Document NEpky3QEevrjmdEeyabqDQZeQ

FILE NAME Kohler KOH DATE 1941 DOC KOH020 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Bulletin - American Ceramic Society The American American Ceramic /, Society February 15 1993 I hereby certify that the attached copies of Bulletin of the American Ceramic Society Volume 20 1941 are true and accurate copies which are maintained in the normal course of business at the American Ceramic Society 735 Ceramic Place Westerville Ohio 43081 Christine Schnitzer Product Manager Ceramic Information Center 735 Ceramic Place Westerville Ohio 43081-8720 614-890 614-89061 6144- -889090 4 700 TWX 7101109409 PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT APR APR ! THE BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Volume 20 Contents for April 1941 Number 4 ience sier and problem of colors tance Sitrate : Bichromate 2 Chromate Uranate -. Selenite i Glazes Lide m Oxide . Burat glaze Colors m Nitrate m Oxides tar Clay & sides sides 1 Oxides Powder ag Equipment Plates for ting PAPERS Centrifugal Slip Casting R. Austin and G. H. Dunenmile Jr . 113-10 Tunnel Drier Refinements W. Carve 117-18 Control of Iron Oxide in Volcanic Ash D. Kinney becca cee Examination of a Chinese Temimoku Glaze and Body H. Earhart Engineering Control of Dust with Special Reference to Respirators A D. Brando ... Recent Legislation on Occupational Diseases ThemlorCe. Waters 000... 126 30 Health of Brick and Tile Plant Workers in North Carolina F. Triev beeaee . . Advertis Advertisers Index 2.2... aces cece emcee cence ence eee ene mentee eee nnn ence eee tee eetesasssccees 130-34 6 Buyers ' Guide 2... eecccceccceccrecen anaes t ees rereccee se cesstennccssercsescecesensesresssee 12 16 18 20 INDEX TO CERAMIC HISTORY ACTIVITIES NOTES t Hygiene Air D. 170 Foundation officers trustees American Ceramic Society Annual Meeting places American and officers 1859-1941 1859-1941 p 142 Society for Testing Materials committer reports tories p 139 CY on Refrac 14 on Glass and Glass Products Suh- committer ] ulfieves p 139 Annual Moenetings C.15 Manufactured Masonry Units 1890 194p 1 142 Corning Glass Works Christmas ments phisin p 148 Crystalwarien the nuovies p 14 orna- Enamelers Club Central meeting p 146 District March Glass Division Committer on l'harmacoqucia Glaus members p 199 Historical Data Society Annual Meetings and n^>ficers p 142 Ceramic history Kohler W. .. p 134. Ceramic schools Iowa State College Simient Branch meetines p 142 Kohler W. J. l^ngp 131 CUVUE photo April Metallurgy Sections and Missouri School of Mines Student Branch meeting p 113 Local Chicago Fell EAS New York State College of Ceramies changes in stad appointments C. meeting f soils. Arrance and R. .. Stone photos p 144 resignations C M. Lampman Southern California Jan meeting ulliver Living E. Lobangh photos p 143 North Carolina University of Student Branch meetings honoraries K^'ramos its kitchen at Fine Arts p 119 pp 14243 Syracuse Museum of photos pp 149-24 Members Ohio State University meetings p 143 Student Branch membership D. 140 workers record Laiversity 175th anniversary RViurtggienrisa Polytechnic Inst Student Branch meetings p 142 Cleveland Museum of Arts gifts of R. A. Weaver p 147 new for l'el and March p 1401 paid membership recont p 143 roster changes f^...r Feb and March p 139 Necrology Hardzof F. E. hing p 144 photo p 143 Kondo Seiji Bandlera h^ngphoto p 143 bine p .l.ong 146 , tuliano , 11 Orton Edward fr Ceramic Foundation Financial Statement for 1940 p 1741 Clayworkers Pacific Northwest Clayworkers Association winter meeting officers p 123 Presidents 1889 F. Photographs Arrance Hardro~ F. K. p 195 Christmas oftaments Corning Glass Works pr 14 enamel ewer stand gift of H. A. Weaver .. April cover Seiti ye exhibit Syraena Matrum Stone Porcelain R. Enamel 16.06 16.06 Process Control 114 Institute , Committerp annual meeting 146 Museum Syracuse kitchen of Fine Arts living permanent exhildt p 143 photos pp 149-50 Weaver R. A. vifts to Cleveland Muscum P 149 = | Northampton Publication OficeOfice With & Northampton Sts Easton Pa Editorial Executive and Advertising Offices Offices 2525 N. High St. Columbus Ohio Committee on Publications J. D. SULLIVAN Chairman E. E. MarbakER J. D. Austis A. N. Fixn Ross C. PuRDY Entered as second matter at the post office at Huston Pa under the act of March 3. 1879 numbers Subscription 1.500 a year Single twenty cents Foreign and Canadian postage Se additional nuzubscriptions Published monthly Copyright 1941 American Ceramic Society Inc. f 130 i * Bulletin of The American Ceramic Society established in the majority of states and these bureaus have initiated programs to study industrial conditions and to formulate rules regulations and methods to eliminate occupational disease hazards Industry should welcome the assistance that these bureaus af- ford because prevention of occupational diseases is of primary interest to employees and saves employers the cost of compensation MULLIKIN STOCKBRIDGE AND Watges Baltinour Maryland HEALTH OF BRICK AND TILE PLANT WORKERS IN NORTH CAROLINA By M. F. TricE AUSTRACT Data are reviewed which were obtained in an investigation of the North Carolina brick and tile industry to evaluate the siliceous dust exposure of the workers in terms of hazards to health The distribution of the eight plants is classified according to the raw material used that is alluvial clay or shale The extent of the dust exposure of the workers by occupational classification is appraised in terms of millions of particles of dust per cu ft of air based on particle analyses of 183 samples of borne dust collected in twenty plants An evaluation of the health status of the workers is : based on medical data obtained in the clinical and ray examination of 11555555 employees in plants most of which were the saine as those in which dust samples were obtained The investigation disclosed that none of the employees had silicosis a fact which apparently is explained by a low quartz content of the atmospheric dust an absence of . Excessive Concentrations of dust and a high labor turnover e . Introduction and mica are capable of producing a serious and some- A potential hazard to health exists whenever work- mien are exposed to dust that contains quartz flint or ather forms of uncombined silica as such particulate matter is definitely toxic The role of combined silica or silicates as causes of pulmonary diseases how- ever cammut be so categorically assessed Authorities differ with respect to the toxicity of silicates although most of them no doubt would agree that the presence of other inorganic dusts in the containing atinosphere may tend to jufluence the rate of progressive re- action . inhaled sil ica Although there is somn^'question as to the effect of silicates in general several of them notably asbestos steatite tale times disabling pathology Any silicate dust therefore should be regarded as a probable menace to health until such time as it can be proved innocuous in the concentrations that are encountered in mutine Because the raw material from which brick and tile are made siliceous in character an investigation of the North Carolina industry has been inade to evaluate the dust exposure of the workers in terms of hazards to health particularly with respect to silicosis Most of the medical and engineering data were collected over a month period beginning in the summer of 1938 11. Evaluation of Working Environment Presented at the Second Annual Meeting The American Ceramic Society Toronto Canada April 8 1940 General Session un Toxicology Received April 8 1940 Industrial Hygienist Div of Industrial Hygiene N. State Board of Health and N. C. Industrial Commis- sion Raleigh N. Silicosis a R. R. Sayers and R. R. Jones Silicosis and Simi- tar Dust Diseases U. S. Pub Health Repts 53 33 1453 b 712 938 p 1450 Ceram Abs 18 40 1939 L. U. Gardner Inhaled Silica and Its Effect on Normal and Tuberculous Lungs Jour Amer Med Assn 103 9 743 481934 . = W. C. Dreesen J. M. Dalla Valle T. I. Edwards J. W. Miller R. R. Sayers H. F. Easom and M. F. Trice Study_of_Asbestosis Study_of_Asbestosis Study_of_Asbestosis in the Asbestos Textile Industry U. S. Pub Health Bull No. 241 Washington D. C. 1939 W. C. Dreesen and J. M. Dalla Valle Effects of Exposure to Dust in Two Georgia Tale Mills and Mines U. S. Public Health Repts 50 131-43 1935 Reprint No. 1669 In a study of this character it is desirable to appraise in terms of an average dust concentration the exposure of the workers in each occupational classification as such values permit a comparison of occupations with respect to the extent of the dust hazard and are useful in correlating medical and engineering data The Greenburg impinger was used to the collect $ samples of atmospheric dust for particle counts in twenty plants These dust samples were col lected during each of the four seasons under a variety of weather conditions and so distributed as to yield a C. Dreesen J. M. Dalla Valle T. I. Edwards R. R. Sayers H. F. Easom and M. F. Trice Pneumoconiosis Ainong Mica and Pegmatite Workers U. S. Pub Health Bull No. 250 Washington D. C. 1940 Impinger * Leonard Greenburg and J. J. Bloomfield Impinger Health Dust Sampling Apparatus as Used by U. S. Public Service U. Pub Health Repts 47 651-75 1932 Reprint No. 1528 - Vol 20 No. + representa ditions in pation ins samples w the appare greater nui ate the exp hacker bec exposed to 1 Dust Inasmuc is perform dust coun building in or open segregation buildings closely the ployed for One dustThe dust c further cla As the val plants we carded T workers h Hoistman ( a Clay storag Crusher r root be Inclosed Screen atte Dry pan of mill of Preparat Isolated Brick macl = Hackers Open mi =: Hackers Transfer ; 1 =, Kiln work Kiln clean > Pipe manu Pipe dryic Cleanup a Weigh NOTE i created by ; spectively 1941 is seases is of employers _INA nd some ist therefore e to health uous in the line ick and tile stigation of > to evaluate 3 of hazards ausis Most llected over summer of ment to appraise the exposure sification as pations with id are useful data The e collect 183 le counts in es were colfer a variety as to yield a . I. Edwards cc PneumoS C. Pub 19-40 3 Impinger ic Health .5 1932 Vol 20 No. + Health of Brick and Tile Plant Workers in North Carolina 131 representative evaluation of the atmospheric dust con- ditions in the industry The importance of an occu- pation insofar as it concerns the distribution of dust samples was based on the number of men involved and the apparent dustiness of the job A proportionately greater number of samples was thus collected to evalu- ate the exposure of a screen attendant than that of a hacker because the screen attendants in most plants are exposed to much more dust than the hackers 1 Dust Exposure by Occupational Classification Inasmuch as the manufacture of brick at some plants is performed under virtually outdoor conditions all dust counts were classified according to the type of building in which they were collected that is closed or open Average values were computed after this segregation for each occupation for both types of buildings Whenever the two results obtained checked closely they were combined and the one value was employed for the occupation in both types of plants One exposure value thus serves for all hackers The dust counts for open- and closed plants were further classified according to raw material employed As the values obtained for both the clay and the shale plants were alnust identical the results were dis- carded The calculated average dust exposures of the workers hy occupational elassification expressed in millions of particles of dust per cu ft of air are shown in Table I. 2 Character of Dust Because free silica or quartz is a toxic mineral insofar as pulmonary pathology is concerned it is desirable to know the amount contained in the atmospheric dust to which the workmen are exposed Samples for petrographic analysis accordingly were obtained directly from the atmosphere with an electrically driven hand vacuuin cleaner suspended at the breathing level and operated intermittently for a period of several days Inasmuch as only one such sampling device was available and it was out of commission for while several samples of settled dust were collected from structural inembers Four samples of atmospherie dust and three samples of settled dust were examined petrographically for quartz content the results of which are presented in Table I. No two of these samples were collected in the same plant Although both of the clay samples contain more quartz than the shale samples they represent settled dust which may aeromt for their higher quartz , content An analysiosf samples by particle frae- tions is frequently made to determine the quartz content of the respirable sizes The brick plant dusts however were not so meticulously anadyzed Weat Table { Average Dust Exposure up WorkERS BY Decupational ClassificatioN No. samples considered Dust expostites millions ft oo ee A. wee Mar. Min -- Ava Hoistman inclosed and preparatiost machinery | 11 ! ae oe oo open 1 10 ti w4 tite 19.0 3.0 Clay storage bin 4 . inclosed ! Crusher rolls and disintegrator attendant 5.0 1.8 3.0 71.0 root boy Inclosed no batsi 4 * . . hats Open no bats - Fy bats , , Screen attendam inclosedl 11 43,0 2 14.0 27.11 Ititi.D 3.0 2.0 11.0 21 33.0 " 19.00 69.41 1 inclosed full bin operator open Dry oe - oe pan operator oe BO oe a closed material " oe ( salvage Open mill operator dryi damp Z 2 4 3 oye R.D 2.0 162.0 * } 16.0 11 zo 2.0 33.1 3.0 . 1.9 8.0 1. 2.11 44.0 8.0 112.0 aa . Preparation exposure Isolated from preparation machinery Brick machine 101 XN OD 21.01 31.1 4 18.0 9.0 111.03 " 10.0 7. 9.9 Open mill dischargy 2 184.0 Hackers . Transfer upper 3) 52.0 - $ 66.0 lower Kila car rackers : 8.0 2 6.0 Kila workers downdraft bd updraft Kila cleaning 41 57.0 5 17.0 5 274.01 Pipe manufacturing pipe feeder isolated | . . pressman special shapes 39.0 4 Pipe drying Boor 4 92.0 Cleanup man 4 31.0 * Weighed average Cleaning kiln cyes NOTE Inclosed and preparation machinery means a closed type of building in created by this machinery Dried or fired bats when ground produce much dust material spectively the absence or involvement of such material SUNG 1.f 11.0 1.01 4.0 +.0 9.0 79.0 3.0 MOG 13.0 which workers no bats and 337.43374.44 13.00 (efsp 4 3 17.0 17.0 12.0 138.0 14.1 25,0 5 33.303.0 28.0 28.0 = are exposed to dust bats indicate re- ~ 1941 : THEDaes oat on Biden x TOES Sem ': ae a elcom ea 6.0. Ae a 132 Bulletin of The American Ceramic Society Virginia authorities report that the finer fractions of borne dust in brick and tile plants contain less quartz than the raw materials from which the dust originates They estimate that the quartz content of borne dusts varies from 3 to % TABLE II QUARTZ CONTENT OF SAMPLES SAMPLES OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SETTLED DUST OBTAINED IN N. Brick and Tile Plants Identification Settled dust clay Atmospheric dust shale .. oe a " 41 on B - Settled dust clay and shale clay Quartz content % 25 110 0 15 15 13 20 Greaves and his workers report that quartz is abundant in all samples of clay and shale deposits of North Carolina . III Cumulative Dust Exposure of Workers in an evaluation of an accupational disease hazard the medical data are usually correlated with the total dust exposure of the workers as well as with their total lengths of service As the amount of dust to which the men are exposed varies with the occupation the total dust exposures of the workmen are of more value than their lengths of service in years Some jolis expose the men to little dust others to appreciable amounts of dust as shown in Table I. To compare workinen on the basis of their total dust exposure a partiele year dust index is used which is obtained by multiplying the average yearly dust exposure of an ocenjition by the total number of years spent therein man exposed to an average of ten million particles of dust per cu ft of air in ten years would therefore build upgupg cumulative exposure of 100 million particle years of dust When more than one occupation is involved the cumulative exposure for each is calculated and a total exposure computed by adding together the individual occupational exposures A distribution of the workers according to arbitrarily selected cumulative exposure classifications is presented in Table III Virtually 80 of the routine workers have accuinitlated less than 130 million particle years of dust which is not an excessive exposure This conclusion may be examined on the basis of the free silica or quartz comtent of the dust It generally accepted that five million particles of quartz of respirable size per cu ft of air is the maximum concentration that may be toler Preliminary Report of Study in Brick and Tile Indus- try in W. Va Bureau of Industrial Hygiene W. Va State Health Dept. Charleston W. Va 1939 * A. F. Greaves N. H. Stolte and W. L. Fabia- nic Occurrence Properties and L'ses of Commercial Clays and Shales of N. C. N. State Coll Agr & Eng Expt Sta Bull No. 6 74 pp 1934 Ceram Abs 15 3 105 1936 J. M. Dalla Valle Significance of Dust Counts U. 2083 No. Health Repts 54 1095-1104 1939 Reprint . ated with safety The brick plant workers are exposed to dusts the quartz or free silica content of which varies from 10 to % Table II If the maximum concentration of 25 of free silica is employed for illus- tration then a concentration of twenty million parti' cles of such dust per cu ft of air would contain live million particles of quartz which is the maximum amount that may be tolerated with safety Assuming that forty years constitute a normal lifetime a person could theoretically build up a cumulative exposure of 800 million particle years of such dust without incur- ring a serious risk to health Thus 800 million particle years becomic a kind of yardstick by which the cumulative dust exposures of the workers may be gauged Only twenty routine workers see Table III have built up a cumulative exposure of more than 500 million particle years of dust which is only a little more than one half of the S00 particle yardstick at which some evidence of dust pathology might be expected This hypothetical threshold limit is based on the dust sample with the maximum quartz content which is undoubtedly much higher than that of the average atmospheric dusts to which the workers ate exposed Thus instead of the total threshold dust exposure being 800 million particle years of dust it is probably at least double that figure as the quartz content of the borne dust samples Table II averages only 12.50120.500 one half of the figure used One worker only has built up a cumulative exposure of more than 1600 million particle years The length of exposure ^finyears of the employees reveals that almost one half of the routine workers examined have been in the industry more than ten years After so long a period of service however their cumulative dust exposures are only a fraction of the theoretical threshold computed as a yardstick by which to examine the total dust exposure of the workmen These assumptions and computationis therefore indicate that the siliceons dust bazard is not acute in the North Carolina brick and tile naj V. IV Medical Examinations Medical examinations including an ray tim of the chest were given to 1555 employees and prospec- tive employees in twenty plants which were not identical in every instance with those in which dust samples were collected The clinical and ray exuninations were made on the premises of the respective companies in the cruising ray trailer of the North Carolina Division of Industrial Hygiene The medical examination given to the workers was thorough pecial emphasis being placed on the heart and lungs Blood specimens for the Wassermann and Kline tests for syphilis were obtained from a large number of the persons examined A complete medical and neempational history was also obtained in every instance.18 C. R. Matheson and M. F. Trice North Carolina's Mobile Ray Laboratory Jour Ind Med 7 327-31 * 1938 M. F. Trice Employment Examinations and Related Activities of N. C. Div of Industrial Hygiene 1940 188-93 April 1940 Ceram Abs 19 11 272 Vol 2 No. re exposed _ of which maximum for illus lion parti ntain five maximuin Assuming , a person puisure of out incur- .n particle the cumiu e gauged have built tillion par: than one at which expected ed on the ent which average 2 exposed . exposure s probably tent of the dly 12.572 y has built O million 5 of the at routine more than . however fraction of vardstick tre of the putations zard is not dustry y t^<^<m^ .1 prospat - were not which dust ray exami respective the North he medical rough esand lungs Kline tests ther of the id occupat ance Carolina's 7 327 30 2020 No.No. 4 Health of Brick and Tile Plant Workers in North Carolina 133 TABLE III DISTRIBUTION OF WORKMEN BY ^ RBITraryTotal Exposure ClassificATIONS Total p.y Negative Less than 25 25-60 25-60 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-300 300-400 400-500 500 and over Total employees _ 374 356 230 29 140 85 7 2 13 21 TOTAL 1555 Million particle years employment -_ No 301 166 23 fa 60.7 33.5 4.6 F) 1.0 406 he 10070 No. 71 159 213 224 140 Routine - 7 21 13 5 1051 Rejected No. 01> 19 ^ 120 TABLE IV PERCENTAGE of Brick and Tile Workers EXAMINED HAVING TUBERCULOSIS Contacts Past Respiratory ll.- NESSES AND OTHER Medical Findings in Each Group : SPECIFIED Men examined 19 Past medical kuling Family history of tuberculosis Exposure to tuberculosis Pleurisy Hemoptysis streaked sp Y tum ~ Pacumonia Influenza . Calds few reported Colds more in recent years Other respiratory diseases Clubbed or bowed extremities Diaphragm normal Diaphragm angles shallow Childhood tuberculosis Childhood and adult tuberculosis Pulmonary tuberculosis activity ? or arrested mo 14 employment 1.8 1.2 2. Kontine 1.9 1.I 4.3 1. 8.3 20.8 87.5 2.6 wood 8.9 12.0 4.4 6.7 0.2 0.9 9.1 15.8 SW 3.1 12.0 89.0 5.2 7.0 0.2 1.11 1.11 The examination of the workers in brick and tile plants was expected to reveal the existence of pulune nary pathology pathology that could be attributed to the inhalation of dust When the complete absence of such pathology was reported it was decided to analyze all of the medi cal data carefully to determine whether some effert of dust inhalation might be revezded by higher incidences of the more commonplace respiratory disorders All data therefore were codlerk on punch cards and andyzed om International Business Machines tabulating equip ment The more important results of this analysis except the heart fitlings are presented in Table IV There is noapprecial noapprecial difference in the incidence of thie various findings for the pre employment and routine workers imlicating that exposure to brick plant dist has prodmeval no demonstrable effect on the health of the workers Inasmuch as all pre employment and rou- time workers alike are from the same ceonomie level the former serve as a satisfactory control group with which to compare the latter The group of men ex- Table V Number and Percentage of EMPLOYMENt and Routine Workers Classified my Race Reacting POSITIVELY TO WASSERMANN and Klise Tests for Syrittas employment Knutiar ' oo White No. 7 Coluren No. ae White 86 55 Colnect No. 72 Wassermann Negative Doubtful Positive Not done TOTAL 2- 2- 3 115 181 91.0 1.5 4.3 a 11 32 182 314 622 8.4 39.4 533 i 3 bdr JS! 3.0 1.x 5.2 861 31 iw fi SEN rove 13.16 3.4 48.0 Kline Negative Doubtful Positive Not done 7 94 6 3 78 91.3 5.8 2.9 157 15 49 93 71.11 6.7 22.3 - 221 S 7 48 933.8 933.8 3.5 3.0 382 72 200 1131 58.5 11.0 30.5 TOTAL 181 314 231 * , Not considered in calculating percentages 787 ; V. Medical Findings The ray films of the 1555 workers were read sepa rately and apart by two physicians butli of whom re- ported that there was no evidence in any of them of silicosis or any other pulmonary condition that could be attributed to dust 1941 amined were in an unusually excellent state of health except eight men who were rejected for employment one of whom had tuberculosis questionable four questionably active and three definitely active tuberculosis Seven of the persons rejected were routine workers the other was a employment case Fe : 1 qf. 4 div: ......... ... ote glare os (4 DORRestate: compe 134 Bulletin of The American Ceramic Ceramic History VI Venereal Disease In view of the nation campaign to eradicate venereal diseases the medical findings relating to this scourge are presented in Table V. The incidence of syphilis is much higher among the colored workers Among those whose blood was subjected to the Wassermann test % of the routine colored workers reacted positively as against 5.2 of the routine white workers Results of reactions to the Kline test were 30.5 against 3.0 about the same ratio holds for the preemployment cases CERAMIC VII Conclusions The total absence of silicosis and other serious pulmonary pathology and the low incidence of other respiratory diseases among 1555 brick and tile plant workers indicate that exposure to dust in the North Carolina industry does not constitute a serious menace to health DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAl Kygirme NORTH CArolina State Boaru OP RALYN RALEIGH North CaroliNA a eee gene award HISTORY nd WALTER JODOK KOHLER Let me die working Still tackling plans unfinished tasks undone Clear to its end swift may my race be run No laggard steps no faltering no shirking Let me die working Walter J. Kohler Chairman of the Board of Directors they settled on a faciu mear St. Paul Minnesota Reach- of Kohler Company spent a busy day at his office Saturday April 20 1940 working until near seven o'clock in ing manhood he worked for time in Chicago | After the great fire he went to Sheboygan Wisconsin where the evening with the vigor and zest which always character he married There in 1873 he established a manufactur- ized him Much of the morning was given to corre ing business which the family has continued ever since spondence study of operating reports and presiding toward noon at a meeting of the executive committee Afternoon brought a long conference with company engineers regarding a projected new factory building and its equipment Walter Kohler was haptized into the Episcopal church with which he continued afliliation throughout his life He also belonged to the Blue Lodgeof the Masonic Orcnt His formal edmeation was obtained in the Shichoygan public schools At fifteen he decided that he wanted to On Sunday the members of the organization the people go into his father's business He followed a natural urge of the village and thousands of friends were inexpressibly In the factory he put in long hours at man's labor before shocked to learn that he had been stricken that morning with a fatal attack of coronary embolism the enameling furnaces and in the foundry tvvviving a wage of alnut 1.25 a day He became a foreman at The verses above by S. Hall Young dated 1923 which he clipped and saved had been prophetic eighteen and factory superintendent at twenty In 1839 the factory was removed by his father John Boyhood and Early Responsibilities Michael Kohler to its present site which was then in the , open country Walter Jodok Kohler was born March 3 1875 in The death of his father one month after its removal and Sheboygan Wisconsin the son of John Michael and Lillie Vollrath Kohler His mother died on March 2 180 the day before his eighth birthday On November two days after Walter's wedding day in ihe fall of 1999 left three young brothers Robert Walter and Carl to cope with difficulties which a few months later became 3. 1887. his father married Minnie Vollrath his mother's more formidable with the total destruction of the new sister Walter was devoted to her through the years plant by fire and her photograph was on his office desk at the time of his passing ; Ife was the third of a family of four sons and three They returned to the old plant in Sheboygan and continued business Triumphing over the problems of financing planning construction and equipment they daughters rebuilt the plant reopening it one year later on the anni- Family ties and traditions were ever a dominating versary of the fire interest and influence in his life and his middle name Jodok long in the Kohler family is reminiscent of the By the untimely passing of the two brothers who had been associated with him Walter Kohler was left in 1915 Bregenzerwald Forest of Bregenz near Lake Constance the responsible head of the business A series of calami- om in Austria where the Kohlers had dwelt according to church records since 1624 Thence John Michael Kohler came as a boy of ten with his father and the immediate family to America where tous events had precipitated him at the early age of thirty into the presidency of the company a position which he held until 1937 when becoming Chairman of the Board he was succeeded as President by his youngest * From Kohler News 24 5 May 1940 brother Herbert V. Kohler Among Mr. Kohler's many civic activities his keenest e Vol 20 No. +