Document NG07BJq014vwVDMLKrqJ761mg

LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, INC. 292 MA01SON AVCNUC NEW YORK. N. Y. 10017 rtCI^ONl M(A COOK Alt O* MOM Hay 27, 1564 StTJECT; Reprint oo Lead Anode* To Menbers of the Lead Industrie* Association, Inc: We have obtained copies of the attached reprint on lead alley anodes for cathodic protection, for distribution to centers of the chemical construction and others concerned with protecting structures against corrosion. 0 In addition, this reprint vill be offered In the "Lead Library" listing In LEAD cagazlne, vhich Is sent to about 8,000 design engineers and almost 3,000 chemical engineers. Members Day obtain 25 copies of this reprint free of charge, and larger quantities at our coat of 25 cents per copy. Very truly yours. RT:bd Attachnent Robert Travis Iw u P hj p .'.j m u .w h vwth O f!*< * aflat a*o4 * ^ * H**f* V* p*ftff ik* 4<fcn'*l** <24 I aowaif t*r am>p4n a* Me rf max tipot>| 4aJ UaO **4 elctrott*r4 * *000 4 << mi 10 iwK'W P*+ oa <**/* H>. Lw4 d*4iad (Mli*f r* f*rm<4 4a vfll IfrOl^tf ptilly, 4 Urtllt. Nift tk* ht (cod m(M la tmaH dflmcfd ae, ffca car>*9 mx9y tt- 1--m atf*taf<fv 4* aaf at yiofrcfnt at tit animal l*Jai for cathodic protection in various electrolytes* Q S. Tudor and A. Ticker (J 1 N*W lppi+4 UhtK9 lmb*m(*y U s NW lat# irmokh*. Nr* Yti Hffrinti* It.*, MUIRUl.s IHIHM Tl<\\ V.4. \ N. |. ,,f .*,2 .V J.**n /** %rWAt IMtMM'l *IIM> l^mKA, l\(',, ?r* tl ..!-.> Itr. \Y, \-k V V. |ii; N 1989.01 ^ iwiapi Li *2*123 1a**- * f? GJf"sdSs ps*fStlBl ion lesia^yios* SUMMARY Contains data describing use of leod-silver anodes in cott< odic protection systems operating in sen, fresh, and brockiiH wafers. Leod samples were operated in various electrolytes to determine deterioration rates. Variables investigated include current density, specific resistance of the electrolytes, alloy composition, mechonical domage to protective cootmgs, and galvanic couples with other moteriols. In low specific resistance electrolytes, which were similar to sea water composition, favorable anode performance was noted. High resistance electrolytes, especially at 1000 ohm-cm, caused severe anode deterio ration Galvanic couple tests indicated thot exposed titanium mounting devices oppear suitable for use with lead alloy anodes. i t li'.ul aiVs 'IMPV J'| .Ifrtit 'ol*s |<>i ,i 11* * l:i >t ! ij. t. i 'jiii ,i*(\ Jtit irt>( c/\.triH 5 t n \ - t' I!.' \l . ii'v. tli* \ .|Wid |,4 !**>' 1 } 1* I t 4 .1 I 14 >| I <! 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U~l < ...1.44 4.4 Af**v iii,|.f-'\4 I u.rniil *'( ms < afl jf<4Si't>- l.iv'i. .|M4[t\. hue.* Isle, i;ni. .i Hi v . an. t i \ I.,. I, < in U- deimd fa nuiiiriiHrii tff.e* .ifnl noj.- i.'. neralM.li. ui.d I111 i w i-.lit iliasrsef. V'.ilvaiui tt'lriii' ha\e nitain adsan* I l.-w ifit Nle |4V|<4<|irtc m rx* tein.il jv*'vrt 4..MIH4-S. i <im nt i<Hitn4 v maihleitaiu 4* 4 \4rjrt In* |. ri<lH dfi<*le f< j/1.4< eftK'flt I lie *\J" t 'tu litt 4(4*44 tll.i| in tin* aitiile |it:iiinils atr i>e<ruwxl Hitli If 14* lt tl.H'la llin ai tu i.aVM^ 4 frail alios ,(li<!o itt \a 114is rltx tndstev. AtU aulaui-t of h ad alhns iim uth-: 4Itn t1 fits . km lueltiliir (< ease in < .I'tinv*. u ih ! relatisels Iti-al* eht tinal inti* <li|u\ils k*A|'l.llMr |( lirtrlMifiltAl. hw\exef. larvels il.JM'IHlevi H* tfw foiniatiott 4 adlreietit. Iin-Hli.tilai k jM4!.*s lis e u-atilies (4 lea! <li<'xul' 1 I'llO VS f f| 4 \}||Im(Ix I CV*| -In tf tv .il 4on<li tis its*. In ]i`,i<I a id storat*.' lutiirni-v. this inaiiiu* 4ofitiiliiitrs t longer fife Its niininii/m\! |H*Mti\e u ih I oirnsi*n in (Ik * sulftliu at til < iet liotsfi*. la*at! allt*S ini^ln .(hat ale itv-sl ill lllloftilimt |>latinv. S|Mtihialls. tta e\jel ilia his itHi* spies! tli'ti 1 iniliiiisr tlelei m*i ai loll l.tlev of leatl .tll>\ .tootles instilsms.* t intent tltiiMis. >|ms ilu n-si'l.tiar 4 rh^trofsles aihw <4 atif****. ai *l*et liaiiM ai daili.ive to )Mi.(rttisr wtin^s. .tl*! CdlvallH tiH.j.les w itii olliel tuatrtiak Trst A||Mratus and Procedure F.les In4sti test fells Hrtr M.>all<*o. viass H.illf-sJ jtj.iana aifanv.xJ m ImIIiih -s 4 ItHH hlasti (ell (tUitailHii Ul l.ti-rv ot tlllulesl sstill.etH w*a salt etee* ti<4> te u uli t (Uh enttatHKis < tnn^|*KHj in* to s|k*tilK lesistaittet t4 lh t, 41, !(* *. 4im( Vi tJininn Ttiujiera* lute Has inaintaiiied at It l!. sliLhtls a!"*se amliiMii. fiw eaw t4 t*aiti4 ( h iis h h i fates are sliijlilk attelef- ittxl will, this ii*< leasesl tm|*etaiuir Ih iI not to (Ik - |MHfit (4 w-srfits |lie |6.l diiiH ill eleitndsle JHih snUtl a 1 ilMHt similar to that ftMitxl in aseru^ sea Hater Ktnlairt' in< 1*1 |mM |u*r tl< Hisand (lihuifiity. fa*a*l alios arnvle nJ s|*iiiMiis im h itl diameter, four iih Itr-s hutc vteie masked nidi a sxi.dielit lesiti jitessutr vniMlise tajx* ami uavk<-|s to esjxrse | .* ! s.|uair im h aieas Sjirt linens Hi re either (Alluded, mofthxl. of (as|. (`allude* rmisisUxI (4 iiukt *te( stfijn (turned into iiitwimh diameter rim<v llw aiiodrv sserr 7 4IM.FPBV"' umupil w> *1. Muaiiaiupi LIA24124 tr* T ' Si, >tr| I - Dlf r*rfi* ltX *1 U4 /Wr wf*p. */ n * U*tm 4 <rrM Jnirif * pti h h '* ! ("f/H Hf. Grtfk *t UH Ut*t dctrmmi*** f*(A |f**< f** t4l'f M* 4*t` At n|M |i nitt * mnM t*Wi ft+* j**ittoned tint* nmii ally %Htliti tlx* i incv ITc anoijr* Hrr rlntfidx /nl at itifrrni ik-milw-v fimi* * l* 25 4injvlr> |>rt vjiult- t<a*t 4fll|l Mj (l KViliol\y wnr iittrmijtfrd jtrtpd' * <i(K 4m! tftr* ^imn {<> tlfwtf. dim!, C<>kd m 4 (Io h i.i IM jrul Hnijliul riv*ut*t * and 2 dum i Lr mult* in id delrntHaf ton lair* Rnuli\ and Aiulnn llir rrvill'. <4 (Ik * |r*t* air tltx win! Otl smrtil u-(tNHl 4* Kkl 111 j| tj-llJXMW ft U'4l 1 ofilailtlhv' "*y xtlxrt 41m! IN J'f I riit aiilitliom. KfTti! .f (tinw.c ti f*t<) pn*tt. fixe mmIiii"! Platinum (III! llimlr til U 41 4nu]i* Hi Ini'll ir'i'ti'(tv v*atrf. (iah atm (imjilin i4 PM V nultii nirfaar* v mtdi nthri nutrnal* Vatk*ax afrr t*4! alloy ui*de u>iM|iiMitiunv l.rsd ASa Aomin tint percent liKtr, mi prn tnl ui(iiwiii) | iVlprinratioti tatrt id Irad-wlxn* antimony arndct air pfcvntnl in Tahlt* I ant) 4$ 4 fumtHMi <4 tuiimt drn'itv in Kicuir 1. Ai mIi i for l| dan 4l |i j mi|i ft ate *lwmn in Kitmtr 2 I Mfctrtnrx in Ivdiatior in Ik * )m lb l and '>0 iditn-tmi and l!w !n<tt *|jrx dir tr- otatar rk*xtn*ktn xxrrr immcdialrlv rxidmt. Aimk* v%r-tyf( lianyrx in tlw km rru*tanre xolution* xxetr mall nliiJr Mine drl* tioralinii and w crylit \o m muncd in lIm* liich irmtancr wdutinn*. In thr 16 A nlmn h i clrttiolytr, ntnxixtpnlly faxoraMc priforniAt* c Mat <2j(ainrd at curtenl tirmitir* lirtvvrrn \\ and 25 Aiup mj ft. Rapid aiwdt* polaii/atn lo lit** |10; fwtniMt* r.fu;r. 4<!6rr*fi< thin mule* Itltm. aid km di'tct mm .itM'fi iatn \rtr t\ pw at in llti* cki t n*J\ tr Ai f|itallr |r 1 (n 1 tn jm i- h a* 4* lnr.nl in ihr V* iJilii i m rlcxln*. It (r, mIin Ii mtitaim-tl a , ,nut'*itn*n .Ifrpl OX 11114 !<'1 \ that id vair h|.|ikl>t| M ,*||-| UtMITII l , .I|m! I I 4tnp KJ ft. Pd4fi/4tMM 4ImI J*tA> f (MI lutt HMI Mi'ir IJjhil. tk trf iM 4lMMt latct Hrtr km llimrtrt. pti< l 1 ivat- Hi.;* tu ir im4 4* iflitt <4 aiila n lit 4* Hi Otr lh * in o-dutuMi*. u mI m mmiit 4tr.i* t f > 11 k tirnful'* ( f*tmrt) 4111I rri4tM lM-f.4\n*i \j m 4 |J At 2*1 4IIIJ* *! ft, fi r\4J1ijilr. k >M ll 11 ll M 4t * Ml I M I III I ! lj IiMIi1.1 |Ih - ftr*t vn-il ( r.|*uir. !< '.-i i! I\ Miitr fiti-4kik >\t It id fi.' ii'.it;n'.* j Ik I it.iilmv* 4l*! ik fl k m 4< : r> id (Im* .l|W{` In 11* 11 * > <dtllf-i ill rk'i tlo|> |r. uhll h Ii4(i 4 '|m I ||m tr>i>t4< < r <>l||||141 ti. vKnr fir*li ttaiiii jitL >'..h frnli N*jfrr> \.u\ Htdrlv in 44'tuji tiiitiji**- itiiMi* . failmr ti fiMtii 1*14 > tat (Mitrd 4t UK''! all i m in.I dr.iMtir* fnnn J* lit 2* amji *j ft At)Mk- fmiirtl m |(r (m>i!iii>,t !r.*d 1 JikiikJr 4tid *M`tr ilsMiitrct.iIrtl, til lltr V*i idiiu-i 111 i ) tf*l\ tr. Inyli lirtn kt 4t k 11 rair* tu-tr irHMiki! 4l km timrtil iU-iimIw v AUnr fun Atitp V| ft. ikiriHMJfKMi t4tr\ Hrrr rk*sr l tlum- iditjiiwnl in i Im- km tr-M*tmts rlntndxti-* Imt th *t 4N km. HtO. <(t4linu fiMiintl Uil Mf.f ImI k\. (MNrtU Jtlfiiirnl. .iih ! nftrn tnixi'd mth late** JinminiN d ttliiti* kail stilv Ik'IrtHM.ltMMI f4lr id tfa* 4IK*tk-N at !0 amp mj ft in wdiiuii (iitiMuk m>1111mh i u<ir Inv'lirr than in lyjijitalrtit dihitrd tni)>rlir na *.itrr. at *lmn in Kiyurr f. tiulMatin if Itrnrfu ial rlfnt of iiiln-r >on, \tt< ft 4% tulfatr. pirM-nt n. 'Mitlwfii mi wafer Daiiutgrd ( lulinp Ifinih.' iMMina! 1 Ju t ati<*c1 t4 kail aikn .ininli* in *!si)i i .i iI>im!k |h w tiMtuMi aji}>! atuMiN, llir nutmc nut Mi't.iiu tivt fi.tiix at tlaitMUr *`M it a Itt ii4it*MU| miiIi Hii.itnn; ikf`ir\ fit y'4 V-Jf'l tfif- li)/u fi M lllllu' jiti^Mit.rs id tkr alk'\ iiuli4t> i j |<m1 ii jmn am! tlrmlnl .h mmIi* Mr ||h m* itrr. in flr*li watrt* wf*rn- tlir atMik** fail 1i {udaii/r tn iktiloji f*fd 1 UMtihCs alMMfr tirlia*ir.; : . im4 |ii n!n taf)|p \ m!\* |- lIlllllMMIV "k ail alko ,ll4>k- u.i\ i kt ti-'\oil 111 ! * liiiitin \ 'it Im 11. x'4 Main In f<M m a |>iti t litr |*t*< ) ^ `Jtll .' Ik'fitilmrt! * !- tl4% i* Mi l * * 4 itn -1 in rkiliultti* I<m 12 41 in .imp mj ft IKi XM.f-ir <falH4'*r A l H-lifl t\nk' V'li*\r tt.i* tii.it l.lti*tl ill tfa- liMtll' * r\j*mv f.iir iiM tat .mi! i-ln tr -lt i W.l* 1 at III' Mil III Otr Mint m 1 it :i mi } >1 ta-Xifl flaxx A I'M). Vi .11 ir-fl'MlKIi ailfjiMJC'il t .1 ti.l.t!v aiilnirnt a* llir tMicmal. nut a fl.ititrlv |im rate <d 4Ih m{c i!i l< tiaialiixi Mat l* tnttk-ti Hr vtiM-xr uat ir-inadiinrd |T t*k- l<> rxjwm* fj/r JraiJ 41 h ! rkt li4x*|t wax i<fitinux! Ila* |1d) matii't* xtlmli ir-fiMtord \*j* km-)x .itll.< irtit. pulfx atitl fniltlr. an<! c \ 1 till an u ik !*i Ix int* laxrr <d w)iih* *alt* id k ad. 'wxrrr aitmk* il*ti*ik *tatmmi at (lx* tatr id 2ti j |m mtal* p i 4tn|irii' xrar tt ax in tm!i*tl. (fiixtix 11. xtitfi tfh " tisajiiiy ufKtainact!. aiHitk-x timid xafrlx lie rx|Mvil !im a limr ir fr*h Watrf. I*1atinum Wire Insert id a platinum run tnnlr imi a k-,u! aiHnlr in *ra xxatrr pm- ttudi't liMiiiaiMMt of promti\r 1*!>0, (ixUin<;i * It i |Utti<u!a(ly tirnr- litiai at Melt tunrnt tkiixity. A U't w.w tondutlrxf t<* tkfriinifM* pla4intm\ mHurnrr in irxi\ti\itv 3 LIA24125 2^Ui4 il*i i )4i i t* h * C*H |il**, tit ^<< 4 Ih *i||) flit** In )) 4sa at 0 4} ftt H) it 14 1. SO. 1000. S033 tint <a uatkitit tra 4 h Ah I< Wkrat Im fittidiii *f t*># 4IH >*> t<rlrl|lK (nt'lwtl in f** > Tkl* I. 0 . .ill i .a h*w i mi-*il d*t 'il\ ,\ .i'll. j|H witr w.o I, HUM* !* d -M" . - ol 'l ! \ I - .1 ll t i Mil'?. V .0:0* ! II' il,- .!< '* .is rl-i 11 '\ n-t! .H mj {t ]( ) <4-111-1 Ml f!f( l|oi\ 1r ! ' i i'h - < .ali<i!: .t!K }(<! i1 i nil i i i,-4 fn*>h \\.ari> w***iM .j-r.He 4t l<*>\ i -,in i'l '! fo.ti .i' |. Milt <4 litvl. !< ! I|n!\ti' o-MMai.r ,iia ] liv'd ai l\in-tati \-'!tavr I t. .in**! f.nlril to J* mi 114) 11*' lead suil.it t* M.i* <isili'l Mali l.|te lead i '.!uin!c. .aul ill* l.'< l> flOUtl <1. .dim M ti K \lxnlr |H*tcidl.tK VMM- U'lrn ill* !*.<! f It * x i* l<* .Hid * | |o; 11' (**l III tli.'li i.<*,: J/< llw vj ii * jin-* \h i4\ i <-]mi irtl.* !*t*-t>ti.iN lit! .HUH I*' I l|IU lit I Jt-11V111* Wie Mti'uf* i.iM\ ili.ui in iIn - .d*ir loi 11u> l.i< ila.it< <i lead <!wi\ul*- ,h h I lUlM HH* (IMh IiH I H `tl, (ialtaitH' <'implex III! i.ultodii tlat'IM' <4 jlM'lMllM* |`M* Mint foUfHeJ <*> I* .) ,ll*!n ..nd 11 it- |*I'1*II|I.|U ill.a lotdd M'Mill (i i'in l\.h im <*-ii|ihii'j vtitli i.dt. i i'i< (.!? f< i} li fli<- I*.(lowHi'.* liol. |VM \jx-| lllH Mt of |.ld .dlt'l :'*i ,i ul 111 << ! i \ wei- .nexliod !* 11x-1a .ii il.iv* .a In .uiiji vj k at Hi I liiii m *\ih I**'1h w.uei h'lm ir.-hl I'M) Ilia M.a {'! In ,t!t* i n.ilr | h -ij . *|t <*f vlv .UiH i"-:j.!fiv; a tin- .h h h U- to i.ii*tis 'til* ft.<l' .h it I .i*it h !i/:h v tlx- couple .il !*' .m.ji 'j It in 1 It I idiiu* :. *\ 1111 > 11* w.i u.itt-r. '' { < inn io |m 11h !i< .illv i iu mh ! (Iim-tl. and s - i;l.. i! I In* following teM U.-je ..ill"*''* tlwKf f 0||<1(U t(*d` tlf.n ( it, mi <i,/ Oinxidt. An,Jr J4i |Ym<h ! <4 OJX-n liltllit tO|.d>(Hni i Milted in no vitl*l* (la it Mi:r to die 1*14) iM.iinn*. .Hid telatiieli hitlr -toll III rlfttlode |*trnlt.lU Small wrr.'llt t<**4\ lull' |(XMf(l<<l ill toll* loot I** divtil \%'ivln c-jiia noted mi Mintl.if anode* that ucrv anodized i <*titin t lallv. /.<<!*/ Ai'Ji J44 f.'mlfM? and tj*d, I < .III .111(1 |1M) (IHl|lti|l|* KHlIil mi mi 11lien 114) <o.aiiu*\ \\< tr IJ)r* ll.Hli* .jJK itilll.C'ini III lilt* U*l* \ .ll(It |HIHI\ lUO <Hjl|.|| .llr.lt (4 -I'.lll .mil 114) wno <Hi tin1 Miir {>1 MMloMflC V4III* of ill*- in.aLiii-.1 i.i|h \ |)ivli.irc<* '4 i|u* 114). .*iot <>Mi.ai>ii <4 tin- lt.nl annul .it .aan ip.Hixf. wiif< uha*- Jt .i<) liloi u|* Ituimic* in Mali j h -j v 'Hit- fr-.ul < iiloi <!< *J |lr lur in* t.if ttjt ih 4 .< Un i cut jtul iik M u j 'Ih h I Ml (hame tuoiiii' .Nimh Ii/u u * to it'v*`n- ci.ilr t`* 114 ) M-Mfhtti ill iC"ifH.(i<t n lo*v iittlHaimi; n-i.il It*" in ll.r H I I -jll |H* It*. *i4 /).*'i/4* { <> 1,4 fifatnum. AmJ. *#. (i.intit a-tiiftimf j<M*j*itrH <4 1H.HHUIII .in*! UnluliiMl liw-1.il ititiff tint ril iM- j h ^.m!h Ii1\ 4 U'iit'4 tin* I'ufjli us ii-iinu(i>i> t*e ifH"iin<n" t!t\<i* unit l.u! .autlo lot i.alitiu |l| . 4l t 1 KHI V 114 ) < Ml*t! .nxtlr H.lt louplttl to .i {Mtwt <4 (Il.timmi Dm* ttmpl*- vt41 .iliiinutt-K 4inh Ii/t*\i .ind .ill<ut*t! to <nt.tk (*j h ii-t it* ml 114 l - l i \o 4 fl.tMlJl- in .tjijf* .H.llHf *'i ih* |14) i o.ain-^ imit il .nd .mull- Ul ivlll Itrt\ U.l* tli'jlills |< '* ill.Ill >n t*j* ih m ml h im tHipInl jH fi*x|t I lx* }iivIi t !*-t )11'1\tK ii %o(4iM r t.f (hr 4fH,i/*tl 111.n11<111 ilioMtlt* liltn [nr* vt-nittl t h iit in llovt in tlir c.ituni* M-tjmiHr .axi (1* |>*4.m/.tlHHi <4 Uh * 114) iisaini*. 0 fh'txiiit (.iwttng mmi Slut, AmJ. Jpi IIn* {MoMlaliu <4 atfiilriitjl vio'iiitlui^ (4 lr.id it* titH'l linlia win ii .i < .aI>*h |u [Hotel lion i\Merit i not t-ix tci/ttl |fil to ilx* lollovtinu in* \ 1`Mn* .il it h i 1 >mi iiiv l mIi .iiih wtjucmr\ .1 114) nxileil .mode W4\ ttHipk'd to 4 Hrrl [Mlifl. Hu- 114).- wiifdir w j n irdiHi-d in wlntc le4tl thUxidr .aid i xjuued i`if\ Imv metal in vime .Ufjv .\ l<* in .Ilitnlr Ufiijlit Hji levotdrd. In .modi/>im{ WHjiirixix. thr mmIiml * Imh aim* }>M*i{tixvi\eli tliitkrr. (`o.ttnn't fsliilnird lili'teiim* and leHiuiimlin.d iiaikim* ami k h imiimh I .ifr.n <4 wlntc lead ililoiidr. Ai a ir-mlt <4 (Ik - lltiilrr uutitK and [n*f * ontlut in in <4 nniomeitni lead <Moiide, <<>alnnr iiJ'lAttcr rmr maikt'dli ai imlit a let! I*y a Kteatlv 4 't wwp * LIA2A126 O o ini!<-.is. ,| .i i mIo )M*|i nli.il. .mil llt<,m<vic -u u. n lulccrtl itnlfc* lit r Ltad uu.M.t. ('uiiltnt; and St**i ``4 lit,lift, t, J17 til l'.lK.UIK U|iiemiS. .til .IIMxlf U .\ i on pled lii .1 silicic pl.ilr li fti'tMi 111 iHirr irxi't.illt t li'li'iv iilil' nl .aloii| 17 \ lO* nliliiv 1 lit* \|uii|t!\ ((tinted (Him.: fl"* iKinnn l) r IK).. (Il.ildl .inode, .111(1 tllP *l*vl panel ami fiMiuic-.l er\luiM` of die ituliiii; lo small. malteird uliile *jntx of IrjJ (liloiiilr A p|*Cir\'i\e lsx 4 Wright uax molded, til Ih > iik H atP in anode n-ovturxT uax 4*xrrtrd. Olhff U1 Alio} Cnmpovitktx Siti rr Detertotation rain* of lead jlln auodet (imi.iininc 2. I. and 10 jwi- cent silver at 1 ami l** amp u| (t in dip luv rrsodxity elcxtrohtrx. fwr- Im-i iIa iIv idtliKin. C* itrulK une ov Uf j iim* adlini'itl l'liO; civaliti"* fittiiK'd rapidls In tlx !<<) rlim-nti !m itn!\(r .it 10 amp m| n. f im-OKfi 4 |*M ) u ji iltm. r<vidm.'x urrr f Mills and mixed stilli sthile lead rltlHidc ami dHcrioiation r.O*\ ure Imd- Itimesef. iti'trli'M .lilt'll tatrs feduird a* llir PW>. drM lit|il At h < amp vj It. ilk- amtdes tailed l pmlmr |1<). jml drtciiofjtu.fi iwt x<-\-tr In iU- atoi 4>m-4in ilcitiolxie. 4 mix* Oirr of I'M). and ultiir kad ililoudr fowled ami iJclef io admi tales ki-jr |,u;h. .dduui'.'lt not ax luvl* ax in die luil o|im- m vtluiM'n. Axnai*r amvJr |>lr!>iialx dwrxxitl die tailtiir `4 ali ato cllutixrlx in tin- |mai |.||Ilia lit * *t km l ultrot dfioiU I'aMcl! |m leaving die m|\it (ciiUlil mo |iii*\rx the li-ndi iK \ lo fotin f'MI.. at |0 amji vj ft in dir Kiidi n*ximm lire in>|\ lex IIc u i-x p i. oxrr.all |** fi inj ih ' ill dicsr rlritiolxtrx ujx i nnxulrmf jioor. At Jou (iiifent demits 'o o p amp m; ft; am! in it*** |ov i*xixii\ity viliili imx, ik i mailed di.inur in |rifoi matKr irxulint fiom mor.ixrd xiJvrr rontrni lievond llic onr to tun (norot tancr Fitguir 4 xliow* rrxutlx of tin* \j ih x i* |rxt f'ieurp 3 xlwm* piocr'*x <4 drir/iofa* tion in w*xprjt iitxunrm. Tin Drlrtii'fation fatrt of IrJtiaiKff alK<\x (oniaininu' on m mrirnty alv* air nil Indt-d in l al>lr 2. rrtfoinuiWC t4 i Im-v ano*l-x in It* 3 rlrc tiolxtr xxaa faxoraliJr. fmt t>o r^tra advantacr xax aitiilHiuliU* to tltr ad* ili|it>n\ Soxrir drO-fioialum 4wr\rd in tltr liieli rrxotoitx rj* ll4\ trx. |Mit<<t.|.ii|\ at lot*!' oh not in. xs ax alwx juvv-nt v*nli tlrr alUnv In tlir In t ami V 4nn-on rlrc* it .Jxtrv nvitine xsrivlit ix appirxiaMr in < otn|taiii<n xxitli total xxrtelit i Iwllier Ifoxxrsn. tfrirriHali*ft iJlr* ill tla-<* 4utioOx air frLOixrlv l< >*. Ill tlir |UI at*d V<< 44illtHin rlrc* tioKirx, xoafinc orielil U'uaJK on xliOift-x a Mii.tJl |*.it of tltr nxrr-all xsrieht loss. Othr- Anodr Studio I >l)irr xludirx inaiL- in o h iih iIh ^i H'tli d<\rlMjiinv' xmtal'V anmlt-x (i* (atlitxln piotn lion imludc <1< trimno me tl.r rUs io Iip iiik a| U ha\of <4 l*ij]4ii<r and mIh on-iotn.* ami tlir mltiii-mn 4 m4xItdrmnn ami riitix* tniMiti additHmx In xitiioo*iMNi rnno Jllr^ltH>OX., * l_ilH,tioi\ rv|irnnx*nu unit plati num nm tirk-x iii<d<n indxatr tltr in- llutikr of platinum <*o jHdaii/atton ami fofuution <4 I'I4),o ii k.u! amijn in rlilniHlr Milinkinv''* In cltkxidr rm iiontm-nlx, puir kad amxJrx fail to maintain vaiixfai mn, adltrfmt 11*0. Iilmx anil tuirrf v^cif d^trfSoraiM*n.: Hovxt-vcr, xi]\rr-kad all%afKxIrx ap|*-jr to inrnomr j|ii* diifK iilty. Ir.ul alkn- aitolrx contain* ins oor jirurnt uhrr and *i\ prtml ant)iiK>m ttfff rr|iri(t(xl to d***' faxixaltlr prifonnaiur in tra uatrf, diluoxl xra uatrr. and alinp miHi.*' Also. n*st\ >n a (aiaduu tk-tio\rt in n-si-nt irarx luvr xJh *s x m xunrsdul srl\ir *4 lrad JltnU tnotainutc txxo jwternt Mlxrr.** Mil'll (irirmtacr of mUt itt ka<! alkn anodes irxnd in <4 uatrr at I1** aiii|i it at tltr |tos|iwi Nasal Slnjfxafd. J'M4-d U-m-tx al Hfnlv .iMlitmUi! to die lia-jli xilxef c*ntent.'* mlmm.itioii on setsirr r\pi*ii* i* *-x vs it It lead allox am vies was suitiiiiaii/i-ti in a ivjB*rt l*% NAf`F. (rxIn.H il OanniiHer 'r-2H-7.,-` TABLE 1--Deterioration rate! of lead alloy anodes (one percent silver, six percent antimony) in synthetic sea water base electrolytes. alive vatwM fl U aei< walftvt. 0*tavl*vtt*4i rartas r walfAta f mnt4t wHU #> LMtar ratss aaW4 WH#I test p*rU4v. 4k**e HI t^var* 4ahwat*f p+* 4+j ere npmaeltt m 44, Xm|4v Sa 1mm t; t">w iss K-*l l V4 ( Ilnlrvlll* Rrvkunrt 4t tv: atlWiMl I.VI in Ktu*.W.| (47lei K.| -ei n< m 1JV -S l in ** tut* ill! IA4 ik X U4trd K4 M.*t m? in 1 Vi liH* .'mu f rM IhatlU *+ l I* 9 * oi * iis.\# h i' tie e4 i; 2-1 7l ;mi isi ;i-i i lv.' s IMI (ilmiilt l'iN"at ftWMltv %ti wHf ,a v.'Xi /> tifrat* In Ikt Nwlravlel.al ; ii ii**7;1 ; 77 ii* y 14 31< la |a s1 ;X* 7-TI 2 tA .i a t 2 4 0 : vi .in I si h i I* < inn V I it.i* nit !lUa oi > .xv11s ?:(*Ji ;X <(Iy Vi*' It* \ n>; lit tVrtrrWathMl 144 - (kw all LlM I* d4 I* .... $44 rt t ton rt `4 (*st <:iuv mi 1 r n *u 2 t* me niii i;ie n>xt Ilf ;ixni A (rI*II I 2t i It 1 >1 III 41 in l.xt II .XI it .n Hl! iiv n iq nut llltl . * nM , | mi n ;y ( it m nm (Mil I .SI n. (KCI (1.0 AIM m.i mtuut InVi.n s ' ,l ,,rTM ! \ \ LIA24127 4--*4 W lr4 allot o*edi 'tee K***** ** i (v'rtit 4c m'<*i I #*4 10 * p*m f*t * He* '#/* HI L* 4#ll*raWe * tW U* P*f'nv* 4* <*'(* **ee#4 k* k*<k "vW' Imi *t ##/* H Al 14 <p/*4 W n (W kfk <l*<f<lrtn. kfk ie.(*l 4tftt*e*l>e t*4*i>*4 >elte*e4 W 4*** "4 ti*e W4 4k (>H Wi TABLE 2--Deterioration rates of various lead alloy anodes In sea water elec trolytes. t^t W#a*a tHt U wUt walfHe. >iidmt<ee *atee ** *4 e*iN tootlo** ^reeeat. 1-->0*0 Mo. 101 Had erKlio aad H*atk leiHn**. Ueer rt etsWda K*Hot tee* periods, Uoear * * *( *m4< 11S-I0 titeMiM H+eaaee 4 U*e*Wle-- tee* dwetUw. Orwa f*f lya* deUe*o' pa# ora rfrte*te4 e* |<k | (reft** MUtm4 * Simfif liflMlt Ne, % .**- free (tetettMi Je;i H |krJtr \mp sH fMteitd rewe I Mmiik I hntetUl die (WierWetU* (U<* Uew 1% *)> * I l| c i C Mi flj mil i*5 I .> (KM I ?4 I f ( r . N | I Vi r xt i ** t1 t9H UI t \i dm O(*lT<4| AS* I (4 *e*i*} <41 |*l llC IMU *U W4.T m; 7K im *\)U ji* 1 i<m I * I <>a *04<4* rt in i >ti4C HiM ii>m jin in I * * ,n I rt It & M .W *e 41 '*.41 V VA.*tIS4 f \  > - '! etBWOWD LIA2A128 Vo > iTX V- Li Li f{r J--*1 W W*4 wlfcr *4n m 14), 50. 1000. 5000 *< Utmlr<*t T*4k 1 tki tnf *4 ^lAMiita *4fti <i*mU HMWn c*em***d >O m Nim Incrtmad nl*f (M- #ft #4 (W --4* tmpftr4 W M 4<k t I* Im h4 m 1000 1km <m t IM 4*f4 cverra* 4*mulj it 10 < *' * f* mw hit * #np/t4 M l Thn H i>wwft tW !* (KttM drfc*T pt * */ H M S*m*Wt A. I. **d C c Km*< 2, 4. 1*4 >0 n't*** niitliiilf, Inti4 t mi mp/M H. Wfhi 0. (. *4 f. < o*h<>M tfc W %!* *e* ><t*4 K 10 Mf/ H* Arlnim IrJ^nmi 5 VV M l.iiiiiiri The tf%tJmhoK Atetei r.ontfM.1, IS. SR 11. {145*1 Nenrm. 7 Ik* !* *afi m4 the** R..f<Hw/i ii Lrr. Hr jullixn jt Lmw (ut *uev*'h,,fn *4 IV. llr Ik *1j Miller, JI-JJ X-lulivn* 'ml Fit. Pr n* * * Uilf* \ J. 1"'>: 12 0 B. Ro/nir, R. L Burnett ind |l i( T*I*U. Tnli of SoMii liMKVJnit I'hrinistry iW.inrh <htrtt<v 4k Y Tw iImT. W. I. MA Tnhef. M\rf Att*>* a Am*de Materials in j i tl Xj w I Applied Scit'iKr U>fV. under w )k m* vi|irr\i>k"4i tlii* %*irV was and II. N. I'lriwf, fkHtm'lK id tin* Itdirau *4 Ships Rffrrtwfi iimI II. S. Pifinf. UnlniVnmd iHfrinnihn *4 (ii4|<hitr iwl llirh- SiIh iw Iimh AiHuin in Suliura (hkrtMle IJnliuliIrt f 14. Mil * |**AM . Irtkfuaryr. 7 A iuUr .id S Tl4* l`Ji hell*#* M |h t< itwalnm ol MtJkld'iiwrSl 4A-lfi<a Anode* in S*li. -m (Itluridr P.hirvl)t<t. Naval MitmJ Imjirrunl Current Calhodm holer* is at Syrumt (Vmi*j| l-ahoratory. B-ntitn Naval Shi|k>Ard Tnicrm Re. frrft iritl5M) (I*M>1 I AutuM. |1 N .1 {! K. Teihhlk J (aM<M<ller I'.jB-J K'|*irt mi l^ad A#le*. DaMas. Teuv Mar.h I*. I<*0. 1. D. f. Grahan.. 1', L CuA, jrvtl || % I^Ii k ^iik v |'ni}n1 S5h A, Pninn DISCI SSIONS Pieitei. (`-ilWii hiAnlmn in the Kr|Ml 7. June 22. I', S Nik |>Rf-iHh`l)nrlo)Hnrnt> (^u c v Ih h i by M. 1L rclrixjn, U. S. llftim. |M-*efllrd il the \nimi| Meeting of thr Sorirfv <4 Naval Arihilrti nd Mirim* Fncinetr* :n H. S Twfc* and Thief. IJ*u* ihmiNd DrtrnuniHKi 4 (7<ih iih u h *- SiIm 4fi*lron Anode* in SuduiM .Navil Krvranh Ulivraturjt \Vvhin(j1<ni 2i, IL C. Niw Vik 4 (at> imi Nokrmliri 15. |AW ChliMiilf F.lr* ind)le$. Null Mat* riel |^>M4t*irr Proieri **M<t.|. Pn**rem 1. Why nit 35 C tlxmn ai (Ir 2. L. L- Sl.rier ai>d A. Wrinimh. IV Sm^Im Pulni/ilitin of Hr(j*<r1 J. . I I I June 20. Intal tmij>rf*turr? ) 0 fli-FVt trwJn. ( hrtnoOr /i4i>(r|. p 1324. <|*5| Otlober 11. 1. I. Ik Shfiff. l^id'Hilinuiii ki-l'ln* tnxlrt. /`(li*i*i MfUlt Ht'mt, |> 1(, Apol. 9. I. II Mortar*. Lead Alloy Amnlr irkinl up In 2U Amp 'h( It. rn.ii, IS. I2H. (ISS7) July. Ill I II. M**can. CifiiVir laonaid lldl BuAi, t.id., I aavion 2 Jf.ivr rtutinci pt*rf<>ntM'd in w*a j |it vuhM^twnlly hrm Irslrtl m hivh ir'i'liiily watrv? 4 |. I*. Miner. Arndtc INdariratiiHt *4 1 1***1. RrpK by .S. Tudnr and A. Ticker: Vid-Cfiliniim l rde SnikMuMik. 4'nniw. il94lk Matrh. in ('hV |7, HRl. It K N Rarnard. (I h (.*h*i*lir, and ll (i (<Mr. la-ail Sihrr .\|U AwJn in (alhuilN Prutnlini *d Shi|n. 1.11k * lou|>riatuir of 35 C itai u miI in must <rf tike Uhtnalmy lc.U 7 LIA24129 U tails* it is slt'jf ilfv a 11 if *1*'. I ( at all (llin-s I.f t|- \'.u .Mill .III U* fid- ojMf.mil of ll}*- .nillnxs as In fit*' jxol.aMr j w i fix ifMiii r i*l .ill ali<te j l .n/.iti* <! anil m.iiliten.iiM f (Ilia) >>u 1 .i< t-v .lr < nlialH n| ir.i'liK i with a small it i .in* mi fix in, il ,.ih I i'J*( aHnl ' (jnfsii.xi I*' I.mh M f. .Nelson, in! lli> sNsiull Cl'IlirMIHI S*x ix-. M.J..I Oil ( it, r.tuKImni, ijlrs .((* slr.liflt j i t rj l.lli *1 l*\ ill*' \|l -fit itl H`1'4* ill ( IHJKI alU/-, lXll tin**- iilut* air it's! n**i f< ! vim*, 2 Sv lr|t|\ in jnrMM* In Ml < I. I tinnitus. K|l> It) N. Tudor ami T. VieWcrt A I'U) i.vitiiis w.is ]H-|ftxiih { mi .1 Ir n!-v,Ki t ..Uiltith'itv alios ,iih k |' in Hi 1 *1 ttii< til v miiIh -|ii' mm twii r at I jril|l V| ft., .111(1 llx* ,11 Mild* V* 41 \rs* Jfon U.ll if M* I U-l tll*l\ tl* lll.lll-ltf oftl'll I'll ll-.-ll SO (It.- H.lllltlll | X. H f* H Is ifllf iM v'H.itlv (li.nrrr (l.r of die s..ftiimx i * o Krpti lit V Tudor and A. Tulrfi - Questions ( ) (.nfd.Ki t> Hummis, I'. O. fc> litilV!?, It, (V\as Was ,m> infix nutimi iJ.tJiiw-il li\ ilwii .j *-i .iO i{ in l<M >*liin-( h i di* 1111111 tsiillirtie m'4 waM-| at fi* ,m.j m| ft fix II*1 U\v No sisililr (li.itKV id (Ik - j j .j j .mi j o * r *4 l|jr f.le iii.f\(i*s vsci*- tnu wnl frrijm nlls. .U j w ik Iu h * i MI ||tr j ih x Im iiiiiiiit lUtiMli. fix r\4in|4r. at 2) ainji Mj f(. tfpr rlildoKlr Mas ir* L1 i Ik * 4tfMr > Ok * jxrfiwnun*r of if*- Irad-silv rr -adf iftioftv all* A' aomlr* v*fu ir a PliO Kglmt; t* jt |a*ifniiii-d so.ilin\j was ouitif A small train in urivltt was OH'.tMiii :l In o |Ih -i HMs niss.-.l a|.j.f..Miiiali'U rs* i\ Hx.cfiss I'nnxlu i*1*m is atHHis am) ili-t.-ltiimaIk x is *( |*11 .h k I s j *i iIm n*sis|amr f III M-4 HJlCI 41k J lIll'll tiamfi'iiixi Hi of anodes wttli 1*1.0; imitini:' jnr urir oia |i- 1* is n-o^itiMl dial in |lll) Ih iI vsilli h't*li ( (ll | in W.f}: IK vj njlri airff I I'lintr.l s i*1iih - s\>|**mi cl (fils *lmits inailiMiiwxl till llir aiM*l- lt> uw/..ivif if/vins; soltacr latlirt lli.m juiateif ill fO'X ofuiwiti dd.it.aJ SUll'n td M . | at 1IW llfl*'lit i r,lain * 1.amirs ill (lx- i li-t tli'Htr air itilu i.iil II is N Ik a iiI. |a*Mi-\r, |li..t t'w i |.i ih .Js ii-s Mi-ir ^ -n.-t.iH\ ir- jllimint; water irs/sfiidy umirn] |}r demits. j imv Ic dr Ir t iot a l ion Mas IH-VM'tl I sat f- Ull-.il ifutr.'i-s III |HO|* n*Mi!l4lit demits * If Hot. wliat Would iHifol At iIh * lii-.-Iri (utiini demits. rt in-> i4 |!v m t!nt-*4is ixiiiind IIOHfT TUOOt n itvrd <tx*ni xi il (I 1 N4**f kx<K AKTHUI TlCKC*. xwx4 (kciX I.wtlfi, H T M* Wi .4 iM U S N*f Af*4 Sex (t fix itivx XMnk M (llf< Liktxrrr. |/*4?r*. M 1. Mi IS ptlNN*. <o.l.l|tx 4iwt4i|. plr tfM liny IU*4 *i Wi t'ltatl auk l( Nt T*^ U*a ni**#*!. *** rtn.<4rMKat x*dx*i fw*ili, W n nrw.ch if w (WKi IX.fl (MX*M mWk i 4/ms . *4 fl|inkK iMifiX if I'Milfi M Mi xvnk -- csfW4>s .i.'riix*, i Ix c mWa k iI 01 : ImI <*ll i*f tattt'x-t A fWf if NACC. ACS. IW Nf* T<k #( Sot*tn. l< kn .tocc **4 xi|l (k<iiilf| frn/stll. lx n il*4t- xf (Ix i.k Mi i.` f*rx dxfix. lii//i Mk *(Mrt M <<tH A tfi ImkHi Ctlliyi. I* MS I'M Nt Trk U*<xftif|, if **4 #f filidckiit l*if<fx if MiK'io. *< nil c*t`4 l|tlr*i Hi n ciW il NACC nf WZJ ACS :