been y > during the night. He likewise r e c e iv e s a ^ V r - in many instances, tot is practically whippe. fiber pad, dean and sterilized, and the $ 0 u r experience has shown thing is handed to him in a closed coiitv 1^ iisVn't'uuse ' ust " C lyr* of s s ` He uses this during the morning shift'1'? 'J entire shop. Starting w lunch time he turns that in and after &Sed goggle, which is well receives another dean one. In other wci\l 'fed a medium- colored gree he uses two respirators which hTM iaV lens is used elsewhere ; serviced at night, wearing each oneAf?- it was quite satisfactory- hours. Thereiinn lies an imnportamnt consi'd?:"-r>^yparted a little from that re : the proper service on these things Ti STour hot places where the nprroonpeerr mmaatinntfe^nnaanncre*. AAnnontthher. big ,|j$ es/o\ fthat a man is troi although somewhat expensive and perb-S^ Json; we permit him to use inconvenient at times, is that of h a v in g ^ , a monel screen, and he is eral types of respirators on hand and letfij? the man select the type which he likes b ^ -: r ladle men are supplied r CHAIRMAN SIM PSON: la 'nSgg?: up this respirator problem, first 'o f-airv very careful survey should be raade^f: foundry. First find out what the _prpt is; not just one grab sample; but siS for a week or so and get some definite' goggles, with insulated m shield. They also use a n ;.'\Ve find that that is the s; n a man looks over the la. `about him, he doesn't has ie ladle and he can get as to what it is; then decide what .7L v; going to do. Are you going to vcnulajejiz place, or will you have the men use>? u ? !W tors? If you have the men wear rwpjjS then you must keep on selling them' idea of the importance of wearing"* keeping them in individual containers washing them and so forth. Well, we will next hear from who is going to tell us something'abou? types of goggles that he has used.J,'*"** Types of Goggles C. A. SH O LLY : I shall, of give you a statement of our own experience in the Sibley foundries. Our foundry,,u small one. The men in our shop do not -war goggles to the extent of 100 per cent. It a. not necessary in all of our operations. Ho-, ever, wherever goggles are used, one thing's. the case of our molders, we lems. We gave them just a 'type of goggle, and we h ; problem there also. But i jnjury to a molder, it becar "II of them to wear goggle.- them a pair of gaggles t 'we issued instructions to tb molder didn't svear his gc ig, he should not be given ; e started out with the spect j e until we found that spmei (would get splash backs. Burn! strike the back side of t! d in the eye. Such a man course, for another type of gog riably. So we are encourag jr we can the wearing of a ven fl* goggle or the goggle with , n e sptcude goggles lre turned certain: they have hard lenses. We one type of lens--the very best obtainable" and the reasons for that are obvious., fe m e obsolete, and they are rq side-screen goggles, and ssare giving excellent results. Getting our men to wear , -g-o-g--gwles . 9n*?, r'g srd to the lens, the pretty easy after we had a sad P n , 3 ^ ^ lhev cannot judge the v our plant. One of our men lost both o l . ^ c o l o r e d lenses. Therefore we eyes. After that happened, the decided to change its tactics. I n s t e w ^ lens. Among our men svi ^ prcer medium. sha saying, "W e will try to get the men rfife a re pseerrmmiinttiimngr stnommer ooff oouurr mm*- goggles,'1 they said, "We will try to edo^ toe spectacle type of lens to \ them so that they will see the necessity^ although others prefer to use wearing goggles." Although at one time Metals Section ' S i hich has been serried'.' ie likewise receives i . sterilized, and the who), him in a closed container -i ig the morning shift. Aj s i s that in and after hniv ean one. In other wottfci irators which havejbe? wearing each onV-io^k = an important considoalv ervice on these things tance. Another big fad* .t expensive and perisj^ -ies, is that of having 'sc r/ Ies in many instances, today our goggle Jlem is practically whipped. four experience has shown us that you "n't use just one type of goggle throughout entire shop. Starting with the cubegoggle, which is well ventilated, we a medium colored green lens. This lens is used elsewhere and we found ;-it Was quite satisfactory. However, we rted a little from that recently in one fiour hot places where we have three s, so that a man is troubled by perition; we permit him to use a iace shield a monel screen, and he is getting along rators on hand and lettog r- : type which he likes.hatli iir ladle men are supplied with spectacle S IM P S O N : In - problem, first of :y should be made of ihf -td out what the prbUa grab sample; but study' and get some definite^ then decide what you? you going to ventilate 8je -j have the men use rtspra e the men wear respirien,; rep ,-- selling them with d rt: )f wearing themtf'i inu.>idual containers iei;,' : goggles, with insulated nose piece and : shield. They also use a medium green 'We find that that is the safest, because a man looks over the ladle and then , ; about him, he doesn't have that glare he ladle and he can get along much r. `the ease of our molders. we have several liens. We gave themi just an open spec- type of goggle, and we had our oldr problem there also. But following an . injury to a molder, it became necessary "ill of them to wear goggles. We gave id so forth. ',?* them a pair of goggles to wear, and we issued instructions to the effect that next hear irora Ur, molder didn't wear his goggles while tell us something about g, he should not be given any iron. that he has used. ies of Goggles WHj^i-jrlpiglesutanrttiel dwoeuftouwnidth ththaet spectacle type of sometimes mold- get splash backs. Burning particles .V: TI seVhtatslUl, of cCoOuUrSsCe,f < X!.VmU. strike thle. bi_a_ctk. _s:ijde_ o_rf the il_en_s__a_ndi rent of our own exi***!;<JBjOtmd in the eye. Such a man was in line, undries. Our foundry ^.course, for another type of goggles almost r.en in our shop do not sS0o we are encouraging where- xtent of IC..O.. pr--er c- e n t vc*alnl the wearing of a ventilated cup- all of our c p eratio n s_ v goggle or the goggle with the screen, toggles are used, one "'"j^wygeypectacle goggles are turned in, having ve hard lenses. We __ the very best obsolete, and they are replaced with side-screen jrn<TtrW anr ior that are obvious. S ? * Me giving excellent results. men to wear goKS1^ ' .VV S^WP it--fat re8*rd to the lens, the older men we had a sad xPP*11?? j t*bhaat( th' ey cannot judge the heat if they of osur meetn-, lost b1* lc,'sus. Therefore we give them happppeenneedc,. tthhee n . te> t ' a. tens. oAmmoonng our men we nfinad mthat :!3e its tacv.cus. u r i t ' i l f . , *bm prefer medium-shared lenses. :i tryV ton get th*e W"to1 , ^ r tirtefrSrth *o>ecrrmm*tmtinmg .s_o_m__e_otf our molde..r..s...w..lho. aid, "W e to ' u<*- _ ?ll* sP. M---t-a-d--e t.y.,pe of lens to use a cover :ey will see die nec ^ f v 'in . ouSfi others prefer to use the monel Although at o n e t ^ ^ t e . :i getting -re tnen In our shakeouts, this same screen disk was the happy solution to a great problem. W e have some floors which contain a large number of molds, and the molds are quite large, and there is an excessive amount of heat and steam rising from those molds; and the perspiration falling on the lens was a constant hazard. O ur solution was in finding these monel screens, which we put into cuptype goggles. However, all the men do not have to use this type of goggle, as long as they wear some sort of goggles while they are working. Last sum m er during the heat we were faced with a problem. Some of our men who were not wearing goggles continuously were approached by their foremen in a sort of rough way and he insisted that they wear goggles. Consequently, they went to a cer tain committee, and that committee came back and said that our men didn't have to wear goggles. As a substitute for the gog gles, therefore, we thought we would try face shields, using a monel screen, and the men who objected to wearing the goggles are now using those. In the case of the chippers, we have never had any trouble with goggles. We thought we had that problem whipped by a deep-cut type goggle, but then we introduced the high grinders and we found we had to fit the thing over again. W e also are confronted with this persiration problem. W e have found that we can secure an extension ring which sets the lenses a little further from the eye. When we do this, we have less trouble, oi course. I: cuts down the range of vision a little bit. but nevertheless I think the additional safety is there because they do not have a steaming goggle. Our cover-type goggles, of course, are worn in all cases by men who have had cor rective lenses made. I really don't see. just considering this matter from our past ex perience during the last few years, how the goggle situation, if attacked properly, should turn out to be a very hard problem. B. S. C O R N W A LL (Insurers Service Corp., St. Lous, Missouri) : Qur. alucLnum workers work in front of a small oven. They take their ladle of aluminum, turn around while in front of the oven, lean over, and pour it into a die. They are right over that heat all the time. Our experier.ee has m m w ti'iH .mm .3* top a jliiii',: -t f j t * HW WM 30th National Safety Congress been that when they wear goggles, their face around the eye becomes tender, and they are rebelling against wearing goggles, especially of the closed type. I wonder if anybody has had any experience with close work of that sort? MR D U N D O R E: On all hot metal work in our plant we insist that they wear, and we provide the men with, asbestos lined goggles, which does away with the trans ferring of the heat, and these have a bak lite molded frame. I believe you will tind that these are on the market commercially, and you wili get a lot of satisfaction from that type of a goggle in preference to any other kind of a frame--a metal frame partic ularly. CHAIRM AN SIM P S O N : While Mr. Dundore is on his feet, I would like to ask him this question: "W hen does safety edu cation stop or start?" Safety Education MR. D U N D O R E: When does safety education stop? I can sum it up in one word: when the operator is dead! I think it would be well if you reported to all employees that the country today is largely concerned with this subject of eye sight; that once you have an eye injury or lose an eye, nothing can be done to replace it; and that is one lesson you can get over to your employees. .......... " Safety education, so far as I am concerned, starts with the management and probably ends with the employee. I don't think it should ever end. I believe that safety education can be car ried on very nicely in the average plant by the utilization of safety slogans printed on the back of the time cards, so that as the employees punch their time in and out four times a day, they will be confronted by this slogan as a safety reminder. The cards and the slogans could be (as they arc in our plant) changed every week. At the same time that the name is printed on the clock card, this saicty slogan could also be put on it. Every inter-office envelope bears a slogan oni the top otf it saying, "Safety is everybody's bulseitnpess."11 Those #envrellnoipv>est arpe rcnonnhtimnuitatlluy passing around throughout our plant. We have 19 different departments, and h r, m e mail boy making a route evci, sixty. minutes. Those loads of departmental' a . velopes containing orders, instructions, coni.' of letters and what not. are always face on the foreman's desk--always in trzn^ throughout the shop--and whoever ope*' it drawn to the attention oi t: iho in turn hands it over to trt involved, is a good safety r ,'aier words, talk it over with after the accident has happe; t has been investigated. these envelopes is first confronted with lh* Ialso believe that it is poor polic; slogan. "Safety is everybody's business." .-s -en to work in your plant wnc as not been checked or correct I think the management is also lax to ti ( least three years. A good ma: great extent in not fitting goggles individofi 0 ire due to the fact that men ar iy. I don't know of any two indiridtai^ ith the glasses which- they bout faces which are exactly alike. It's a f e ti: t store 20 years a g o ; or they The education must be done. I don't thafe i t enough to be examined after 1 we are getting our young men young cnoujhc r Sar that they will have to wear ! as regards this matter of being eduatti;.): i result is that numerous acciden- along the line of what to expect in the preiS; ease of bad eyesight. lem of safety in industry. In Beloit I becn trying to institute a safety program i i these things, I say, can come t the schools. I started out with it last year*,, down. It is a wonderful place high school, and I am glad to say thaiS*;. ffite a safety program. Any fur the present time no youngster matricu&^ is up to the individual the from the Beloit High School unless he": i ep to you to bring these thin taken up and received credit for a course. by. pointing out to manageme: Erst aid. Also, the manual training departmenlf K the high school are being furnished ..jjjjj! '.A. goggles, not by the apathetic school _bS5p but by my own company, free of c h a rg e s jjijlgeducation in Beloit is starting in the stfwSE `.irSfe: and not starting in industry, where I times think it is a little bit too late to t t f e * ' - ' - - W EDNESDA H> F erguson, Manat One of the previous speakers said thing about talking to an employee Environment-- safety after he is hired. We speak a m applicant bciore he is hired. He can the m atter over that night. If he doesc B i??tendent. Safety and Welfa what we prescribe to prevent accidents! he starts to work, he docs not have to 1 w k? up the next day. We would rather n o t J e * ^a* will a__g_r_ee__th_a_t e__n_v_ir_onment him. It doesn't cost us a dime at that^OTj^ Pl r t in our lives. We a hut it costs us a great deal of m oncyi^g, our frame of mind and we have hired a man, he lias worked If a person is in fear tor a time, and we then find out health, o r his safety. ! doesn't like the arrangement we have' I also believe that a lot throughout the United States bet by not starting and keeping UP - jg j paper. I find that you can sell in. a shop paper than you can by ""Tj" a thousand employees once a yc nnhaPPyi which is a h : himself and management. S includes any and all thi d, to promote the worker .^ A ^ fo rt, and well-being. '* management do to imj especially as it pertains t annual meeting on the subject. I find also that a review of which occur in the plant once a tw ,, ^ o tim e n t can be improved As a housewife is j of the home, so is by the appearance of b&j: m r tm 'vV.i -t.mi.uts, and we {C1 a route every 2 ' of departm ental^ rs, instructions, ;. are always k--always i n " t t a ^ : -and whoever ."n| : confronted w t^ j -ybody's business?. .nent is also lax __ mg goggles individji^ any* two indivkhaf,'tly alike. It's .ai/jcfe c done. I don't ' mg men young e cr of being educ to expect in the. try. In Beloit T ,, _ e a safety progiao out with it last yor n glad to say" voungster mat ^ School tmlesVJjJW credit for a course. Metals Section 455 wtfir g i t drawn to the attention ot the fore g o n turn hands it over to the cmae'involved, is a good safety measure. {j. words, talk it over with the em.(Cifter the accident has happened and jjt bas been investigated. ^ b e lie v e that it is poor policy to al__ to work in your plant whose eye- l JS not been checked or corrected once fjeast three years. A good many accif t n due to the fact that men are work. . . j the glasses which they bought in a istore 20 years ago; or they haven't enough to be examined after 10 years ir that they will have to wear bifocals, ult is that numerous accidents occur t'of bad eyesight. these things, I say, can come from the down. It is a wonderful place to bi le a safety program. Any further edis up to the individual themselves, up" to you to bring these things to a bf pointing out to management some of the things. But above all, don't miss the chance of taking the boys into your con fidence. They are entitled to know. CH A IRM A N S IM PS O N ; It is getting late, and I would like to run the next two discussions together. Mr. Boaden, is. going to discuss just what particular phases he thinks we ought to concentrate on. H e heard one of the previous speakers say: The United States Government found that they can make soldiers in about 10 weeks but that it took a darn sight more than a year to make an officer. I think that is true. MR. B O A D E N : All I have to say is this, fellows; that as far as we are concerned, we believe in concentrating on certain things, and this is what we found from our experi ence: that it pays to concentrate on goggles and glasses and leggings and safety shoes and respirators, as well as on safety bulle tins; and we also like to get suggestions from our employees. cTV. ' training departmoifsTf being fumtshediVi apatk *:c school boiNjil&ty ny, j{ cHargt" | 0 TM * ` tari...g in the osi; W EDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 8, 1941 -dustry, where I tie bit too late to ;--R, H. F erguson-, M anager of Safety, Republic Steel Corporation, Cleveland, 0 . ;s speakers said sonr-'; to an employee .'tint IsSgj*. Environment--Management's Responsibility red. W e speak to is .jS te -. By P. C. K A U FFM A N hired. He can tight. If he doesn't Qe^ fc^erintendent. Safety and W elfare D epartm ent, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation prevent accidents aim" does not have to ifssf Pittsburgh, Penn. would rather not faye] /B will agree that environment plays an That which is orderly and well-kept has a us a dime at that fcpottant part in our lives. W e are moti definite appeal to all of us. In the same way, at deal of money tltS- v 'd by our frame of mind and our sur- he has worked wilht* Matdings. If a person is in fear ot man- then find out that fee tttment, his health, or his safety, he is un- tgement we have node- ind unhappy, which is a hindrance to himself ar.d management. Safety en at a lot of empleym v y in g includes any and all tilings that *d States miss a tF* ?*, done to promote the workers' safety. "wd keeping up a *a |b, comfort, and well-being. u can sell more safe* you can by talkirt * I",What can management do to improve en- 's once a year ^ f |^J BBI*nt especially as it pertains to safety: :e subjectt.. review ot all acc" lant once a montr- environment can be improved by good j^toiteeping. a housewife is judged by *at`PPearance t.i the home, so is manageludged by the appearance of the plant. we note the unclean, untidy, slipshod busi ness, and seek to avoid it. It is repulsive to our senses and arouses our suspicion as to its management. By nature, some businesses are clean and others are dirty. This we know and accept, but there is no excuse for poor housekeeping, whether in a kitchen or steel plant. Good men are attracted to companies which dean up and paint up, and strive to keep their plant that way. The safety department can play an important part in helping manage ment maintain high standards. :9 B i... prases 1? 't , i'/i* : v Congress Milling Section 479 :-1942t father & Co., Duluth. Minn, irginia State Dept, of Mines, Qiarlestij. Methods of Allaying Dust in Underground Metal Mine Operations By C. M. F E L L M A N tke Mining Co.. Lead. S. D. Safety and Ventilation E ngineer, T he Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. .-tsr.YCTON, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Wajt'TCHER, Republic Steel Corp., Ironwo. J r., Mine Safety Appliances Co., P%j The source of fresh air whether it is from tparate ventilation shaft, hoisting shaft or other mine openings connected with surface, should furnish clean fresh air, low in dust count. The amount of fresh air furnished per man underground varies considerably in dif ferent mines but it should not be less than jOO C.F.M. and it will be found distinctly adU. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pi antageous to provide two or three times this ts . U. S. Bureau of Mines. Pittsburgh,?; mount. a Evans, J r., The Hudson Coal Cj.J Distribution of the air currents through die mine should be carefully planned. In the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Washington, D. C iron ore mines, the fresh air current is ttsu- S. Bureau of Mines. Pittsburgh, Pa. illy carried in on the lowest main-level, thence to the mining sub-levels and stopes pper Co.. Calumet. Mich. Tennessee, Mascot. Term, hove through timber raises, ore raises, man ways or separate ventilation raises. The used air from these working areas then passes nth. Minn. a'., f nm, \V. Va. C. ./Uttc. Mom. mcs. Ltti,. Schumacher. Out.. Canada through special rock ventilation raises driven in the footwall or other 0|>enings connecting with the abandoned tevel above, from where it is routed to surface through ventilation or :.`burgh. Pa. : Lead Co.. Texarkana. Texas Montreal. Wis. Pa. Hiii Publishing Co.. Inc.. New hull. Tenn. Ariz. .. Pittsburgh. Pa. . Cleveland. Ohio York, X.' secondary shafts. In mines which have ore bodies of consid erable length, it is possible to divide the ore I'-dy into blocks for ventilation purposes, with each block having its own fresh air supi'iy and return air outlet, which prevents the passage of dust and air contamination through the entire territory. V. ;.. Kirkland Lake. Of.:.. Canada Auxiliary fans varying from 2 lo 15 II.P. . Scramim. Pa. `fe used in mining arid development places Ctah 'rich cannot be ventilated by primary fresh . Reck Springs. W yoming "r currents. The air is carried to the work- aha. X .J. <1 place through 12 or 10 inch galvanized .rre. Mo. -ctal pipe >>r ventube. ' melting Co.. St. Louis. M". Rock Work 'O X S E F clO X o -n J r.. V ice-Pres: -letlirr;; ,..r alloying -iust are ui prime im'nancc :a the r.xk development headings oi ' iron - rc mines. due to the fairly high C*?, c''"'cnt. These headings are usually -elated by 10 or 15 H.P. fans set in a ireslt ..,'"U,rK''' mil 12 or i-j inch metal pipe and carried within 21 or 25 ieet of the L Genera 1 W I1 . A''1*'!;- yr.sslubreienng fdoruinlldingthaatnddumstucckoiunngtsarien M ontreal Mining Co., Montreal, Wis. in direct proportion to the .amount of fresh air delivered to the breast. If the return air current from these headings contacts other workers, the provision of a pair of water curtains or a water blast to settle dust and fumes has proved effective. During drilling and mucking the miners wear approved res pirators. In some properties air line respira tors are used during drilling. To settle dust and gases produced by blasting, a cross con nection between the air and water line is used. Muck piies. breast, back and walls are wet down with water. General Procedure Under Ground All drilling is done wet, including ore. Everyone going tinder ground including captains, bosses and officials are furnished with approved respirators. Clean liitcr pads are furnished daily as required. The men wear respirators during drilling, mucking and on entering working places after blasting. Shaft stations, haulagevays, travchvays and air passages should be kept clean and if there is a tendency to dry out. such places should be wetted down periodically. Daily inspections are made to check on matters pertaining to ventilation and dust prevention including changes in working places, use of respirators and condition of equipment. Inspection and close contact with the work plays an important part in the dust prevention program. Dust Samples Dust sample: covering every phase of the operations are : ken periodically, using cither the standard o the midget im.pingcr as the collecting me:!'um. Tile samples arc counted hv the metr. d recommended by the L'. S. Public Health Service. The dust counts have pointed the v oyfor improvements in the ventdatiou systems and dust prevention methods ami provide a : .nstant cheek or, dust condilions. Sair.ples ar.- taken perilatcaily in ail rock "i1I 'Jy'GT'riV'er I 4S0 Oth \ alioita! Safclv Congress f headings covering the complete cycle oi operations. A reerrd is kept of each rock heading on which is noted location, kind oi rock encountered, silica content, dust counts tor each operation, iength oi time required by each operation, types oi drills, respirators, ian and dust prevention methods used. A rec ord is also kept oi each man working in rock which sets forth number oi shifts worked, lo cation cf the wo.-ktr.g place and reference is made to the rock data sheet covering condi tions in that place. From these records, the total exposure ir. rock of any employee is readily available tor correlation with his physical findings. Surface Operations Dust hazards it: surface operations have had attention. The dust produced by crushers located in the head frames is removed by suc tion fans. As an added precaution men w ork ing on the crusher r.oor wear respirators Many of the miners change houses equipped with fans, filters and exhaust pip|,j systems to remove dust from locker rooms which is produced by the men when chancing between shifts. Dust counts taken at this period are surprisingly high when not cog. trolled. Laboratory crusher rooms are equipped with dust collectors, fans and suction hoods at crushers, rolls, pulverizers and buckinz boards. Fans and suction hoods are installed in the shop welding rooms to carry away iumes. Mine service roads and streets in company housing locations are oiled or macadamized The generally accepted standard calls for a dust count of not over 3 million partides per cu. ft. of air in ore or rock. Most mines meet this standard without difficulty. 210 Ran Operation*! O l edging rock Picking rock <jrtmv hole Priding hole . Sampling JcaJm Mucking Cutting fauches fine particles suspended in lot scale i Hammertnc p a 1Cuumc steel ! Cold chisel I Tuilin chute I tUnd'mw o u te r Creeping out ! Sfiasit o i iiqut Air pressure Ckiprung liearii: frustum; Not otherwise t Tnt.it T U E SD A Y A FTER X O O X SESSIOX O ctob er 7, 1941 NOTE:"Nc durr incl Sym posium on Problems in Mine Safety Prctidinn--L. C. Camnscli., General Manager of Mines. Kppers Coal Company, Pittsburgh Pa. How to Induce Men to Wear Goggles B y c. e . Mc k n i g h t Safety Director, Lake Shore Mines, Limited, Kirkland Lake, O n t, Canada *Total accidents I Total lost time 1 Lost time per KOTE: Im Pr The first to he answered is. of course, "Arc g:rglcs needed in mining, and if so. how much protection should they give?" Through the rvartesy of the Ontario Min ing Association I have been able to study the records of eys accidents in Ontario Mines during 1937 a::-: 1938. For 210 random com pensation case* the operational causes and occupational clines affected, have been put down in Table 1. The points I wish to make arc these; that .the causes are many, and the classes affecte 1 include almost everyone around the m :r:. ft is not just the man with the sledge bar:.--cr who has eye trouble; he is expecting i: and in fact is less troubled than the man who believes he is safe* Ntszs of those third point is that these accidents are ** Aould convinc pensive. | 'Its are neede Table 2 shows the time lost due to theK 0S1 of these 210 accidents, and in studying this we ''vented. remember that these are "C om pcnsat^ cases, or those in which the injured Another ma off work seven cays or more. Far more c o 7 "Arc the occur in which the tunc lost is lcsS 1` ' ear?" T1 seven days. on the sty : in fitting Tables 3, 4 and 5 show the complete `Haiti min, injurv picture for the Ontario Minins ^ '!* Boggle : try in 1938; Table 3 giving the ratio j 'Ihout fittinf injuries to total injuries reported; Ta ./ceived a < giving the compensation cost of those 1,1 . dfiring abot ies, and Table S showing the mechan *.> ,, 720 30th, National Ssiety Congress Cardox Corp., Chicago, 111. Fire Extinguishing Systems. Chicago E ye Shield Co., Chicago, ILL Head and Eye Protection Equipment. H. Childs & Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Industrial Safety Shoes. The Cleveland O verall Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Safe Industrial W ork Clothing and Uniforms. Coca-Cola Co., A tlanta, Ga. Beverage Dispensing Equipment. Columbus M cKinnon Chain C orp, Tonawanda, N. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains and Safety Hoists. C -O -T w o F ire E quipm ent C o , Newark, N. J. Portable and W heeled Type Fire Extinguishers. M. E. Cunningham C o, Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Steel Stam ps and Tools. Davis Em ergency Equipm ent C o, In c , Newark, N. J. F irst Aid and Industrial Safety Equipment. A. B. Dick C o , Chicago, 111. Mimeograph Duplicators and Mimeograph Brand Products. Dockson C o rp , D etroit, Mich, Head and Eye Protection Equipment. The C. B. D olge C o , W estport, Conn. Floor Finishes, Disinfectants, and Hand Soaps. Dugas E ngineering C o rp , Chicago, III. Fire Extinguishing Equipment. Duo-Safety Ladder C o rp , Oshkosh, Wis. Safety and F ire L adders, and L adder Shoes. E. I. du P o n t de N em ours & C o , In c , W ilmington, DeL Neoprene, H and Cream and Cellulose Sponges. E lliott Service C o , N ew Y ork, N. Y. Prom otion of Safety and Efficiency. J. H . Em erson C o , Cambridge, Mass. The "Iron Lung." Em ployers M utual L iability Insurance Co. of W isconsin, W ausau, Wis. W orkm en's Com pensation, Fire and Casualty Insurance. Ex-Cell-O C o rp , D etroit, Mich. Pure Pak Paper Milk Containers. Fairway Laboratories, In c , St. Louis, Mo. .Salt Tablets and Dispensers. Finnell System, In c , E lkhart, Ind. Electric Floor M aintenance Equipment and F ord Good D rivers L eague, Dearborn, Mich. Good Driving Educational Campaign. Franklin Research C o , Philadelphia, Pa. Floor M aintenance Materials. Compounds. T he General F ire T ru ck C o rp , Detroit, Mich. Fire Extinguishers and Allied Products. : Great Stuff Pro Industrial i I ganovia Chemi 1 . Sun Lamps Barley Davidsc Police Mot Holcomb S afer Protective goof Products Motor Veh I Hynson, Westc Mercuroch In d u strial Glov Industrial International E Electric Ai International S ^ Hy-Test S I ' junkin Safety j Safety Det justrite Manuf. i d . Safety Car I juvenile Wood Automobil IP Karel F irst Ai> Industrial Keystone Viev Industrial W alter Kidde Fire Extin The Kimball f Industrial W alter G. Lei Floor Pol Lehigh Safety Leather a Liberty Mutu. Compenst Lightfoot Sch T oilet So: The Lim a Co: -- Non-Slip M acwhyte Cc W ire Ro; Marks and Fi Identifies Safety Exposition Exhibitors ' G reat Stuff Products Co., Inc., W est N ew York, N. J. Industrial Hand Soaps, Protective Creams, Dispensers. Hanovia Chemical & M anufacturing Co., Newark, N. J. Sun Lamps and Ultraviolet Q uartz Lam ps for Every Purpose. H arley Davidson M otor Co., Milwaukee, W is. Police Motorcycles and Related Equipment. H olcom b Safety Garm ent Co., Chicago, I1L Protective Clothing. H oof P roducts Co., Chicago, HL M otor Vehicle Speed Control Governors and Brake Eyes. Hynson, W estcott & Dunning, Inc., Baltimore, Md. Mercurochrome First Aid Antiseptic. Industrial Gloves Co., Danville, I1L Industrial Safety Clothing. International Business Machines Carp., N ew York, N . Y. Electric Accounting Machines, Time Recording Devices. International Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. H y-T est Safety Shoes. . J unkin Safety Appliance Co., Louisville, K y. Safety Devices for Power Presses. Justrite M anufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Safety Cans and Fittings, Electric Safety Lanterns. Juvenile W ood Products, Inc., F o rt W ayne, Ind. Automobile Seats for Babies. K arel F irst Aid Supply Co., Chicago, I1L Industrial First Aid Supplies, H ospital Equipm ent. Keystone View Co., Meadville, Pa. Industrial Visual Testing Equipment. W alter Kidde & Co., Inc., New York, N . Y. Fire Extinguishing Equipment. The Kimball Safety Products Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Industrial Safety Products. W alter G. Legge Co., Inc., New York, N . Y. Floor Polishes and General Floor M aintenance Lehigh Safety Shoe Co., I n c , A llentow n, P a. Leather and Rubber Industrial Safety Shoes. (L iberty M utual Insurance C o , Boston, M ass. Compensation and Public Liability Insurance. J Lightfoot Schultz Co, New York, N. Y. i Toilet Soaps for Industrial W ashroom Use. The Lima Cord Sole and Heel C o , Lima, Ohio. Non-Slip Soles and Heels. Compounds. Macwhyte Company, Kenosha, W is. W ire Rope, Braided W ire Rop.q.Slings, and Allied_Products. j Marks and Fuller, In c, Rochester, N. Y. j Identification Cameras and Equipment. 722 30th National Safety Congress T h e M artindale Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Stretcher Cots. Safety Road Signs, R espirators for Non-Toxic Dusts M asury-Y oung Co., Boston, Mass. Materials for Finishing and M aintaining Safe Floors. Thom McAn Safety Shoe Co., N ew York, N . Y. Thom McAn Safety Shoes. B. F. M cD onald Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Industrial Safety Equipment. M edical Supply Co., Chicago, UL First Aid Kits, Refills, Surgical D ressings and Pharmaceuticals. MelHex Products Co., Akron, Ohio. Industrial Safety Flooring, Steps Treads, M ats and Matting. M er-K il Chemical P roducts Co., Chicago, 111 Disinfectants, Germicides, D eodorants and Fungicides. M etropolitan Life Insurance Co., N ew York, N . Y. Life, H ealth, Accident, Pension and Group Insurance. M ilbum Co., Detroit, Mich. Protective Creams for the Prevention of Occupational Skin Diseases. Mine Safety Appliances Co., P ittsburgh, Pa. Safety Appliances and First Aid Materials. Minnesota Mining and M anufacturing Co., St. Paul, Minn. Reflective Sign Material. M ir-O-Lite, In c , Lincoln, Nebr. Reflecting Traffic Signs. National Conservation Bureau, New York, N. Y. Safety Education, Traffic Enforcem ent and Industrial Material. N ational H ighw ay Supply.C o, Chicago, UL Reflectorized Highway Traffic Signs. N ational P h o to Identity C o rp , Chicago, HL Monroe Double Action Identification Camera. National Safety Council, In c , Chicago, HL Posters, Bureau of Inform ation, Research and Education Division. N ational Society for th e P revention of B lindness, I n c , New York, N . Y. Services and Education M aterials on Preventing Industrial Eye Injuries. Onox, I n c , San Francisco, Calif. Prevention of A thlete's Foot. Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corp., Toledo, Ohio. Glass Insulating and Sound-A bsorbing Wools, Air Filters, Glass Textile Fibers. G. H . Packw ood M anufacturing C o , S t L ouis, Mo. Safety Hand Soaps for Industrial Plant Use. Panther-Panco Rubber C o, In c , Chelsea, Mass. Safety Soles and Heels. T h e P a te n t Scaffolding C o , Chicago, I1L Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. The P hister M anufacturing C o , Cincinnati, Ohio. Fire Extinguishers and Allied Equipment. The Prosperity C o, In c , Syracuse, N. Y. Valves, Cylinders, Air Controls, Safety Controls for Presses. 'usts. Safety Exposition Exhibitors Protectoseal Co., Chicago, III Safety Cans, Drum and Barrel Fittings. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp,, Brooklyn, N . Y. Industrial Safety Equipment. Pyrene Manufacturing Co., Newark, N. J. Fire Protection Equipment. 7 23 m Reece W ooden Sole Shoe Co., Columbus, Nebr. W ooden Sole Safety Shoes, Boots and Sandals. Rose Manufacturing Co., Denver, Colo. Industrial Safety Products. -5 Textile Fibers. Safety Clothing and Equipment Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Industrial Safety Clothing, Equipment and Supplies. Safety Engineering, Alfred M. Best & Co., Inc., N ew York, N . Y. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. Safety First Shoe Co., Holliston, Mass. Safety Shoes. Safway Steel Scaffolds Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Scaffold Equipm ent and Safety Ladders. V. H. Salisbury & Co., Chicago, 111. Linem en's R ubber Protective Equipment. The Sanitary Institute of America, Chicago, 111. Sterilized Industrial W iping Cloths. L Schrader's Son, Brooklyn, N . Y. Pneumatic Pow er Press Safety Control Devices. Scotch Flasher Display Co., Wichita, Kans. Animated Direct Light and Reflectorized W arning Signs. The Sealtex Co., Chicago, III. Self-Sticking Bandages. Sellstrom Manufacturing Co., Chicago, IlL Industrial Safeguards for Head and Eye Protection. L Smith & Son, In c , Philadelphia, Pa. Hospital and Ambulance Cots. The Spencer Turbine C o, Hartford, Conn. Industrial Vacuum Cleaners and Dust Collection Equipment. Sperry Top-Sider Footwear Division, U. S. Rubber C o, N ew York, N . Y. Safety Footwear. kaadard Safety Equipment C o, Chicago, 111. . Industrial Safety Equipment. k*el Scaffolding C o , Inc., Evansville, Ind. Steel Scaffolds, T restles, and Accessories. Ttonehouse Signs, In c , Denver, Colo. Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. The Surty Manufacturing C o, In c, Chicago, 111. Point of O peration Machine Guards. H. Tennant':C o ,_Minneapolis, Minn. Equipment and Supplies for Dry Cleaning Industrial Floors, i r10nt M anufacturing C o , Roxbury (B oston), Mass. Safety Steel Pipe Tools. " --- V . yq*'!:; ft