Document NEx72bO2VQ633GDQwJDJ1QXO8

PROTECTING THE WORKER: RESPIRATORS AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING Instructor's Notes: Respirators and protective clothing can be a complicated subject within themselves. They are even more difficult when they pertain to the complex asbestos abatement industry and its unique problems. Therefore, it is important fc. the presentor(s) of this module to be familiar with these devices as they should be used in asbestos abatement work. The objective of this module is to give the participants an overview of respirators and protective clothing, then proceed to be specific on their use, maintenance, and limitations as they apply to the phases of asbestos jobs. OSHA, and good practices, require that workers be given training for the specific respirators which they will use. This module will cover a variety of respirators, but it does not include aJI available models. Neither does it afford an adequate opportunity for handling or being fit tested [fc v ' * :with the respirators. Eor these and other reasons, persons who will wear respirators will still need specific training for their respirator even after attending this lecture. This point should be made clear. \ There are several advantages to having respirators and protective clothing for display during this lecture. One of the advantages is allowing an opportunity for the participants to actually view and handle.the units. It is usually impossible for participants to remember all the important points of this module after hearing it just once. Therefore, they should be encouraged to study the -1- RTMXC0T0I3tt5SSfc44 notebook material and do the take-home assignment. The difficult and/or critical points of this module should also be reviewed during the review sessions. * Slide Script No. 1, Title and Objective Slide We have already heard the reasons we need to protect ourselves from asbestos exposure. Cur protection will include respirators and dispos able clothing. The objective of this presenta tion is to provide an overview of the use, maintenance, and limitations of respirators and protective clothing. No. 2, Respiratory Protection An adequate respirator program involves much more than just choosing and issuing a respi rator. Therefore, we will discuss essential elements such as: q- Need for respirators o Operating principles o Use and limitations o Proper fit and fit-testing o Protection factors o Establishing an effective program. * No. 3, Warning: Breathing May Be Hazardous To Your Health This illustration, similar to the one on cigarette packs, reminds us that many jobs involve potential hazards to our -2JX TINER RMC0035845 Slide > Script lungs. Certainly, asbestos abatement work is included in this hazard category. No. 4, Variety of Respirators Even selecting an appropriate respirator can be difficult. These are just a few of the many available models. As we will see, only a few of the available models are appropriate for asbestos protection. Even then, the appropri ateness depends on several variable factors which we will discuss. No. 5, Through the G.I. Tract / j- /y, Before we talk about respirators and protec tive clothing specifically, we should review some basic considerations of occupational health. One consideration is how the toxic substances enter the body. There are three possible routes of entry. One route is through the G.I. tract. Fortunately, we don't have too much concern about asbestos entering through \ this route. In fact, some public water supplies contain millions of asbestos fibers per quart. The scientific and medical specialists tell us that based on the best available data, we don't need to be concerned about this asbestos consumption. -3- TX TXNER RMC0035846 Slide it-No, 6, Through the Skin Script A second route of entry is through the skin. Again, we don't have to be concerned with asbestos entering the body this way. Medical speciaiists teil us asbestos does not cause skin cancer or skin diseases'. However, there are other reasons we don't want asbestos to get on the skin. The primary reason is the risk of asbestos getting back into the air. No. 7, Through the Lungs M f -"H /to ?6 As we heard during the health effects lecture, the risks from asbestos result from breathing in airborne fibers. These airborne fibers can come from work practices, from being on the skin, and from several other sources. Therefore, we look for ways to minimize `fibers getting in the air, and to filter them out before the air gets into our lungs. ) Understanding the respiratory system \ also helps to understand the need and use of respi rators and protective clothing. Here we see She overall structure of our breathing system. Air -- with or without toxic substances -enters through our mouth or nose. Then it procee *$ toward our lungs through a large tube called the trachea (windpipe). As the trachea -4i. TX TINER RHC0035847 Slide Script c' y v nears our lung lobes, it divides into bronchial branches. These branches divide many more times inside the lung lobes, similar to the branches of an upside down tree. There are air sacs (called alveoli) at the ends of the bronchial branches. These air sacs look like ./** miniature grape clusters. It is in these air sacs that the oxygen and carbon dioxide ,!y jit* exchange takes place. This slide also reminds us of the locations where asbestos diseases develop. Asbestosis is a scarring in the air sacs of the lungs which develops after the fibers lodge there. Lung cancer develops in the lung lobes, especially at the locations where the bronchus divides into smaller branches. Mesothelioma forms in the membranes which cover the outside of the lung lobes, inside of the lung cavity, \ diaphragm, and abdominal cavity. No. 9, Side View of Trachea Fortunately, the lungs are equipped with natural cleansing mechanisms. This slide, showing a very enlarged view of the right side of the trachea, shows two related cleansing mechanisms. The projections marked "cilia" -5- TX TXWER ***00035848 Slide > Scriot are minute hair-like extensions. They are also present in the uooer part of the bronchial tra*. Mucous material is secreted from the mucous glands such that it forms a moist, sticky layer over the cilia. As we'breathe in and out, the mucous layer traps foreign particles. The cilia under the mucous layer move up quickly and down slowly (ILLUSTRATE WITH YOUR FINGERS ANO HAND), moving the mucous layer and trapped material up to the throat. Once it arrives there, we either swallow it or spit it out. ^ Unfortunately, smoking tobacco products causes temporary paralysis of the cilia and reduces the cleansing action. The cilia recover while we sleep and then become inac tivated once we wake and start smoking again. This is probably one of the reasons the Combi nation of smoking and asbestos exposure yields a much higher rate of disease than does either smoking or asbestos exposure by themselves. No. 10, Heart and Lung Diagram This slide reminds us of the critical relation ship between our respiratory and circulatory systems. The purpose of our lungs is to get '6' TX TINER RMC0035849 Script oxygen into the blood so the heart can circu late it to the cells where it will allow metabo lism. The blood carries carbon dioxide, a metabolic by-product, back to our lungs where it is released and breathed out. As the lungs become diseased or damaged -as with asbestos -- the heart must work harder to get the needed oxygen to the cells. In severe cases of diseased lungs, the heart grows even larger to increase its circulation capacity. In fact, many asbestosis and lung cancer patients end up dying from heart attacks because the heart- becomes severely overloaded trying to compensate for the damaged lungs. Our breathing rate, like our heart rate, varies according to our level of bodily activity.^ In a resting condition, we breathe about 5-7 liters of air per minute. Remembering back to the pre-course quiz, 5-7 liters per minute equals 5,000-7,000 cubic centimeters of air per minute. Each liter contains 1,000 cubic centi meters. -7- TINER KMC0035850 Slide No. 12, Working *J * 0'0i , .*. **"/*" ti- w . ' j :,**.' ^tcc Scripot While working, our breathing volume increases to 25-30 liters per minute. That equals 25,000-30,000 cubic centimeters per minute. We present these breathing rates to help illus trate our lung functions and the potential numbers of fibers we might breathe at differ ent exposure levels. Remember the problem on the pre-course quiz? No. 13, Short Periods of Tremendous Exertion Our lungs are even capable of pumping 150200 liters of air per minute for short periods of time. Hopefully, we never reach this level of exertion during asbestos abatement work. No. 14, Respiratory Hazards Continuing with our general considerations of occupational health hazards before we discuss respirators and protective clothing, we should always keep in mind two categories of, poten tial respiratory hazards. Those categories are: o Oxygen Deficiency, and o Toxic Contaminants No. 15, Oxygen Deficiency We don't generally have oxygen deficiency hazards during asbestos abatement work. However, we must always consider the possi bility and take precautions when appropriate. --8s-- TX tiher RHC0035851 No. 16, Identification No. 17, Hazard Control For example, there could be insufficient oxygen in a steam tunnel, manhole, or other confined space where we have to remove asbestos. Normal air contains about 21% oxygen. Breathing air should always have an oxygen content in the 19.5 - 23.5% range. Toxic contaminants can be subdivided into three categories: '/L& .y o 'Gases -- ^<7 o Vapors, and t ^^^ o Particulates There is the potential for one or more hazards from each of these subcategories during asbestos abatement work. For example, there can be carbon monoxide gas in the air from oil-lubricated compressors and other sources. There can be solvent vapors from encapsulants, lock-down materials, paints, and spray gloves, among other sources. And of course, there can be asbestos fibers, dusts, and other particulates. We usually take a three-step approach to controlling these hazards. First, we use air -9- TX TINER RMC0035852 Slide f'e*' % . Ml* <* Q i &Script U sample results to determine what and how much is present in the air. It makes a big difference for control purposes if the asbestos concentration is 10 f/cc rather than 1 f/cc. Second, we reduce the hazards by engineering and administrative means when possible. For ^TLT^example, we hang plastic, wet the materials, use negative air machines, follow special cleaning techniques, and use several other means to keep the airborne fiber levels as low as possible. When our best efforts still leave the airborne concentrations too high, we must proceed to the third step - providing and using respirators. They are necessary during almost all phases of asbestos removal. In fact, the government requires respirators and protective clothing be used during asbestos abatement. Therefore, we should consider our respirator choices. They are available inynany styles and models. No. 18, Types of Respirators Respirators are categorized two ways. One way is by their method of protection. There are three methods of protection: -10- TX TINER BHC0035853 -.9-sc-rgtR Slide > Scriot o Air Purifying o Air Supplied o Self-Contained All three types can be us5d during some phases of asbestos abatement. We will look at and discuss all three types. However, air supplied is becoming the preferred type, so we will discuss it the most. No. 19, Knowledge of Respirators Respirators are also categorized by the amount of coverage they cause on the face and head of the wearer. Here they are listed in an order from the least to the most coverage. There are respirators which do not cover the face at all. The wearer merely breathes in and out through a mouthpiece. Hov^ver, these are mainly limited to use in mines and are never used during asbestos abatement work. Quarter masks sit on the front of the chin and go up to the bridge of * "e nose (ILLUSTRATE WITH YOUR HANDS). These were commonly -11- SffiR Slide > 'x` Script used in industry 10 or 15 years ago, but are used very little now. They also are not used in your type of work. Next is the half-mask facepiece. It covers from under the chin up to the bridge of the nose (ILLUSTRATE). These are used in certain phases of asbestos abatement. Still increasing in facial coverage, the full facepiece is next. It covers from under the chin, out around the cheeks, and up to the hair line (ILLUSTRATE). These facepieces are used very commonly for asbestos work. The greatest amount of head and face cover age is provided by the helmet and hood. The helmet covers the head like a hardhat with a \ facepiece added, and the hood covers the head, face, and top part of the shoulders. These respirators are also used during asbestos abatement. As we will discuss later, the degree of protec tion for a respirator goes up with the amount of face coverage. This is especially true for tight fitting facepieces. -12- TX TIMER RMC0035855 Slide j > Script When we describe a respirator, we usually use a combination of one term from both of these categories. For example: half mask/air puri fying; full face/air purifying; full face/ supplied air; and other combinations. We will now show and discuss respirators as they relate to asbestos work using both cate gories. First, we will look at the air purifying category, then supplied air, and last, the selfcontained. No. 2Q, Air Purifying Equipment In general, air-purifying respirators have filters or cartridges attached to either a half ' mask or full facepiece. When the filter or cartridge is correctly selected and used, it will remove the toxic contaminant from air as it is breathed. Here we see contaminated air on the left side moving through a filter and being cleaned. These types of respirator^ only remove the specific toxic agent or agents for which the filter/cartridge is designed and they * do nothing to assure the proper oxygen content of the air. Therefore, selecting and using them correctly is highly dependent upon the type of hazards, level of hazard, sufficient oxygen, and other factors. -13- TX TINER SMC00358S6 Slid? Script No. 21, Air-Purifying Equipment yjVJjr- O' Ky./' 5" They provide their air purification by one or a combination of two ways: mechanical filters and chemical cartridges. Some respirators offer a combination of both at the same time -- such as gas masks.. We would select a high . efficiency filter cartridge to protect against particulates, a chemical cartridge to protect against most gases and vapors, and a combination of filter and chemical cartridge when toxic agents are present in multiple categories. No. 22, Air-Purifying Respirators The top left box here shows quarter mask i- respirators. The top right box shows two half <1 ** masks with a full facepiece between them. .The bottom right box shows three configura * ^^ i^ tions of gas masks. All three boxes show airpurifying respirators. However, in addition to Type C, the only styles used in your wo^U are those in the top right box. Now we will look at air-purifying respirators in more detail. No. 23, Green, Fiat, Foam Respirator with Two Holes This is another air-purifying respirator. It has actually been used for protection during asbestos removal. Some of the workers said they really liked it. As you can see, or guess, i -14- TX TINER RMC0035857 Slide v Script it is merely a thin piece of foam with a hole near each end for your ears. The workers said it was easy and comfortable to wear, and even easy to push up to allow smoking! However, I suspect you would get about the same amount of protection with it around the back of your head as you would with it over your face. (EMPHASIZE STRONGLY) This slide leads us to one of the most important points of this lecture. Any time a respirator is required, or even made available as an option, only use NIOSH/MSHA-approved respirators!! This is not, and never could be, a NIOSH-approved respirator. Don't even allow unapproved respi rators on your work site. No. 24, NOISH/MSHA Approved NIOSH stands for the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health -- a sister agency to OSHA, MSHA stands for\Mine Safety and Health Administration. In 1971, NIOSH took over respirator testing and approval from the Bureau of Mines. NIOSH tests the respirators as a complete unit. If they pass the tests, they and MSHA grant a joint approval for the whole assembly -- no -15- V? TX TINER RMC0035858 Slide Script part can be substituted or removed without voiding the approval. *> y V Approval involves the granting of a "TC" / number to the unit.(WRITE ON BOARD). These numbers are shown and described in your notebook. The ''TC" represents tested and certified, and will be followed by several other numbers and another letter for your specific hazard. The TC number should either be on the respirator itself, or on the package and instructions. It should always be printed on the filter and cartridges. Make sure your respirators all have a TC number, and a cor rect one 'or asbestos and other hazard protection. No. 25, Worker Wearing Disposable Respirator Disposable respirators are a special type of respirator in the air-purifying category^which came on the market nearly 20 years ago. They are available as approved and non-approved units. This particular one is approved; the TC number is printed on the outside near the mouth area. -(?? x-- -16- TX TINER RMC0035859 Slide > No. 26, Half-Mask Respirator Model Showing Components No. 27, Disassembled Half Mask Respirator Script Disposable respirators have many valid and advantageous uses. -^EMPHASIZE.) However, NIOSH and several other specification writers and safety and health authorities strongly recommend against using them to protect against asbestos since it is a proven human carcinogen. We don't know what their accept ability will be next year or five years from now. This is still one of the-many unresolved issues for our industry. However, for now, we recommend against their use for asbestos. Most permanent facepiece respirators have similar components. Here we see labels for some of the important components of a half mask air-purifying respirator. The next slide shows a similar respirator disassembled. In the center, we see the molded half -mask facepiece. They are available in either or synthetic rubber. This one is a synthetic rubber. To the right and left are the cartridge/filter cups, gaskets, inhalation valves, and assemblies. At the bottom are the exhalation valve, valve assembly, and assembly cover (THE COVER IS IMPORTANT). -17- TX TINER 'f RMC0035860 Slide > No. 28, Model of Full Face Respirator with Components Labeled Script Above is the yoke assembly with a neck strap, head strap, and head yoke. Several approved models don't have a head yoke for the head strap. AH components must be kept in place and used for the respirator to still be considered approved. Full face air-purifying respirators have components similar to half mask models. They do ^ave.more than two straps -- sometimes as many as seven. Now is a good time to explain how to put on a full face respirator. Open the straps all the way, put your chin into the chin cup, rotate the respirator back against your face, and (EMPHASIZE) tighten the straps `aoin.qlvfrom.-the- bottom to-;the;,tep. Remove any hair which is caught under the face seal. i Note the full facepiece gives an added advan tage of some eye protection. That is good since you can't wear regular or safety glasses with them. If you need corrective lenses, yob wiilieither have to wear contact lenses (IF YOUR DOCTOR PERMITS) dr-'^get a- special1 Jefts^fiolder to go inside the facepiece. Under some conditions, there is a problem with the -18- . TX TIMER RMC0035861 Slide > No. 29, Half Mask Respirator Being Worn & Ai> No. 30, Full Face Respirator Being Worn Script lens fogging on full facepiece respirators. Nose cups molded into the facepiece as shown here often help. Of course, the unit must be approved -- you can't just make and add one. This is the same respirator we saw disas sembled. Note the correct position of the straps -- the head strap and the neck strap. As seen here, the straps- don't have to be uncomfortably tight if the respirator fits the person correctly. Manufacturers often makethese ^cepieces in-twd'of mofe'isizes to help in proper fitting. As indicated by the "S/M" just above the plastic yoke on the facepiece, this is a small/medium size. Also, it is -PjDs^i^ie'to . wearfjglas^es^ao^^a^h.ard-hat. vyitj^.a . ^pnb'p^iStVt-tihg^halfemaskt This is a full face, .cJwal'-cartridge/filte^,-air$ pj^yinq- respiraj*i:t^i-ia:bu.iltrin; nose.ACup; However, even though the fiiter/cartridges are NIOSH approved for asbestos, they are not the &ughr-ef-ficiency type. Since they are available in the high efficiency type, we recommend you not use anything less than the high efficiency model. -19- TX TINER RMC0035862 Slide No. 31, Front V>iew of Person Wearing Air Hat' No. 32, Side View of Person Wearing Air Hat A <rV Script This is another special type of air-purifying respirator which has been available for about 15 years. They are called Powered AirPurifying Respirators -- PAPRs. This is a helmet or "air hat" model of a PAPR. PAPRs go a step beyond air-purifying respirators and they all have similar operating principles. We will look at that in a moment. As you can see, on some models the facepiece can be raised if you want to do so. This can be an advantage and disadvantage. You get no respiratory protection with the facepiece up. It could be a problem with employees. Now for how they work. Note the blue pack on his side. That is a rechargeable battery. Follow the wire from the battery up to the back of the helmet. The battery powers^n air pump inside the rear of the helmet. The intake for air is on the bottom just behind the .wire. This next slide shows what is inside. -20- TX TINER RMC0035863 Slide Script No. 33, Air Hat Being Taken Apart > See the wire leading to the air pump. The air is sucked in at the bottom of the air pump and blown through the white filter in the top toward the facepiece. The plastic interliner and head harness can just barely be seen on the right. Some PAPRs have the battery, air pump, and filters all down on the belt as a single assembly. Then they pump the filter air to a helmet, hood, half mask, or full facepiece through a hose. These units take air in directly from the worker's breathing zone and then only filter it, so they are still air-purifying respirators. However, since they don't depend on the person's breathing action to pull the air through the filter or cartridge (they blow it through), thus, they are called Powered^Air- Purifying Respirators. Three years ago, we thought PAPRs would be a real blessing for asbestos work and provide a much higher degree of protection than the other air-purifying respirators. However, -21- T* tiner 8MC0035864 Slide No. 34, Hood Respirator No. 35, Types of Air-Purifying Respirators No. 36, Air-Supplied Equipment z. Script research since then has indicated their degree of protection is much lower than we original!)thought. For this and a few other reasons, the use of PAPRs for asbestos work seems to be declining now. This is a hood respirator built in with a helmet. Some PAPRs and other types of respirators use this configuration for their head piece. Now a quick review of air-purifying respi rators before we look at the air-supplied and self-contained categories. Remember they are available in all these types. The half mask, full face mask, and PAPR types are the kinds used during asbestos work. Hopefully you remember what they look like when we say a dual cartridge, full face, air-purifVing respirator; a full face, PAPR; or any of the other types. Now we will look at Air-Supplied Respirators. For several reasons, this is the most important category of respirators for asbestos abatement, work. Rather than air supplied, it is often -22- TX TINER RMC0035865 Slide Script called a Type C respirator. (EMPHASIZE.) A Type C respirator is an air-supplied unit and only an air-supplied respirator. No cartridge respirator is Type C. No. 36, Air-Supplied Equipment Up to this point, we have looked at respirators which only filter impurities out of the air surrounding the employee. We will now spend a few moments discussing air-supplied equip ment and respirators. In the next presenta tion, we will spend an hour talking about airsupplied systems, but we want to get an over view here. No. 37, Constant Flow Air-Line Respirators No. 38, Respirator in Use An air-supplied respirator, or "Type C" as they are frequently called, provides a continuous flow of air from an external source (i.e., outside the work a. .a) during inhalation and exhalation. \ This person is wearing a Type C (supplied-air) respirator. The full face masks are recom mended for two reasons. First, the full face mask provides double the protection since the worker receives a better "fit" of the respirator to the face. Secondly, eye protection is -23- TX TINER RMC0035866 Slide No. 39, Respirator/Brick Wall Script provided. The fogging of the face shield is not a problem since the air blows across the inside of the shield and does not allow fogging. (Note: Eyeglasses with temple bars cannot be worn with a full face rffask since this breaks the seal of the respirator to the face. Special clip-in frames are available from most manu facturers.) In this slide, we see a relatively new (1963) style of respirator. Note the square black filter cartridge at the belt. This works just like an ordinary airline respirator when attached to an airline with proper pressure (not to exceed 125 psi). If disconnected from Che airline or if the air stops flowing (due to compressor failure, for example), the worker breathes through the HEPA filter cartridge. This type of mask permits work at heights -vhere the airline may be secured to the scaf folding and worker climb unhindered by an airline. It also permits travel through the decon unit without dragging airlines through the air locks. -24- TX TINER RMC0035867 Slide No. 40, Hood (White) > fern*. Script What about the worker that wants to keep a beard? The answer is a TypeC hood respi rator such as ..nis slide shows. This type of respirator requires more air to be delivered to the worker. The hood type- respirator requires a rpinimum of 6 cubic feet of air per minute (CFM), while a tight-fitting mask requires a ^ii^l.mum of 4 CFM. REVIEW: Ask participants how many workers wearing a tight-fitting Type C respirator may work from a compressor that delivers 50 CFM. Answer: 50 CFM divided by 4 CFM per worker = 12.5. Therefore, no more than 12 workers may be used at any one time. This slide also shows the application of a vortex tube to cool incoming breathing air. A vortex tube requires even more air \ to be \ delivered to the worker. If the air is properly processed, as discussed in the next section on breathing air systems, vortex tubes are not needed since the air is cooled during purification. -25- TX TINER RMC0035868 Slide No. 41, Air-Purifying Unit Script In this slide, we see an air purification unit. This unit receives air from the compressor. The unit cools the air and removes certain impurities before allowing it to be delivered to the worker. The operation or the air purifica. tion system is discussed in greater detail during the next presentation on Type C systems. No. 42, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus Another form of air-supplied respirators is the self-contained breathing apparatus, or S-C-B-A. If we were divers, we would use a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus or SCUBA gear. No. 43, SCBA in Use ^ .y Here is a person wearing a typical SCBA. As you can see, it is rather bulky, weighs about 15-20 pounds, and only provides about 30 minutes of air. This is not very practical on asbestos abatement projects for use by workers. However, inspectors, building owners, architects, and others may use them since it provides greater mobility (i.e., beyond the limit of an air line; for example). f -26"i TX TINER RMC0035869 Slide No. 44, OSHA Standards > No. 45, Respirator Program sVX/-.'5 - Script There are numerous occupational safety and health standards that apply to asbestos abate ment projects. In this section, regarding respirators, we are primarily concerned with the respirator requirements of the OSHA Asbestos Standard (29 CFR 1910.1001) and the OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard (29 CFR 1910.134). The OSHA Asbestos Standard requires we use respirators bn these types of projects. In short, if you follow the recom mended practices presented in this course, you will be in compliance with the respirator requirements of the Asbestos Standard. The OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard has other requirements, however. Let's look at these. This slide illustrates the requirements for a respiratory protection program which con forms to the OSHA regulations (1910.134). These are sometimes called the 11 command ments of a successful respirator program. Let's quickly review them. 1. Written Program - Any employer who makes respirators available to their -27TX TINER RMC0035870 Slide t Script 0 employees must have a written respirator /, 2. ger*/fiuJh* f?OA.cA*-S<^-j A*p , /la .pt*.e4+\S * COrt^fV cbt^j yta &f> 3, eOstAts* . $ //in** ^iZuu-i+*%rf f program. Each of the remaining 10 "commandments'1 must be detailed in this written program. Selection Based on Hazard - The respira tor selected should be based on the hazard anticipated. For example, you would not use a gas mask to protect against asbestos ... and vice versa. Not only do you select Ue~ f X**~~-----J ; ` H'*^t'*' 4 rf. f 4i flfst&l liaJtA 1/Vw^/r /U*/ Xi-6^yAsC bjfyA J>eJy a^A **rf**-* 4. o*~ cejt>t+$<* xw/**** ^ a respirator based on the type of hazard (i.e., asbestos), but also on the degree of hazard. For example, a cartridge respi rator is usually appropriate for a glovebag job where asbestos levels could be very . 4#^3 Alt c+^sey**^ 71#*^ fe^A- t*MK s* p <* i$C*fh*~6+y t^k-j (?<* iC**b\, ^awC- diAvt fl AAt- 4 * &+~`As low. TypeC would be used for a brief demolition where asbestos concentrations would be higher. \ User Trainer - Anyone who wears a respi rator must be properly trained on its use, A gf> jn* c^SyP f ,'S`^a*^. -Jr ***" . c(fc$M**i f /**(/ A' ^*4^ Ia4m*~i -v XCA5^ f *.*&* f ^<K/ 4*~M^+~S+: limitations, proper fitting, and mainte nance. In the back of your notebooks are two NIOSH publications on respirator training. One is designed for the employer, and one for the employee. You c(u+**^ f /wy -28- y -yv^&c+L f Slide Script -( Z^-S/c- >-f*4 f U*-t J n/TV^ot ^ A~ <tr f ^ y AM/if f>A4C J>tu> 4. may find them helpful during respirator training. Individual Respirator Assignment Although not specifically required by OSHA, it is good hygienic practice to assign a specific respirator to each employee. In this manner, an employee if- 4 x. 2. Lu>**d- Z- bs&jL ** ~f7<zV Z-f 7Z+*aj ! a4<^ t } -n+td &/&4W *7 g+ #V jL+v*- who wears (has been fitted with) a large . size mask does not pick up a medium or small that does not fit properly. Co^ (/&*. u~-l 5. Cleaning & Disinfectina - All respirators &&* must be cleaned and disinfected after each use. While the worker normally cleans his/her respirator in the shower of the decon, it is a good idea to have the /bf/xe, /futtc ofe*.- /* Sb byft */<**/*. - a</c/ Z trL**~-** &/&*** "2o employee who often works in the "clean room" be responsible for disinfecting each respirator. Packages of disinfectant, mixed in a pail of warm water are avail able from most manufacturers and sup ~Loct<~4' (f?> ftP *~) - *(/</ pliers for this purpose. 7^/" ( yJL 6. Clean, Convenient, Sanitary Storage - It is the contractor's responsibility to pro- -29- TX TXNBR ^0035872 Slide > Script vide a clean location to store the respirators when not in use. This may be in lockers in the clean room or a nearby equipment trailer at the job site. 7. Inspection & Repairs - Each respirator should be inspected by the user each time it is put on. A good practice is to have the employee in the clean room also check each respirator as the employee exits the shower. In addition to these inspections, a regular inspection of all respiratory equipment should be con ducted by the job superintendent. 8. Work Area Surveillance - This is a very simple part of the program ... NO ONE SHOULD WORK IN THE WORK AREA ALONE. Again, this should be comknon sense. 9; Program Auditing - The written respirator program and practices followed should be periodically updated. "Periodically" is a T great word, isn't it!?! As a rule of thumb, this should be an annual (documented) -30- TX TINER RMC0035873 Slide 1: <pt*+S 7?*V *- i4k Script review and update. You would also change the program when a new type of respirator is purchased. Obviously, the maintenance, training, etc. would be altered if you purchased some PAPRs for a particular purpose or project. .10 Medical Determination - Before you put an employee in a respirator, you must have a medical determination made that the employee is capable of wearing a respirator. This is discussed in greater detail in the section entitled, "Establishing a Medical Surveillance Program." Approved or Accepted Respirators - Any respirator used must be approved by NIOSH and/or MSHA. For Type C systems, not only are the respi^tors approved, but the air lines as well. Remember, they are approved as an operating unit and you cannot interchange parts from different models of respirators. 31- rJ- TX TINER RMC0035874 TABLE VXH-1. SUGGESTED RESPIRATOR SELECTION FOR PROTECTION AGAINST ASBESTOS WHEN PROPERLY FITTED FOR USE AND PROPERLY MAINTAINED Respirator Selection Maximum airborne fiber concentration outside the respirator to maintain exposure inside the respirator below PF 0.01 fibers/cc High efficiency cartridge filter type (half mask) 10 to High efficiency cartridge filter type (full face mask) 50 Vo y Powered-air purifying (PAPR) (25-100)* helmet type *r Powered-air purifying (PAPR) (25-100)* tight-fitting half mask 3 Powered-air purifying (PAPR) (25-100)* tight-fitting full face mask Type C continuous-flow supplied air (half mask) Type C continuous-flow supplied air (full face or hood type) 100 X \ 0 100 / Pressure-demand Type C (full face respirator) 1,000 0.1 fibers/cc 0.5 fibers/cc -- -- -- 1 fiber/cc 1 fiber/cc 10 fibers/cc Pr /o sro /OO /66 160 t60 jQO Note: Studies are currently underway by NIOSH and others to estimate the protection factors for PAPRs. Values supplied are conservative estimates for properly operated units. a* ./ ,,'f. 4*4 rt ? w* SJ- - *?? *'/,'& Hi - 77 31 TX TINER RHC0035875 > No. 46, Protection Factor No. 47, Protection Factors Note to Instructor: Stop and ask if the participants have any questions concerning an effective respirator program. In the next few minutes, we will cover an extremely important topic ... Protection Factors. The protection factor or MPF" is a number (actually a ratio) obtained by dividing the concentration of a contaminant outside the mask by the concentration inside the mask. For example ... if a respirator has a PF (protection factor) of 10, this means the con centration of asbestos fibers would be reduced by a factor of 10 inside the mask. Therefore, if the concentration outside the mask is 2 fibers per cc, then the concentration inside the mask would be what? ... Right! 0.2 fibers per cc. We'U work some more on these problems, but first let's look, at some typical protection factors for different types of respi rators. This slide illustrates protection factors assigned to different types of respirators determined by laboratory tests where concen trations of a test material (usually silica flour TX TINER RMC0035876 Script or DOP) were measured inside and outside the respirator. Protection factors actually will vary for each individual person. The better the "fit" of the respirator to the face, the higher the protection^factor will be. For our purposes, we will use the numbers before you. (Note to Instructor: Go through this slide slowly. Participants should be able to know these protection factors^ Using ah example of each type of respirator ... hold it up and ask the class for the approximate PF value.) Now. ... government agencies and academic types often debate "how clean is clean" when a project is completed. We don't have this luxury ... we have to do the job now or in the near future. So let's decide "how clean is clean" ... i.e., at what level (fiber count) do you permit unprotected people into\ the build ing after the project? Let me hear some numbers! (Note to Instructor: The most common number should be (usually) 0.01 fibers per cc.) OK ... not to get carried away debating this subject now, let's say the "clearance level" is 0.01 fibers/cc. Does anyone have any great difficulty with that? -33- jX TINER RMC0035877 .v>-*VK Slide > -'Aw*.* 5> *:` .- * '- ., * v.*/ . .-f- '-S. Script Now ... what's the highest level you*! permit INSIDE the respirator? Right! Vo fibers/cc. Let's say we are doing** removal on a boiler which has 50% chrysotile and Amosite. Our air monitoring tells us the fiber count in the work area is 10 fibers per cc. What type, of respirator should we use? Note to Instructor. Using a chalkboard, step through the calculation. PF s -- concentration outside mask concentration inside mask PF = 10 fibers per cc 0.01 fibers per cc PF = 1000 This means the protection factor of theVespirator chosen must be 1000 or greater. What type of respirator has this much protection? Right! Type C has a protection factor of 1000 or 2000 depending on whether it is a half-mask or full face mask. -36- TX TINER RMCO035878 Slide r' Script Let's try a little different problem. Workers are doing a typical "wet and scrape" job in a high school. The personal air sampling results come back and show the airborne fiber con centration (outside the mask) is 2 fibers per cc. The workers are wearing dual cartridge half-mask air-purifying respirators. What is the fiber concentration inside the mask? Remember... PF concentration outside mask concentration inside mask This equation can be rearranged so that: Concentration inside. = concentration outside the mask PF Remember ... the PF for a half-mask airpurifying respirator is IQ. Then ... Concentration inside = the respirator 2 fibers per cc 10 ^ Concentration inside * 0.2 fibers per cc the respirator Ts this a safe level? Probably not. Note to Instructor: Participants often have a difficult time understanding the concept of -35- TX TINER RMC0035880 Slide Script protection factors. Additional examples may be needed. M THIS IS A GOOO TIME TO STOP FOR A FEW MINUTES, TURN ON THE LIGHTS, AND TAKE A SHORT (3-5 MINUTES) "STAND-UP" BREAK. T v No. 48, Fit and Protection The respirator must fit the wearer properly. A good fit equals protection. ti L.e*'* <'/ No. 49, Respirator Fit-Testing *, 9 There are tw0 raajor typ of fit-testing. v ^y These are qualitative and quantitative fittesting. Quantitative fit-testing involves measuring the concentration of some test material (such as corn oil) inside the mask while the user stands in a test booth which has a high concentration of the test material in the atmosphere. This is the best method but is expensive and normally not used by asbestos abatement contractors. /..M1 `/"y* The other type of fit-test is qualitative fittesting. Irritant smoke is usually used to perform this test. We will discuss this further in a moment. Let's first look at positive and -36- TX T1NER RMC0035881 Slide . v* P V No. 50, Negative Pressure Test No. 51, Positive Pressure Test No. 52, Negative Pressure, Puli Pace Mask No. 55, Positive Pressure, Full Pace Mask Script negative pressure fit tests. These are simple tests used every time a respirator (cartridge type) is put on. It cannot be used for Type C respirators. ~he negative pressure test is performed every time the respirator is put on. The palms of your hands are placed over the filter car* tridges (latex gloves may ne"ed to be used on certain models). The user then inhales. The respirator should collapse onto the face with no air leaks. The positive pressure test is performed in a similar manner. The palm of the hand (or latex glove) is used to cover the exhalation valve while the worker exhales into the mask. The mask should "ride up" on the face with little or no leakage. \ The negative pressure test may be performed on the full face mask as well. ... and the positive pressure test. -57- Slide Script No* 54, Irritant Smoke Test The most common method of respirator fit- > testing is the irritant smoke test. Wearing the respirator (full face or half mask air- purifying), the worker sits under a shroud. A "--.-jt. A *^ clear 6 mil disposal bag-works well. With eyes * closed, an irritant smoke is generated using a smoke tube and aspirator bulb. If the respi IU /f $>S/ /> to rator leaks, the smoke will force an involun tary cough. The irritant smoke test is per formed for each worker whenever issued a respirator, and annually thereafter (or when ever a different model respirator is issued). Note to Instructor: If a workshop is not to be conducted which includes respirators, you may wish to pass out a number of respirators and have each participant perform each of the fit- tv,.. tests including irritant smoke. No. 55, Inspection and Maintenance \ Just a reminder ... ail respirators and associated equipment must be inspected and maintained. Equipment that becomes contam inated or broken will not provide the needed protection. -38- TX TINER RMC0035883 Slide No. 56, Medically Capable No. 57, Make Sure ... No. 58, Protective Clothing Script Another reminder ... all employees must have a determination made that they are medically capable of wearing a respirator before they are issued one. The right respirator for the job... Fit and test before each use... Care for the respirator properly. Let's spend the next few minutes talking about protective clothing. Why do we need to wear protective clothino? The clothing is used primarily to keep gross contamination off the body, hair, etc. Asbestos abatement work is dirty work by its nature. Besides asbestos, there may be other fibers (fiberglass, mineral wool) and binders (cement) to irritate the skin. A 2 or 3 minute \ shower is not going to be sufficient to remove all the asbestos from the body if protective clothing is not worn. What is the proper seauence for puttino clothes on? First, all street clothes are removed. A tight-fitting bathing suit (prefer- -39- ass, Slide Script ably nylon) may be worn beneath the protec tive clothing. The disposable coveralls are put on. If the booties are not attached, these go on next and are taped at the ankles. The wrists are then taped to keep material from falling into the opening here. Finally, the respirator is put on and the hood put on over the respirator straps. We'll talk about the sequence to exit the work area in a few minutes. What types of protective garments are available? In this type of work, there are basically two types of disposable clothing. These are breathable and non-breathable. Both cost approximately $2.00-2.25 each. The breathable fabrics are recommended for use on projects where heat stress might present a problem. \ Other Protective Equipment? Besides dispos able clothing, you will need some form of foot protection. In many situations, slip-on deck shoes with non-skid soles will work fine. You may need greater protection in a boiler room for example. In these cases, steel-toed or -40- SoSg, Slide t No. 59, Worker Dressed-Out No. 60, Training No. 61, Taped Ankles '...YA. " Script steel shank, all rubber boots are available. These items should be left in the work area each day. Deck shoes are about $7-8.00 per pair and can be thrown out at the end of the project as asbestos-containing waste. Other . protective equipment might include a hard * hat, goggles, and cotton or leather gloves. Here is a worker dressed-out in disposable coveralls with attached hood and booties (not visible). This particular brand of coverall has strong eleastic at the wrist ... tape should still be used. Note how the respirator straps are not visible and the eye protection afforded by the Type C full face respirator. Just as we will do in a few minutes, have each employee dress and undress outside the work area. Some contractors have their workers wear disposable clothing and respirators during their training sessions so the employee becomes accustomed to it. Here we see the tape used at the ankles to secure the booties to the legs of the disposable coveralls. -ftl- TX TINER RMCO035886 Slide No. 62, Disposingof Clothing Script In this slide we see the worker immediately outside the decon shower undressing. The disposable clothing is removed, but the respi rator remains ON. The respirator is only removed in the shower after he has washed thoroughly ... including his hair and fingernails (a brush works well to clean the fingernails). Note to Instructor: Have each class partici pant dress-out putting the disposable clothing on over their street clothes. This exercise may be eliminated if it is to be done in a workshop setting. BE SURE TO ALLOW SUFFICIENT TIME FOR ANY AND ALL QUESTIONS. NO QUESTIONS REGARDING WORKER SAFETY OR HEALTH SHOULD REMAIN UNANSWERED. \ -42t