Document NEYzRoL8aEqOL8QVqpdxVgKMR

<THS RECOGNITION, MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF OCCUPATIONAL LEAD EXPOSURE Recognition of Lead Exposure Inspection of plant - balancing sources of exposure against methods of control & Sources of exposure Inhalation Fume - melting, soldering, burning, cutting painted or coated metals Dust - origin, deposits permitted to collect on rafters, ledges, etc. Spray - molten metal, paint Adequacy of removal - return from stacks, etc. Use of masks, type, and uniformity of use supervision Hcusecleaning Janitor personnel Eouipment - brooms, vacuum cleaners Supervision Ingestion Facilities for workmen Clothing, locker rooms, wash rooms, lunch room Adequacy, convenience,' cleanliness Instructions and regulations for workmen O By whom given? How? r- Placards? Repetition - safety meetings r O O Supervision of workmen in matters of cleanliness o Inquiry into medical facilities, personnel, practice, records w be to determine availability and reliability of information Survey of information in relation to health and disease Employment records - labor turnover - lost time 1S9794 i Survey of status of plant population - if medical information inadequate Medical examination of representative persons - search of ei i sets ,v.f /* Subjective, objective and'laboratory signs of lead ab sorption Signs having special significance j *. * _ Lead line - occurrence, differentiation and significanc /o Stippling - significance in relation to lead exposure Measurement of Lead Exposure By air analyses cr Which? or Both? By analytical studies on blood and excreta Dependent upon facilities available in equipment and personnel Dependent upon information desired Air. Analyses|Role - advantages and disadvantages - technique Advantages of air analyses Information can be obtained by non-medical man May be interpreted within limits of experience by non-medical man Can be done without cooperation of workmen and without disturbing them r^ Methods not too difficult - facilities and equipment available r o Can be used to Identify changes in environmental conditions o> <=> promptly ^ Disadvantages AC Information is limited in its application (a) Applies only to the time and place of sampling and is onIp as representative as the sampling will allow I (b) Makes no allowance for effects of use of madcs, or lack of cleanliness on part of men (c) Conditions not necessarily those to which the workmen are exposed (d} Includes no time factor in the measurement Precautions in use of air analysis Careful technique Sampling Analytical methods Repetition in relation to any and all changes Analysis on Blood and Bxcreta Role - advantages or disadvantages - technique Selection of subjects Representation of occupation Representation or basis of long exposure Numbers required Frequency of repetition Significance of results on feces Physiologic mechanism and technique iZ Disadvantage - in relation to absorption /+ -- a 17 Disadvantage in relation to fume 'P Disadvantage in roughness of measurement / Advantage in locating foci of exposure Advantage in recognizing ingestion n 2'J V 122.3 Significance of results on blood / Physiologic significance - index of absorption low variability Technique of collection - Contamination Advantage of requiring no cooperation from patient ,, ' . a? 1f Significance of results on urine Physiologic factors Variation in relation to lead absorption ie-ik!-v'S K variation in waTer output 77 Variation in renal threshold 2J r' "3 $ O Variation in renal concentration S' ^ / 3J l vjJpS, JW/f Technioue of collection 3Z .. L L& Large samples - no need for 2Vhr. samples Spot samples - Variable concentration - Contamination Advantage of collection in presence of attendant Advantage as diagnostic procedure Weed for comparison with blood or with other samples Control of Lead Exposure By design of plant By installation of proper ventilating .and safety equipment By adequate sanitary facilities By careful maintenance of operating and safety equipment By critical and continuing examination of facilities and practices By critical medical study of workmen - Clinical - Laboratory By supervision of safety procedures Cleanliness of men Cleanliness of plant 05 Maintenance and supervision of condition and use of masks if co o required o o In emergencies Vu Special attention to matters of housekeeping and sanitation to avoid unnecessary exposure Special attention to supervision of operating procedures and safety practices 5- Rotation of workmen to avoid lengthened hours-of exposure Special care in medical supervision to recognize incipient intoxication.; He OOOo If Aj 0