Document NEkYn6BYpr6ZZbZo1XgxX7GxD

/ // ,\J vu; w HWBB-0009554 TC THE SSaM3E*S OF Alt5. HFGIZNE FOUNIATION; Copies of the complete articles abstracted in this and other issues probably can be obtained from the publications quoted, or may be available at any lar^e library. Should a member desire any of the articles in full, it may be possible to obtain reprints from the author or, failing that, copy of the journal in v-riich the particular article appeared. Most libraries also have a photostat service. If a member is unable to obtain what he wishes through the usual sources, or if he desires further in formation, as to tiie address of an author or a publica tion, let us -mow. It will facilitate matters if members try ior copies direct} but if you fail, write to us. Pittsburgh, Pa., March 25, 1937 K. B. Meller Managing Director -5< 9=3 0 s. U Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa., April 1, 1937 REFERENCE., 70 REC:iNT LITERATURE A. News Items 174. GREAT BRITAIN FACTORIES 3ILL, NEW PROVISIONS FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY. Coll. Guardian, 13, p. 44 (Feb. 5, 1937). TV> Factories Sill, made available recently, is to come into force on July i, 1938, but the Secretary of State is given power to postpone, either for factories generally, or for any class or description of factory, but not beyond Jon. 1, 1940. The portion of most interest is Part Iv, on health and safety, which includes improved provisions for dust removal. Details are not yet available. 175. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS ANNUAL MEETING. Min. & Met., 13, p. 112 (Feb. 1937). The meeting was held at the Waldorf-Astoria, New York City, Feb. 15-19, 1937. Health and Safety in Mines, including silicosis problems, were discussed on February 18th. Any published papers of interest vrill be abstracted later. 176. MICHIGAN LEGISLATION. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 108, p. 648 (Feb. 20, 1937). Bill No. H 127 proposes to amend t.x workmen's Compensation Act, in effect, to nuke compensable "any disease -------- approximately caused by and arising out of and in the- course of employment". 177. KANSAS LEGISLATION. J. An, Med. Assoc., IPS. p. 648 (Feb. 20, 1937). 3111 H 3.62 proposes to -amend the f.jdemon*s Compensation Act and to make com pensable any ..njury o; disease v.hieh arises out of or in th:. course of any employment. 178. PENNSYLVANIA LEGISLATION. J. An. Med. Assoc., 108, p. 650 (Feb. 20, 1937). Sill No. H 62k proposes a system of compulsory and voluntary sickness insurance whose benefits are so consist of cash and all kinds of medical and dental services. All employees are embraced in this bill except farm laborers and personal or domestic servants of an employer having less than 3 employees in such service. 179. CALIFORNIA LEGISLATION. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 108, 646 (Feb. 20, 1937). Bill No. A 2029, introduced in California, proposes to amend the Workmen*s Compensation Act, to make silicosis, asbestosis and pneumoconiosis compensable under certain conditions. 180. CONNECTICUT LEGISLATION. J. Am. Mod. Assoc., 108, pp. 646-7 (Feb, 20, 1937). 3ill No. H 640, introduced in Connecticut, proposes to require every physician having knowledge of any person suffering from poisoning from lead, phosphorus, ars-.nic, orass, wood alcohol or mercury or from anthrax or compressed air illness or any other disease contracted as result of employment, to report the facts within 48 hours after obtaining such knovdedge to the State Health Dept. 181. SILICOSIS CONTROL PROBLEMS. Eng, News Rec. 118, p. 242 (Feb. 11, 1937). Foundry 6, p. 69 (Feb. 1937). Silicosis control problems summarised by conference. Four extended committee reports on silicosis problems and regulations were presented at a National Silicosis Conference held at the Lepartmcnt of Labor on Feb. 3> 1937. Labor representatives opposed medical examination of workers and demanded govern ment insurance. HWBB-0009555 -Ffl -a _ t-, 132. WEST VIRGINIA SILICOSIS SURVEY. Cor. Age, 2, p. 53 (Feb. 1937). The State Health Department and Compensation Commission of 7iest Virginia are making a survey of silicosis in the ceramic industries of the state in coopera tion with the United States fyblic Health Service. The stuy is being carried out with a view to the establishment oi equitable compensation rates "or plants coming under the State Compensation Act for Silicosis. 183. NEBRASKA LEGISLATION. Nebraska House Bill No. 90, v;hich includes compensation for occupational diseases, was reported favorably by the House bn March 16. 184. AIR CONt'ITIONING A KINDOV.LESS BUILIING. Sheet Metal Worker, 28, pp. 34-40 Feb. 1937. This article describes a system designed by ft. A. Hattis, Mech. Eng., with Ambrose C. Cremcr, Inc., Architects, Chicago, 111. The installation was made by Narowctz Heating & Ventilating Co. of Chicago. The heating and cooling of the office was accomplished through insulation, exhaust ducts and thermo static heating control. 185. DISCUSS METHOI TO PREVENT LUST. Foundry, 6, p. 70 (Feb. 1937). A discussion at the monthly meeting of the Chicago chapter of the American Fcunbryraen's Association, Jan. 11. 1937. The program was devoted to a desc:\iotion of measures taken by various plants to control dust. It was pointed j;'that.cleaning departments generally.require the most.attention.in.aust elimination. Gorfc--rooms procucS litule gusc unless considerable grmcing is ^ cone. Use of non-silica parting on the molding floor has been found beneficial in restricting dust in that department. Difficulty lias been encountered in providing suitable exhaust for swing grinders. American Manganese Steel Company has installed a ventilating system that gives 70 changes of air each ten hours in the foundry. Ventilation presents a Heating problem because the heat oon- ranks in importance with the correction of the dust problem. To reduce duet accumulation on the floor from newly-made castings, one plant has a water pan installed covered by a grating flush with the floor which traps loose sand and dust. ' 186. NEW YORK TO HAVE SMOKE PREVENTION CONVENTION AND EXHIBITION. Combustion, 8, p. yt. (February 1937). This will be held at the Hotel Pennsylvania, New York City from May 31 to June 5 and will include an Air Pollution Exhibition. 187. INSTALLATION OF THE DUST EXHAUST SYSTEM. Foundry, 6, pp. 24,82 (Feb.1937). The Packard Motor Company, Detroit, Mich., has remodeled its foundry and in stalled a dust exhaust system. This article is a detailed account of the method by which this was done, including a description of all new and modern machin ery installed, the feeding of the cupolas and the various processes the cast ings go through in an up-to-date arranged, well-heated, well-ventilated plant. B. General and Scientific Papers IS3. COMBATING OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE. Emery ft. Hayhurst. Safety Eng. 21* P* 58 (Feb. 1937) The Ohio Legislature of 1913 passed what is known as the "Occupational Disease Reporting Lav/11, which requires that every physician shall report to the State Director of Health upon a specified form any case which he believes to be occupational in nature. Ohio has always enforced this law. The total number 0 occupational diseases reported for the 23-year period amounted to 19,343* Since 1921 tlx yearly list of cases reported has risen. In the first 6 months of 1936, 735 cases were reported. However, there are existent many more occupational diseases than are reported. All occupational diseases are due to exposure to industrial health hazards. The Ohio program is divided into immediate and long range projects. Research, and not intrusive investigation, is to be the character of the policy pursued. Occupational diseases, complain ts, reports of doctors, etc., will be given consideration. Examinations of MHBB-0009556 HMBB-0009557 References to Recent Literature - 3 workers subjected to prominent hazards, such as dusts, certain poisons and infections will be made. Silicosis has been selected as tne first long-range project. The author believes that all industrial health hazards can be eliminated, including industrial poisonings and silicosis. 190. INDUSTRIAL MEIICINF.: INTRODUCTION. J. Simon. Practitioner, 1^2, pp. 257-9, (Sept. 1936). . This paper by H. M. Secretary of State for Home Affairs.serves.as the intro duction to a symposium on industrial medicine. It outlines briefly the de velopments in organization and practice of industrial medicine in Great Britain during the oast 20 years. The remaining papers treat different phases of the subject, but refer very briefly to silicosis and air hygiene if at all. 191. DIAGNOSTIC METHODS IN INI US TRIAL MEDICINE. Paul A. Davis. Ohio State Med. J., PP* 2S6-292 (March 1937). In tiie State or.......l.i..o.....t.here are nor 21 compensable hazards and a correct diagnos 0_ isj t1SfnSi a?&fai5Pge4"^ifil system, ana treats benzene, lead and carDon tetr'achlonae poisoning, dust S diseases and dermatitis in detail, giving an outline of the examination, the primary and secondary symptoms, and clinical laboratory work involved in the diagnosis of each, and including preventive measures for silicosis and derma titis, and treatment of the latter. 192. THIRD LA ON TKL EXTENSION 0? ACCIDENT INSURANCE FOR INDUSTRIAL DISEASES OF DECEMBER 16, 1*;36. Reichsarbeitsblatt, pt. 4, pp. 353-358 (1936). This is a digest of a new German law. The most important innovation seems to be the inclusion of "severe" silicosis and silicotubercuiosis as accidents, and air "severe or repeatedly relapsing skin diseases which compel change of work or giving up any gainful employment." The first decision regarding an occupations.* disease is now entrusted to the industrial physician. 193. THE DUTY OF REPORTING INDUSTRIAL DISEASES. A. Fell. Presse med. pp. 31-32 (1937) A short history of reporting of industrial diseases in France is given, followc by a list of industrial diseases included in the order of Oct. 16, 1935> which . is unusually complete, embracing all common poisons and injuries, dust diseases and eye and ear disturbances. 194. PRE-ZMFLOYMEN? d4Al.iINAXH.JNS. M. H. Barsky and J. Wolff. Indust. Med., 6, pp. 18-23 (Jan. 1937). About 1000 pre-employment examinations were made on applicants for work involv ing excavation, drilling, concrete work and road building. The hazards were severe muscular work and silicosis. The examination wa3 more thorough than is customary, requiring 45 to 60 minutes for each nan. Out of 494 men exposed at any time to silica d\ist, only 26 verp found to be silicotic. Their average ex posure to silica dust was 17.6 years. 195. CLINICAL, ANATOMICAL aND SPECTROGRAPHIC RESEARCH ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ACUTE METAL POISONING hlTH SPECIAL REGARD TO ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN LEGAL MEDICINE AND INDUSTRIAL PHYSIOLOGY. . A. Esser. Deutsch. Ztschr. f.d. ges. gerichtl. Med., 27, pp. 253-289 (1937). This is a conclusion of the author's previous papers on the subject. More than traces of metal are never found in trie central nervous system, and he concludes that the ganglion damage is caused by poisoning in "the sense of a metal stream" rather th.-ci by deposition of the metal. \'t--T m References to Recent Literature - 4 196. INDUSTRIAL POISONS, D. Hunter. Practitioner, 1^7, pp. 290-313 (Sept.1936). The principal subject of the paper i3 lend poisoning. The nost important recognizable symptoms are colic, palsy, anemia, encephalopathy raid the pre sence of lead in the urine. Stippling of the red blood cells is an indication but not conclusive. There is danger of attributing to lead poisoning all symp toms occurring in persons exposed to lead. In preventive treatment a high calcium content is needed, aperients must be taken regularly, and cleanliness oust be observed. After the acute symptoms have passed, low cilcium diet, with potassium iodide, ammonium chloride or phosphoric acid is beneficial. Benzene poisoning is discussed more briefly. Treatment has been largely un successful, and prevention must depend upon avoiding exposure. Poisoning by chlorinated hydrocarbons and toxic gases is briefly discussed. 197. INDUSTRIAL POISONING. 7.'. Brandt. Chen.-Ztg., 60, pp. 901-5 (1936). A review of the .;:ost important industrial poisons and injuries. 19c. CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION, PHTSICAL-CHiTICAL PROPERTIES PHARMACOLOGIC ACTION, A CONTRIBUTION TO THE EXPLANATION OF CHRONIC POISONING. E. Starkenstein. Klin. Kcnnschr., 1, pp. 1865-71 (1936). The paper is lo.rgaly a discussion of theories of the relation of poisonous effect of metals to their place in the periodic system. The periodic group including mercury, thallium, lead and bismuth has the most pronounced effect. Two basic conditions make chronic poisoning possible: the accumulation of poisoning in the bocy and the summation of injuries caused by small doses. Chronic poisoning is caused almost exclusively by substances having a paralysing action. Those that only irritate do not produce chronic poisoning. 199. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE POISONING. G. G. Davis and II. A. Kunelin. Indust. Med., 6, pp. 24-29 (1937). A cable-splicer cleaned insulators in a presumably unventilated manhole with a mixture of gasoline and carbon tetrachloride. He became di2ay, with a head ache, and entered a hospital 4 days later, suffering from suppression of urine and threatened uremia. Details of clinical findings and successful treatment are given, with a review of the literature and an outline of treatment to be followed. Hov.\.vcr, the* greatest emphasis is laid on prevention, especially the need of ventilation when working with carbon tetrachloride* and similar solvents. 200. -CHRONIC XYLENE POISONING. De Oliviera. Chem.-Ztg., &), p. 837 (1936). The paper reports the case of a lithographer who died of aplastic anemia after a long period of exposure to xylene fumes. Severe damage to the bone marrow, atrophy of normal cell elements in the spleen and lymphatic nodes and atrophy of lymphoid tissues were shown by the autopsy. 201. THE TOXICOLOGY OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS: 1-4 DIOXAN (DIETHYLENEBTOXIDE). W. Wirth and u, Xliamer. Arch.f.GewerbopathuiGewerbehyg,, 7, pp. 192-206 (1936). This substance is largely used as a solvent for spraying lacquers, but also finds use in cosmetic and medicinal preparations. The experiments reported show that it is not as harmless as is generally supposed. Cats and mice exposed to its fumes for several hours developed inflammation of the lungs, and death followed several day3 after inhalation of 30 to 40 mg. per liter for similar periods. Dioxan was found to be r?cognized by its odor and effect on eyes anc throat *.hon 5 mg. per liter present, but toleration was acquired in r. few minutes. That concentration, however, is dangereus when exposure lasts for several days. There is no distinction between the pure and commercial forms in their toxic effects. It has no effect on the skin except drying. HWBB-0009558 HWBB-0009559 202. COMPARATIVE RESEARCH ON THE ACTION OF VARIOUS STIMULANTS IN POISONING BY CARSON MONOXIDE AND BY BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVES. K, Thiel. Z.f.c. ges. exp. Med., 100, pp. 1-19 (1937) Various stimulants were tried on a dog poisoned by carbon monoxide, and deter minations made of the speed of separation of carbon monoxide and the improvemen in circulation and respiration. A mixture of cardiasol and sympatol was found better than a some-'hat similar mixture suggested in an earlier paper. 203. QUESTION1 OF CHRONIC CARBON MOIINXIDE POISONING. X. Wotzka. Xlin.Wehnschr., 16, pp. 24-26 (1937) A review of development of symptoms of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, with some attention given also to acute poisoning. 20-4* CARBON MONOXIDE .lND THE nNT'TRIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY. Arch.f.exp.Pathol, u. Pharmakoi., 18, pp. 152-5 (1937) From experimer.es on guinea rigs the author concluded that the thyroid is activat ed by repeated light exposures and that the thyrotropic hormone content of the anterior lobe of the pituitary glana is decreased. 205. LUNG IRRITATION FROM CHLORINE. 0. Schulz. Aert;;1.3achverst.flnd.-Ztg, 2, po. 14-15 (193?) A physici- a used as a disinfectant for a roo.\:, a mixture of lye, boric acid, glycerin*., and chlorine. Sickness after a half-hour's exposure was followed by influramut.i .n of tne lung 3 days later. The author thus affirms the connection between inhalation of chlorine anc irritation of the lung. 206. MANGANESE POISONING. . C. V. Loebe. J,f.Psychol.u.neurol., 7, pp.220-1 (1936' Two cases of manganese poisoning reported and described in 1932 showed marked improvement in 1:36. 207. NERVE DAIAr.GE IN INDUSTRIAL MANGANESE POISONING. 0. Crouzon and H. Desoille. Paris r.cd., 26., pp. 361-5 (1936) A description of a typical case of manganese poisoning in a worker who had pulverized raw materials in a storage battery for four years. 20S. DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY AFTER ITS INHALATION. V/. Nirth. Arch.f,exp.Pathol, u. Pharmnkol,, 134. pp. 91-92 (1936) It was sbov/n by experiments on dogs that the lungs quickly absorb mercury in large quantities and quicxly eliminate it. Kidneys and liver store it for longer parioas. Some is tr.xen up by the brain. 209. HlSTOCHLdIC.il DETECTION OF LEAD IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT. H. Schoenlebe. Arch. f. exp. Pathol. u. Pharniaicol., 184* pp. 289-295 (1937) Various portions of the digestive organs of guinea pigs chronically poisoned by lead were tested for that .netal, first by fixation with alcohol and hydrogen sulfide. Lead vu'.s found in the g blet cells of the small and large intestines and in the epithelium of the large intestines and stomach, especially in the pyloric gl..nd. The most massive deposits were found in the connective tissue framework of the mucosa and submucosa with the greatest density of the cecum. The conclusion derived, is that those points where the lead is found are too points from which the greatest effort to eliminate the lead is made. 210. EXAMINATION OF LziL IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF NORMAL AND LEAD POISONED PERSONS. F. Schmitt and Tv. Basse. Xlin.bchnschr., 16, pp.65-66 (1937) In the corebrospia-l fluid of 13 normal persons, 15 to 38 micrograms % of lead were found. In 5 ct.^ss of lead poisoning the quantity rose to 80 to 493 micro grams %, This is not parallel to the ratio quantities in the blood. 211. LEAD POISONING IN FRANCE ACCOSLING TO OFFICIAL STATISTICS. A. Feil. Presse me-" p. 32 (1937) The number of cases of lead poisoning in France is falling steadily; for examrl there ware 1525 cases in 1928 and 674 in 1934. Of the latter, the greatest nui:.' were in storage battery plants, followed by metal enameling and lead foundries. The number found in lead dye factories is strikingly low. The greatest number :. cases aff:ctea t.he digestive tract. In most cases the disability lasted 8-15 d' HWBB-0009560 CUsiei ^iiC& to c.c-v.____ ................... ... _ - _ 212. THE EFFECT or LEAL ON IISSliE LETABOLISid. E. Folov.itz, J.F.Fazekas and H.E.Himwich. J.Ind.Hyg.&Tox., 1^, pp. 93-4 (Feb. 1937) The parer is a study of lead effects on oxidation dehydrogenation and glycolysis of some tissues affected in lead poisoning such as brain, kidney3, liver, testis. The respiratory quotient of the brain was also tested and, although sodium acetate had little effect, lead acetate disturbed tissue oxidation sa much that results were- unpredictable. It was found that lead causes a decrease of oxygen consumption of all four organs. Tests on the brain created most attention due to interest in encephalitis. The experiments suggest an underlying pathogenesis for varied lead poisoning manifestations. 213. GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE SILICOSIS PS0ELE1. G. (V. Tyrrell. Coll.Guardian, 154. pp. 20-21 (Jan. 1, 1937). Also Iron and Coal Trades dev. Jan. 1, 1937. No stronger contact exists in the borderland field of science than that between petrology and pathology in respect to the subject of silicosis. According to present British lav/, a miner must prove that he has been working in ''silica rock'' (including quartz, quartzite, ganister, sandstone, gritstone and chert) in order to obtain compensation for silicosis. The established effect of asbestos, and possible effects of other silicates, have led to the suggestion of the term "silicatosis" for cust ci.reuses not due to free silica. The author discusses the sericite theory and stresses the need for further investigation. 214. SILICOSIS ANL SlLlCO-TUBEuCOLOoIS II! a 7-ESTPHALIAN AX GtUNEI'JG PLANT. M. Frese. Tuberk.-BibJ.iothek, 9, p. ?A. J.A.Barth., Leipzig, 1936. Silicosis was found in many workers engaged in grinding with sandstone wheels containing 91.5% -`roe silica, ana giving a duct count of 1226 particles (presumably per c.c. equivalent to 70 million particles pe r cuoic foot). In some cases silicosis occurrca after 2. to 4 years' work, With another type of wheel, containing 62.33 free silica, and giving off only about a fifth as much dust, silicosis was much, less frequent. X-ray pictures and autopsy material are pre sented in 1:' cases. It is interesting that a lung expert, familiar only with coal miner's pneumoconiosis, denied that sili. osis was present. 215- WHAT IS SILICOSIS? P. Heffernan. Tubercle, 16, pp.397-405 (June, 1935) Pneumoconioses that are materially differing from "classical" silicosis are far more frequent hd`serious than was formerly supposed. For most of these condi tions the oust of silica or silicates is *.t least partly responsible. The author suggests the following classification of these conditions: (l) simple silicosis; (2) infect-ec. silicosis (tuberculous or non-tuberculoois;); (3) mixed silicoses (silico-onthrucosis, silica-siderosis, etc.); (4) silicatoses (e.g. asbestosis, " "silliraintosis", "sericitosis"); (5) non-silicotic pneumoconioses (e.g. "cardroom disease" or.thracosis, etc.); and (6) pulmonary fibrosis not due to dust (gas fibrosis, syphilitic fibrosis, and fibrosis due to microorganisms, molds, etc.). V\o author believes that the interaction that produces silicosis is electro-chemical and is caused by free silica in a state of electro-chemical activity, acting upon certain cells of the pulmonary tissue. Freshly powdered silica is active electroc.icmically, as are probably some silicates, e.g. asbestos, to a more limited extent. The harmful properties of these dusts are muen modified by the presence of certain other dusts. By way of illustration, the silica sand user in making silica oricits in Derbyshire has a free silica con tent of 9l, hut inch grain of quartz is surrounded by a pellicile of clay-like material, and fine Just i rom ti;o sand contained only 3$ of free silica, which is no greater than in harmless shale dust. 216. AN IMPORTANT ITALIAN INvlUItlY id 10 SILICOSIS. E. Gilbert. Bruxelles Med., 12> pp. 429-434 (1937) a brief report on a general discussion by G. Panchori in the Italian journal "Securitas" on silicosis and its incidence in Italy. HWBB-0009561 References to Recent Literature -7 217. PNEUMOCONIOSIS CAUSED BY TITANIUM. I*. Lenai. Ra3S.ai med.appl. lavoro indust., 7, pp. 301-18 (Oct. 1936) Titanium oxide v:as found to produce an inflammatory reaction in the lungs of guinea pigs exposed to the dust for periods ranging from 2 hours to 4 months. The effect is similar to pneumoconiosis, and the author proposed the word "titnniosij" to describe this condition. 218. PATHOLOGY OF PNEUMOCONIOSIS: SILICOSIS: SILICOSIS ANL TUBERCULOSIS; ASDESTOSIS; SIDEROSIS; ANTKRACOSIS. 0. Auerbach. Indust. Idea., 6, pp. 39-48 (Jan. 1.937); Quarterly Bull, o: Sea View Hosp., 11, pp.3-27 (Oct. 1936) A gener-l paper, reviewing briefly some of the literature on pneumoconiosis. Th>evidence for and against the mechanical and chemical theories is given briefly, and the s-ricite question is similarly discussed. The effective particle sizer. and time necessary for exposure are discussed. The appearances in the lungs ardescribee, with illustrations. Asbestosis is considered briefly. 21?. SANDBLASTING AND SILICOSIS. K. Becgerhoff. Arch, f.Gewerbeoath u.Gewerbehug., 7, pn.156-181 (1936). * This paper referes to tiie situation in Germany. In cliai&dL and x-ray examina tions of 175 sandblasters, 100 were found lit and 75 unfit for the work; definite pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 24. Most of the -workers give up the work af ter a few years, so e-st.v.xition of the hazard is diffio&lt in comparison with that of grinders and ha'V.crs. The author considers sandblasting the dustiest of all occupations and does not believe that methods for removing the dust have so far been very successful, ' tar e: tent th' t nnsks and. positive pressure helmets are unnecessary. '. Diagnosis of cilice a in caused by sandblasting ir. aifficult. In the early stages, the author it ;/,.-.y re confused .ith the diffuse fibrosis often fauna in healthy r-ror.-le. Tubercular!.credent with silicosis, as in other cases, changes the v/boi'. picture, Susceptibility to silicosis has been claimed to depend largely ur-'on the filtering action oh the nose (e.g. see next abstract). However, -.his ha.1? not been found true in sandblasters, in a rather small number a observations. Slcct'icnl precipitation for laying dust has been found effective in some occur-tton.' .no ,U worthy of trial in this one. 220. PROTECTION AGAII'i-T INJURIOUS DUET IN INDUSTRY. 71. R. H. Kranenburg, I. F. Groeneveld ond E. doe mu. Arch. f. Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbchug., 7, pp.133-155 (1936). In healthy persons the action of the nas-1 mucous membrane in arresting dust particles varies from 8056 down to 5^ but is quite constant for the same person. The filtering action -.von remains unchanged after several hours* passage of dusty air through the nose. In observations made on 62 miners in the Ruhr district who hoc. worked for 10 years or more, the most silicosis was found in those with the poorest nasal filtering. It is suggested, that only miners with well-filtering noses should be accepted for work. It is difficult to estimate the efficiency of respirators, because different testing methods give different results. The capability of any kind of filtering material depends upon tiie kind of dust. No filtering material can take up 100* of the dust without great resistance to respiration, but the limit of bearable resistance varies greatly '/ith individuals. One-way breathing is preferable for very fine respirators. Colloid filters have been found very efficient for metal fumes. Sandblast helmets are now made to give perfect protection against du; 221. ANTHRAC0SIS AND ITS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS FROM SILICOSIS AND OTHER PNEUHOCONIOSEf R. Holinan. Aerzt. Sacnver-stand.-Ztg., pp.1-13 (1937) ' This article is of interest in that the author wes a strong claim that pneu moconiosis may be caused by carbon dust. He observed workers in different dust for over a year and concluded that most dusts, tnr.l,v,i"'T iron and silicon carbide (carborundum) are harmless, and that only two dusts cause pneumoconiosis: quartz and carbon. (The list is not available in our source of information, and preaumabl does not include asbestos). The firm where the investigation was made produces a SS) ---J {=3 yM deferences to decent Literature - 5 wide variety of carbon articles. The raw material contains less than 1% ash, of which a large portion consists of silicates. A few cases (26) of pneisno- coniosis which differ in no way from silicosis have been found among 547 worker using this carbon, and they were in met) who bad worked for 14 to 40 years. Three of these victims were in what corresponds to the third stage of silicosis The author claims that there are fewer cases among men working with carbon dust having a slight admixture of silica. Tuberculosis among the carbon workers much milder and nore inactive than in silica workers. The author concludes . that anthrucosis can be caused by pure carbon. The effect of silicates (free silica being absent) must be shown by further study. aam. ruitCAMENTALS RELATING TO THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF EXHAUST SYSTEMS. T. Hotel and others. American Standards Exhaust Code Comm., No. ASA-Z9, 29pp. Amer. Standards Assoc., N. Y, (1936) (Price 40tf) . __ This preliminary report contains specifications to guide those intending.to install and use exhaust systems, as well as to the manufacturers and designers, of such systems. The code ir> divided into seven sections: (l) definitions; (2) plant layout, building construction: (3) exhaust hoods; (4) exhaust pipiri? (5) air-cleaning plant; (o) exhaust fan and (7) construction, maintenance. The first section distinguishes between dust, fumes, mists, vapors and gases. The section on exhaust hoods is both mathematical and practical, including mininur; air velocities to avoid dispersion, and design of hoods to accomplish the result with the least expenditure of energy. The need for much further investigation is indicated. The section on exhaust piping gives calculations o tiie size of piping necessary, pressure losses, etc., on theoretical and practi cal bases. The code is completed by an outline of a method for testing the ex haust system for efficiency of operation. 223. TENTATIVE CODE OF ^COMMENDED PRACTICES FOR GRINDING, POLISHING, AND BUFFING EQUIPMENT SANITATION. J. R. Allan, chairman. Am. Foundrymen's Assoc. Industrial Hygiene Codes Comm., A.F.A. Preprint 36-38, Dec. 4, 1936.(Price $2.) The bulletin includes a series of definitions followed by specifications for hood and branch-pipe requirements, details of design of abrasive wheel and belt enclosures,'and minimum air velocity standards, with illustrations of eaci type of hood application. Wet-grinding operations are exempt from the pro visions of the code, unless they give rise to a noticeable quantity of spray or mist in the surrounding atmosphere. 224. . ,1. ft.TENTATIVE CODE OF RECOMMENDED PRACTICES FOR TESTING AND MEASURING AIR FLOW IN EXHAUSTSSTEMS Allan, chairman. Am. Founcryraen's Assoc., Industrial Hygiene Codes Comm. A.F.a. Preprint No. 36-27. (Price $2.00). This code prescribes the general type and proper use of instruments for measur ing ?iir flow in exhaust systems. It covers the application and testing pro cedure for pitot tubes, nanometer gages, revolving vane anemometers, and stinging vane direct reading velocity meters. Eleven illustrations are include* with a graph of air velocities corresponding to water-gage readings for use with the pitot tube 225. INDUSTRIAL DISEASES OF THE LONGS FvlTH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SILICOSIS. W.E.Cook Practitioner, 137. pp. 314-323 (Sept. 1936). This paper is a brief survey of the field of dust diseases, presenting most well-known facts, but in a well summarised form. Only free silica and asbestos dust have been proved to be biologically active and to cause extensi*. disease in workers, although temporarily harmful effects may be attributed to many others. In the case of asbestos, possibly the fluids of the Img dissolv the magnesium and calcium, leaving the fiber pure silica. It has been claimed thit silicosis is die to sericite and not to free silica, but out of the coa^ troversy has come general acceptance of the view that sericite is not the primary cause of silicosis. Siccrosis and anfchracosis are names given respectively to the red solid lungs of ironstone miners and the hard black lungs of coal miners. In each case, however, silica has been shown to be NHB8-0009562 HUBB-0009563 References to r. cent, 1ituraturc. - v primarily r'oer-onoiblc, .nci the disease is fundamentally silicosis. This is il lustrated in the situation in British coal mines. In South Wales, v.here the percentage of fre. silica is high there- arc many more coses of "anthrecosis" in proportion to the wording population than in North Wales, '.-.her', there is little fr.o silica. Several years' exposure arc generally required in orocr to bring on silicosis, but excessive exposures, rs in sane blasting, and the presence of free alkali, as in scouring powders, accelerates the action of silica. Individuals vary in susceptibility, females and those over 40 acquiring the disease in a shorter time t..ua others. Several oth.,r diseases predispose to silicosis. To produce disease silica must be soluble, buz probably electrochemical propcrtics arc al so important. At least lf.% of silicotic patients contract tuberculosis, and oth-.r infections are not uncommon. The earliest x-ray evidence is an increase in the density of the shadows of the vascular tree. Later the small arteries appear to have hade along their course. The parenchyma looks hazy, and nodules appear and lat.r coalesce. The earliest indications -are in the mid and lo'vc r lung zone a. Incr_'-.s..: in the root shadow due to involvement of the glands is constant. Shortness of breath increases to a point nhu^o it is static. Working capacity is impaired, hut without distress in working. With tuberculosis, loss of rejg-.t, I'avr, night sweat.:-;, hemoptysis and..more abundant sputum arc noticeable. Tubercle bacilli ray bw difficult to find in snutum, and guinea pig inoculation may be neces.r.ry. The blood sedimentation rate is useful in aiagnos ing silico-tuberculosis. Physical signs are not characteristic of silicosis one ao not bc~r ray relationship to the extent of lung involvement. Diagnosis is baaed on good x-ray film ad history of exposure. When diagnosed the silicotic should be- removed from the- silica hazard and as far s possible from risk of infections. The real U*',at:r.s.nt lies in the prevention of dust at its source. 226 DUST hESribr-TOroS. E. Scalezyu. Gnsmaske, f, pp. 121-9 (Sort.-Dec. 1936). The: ride use of respirators dates from the World V.br, although simple forms sue! as handkerchiefs have been used for centuries in the Sahara. The development ol good r`..spirators`largcly occurred in tho decade 1920-1930. The author states that there, ' re- tv.o ways of obtaining an effective filter: (l) increasing the thickness, and (2) increasing the area; thereby increasing the length of time for the air to pass through. (The- last statement is open to grave doubt.) Since- the resistance is increased by thickening the filter, the seond method is preferable. The advantages of positivt air helmets are discussed. There is increasing need for good respirators. The article is well illustrated. 227 RftSPI.lATURX PROTECTIVE DEVICES. Carlton E. Srown J.Ind.Hyg.& Tox., 12, pp. 95-107 (Feb. 1937). Although the use of other preventive or control methods is prcf-rabl>; to the- use of respirators the latter are desirable if not essen tial in many situations. Tho history of respirators dates back earlier than the- time of Pliny, the Elder, who describes the use of loose bladder skins for the purpose. The hose typo was also knov.n in ancient times, and positive pre cure devices were kno.vn at the beginning of tho 17th century. Modern respir ators are classified according to the material from which protection is neces sary, as follows; (1) irrospirnblc atmospheres far from a source of fresh air; (2) gaseous contaminants in low concentrations; (3) irrespirable atmospheres near sources o* Irish air; (4) particulate contaminants, such as dust, and (5) high concentrations of gaseous -ne particulate contaminants. The first type requires a supply of oxyg..-u .mid a ragmen tor or chemical for removing carbon dioxide. It must be ca> ried by t;;c '/car'r, end therefore its length of use is limited. No respiratory oquirin-nt vill protect against absorption of harmful gases through the skin or irrituti -e of the skin. This type is used in mine rescue -on:. The second type includes the gas Masks for war use, and other forms for ail .kinds of vases used in industry. The third type is the positive preosur device aimiler to that usee in sandblasting operations; but hand-oper ated, for use v.ith bcazea; and other organic poisons. The fourth is the ordin ary dust rosoirutor, of which a number of satisfactory forms arc now developed. A simpl'. pc-acticcl test of efficiency is given. The fifth is the positive pressure helmet used in sandblasting. References to Recent Literature - 10 HMBB-0009564 There is still room for improvement in all types of present respirators and developments are listed. A four-page table of types', protection, service periods, weights and approximate prices is included. 223. THE .MINERAL CONTENT OF THE SILICOTIC LUNGS OF AN EARTHENWARE WORKER. N. Sundius, A. Bygden, -and T. Sruce. Trans. Ceramic, pp. 167-81 (Anr.1936). The distribution of dust in the lung of a worker who had died from silicosis rr, examinee by ^irst destroying the organic tissue with the aid of hydrogen perox ide. The dust was found to be distributed fairly well throughout the lung'. The quantity in the lymphatic glands, referred to the dry weight, is about the same as in the remainder of the lung, but it is more finely grained. All components e_n of the raw materials arc present in the dust, but the proportion of quartz and feldspar is somewhat decreased, with a corresponding increase in kaolinite and mica. The average diameter of the dust is below 2 ro 4 microns. When the atmos pheric dust in the factory is separated according to size by suspension in water, the fine duct is found to have the same composition as the lung dust. It is concluded that no chemical decomposition of dust in the lung can be proved. 229. MEMORANDUM ON THE REDUCTION OF TUST LURING MINING OPERATIONS. J. I. Graham. British Colliery Owners' Research Assoc., 1936. 20 pp. The author states in the introduction that "the breathing of dust in high con centration is definitely harmful if the dust contains a high percentage of free silica and, even if the latter is not the case, repeated exposure to very dusty atmospheres will probably produce oronchial trouble......... It i3 obviously most desirable that the atmosphere breathed by men in underground operations should be as free fro;;, dust as is reasonably practicable," A brief discussion of the nature of silicosis aid safety limits for dust is followed by a description of tiie various safety measures used in. mines - wet drilling, suction hoods, dust traps and respirators. Wet drilling prevents dust, but the use of compressed air with water gives off fine dust with the spray. Suction hoods (local exhaust hoods) ars successfully used, and rotary drilling is better than percussion drilling, mist projectors are used after blasting to remove dust and injurious 230. SiSoSPHERIC POLLUTION- THE PRESENT POSITION. C. ?'. Qpie. J. Roy.Sr.n.Inst., 7, pp. 437-43 (Jan. 1937). # The author is Chief Smoke Inspector for the City of Liverpool. The question is discussed mainly from the standpoint of smoke pollution. Less progress has been made .in abatement of air pollution than in any other aspect of public health work. The domestic chimney is the chief culprit. The author urges increasing the efficiency of the domestic fire, the use of smokeless fuel, and correct furnace management in industry. Acid gases from industrial chimeys can be decreased by pre-treatment of fuels. 231. HYDROGEN SULFITE, THE CAUSE OF EXE DISEASES IN THE VISCOSE-ARTIFICIAL SILK INDUSTRY. W. Hortsch. V eroeffentl. a.d. Geb.d.Volksgesundheitsdienstes., No. 41 66 pp . Berlin (1937). A thorough investigation of an eye disease prevalent in a viscose rayon factory, and & consideration of all possible causes, leads to the- conclusion that hydroge: sulfide is only cause. This fact has been known, but the value of this volum- is that it finally settles the question, A full review of the literature is included. 232. AIR-30RNE INFECTION, : ells and 'Fells. J. Am.Med. Assoc., 107. pp. 1698-1703 uki 1005-1309 Uov. 21 and 2-3, 1936). This is a general review of Mr. Hells' notable contributions. He has demonstrat ed that bacteria remain suspended and viable for many hours in droplets in the atmosphere. The period of survival of the influenza virus is much briefer* Sneezing may produce heavy atmospheric contamination with mouth bacteria. The best bactericidal agent in air is ultraviolet radiation, best between 200 and 300 millimicrons in wavelength. This method is in experimental use in hospitals and food, nreserving establishments. Its application to factory workrooms would reouire much further experimentation, as there- arc many unsolved problems. 'oc si <^ = -a -" ~~v' deferences to decent Literature - II 233. OCCUPATIONAL CAMS* OF TIE LUNG. L. Teleky. J. Ind.Hyg.&Tox., 1, Dp.73-83 (Feb, 1537) * The author doubts rainy current statements that cancer has increased within feceat years, attributing the appearmbs to better recognition of the disease. The sane is true of silicosis. Street dust ic given as a cause o4 increased cancer, but in spite of increased traffic there are no such clouds dust as there were years ago. There have been many reports of isolated cases in the scientific literature, linking cancer with silicosis and other industrial diseases, but the rarity of such cases and the variety of the diseases do noth ing to prove any connection. Some animal experiments tend to establish a rela tionship, but even if the results turn out to be more positive than they now are, they would not prove the case for human beings. On the otho r hand, there arc two occupations, in one of which cancer may be strongly suspected as 1 result of exposure to certain materials, and in the other there is no doubt of the connection. The first is the chromate industry. Some cases of cancer have been found in workers in old factories, U3unlly afte 20 years of work. In the newer factories no cancer has been reported. It is possible that improved hygienic conditions nay prevent its development. The other dangerous occupation is radium mining, and several pages are devoted to a discussion of that industry. Other possible causes, such as arsenic, have been eliminated, and there is no doubt that it is traceable to the radium com pounds, especially tiu gaseous emanation. The question of prevention among these miners is difficult. Charcoal-filled respirators cannot be worn con tinuously, and ventilation is only partly successful. The only effective means are shortening of tlx wor-c day and entire period of work, and alternation of work* 234. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ANILINE CANCER. J. Berenblum and G.M. 3onser. J. Ind.Hyg.&Tox., 12, pp.86-91 (i'eo. 1937) It is si\ accepted fact that a prevalence of bladder cancer exists in the aniline Indus try, although the cause of the disease is still obscure. The substances most probably responsible are the intermediates, benzidene and a- and b- naphfhylamine. The tumors develop after 1 long latent period, usually 10 to 25 years in man. The investigation involved 2 aspects: - (1) the induction of bladder tumors by long continued administration of some of the smpected products used in the industry, and (2) a 3earch for the proc.nco of carcinogenic substances in the urine of workmen employed in the dye industry. Intrapcritoncal injections, feeding, and inhalation wore -used as means of introducing the suspected mtcrials into the bodies of animals ' (ruts in so;;e instances, rabbits in others). The results were entirely nega tive, confirming the work of most investigators, but disagreeing with that of two others. The results, of course, are not conclusive in disproving the eficct in man. . 235* OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1936. Charles F, Sharkey, Chief* Labor Law Information Service, U.6.Dept, of Labor, &ir. of Labor Statistics,Bull. No. 625. Washington, D.C, 1937, 5S pp. The introduction * also appeared in U. S. Monthly Labor dev., pp. 1096-1101 (nov. 1936). Establishment of the compensation principle for occupational disease has been much slaver titan for industrial accidents. In the past 2 years, however, legislation providing compensation for silicosis and other occupa tional diseases has born nessr.d in a number ot states, A summary of the substance of recent laws is followed by copies of all statutes or sections relating to occupational disease. Tnis bulletin may bo uscfbl to numbers as a supple ment to the Legal Bulletins .nc< any be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. for 10 cents. .Corrections on March abstracts. Abstract 1G7, on ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINATION FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE 1.EAD BATHS, should have Veen credited to S. D. Tebbens. The number 170 was duplicated. Please refer to the article by Angus and Stewart as 170a, NHBB-0009565