Document NEXv18EVVOkvxK8m4EdeMX3JD

[ U.S. DEPARTMENT O HAROLD L. ICKE BUREAU OF SCOTT TURNER MINERALS Y 193 O. E. KIES Chief Economist, Division N49759 For ial hv #U C. UNITED S GOVERNMENT PR WASHINGTO ( w/ LEAD 1,(y lOi.unit W. l'KimsoN a n d SUMMARY Oin'M Ooncral smiunnry.................................................. Lead Industry and N II A.................................. Domostic production...................... Total production................................................ Primary lend....................................................... Refinery production...................................... Soureo of primary lead.................................. Soft lead............................................................ AntlmnnlnUWl...... ................. . Socomfciry lend........ . .. Lend pfRimmi.s. , ........ Mine prodnclloii............... Stocks.................................................... 79 Domest 81 New s 82 Indus 82 Prices... H2 Foreign 82 Impo 82 Expo 83 World a 83 Intern 81 duc H5 World 85 World 87 Revie The lend industry of the United States Although the New York price averaged consumption was 10 percent higher, refi lead declined 5 percent to the lowest l increased 15 percent to a new high. A year wns the large supply of secondary increased 13 percent compared with an i the output of primary domestic lead. P did not share in the increased market fo secondary producers. Recovery of seco equivalent to 8G percent of the domes compared with 42 percent during tho 5 duction at the mines decreased 7 percent Figure 4 shows trends in the United years. During tho first 3 months of 1933 dom low level of 19,500 tons per month com in 1929. As production exceeded con rapidly; yet in spite of this unsatisfac price held at 3 cents throughout Januar the inauguration of the new administra advanced on a short buying wave, but again settled to 3 cents. However, as th economic recovery wns revealed, consu anticipation of higher prices. Tins move by the announcement of curtailment in ;duccr and by tho abandonment of the go July domestic shipments exceeded 45,000 October 1930. As production failed to stocks fell rapidly and prices soared, re . wliich held from early in July to the mid 80 MINERALS YEARBOOK,1034 In the latter part of the year the demand slackened, and by Sep tember shipments had declined to less than 30,000 tons. 1 lie highci price level had by this time stiinnla.ted production at the mines. Stocks again began to rise and at the end oi the. year amounted to 203,000 tons, 15 percent higher than at the beginning of the year. The quotation on December HO, 10HH, w h s 4.1 fi cents) the h ao j n ^o j O] the year was 3.87 cents. . Outside the United States improvement in the lead industry was more, pronounced. Production increased 1 percent, and as eonsump- U.S- (domestic) percentage of world production FmuiiE 4.--Tretnis in ihe United Stales lend industry, 1900-33. Imports include uenend imports of lead in ore, hose hnff/nn. imf rnfined; exports Include reH/jed lend nn*i lend exported in mnnulnctures with Hencfll of ilrowlmrk. . tion rciiebed n. bi^lu'-r lovt'.l t-linn in stocks decienscd slightly The London price averaged 2.21 rents per pound (United States exchange basis), an increase of 1 9 percent over 1932. No attempt was made to revive the International Association of Lead Producers during the year, hut exchange of statistics was continued by voluntary cooperation of the various members. The. following table compares the lead industry oi the United States during the past 4 years with the 5-year average for 1925-29. LEAD .Salien! statistics oj the lend industry in 1925-29 ;\vpnrft PrnduHino of rcfirirrl prinmry lr*:id: From domnsl ic. ores .. .short. Ions From forcicn oro n nnd hasp, bul lion ...................... ................short lope Recovery nf secondary lead: AIns aplilsoylesa..d..................`......................... do Total production of pig IonrI (primary and Imspeocrotsndfaiurym).n..a...l.).:.......... sliorl.'l.Mh* J/p.nd in hasp bullion... . Lead in ore ............ Exports of refined pic lend............ do do do Refined primary lead available for con- sumplion short fons Estimated consumplioii of primary and secondary lend . . . slmrl'tom Prices per pound of refined lead nl. New Vork; Hichcst montlily nvemire . . cents Lowes| monthly average. . . .do Average for year. . . do ' Qliofal Ion nf endof venr do Mine proriucl i<m of recoverable lead short foils Southeastern Missouri district percent of foful Utah......................................... <|(> Idaho........ .................... )........... <|r> ' Joplin (Tri Slide) repion..............do All other . .....................do . World smelter production of lead United S/a/e Mexico............ ACuansatrdaalia. . Spain ... All other . .. tindric Ions, percent of (ofnl. ................... do... do .do . - do.... . . . .do___ no, r,2r, 123. ioi 7x:i. 120, TOO 153. 400 flfHI Oil). 229 95. 717 98. 048 077. :m 91X1, 250 io. 33 7. 17 0. 25 no 1,THU 30 23 21 n i:i 1,078, 000 38 12 in 7 9 2-1 1 * Suhjoel to revision. Lend imbmtnj and NHA. -- The load I resident's Reemployment Agreement pending preparation and approval of a J. lie first. draft of a basic code was subm healings were held on December 22. code was signed by the Administrator o effective on dune 4. The code provides for a code author committee oi the Lead Industries Ass association, nnd the chairmen of the f The latter include mining, smelting and metiu), lead pigments, metallic lead products. Minimum wages and hours and provision is made for establishing s No definite control of production or s sot up, although provision is mndo that mended. The code specifies trade-p pigments, metallic-lend-products, and m There is no provision for price-fixing, b for the lead pigments division provid data and uniform bases for sale. 82 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1934 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Refined pig lend produced in the United States is derived from three main sources--domestic ore, foreign ore and base bullion, and second ary materials. The following table shows the production from each of these sources from 1024 to 1033. Total pit/ teatl prod.u.e.e.d. in Ike Un.ilr.il Slates, la'!', .i.i, shall Ions Year From dotnosl i<5 ores h im! Ik is i; bullion From forclb'ii ores mid base bullion From secondary materials Total 1921................................... .................. ................................... ......... . 1925............................................................................. . ISIW............. . .. .............................................. 1927...................................................................................................... .. 1028........................................ ............................................................. 1931).................................................... ... ............................ 1931.. . ............................................................... ................ 1933........................................................................................................... 595. 407 nr, 1.921 o h o , iixr, MS, 320 202 (572, 498 573,740 390,200 255.337 259, r,l(] 124.0% 112. rim MH.2r.ri 128,210 151.809 102, 135 159, 293 52.501 33, 024 13.903 90.400 112. 120 125.000 119. (KID nn.ono m, 500 129. (K10 I2H.WH) 128, 000 131, SOD 780.R03 K70, 3K!) 0o021i 30r,,.,0Or7ai1nl 013. 133 772.033 571,504 410. 301 405. 370 PRIMARY LEAD Refinery production.--Production of refined primary lend in 1933 declined 5 percent and wns the lowest recorded since 183(1. Produc tion from foreign ores and base bullion declined 58 percent and was the lowest since 1880, the first yenr in which lend production from foreign raw materials wns reported. Lead derived from domestic ores increased 2 percent, in 1933. lie-fined primary Irttr! -prat!muttl in (he llui.lrd. Staten, (!)'i!) '.I'd Production (short tons) Some `x (short Inns) Vnliif* Year Desilver ized lead ' * Desil verized soft load ............... . 7 i Mb.l pro duction ' From dntnnst k ores and base bul lion From Inndi'n ores From fnrrii'.n huso bullion \ verncr |*'T pound Tnl.nl 1929.................. 1930.................... 1931.................... 1932.................... 1933.................... 483. 022 390,094 203.919 189,707 105, 791 55,000 45,578 40, 450 35, 524 22,210 235,345 201,301 I3. 389 (53. 130 85. 578 774. 033 543,033 412,701 288, :}(,! 273,579 072.498 573,710 390. 201) 255.337 259, 010 29. 075 31.318 22,251 21,747 7, 077 72, 400 34.915 30. 250 11.27 0, 280 $0. 003 050 .037 . 030 .037 $97, 001, 000 01.303,000 32. 705, 000 17, 302,000 20.215. 000 'The lend content of nntimoninl lend is excluded (see p. 84). `Desilverized soft lead is excluded. Source of primary lead.--Of the total refined lend produced in 1933, 94.9 percent wns derived from domestic ores, 2.8 percent from foreign ' ores, and 2.3 percent from foreign base bullion. Production from foreign ores declined 05 percent in 1933 owing to reduced tonnages from Newfoundland (included ns "other foreign" in the following table), Europe (mostly Sweden), and South America. Smelting of Canadian ores was fairly well maintained in 1933; but Mexican ores, which in 1924 yielded over 33,000 tons of lead, have contributed only negligible amounts during the past 2 years. The production of refined lead from foreign base bullion declined 44 percent in 1933. LEAD During the past 3 years virtually all the United States has come from M of lead derived from domestic ores are production. Hr.fined 'primary lead produced in the Unit short Ions Source1, 1 Foreign ore: 07 South Amcrlrn. . Foreign hnso bullion'. .. 1 2 5 2 7 10 77 Soft lead.--Non argentiferous lead o a soft lead can be produced without e known as soft-lead ores. Most of the United States arc smelted into pig le is used each year in the manufacture basic, load sulphate (white sublimed About one-fifth of the pig lead produ silverized and used largely m the manu purity is required. Undesilverized s high copper is extremely resistant to c to the trade as chemical lead; it is u of cable, pipe, and sheets. The following table gives the prod past 5 years: Soft lead produced in the United Stales from Year Soft pig lead Undcsll* Desil rerlzed verized T 1929/.. ............................................ 1930.................................................... 1931.................................................... 1932.................................................... 1933.................................................... 235,345 201,361 138,389 63.130 85, 578 65,606 45, 578 40. 456 35,524 22,210 29 24 17 9 10 1 Includes domestic refined lead, domestic load In antim tnestic lead in ontlmonial lead computed on dlflerent basis Antimonial lead.--Antimonial lead byproduct of the refining of base bu 8B17--34----- 7 84 MINERALS YEARBOOK,1934 iroin this source is only a small part of the country's yearly produc tion. The principal uses of hard lead are in the manufacture of storage batteries, bearing metals, corrosion-resistant alloys, and typo metal. A large percentage of the metal so used returns as scrap when the products have become worn out or obsolete. The smelting of such scrap yields the major part of the antimonial lead used, the remainder being supplied by tho refining of base bullion and by mixing metallic antimony with refined soft lead. Several lead-smelting plants operate on scrap materials exclusively. Production data from such plants are summarized in tho chapter on Secondary Metals. A large quantity of hard lead scrap is also treated at primary smelters and refineries, and the production of antimonial load at these plants is shown in the tabic that follows. Antimonial lead produced at primary lead refineries, 1929-33 Year Production (short tons) ---- -- -- From From domestic foreigu or* oro From scrap Total Antimony content --------- Short Percent tons age Lead content hy difference (short tons) -- ------- -- -- -- I* rom I* roni domestic foreign ore oro From scrap Totnl 1029 .............. 1030 .............. 1031............... ] 032.............. 17,062 8. 918 (') (') (>) 8,007 4,703 (') c) c) 17, 57a 11,086 a CD (') 43,244 24. 797 21,842 21,024 17.805 4,035 2,907 2.4M 2, 495 J, 720 11.4 12.0 (('')) 0) (') 38,309 () (') 21,830 11.2 3.028 1.003 14,173 19,404 11.9 3. 577 13.486 18, 520 9. 7 4.J58 791 It,136 16, 085 J Not rocorded. 1 Segregation discontinued. SECONDARY LEAD Production of secondary lead has held up relatively much better than primary lead during the depression. In 1933 it amounted to 80 percent of the 5-year average 1925-29, whereas production of primary lead from domestic ores was only 39 percent. As a result of these divergent trends tho output of secondary load was equivalent to 86 percent of the domestic primary output in 1933 compared to 42 percent for the 5-year period. ' Many of the lead-consuming industries, such as those making storage batteries and cable coverings and the building industry, provide a large return of secondary metal. It has been estimated that as much as 90 percent of the lead used in the manufacture of storage batteries is returned to the smelters. Although there has been a marked decline in the manufacture of new automobiles tho total number of cars in operation has declined only about 10 percent, and the replacement of batteries in old cars has been largely responsible for the maintenance of the scrap supply for secondary smelling. Storage-battery scrap accounts for about half of the secondary lead production. Another factor of some importance in maintaining the supply of scrap has been the salvaging of materials in manufacturing plants that have failed during the depression. The large proportion of secondary lead consumed during the last few years has added to the hardships of primary producers and the lead-mining communities. It should be borne in mind, however, that when consumption again expands the increase will be supplied largely LEAD by primary metal and that the ratio of s tion will probably return to the predepr years may bo below that average. Secondary lead recovered in the Un Year I'lg lend (short tons) -- A f. prlmnry Af. second plants ary plants Total Le a (s t 1929........................ 1930........................ 1931........................ 1932......................... 1033........................ 65.359 48,135 43,774 33,611 41, 632 73, J41 80, 865 94,389 00,168 138. 500 120,000 128,800 128,000 131,800 * Compiled hy J. I\ Dunlop, of tho Huromi of Minos. LEAD PIGMENT Lead pigments manufactured in 1933 from the sources shown in the followin 143,027 tons wore derived from refined p for 42 percent; litharge, 40 percent; red l lead and orange mineral, 4 percent. S oxide are the principal pigments in whi from ores. Lead in pigment!1089-33, by Year Lead in pigments from - Domestic ore * Metal Scrap Total Y 1920... 1930................ 1931............... 9,429 5', 722 248.057 100,182 166,328 2,427 200,613 689 197,557 710 172, 760 1932... 1033... 1 Includes also lead recovered lu zinc oxide and leaded tine * No pigments from foreign oro. Further details on the production of l chapter on Lead and Zinc Pigments and MINE PRODUCT Mine production of recoverable lead tons, a decrease of 7 percent from 1932 a age for 1925 to 1929. In the Western increased 4 percent but that in the Centr 19 and 30 percent, respectively. Compared with tho 5-year average ( was as follows: Western States, 43 perce and Eastern States, about'76 percent. first in production but recorded a large 8G MINERALS YEARBOOK,1934 curtailment of operations in tiie southeast district. Idaho, with a 3-percent increase, again ranked second, and Utah continued to rank third, although its output declined 7 percent in 1933. These 3 States accounted for 80 percent of the total production. Oklahoma ranked fourth and increased its output 70 percent. The decline in lead production during the depression has been severe in all the principal producing States. Idaho more nearly maintained its production than any other important State, yet its 1933 output was only 53 percent of the predepression average. The output of Missouri was only 42 percent; Utah, 39 percent; Montana, 30 percent; Oklahoma, 31 percent; Kansas, 23 percent; and Colorado, 8 percent. These 7 States contributed 92 percent of the lead produced from 1925 to 1929. Mine production of recoverable lead in the United Stales, 1920-33, in short tons Stale 1925-21) average 1030 1931 1032 1933 Western Slates and Alaska: Montana.. ......................................... ....................... Nevada............. ...................... ............... . .. . Utah............................................................................. . 982 1), 743 2.070 30.112 141,610 18,871 9,807 0, 730 0 21 140,009 1,323 1,305 4,240 1,780 22, 130 134,058 10. 053 11,029 10.378 5 115,495 570 370,907 312,413 Central Slates: Oklahoma............................ .............................. . Wisconsin. .................... ................. . 38 552 26,121 135 202,240 58.306 1,745 53 248 12,910 101 199.032 23, 052 1,537 280, 137 237, 533 Eastern States: Virginia........ . .. ) J 4. Olm > 8.307 4, oim H, 307 004.230 558,313 1.001 982 1,879 0,884 09,305 4.430 7.930 11,209 2 79,212 1.380 215, 000 78 205 7.082 160.121 13,210 052 181,048 7,974 7, 974 404.022 1,201 1. 182 1.209 2. 150 72, M 8 1,079 410 10, IM 4 4 02, 770 921 5 153, 280 1,520 i 1,000 1 375 2,402 i 74.375 0. 700 2. 320 11,043 5 22 58.088 840 159,980 4 31 0,490 117, 159 10.034 910 135,228 10 240 6. 089 176 84, 980 18, 038 510 110,073 4.4CO 3. NO 4,100 292,908 3, NO i 273,170 Subject to revision. LEAD Mine production of recoverable lead in the princ United States, 1929-33, i District State 10 Joplin region........................................ Utah......................... Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma. . Utah....................... Utah......................... Tlntlc..................................................... 197, 141 49 74 42 6 11 44 8 3 17 Upper Mississippi Valley................ Iowa, Northern Illinois, Wiscon* Utah St. Lawrence County J.................... New York.............. 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 2 C 2 > Subject to revision. ' Data not available. 1 Not listed according to rank. ' * Bureau of M ines not at liberty to publish figures. STOCKS Lead stocks, as reported by the Am tistics, are shown in the following table monial lead include metal held by all the refiners of secondary material that eign lead refined in the United States a sumption is included. During the pas lead have increased steadily. At the c five times the amount held at the closo refined and antimonial lead on Decemb 7-month supply at the average rate 50,000 tons are allowed as normal stoc at the end of 1933 were equivalent to 3 tion. Stocks of base bullion have not pression, but accumulations of ore have :K' If- 88 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1934 Lead slocks al end of year at smelters and refineries in the United States, 1929-33 in short tons 11130 10:11 1032 1033 Unfilled pig lead Antlninnijil loml.... .. .. . 41, 72r, if, ;j au Lend In base bullion: Al sincllors and refineries In transit lo refineries.. . . In process of. refineries .. . .. 51,117(1 t ------------- . . 8, 313 ... 7. J Mi 1 r, fix') 31,518 Lend In ore and nmUi.mnd In promts al sine.lle.rs. . 28, 299 MO, 803 nr., mi 7, 723 1 17, Mitt 4, 1X7 101, 722 11,435 103,247 151.053 170, 157 - - . . ------- -- .-^3-_ii rr. 8, 171 4, 20! 14, 12, 052 2.071 Id.22X J3.011 1,302 10,720 20, 800 20. IM 25. 033 28,not 40. 185 01.200 JS8. 744 217, 080 203,200 101,024 U, 437 203,001 ----- i 12, 780 2,101 10. 403 25,380 07, '203 205.704 According to trade estimates,' stocks outside the United States showed a small decline in 1933, dropping from 380,000 short tons on January 1 to 375,000 tons on December 31. World slocks, therefore, may be estimated to have increased from 556,000 to 578,000 tons during 1933. Normally, world stocks amount to approximately 200,000 tons. DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION New supply.--The following table shows the refined primary lead available for consumption from 1929 to 1933. The computation does not take into account changes in producers' stocks, and ns these have increased steadily during the past 5 years the quantities shown over state actual consumption of new lead. Nevertheless, the supply available for consumption in 1933 was equivalent to only 35 percent of that in 1929. Refined 'primary pig lead available, for consumption in the United SUUrs, I!);}!) 3?i, in short tons 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 Supply: Slock hi bonded warehouse Jan. 1. . Imports of pigs, bars, and old............. Production. . .. 4, 130 1,058 771, 033 780, 430 Withdrawn: Eh ports-- Pig lead........................................ .. In manufactures, with benefit of drawback.. Stock in bonded warehouse Deo. 31........................ 73.251 13,080 1,328 87, 005 C9`4 765 1,328 200 013, 033 044, 570 18, 307 12. (Of C0 01,700 582, 774 0) 10 442, 704 412. 771 21. 005 10. 503 0) 32, I0X 110, OOG (') 44 2HH.301 2XX, 405 23. 510 7. 220 C) 30,730 257, 0G0 0) G3 273, 570 273, 042 22, 835 G. 508 C) 20,313 244.200 J Stocks of pigs, bars, etc., in bonded warehouse not separately recorded alter April 1030 but included wltb base bullion. (Sec table on p. 02.) . * For purpiws of calculating (pinnlity available for domestic consumption, slocks in warehouse nre esti mated to have remained unchanged from the begmnlug of tho year. Melnl Bulletin, London, Jan. 30, 1934, p. J2. LEAD Consumption by uses.--Owing to the lar from the, lead-consuming industries the to greatly exceeds the supply of new lead ava gives the American Bureau of Metal Sta consumption of lead by industries diming Lead consumed in the United States,' Purpose 1929 193 White lead................... Red lead and l|f barge Storage bnti.pries....... Cablo covering ........ Building........... ............. Automobiles................. Railway C'juipinenl... Shipbuilding................ Ammunition................ Ternoplato.......... ... _ Foil............................... Bearing mpt.nl............ Solder.............. ... Tyne metal................... Calking......................... Castings........................ Other uses..................... 110, 700 30,000 2)0,000 220. 000 00. 000 18. 000 5.700 300 41, MX) 4, 200 30, 800 33,000 37,(XXI 18. 000 31,500 JR. 000 50,000 072, 300 83 32 10 208 07 1 6 33 2 20 20 27 1 21 1 40 70 1 Source: American Hnrcau of Metal Statistics. Thoso estim Irrespective of whether Its origin he primary or seoondary. An The industrial use of lead in 1933 incre there was a decrease in the supply of ne consumption was met by increased us storage-battery industry ranked first in margin, showing an increase of 7 percen w'fts the second iargest consumer, using 8 The use of lead for cable covering, wh and second in 1931-32, declined 44 perc fourth place. This was the fourth conse for load mid ro.lli-cts Die, low rate of in Compared with 1929 lend consumption f was as follows: Storage batteries, 70 perc ammunition, 79 percent; cable covering 27 percent. Lead used in foil increased equivalent to 57 percent of the 1929 tonn There were few developments in the f new alloy containing less than 0.1 perce market; it is claimed to have much great fatigue limit than ordinary lead and eve sion by sulphuric acid. The architectur slowly, and some progress has been mad mental household objects. PRICES The two major markets for lead in the and St. Louis; a large part of the lead p is sold at prices based on quotations in York quotations are influenced to some usually prevailing on the London mar 90 MINERALS YEARBOOK,1934 price seldom exceeds the St. Louis price by as much as the freight differential, 0.37 cent a pound. The price of lead in 1933 made a substantial recovery from tho extremely low level of 1932. The average New York quotation was 3.87 cents per pound, an incrense of 22 percent over 1932. However, it was 9 percent below the average of 1931 and 43 percent below that for 1929. At the beginning of the year the quotation was 3 cents, the low for the year (the 1932 low was 2.05 cents). This level held until after March 4, when there was a sharp flurry upward following an increase in demand. This proved to be short-lived, however, and toward the end of March the quotation again settled to 3 cents. About this time one of the large producers announced a sharp reduc tion in production. This and the revelation of the Government's program for economic recovery stimulated a buying movement in anticipation of higher prices. Further impetus to the price move ment was given by abandonment of the gold standard on April 20. On .July 10 the high for the year, 4.50 cents, was reached and held untii the middle of October. By this time the statistical position had again become unfavorable, and the price settled to 4.15 cents at the close of the year. , The London quotation for 19.33 (United States exchange basis) averaged 2.21 cents per pound, 1.G6 cents below the New York aver age. Owing to unsettled exchange conditions the differential between New York and London varied considerably--'from 1.41 cents in February to 2.05 cents in August. The following table shows the average monthly quotations at St. Louis, New York, and London during the past 3 years. Average monthly and yearly quoted, prices of lead at fit. Louis, A civ 1 ork, and London, 1931-33, in cents per pound. 1 1031 1932 1033 ....................... July................................ ........... December.................................. St. J,on- St. New JiOuis York don Louis York ---- --- ...... .. -- -- 4.eo 4. 33 4. 28 4. 17 3. 05 3. 70 4.22 4.22 4. 22 3. 78 3. 70 3.30 4.80 4.54 4.53 4.30 3.82 3. 02 4.40 4. 40 4.33 3. 90 3. 94 3. 70 3.01 2.92 2. 85 2. 00 2. 50 2. 52 2. 70 2. m 2. 41 2. 30 2.42 2. 29 3. 56 3. 51 2.09 2.90 2.00 2.80 2.50 3. 00 3. 32 2.04 2.03 2.88 3. 75 3.72 3.15 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.73 3. 24 3.40 3.00 3.05 3.00 Average........................... 4.05 4. 24 * 2, 04 3. 04 3. 18 London St. New Louis York ---- 2.31 2. 25 2 01 1.88 1.75 1.60 1.60 1.70 2. 03 1.81 1.77 1.03 2.87 2.87H 3.03 3.13 3.62 4.02 4.30 4.35 4.35 4. 18 4. 14 4. 04 3,00 3.00 3. 16 3. 27 3.05 4. 17 4.45 4. 60 4.60 4.32 4.29 4. 14 * 1.80 3. 74 3.87 Lon* don -- 1.57 1.50 1. 0d 1.74 2.12 2. 46 2. 78 2. 49 z, oi * 2. 21 i St. Louis: Metal Statistics, 1034, p. 301 .A.verage flatl.y q. uotations of soft Missouri lead, f.o.b. St. Louis (open market), as reported daily In the Ameri`can 'M'etaJ Market. , New York: American Metal Market, daily Issues. Pig lead. New York (outside market), prompt ship* mLondon? Metal Statistics, 1934, p. 305. Average price of foreign lead. Price per long ton. as published Id Metal Statistics, converted to cents per pound at average exchange rste reported by the Federal Reserve * London quotations In pounds sterling per loDg ton, as follows: 1931, 13.020; 1932, 11.913; 1933, 11.0703. ' LEAD FOREIGN TRA The foreign trade of the United Stat imports of ore and base bullion, which bond, and the export of this lead cither tured products. Since 1927, however, th In 1933 only 7,008 tons of lead in ore small amount of refined lead) were impo tons in 1927; exports of refined lead dec tons. Lead exported in manufactures declined from 12,004 to 6,508 tons. From 1914 to 1918, when foreign pro World War, exports exceeded imports. ments the United States ceased to be a 1932 imports exceeded exports. In 19 surplus due to liquidation of stocks of warehouses. Imports.-- General imports of lead in percent in 1933. Shipments from New the 1932 total, ceased m 1933, while thos Chile declined 54, 34, and 71 percent, re bullion declined 88 percent owing to the ico. Imports of refined lead were negli decreased 78 percent compared with 1 with 1929. . Lead imported into the United States, 192 [General Imports Year Le ore m 1929.................................... 1930......................... . .... 1931................................................... 1932................................ . 1933.................................. .................... ................. Reclaimed scrap, etc. No Imports of pigs, bars, etc., were Lead imported into the United Stales, in ore, bas sources, in short t [Oeoeral ImportsJ Year Canada Mexico So Am 1920................. 1930................................ 1931................................ 1932................................ 1933................................ 4,512 17. 268 2,618 2, 459 1,629 87, 630 36, 721 38. 706 13,545 2,155 1 Of this total, 9,708 short tons wero from Newfoundland an * Of this total, 10,598 short tons were from Newfoundland a i : >. .i i 1i H ;/ p. V i* j:l '_J ' l li i, ilk 02 MINERALS YEARBOOK, J 934 Lead imported into the United Stales, in ore and matte, 1929-33, by countries, in short tons |< icnc'rnl imports] Country 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Chile.................................... . . Peru.................... ................................................... tSwodon.................... ... .. . Othor countries . . . < Loss than I Ion. :i, !).r>1 'z, `2ur. 23, iir> J7.257 3,313 Pi, 341 2, fill LWi li, 495 j.r.01 KID 194 . . .......... .. . ................. 07 11 2, 159 2,211 195 10. 598 477 fi, 021 1.029 Obi 802 522 2. 292 31,33) 39,377 20,888 21.001 5, 958 _________ _ . . . Lead imported into the United States, in base bullion, 1929-33, by countries, in short tons |fIcnorsil imports) Country 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 03,453 19,605 8 83,071 20, 350 18,280 38,030 32, 210 110 32,320 13,340 12! 1 13,4G2 1,281 306 1,587 Imports for consumption increased in value in 1933 owing to the large increase in receipts of ore and matte as withdrawals from ware house. Imports of base bullion for consumption decreased 88 percent in 1933. Lead remaining in warehouses in the United States, December 31, 1929- 33, in short tons (Stilted in the form in which the material was entered for warehouse! Ymr Lend in Load in pics, bars, ore find has** bul shoots, matte lion and old Ynir Lead in Lend in ore and base bul innllo lion Pigs, bnrs, sheets, and old 1930......................... 1931............................. no. 207 39,510 52, 849 75, 434 i 5, 042 5.343 1,328 C) V) 1932 ......................... 1933______ ________ 42, 314 21,510 3,709 1.058 C) 0) Pigs, bars, and old included with base bullion; not recorded .separately for I93U-3J. Lead imported for consumption in the United States, 1929-33, by classes Lead in ore and matte 1 Year Short tons Value Lead in base bullion Short tons Value Pigs, bars, and old Short tons Value Sheets, pipe, and shot Short tons Value Not other wise specified Total value 1020. 1930. 193! 1932 1933. 10,823 15,458 |0,734 9.647 J9,239 $1, ICO. 533 1,461,350 1.104,101 863,135 1.154,093 0,108 10,423 10,430 2,574 300 $627, 455 1, 127,920 071,002 131,579 31,700 10,080 571 10 44 45 $1,052,087 00, 493 1 1,703 2,031 2.109 450 $78,770 454 78,737 428 60, 530 543 53,510 518 45, 378 $120,000 $3,045,817 87,012 2,816,112 49,990 1,977,482 14.848 1,065.103 13.578 1,248,948 1 Clos'dHcallou as follows: Jou. i, 1029, to June 17, 1930, " Lead io ore and matte"; June 18, 1930, through 1933, "Lead in ores, fluo dust, and mattes, n.s.p.f." * Reclaimed scrap, etc. No imports ol pigs, bars, etc., recorded lor 1931. l ead Miscellaneous products containing lead imported f Slates, 1020-33 Ihibhitt rnetiil, snider, while met and other oombiiiiilimis contin ing lead 1029 1930. . 193)----1932... 1933... ... Dross Lead woijrht content (short tons) (short tons) Value 1.505 !.; llOfl 498 2 M3 $777, 3 f,3() 593, 1 310 4M, 5 191 143,0 2 1,7 Exports.---Exports of refined lead in 19 tained, having declined only 3 percent; ho only 09 percent of the 1929 total. Japan pal buyer, taking 93 percent of the total. manufactures with benefit of drawback a decrease of 10 percent from 1932 and 50 p half of this was contained in storage batte exports in 1933 included 174 tons of lead sh 207 tons of solcler, and miscellaneous lea $234,007. Refined lead exported from the United Year Pigs, bars, ami old Short ions Value Foreign lend exported in manufactures with honeflt of drawback (short tons) Year 1929_____ 1930........... .. 1931............. 73. 251 $7. !7H 337 48.107 3,901.213 21,665 1,241.881 f 3, 086 12. 161 JO, 603 1932............ 1933............ Rcjincd pig lead exported from the. United Stales, 1 tons Destination Argcnl Inn. Brazil........ Canada.................... France____ _____ Qermnny . Japan..... . Mexico................. . Netherlands........... Philippine Islands Sweden___,............ United Kingdom. Uruguay.................. Other........................ COI.'NTIIY North America___ South America___ * Europe..................... Asia........................... Africa and Oceania CONTINENT 94 MINERALS YEARBOOK,1934 WORLD ASPECTS OF LEAD INDUSTRY International Association oj Lead Producers.--This organization was formed in September 1928, following a sharp recession in prices dur ing tlio first part of that year. Membership included the principal producers of the British Empire, Mexico, Germany, Spain, France, Belgium, and Italy. Activities at first were confined to mere exchange of statistical data, but in August 1929 the Mexican and British in terests united in a cooperative sales agreement in an endeavor to stabi lize the market forlead. During 1930, as stocks mounted rapidly, there was agitation for curtailment of production, Nothing wns accom plished until early in 1931 when, according to press reports, an agree ment was reached to reduce production on May 1 to 1 5 percent below the 1930 level. This was increased to 20 percent effective July 1 and again reduced to 15 percent on November 1. It was also reported that agreement had been reached not to sell stocks except at a specified price considerably above the market at that time. All these measures proved ineffective, in reducing the constantly in creasing gap between production and consumption. Stocks of lead outside the United States increased from 180,000 long tons at the end of 1929 to 290,000 tons at the close of 1931, and the London price of lead declined from over 22 per long ton in January 1929 to less than 12 in September 1931, when Great Britain abandoned the gold stand ard. The imposition of the British tariff on lead on March 1, 1932, ended the selling-pool arrangement, and on June 1, 1932, the associa tion technically terminated. Several attempts to renew the agree ment during the latter part of 1932 failed, and during 1933 no further effort was made in this direction. However, the statistical service formerly rendered by the association has continued without change from month to month through individual cooperation of the various producers. World production.--World smelter production of lead in 1933 was maintained at about the same level ns in 1932. Production in the United States decreased 4 percent, whereas that of the rest of the world increased 1 percent. Tlio 10 leading producing countries and tho percontago of the world total each contributed were as follows: United States, 20.9; Australia, 19.0; Mexico, 10.2; Germany, 10.1; Canada, 10.0; Spain, 7.5; India, 0.3; Belgium, 5.3; Italy, 2.1; and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russia) 1.7. Increases in output were reported as follows: Germany, 23 percent; Australia., 10 per cent; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 11 percent; Canada, 1 per cent; and India, 1 percent. In addition to the United States, Italy showed a decrease of 23 percent; Spain, 18 percent; Mexico, 14 percent; and Belgium, 5 percent. The British Empire has achieved an outstanding position in lend production. From 1925 to 1929 it produced an average of about 370,000 metric tons a year or 22 percent of the total world output. In 1933 Empire production increased to 421,000 tons or 36 percent of the world total. This was an increase of 14 percent over the 5-year average, whereas world production de creased 31 percent. l ead World production of lead, 1,929-33, in [Compiler! by L. M. Jones, of the TJuro Country 7 1029 1030 Argentina................. ............... . Australia............... . .. Austria.................................................................. Helgium......................... Canada............................ . Chosen.................................................................. Czechoslovakia..........>....................................... France...................................................... Germany1............................................................ Great Rrilnin.................. .... .............. Greece.................................................................... Hungary.................................... ............... India (Burma) . ..................... Indo-Chhin ....... . . Italy................................... .. Japan..................................................................... Mexico.......................................... . Northern Rhodesia ......... Norway........................... Peru.......................................................... Poland..................................................... Portugal....... , Rumania _. Spain........................................... Tunisia.............................. Turkey........................ . Union rtf Soviet. Socialist Republic* (Russia)................................................ United Stales (refined!'................................... Yugoslavia. ................. 9,020 180,358 0, 500 82, 850 138. 005 333 4,600 20, 358 07. 000 10, 830 5,361 100 81,521 17 22, 050 3, 374 239, 062 J.00I 1 300 10,448 35, 780 on ntui 2. 802 142, 753 18, 860 7, 324 "0.200 630.907 0,47! 1,780,000 8, 88 171,24 0. 03 85. 37 138, 10 13 4,22 20.17 110.80 10, 38 7,32 7 81,01 24. 34 3,58 242, 53 7 30 14,07 40,90 8 08 3,00 123, 20 10,40 4,00 10, 7 551.04 10,04 1.000, 0 1 Ry countries where smelled but nol necessarily refined. *1n addition to the countries listed Chinn smelts lend, but no re 1 Approximate production. 1 Exclusive of secondary material (MctallRescllscliaft, Frankfort * Data not available. * Yc.nr ended Se.pt. 30. 7 Yenr ended Mar. 31 of year following that slated. * Figures cover domestic refined and lead refined from foreign base bullion nol Included. _ World consumption.--Estimates of wor indicate, n. tol.nl of 1,178,000 metric tons, over 1932. The. increase in tho United S and antimoninl lend) whs 14 percent, com where. The leading consumers and the pe each took were: United States, 24.1; Great B Germany, 11.7; Japan, 6.3; Russia, 3.1; Be These 8 countries accounted for 86 perc took 65 percent of the total, North and S Asia 8 percent, Australia 1 percent and percent. Besides the United States the suming countries showed increases as follo cent; Japan, 22percent; France, 15 percent; Belgium, 3 percent. Consumption in Russia 17 percent, respectively. REVIEW BY COUNTR Australia.--Production of lead broke al owing to increased production at Mount property reached a peak of 5,215 long ton March, but this rate was not maintained 122 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1934 about 113,000 metric tons of ore were imported, of whichGermany supplied approximately 70 percent. About 80 percent of the zinc production of Poland is exported; shipments in 1033 amounted to 02,800 tons, of which Germany took 04 percent. As Germany plays such an important part in the Polish zinc industry, the completion of the German Madgcburg zinc plant will require some readjustment of the Polish industry. Rhodesia, Northern.--The Rhodesia Broken Hill Co. resumed opera tions at its electrolytic zinc plant in January after having been idle sinco July 1931. Production for tho year was 18,839 metric tons, which exceeded the previous record output of 18,194 tons in 1930. The company reported that its entire output up to the end of 1935 was sold. Spain.--Preliminary estimates for 1933 indicate a decrease in zinc- mimng activity. Production of zinc concentrates is estimated at 59,000 metric tons, compared with 83,000 tons in 1932. A large part of the ore is produced at the Reocin mine in the Province of Santander. This ore is exported mainly to Norway, where it is re duced to metal by the electrolytic process. Exports of ore totaled nearly 75,000 tons in 1933. Some ores, derived as byproducts of lead mining in the southern Provinces, are smelted in tne south of Spain. Smelter production declined from 9,505 tons in 1932 to 8,535 tons in 1933. . Yugoslavia.--Trepca Mines, Ltd., treated 542,000 metric tons of ore averaging about 9 percent zinc, 9 percent lead, and 3 ounces of silver per ton. This was an increase of 34 percent over the tonnage treated in 1932. About 84,500 tons of 50-porccnt zinc concentrates were produced compared with 63,200 tons in 1932. This company is one of the few producers which operated profitably during the de pression. Other areas which were worked extensively by the Romans were being actively explored in 1933. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN By El me u W. Pe h r s o n a n d H. Genera) summary.................. The Industry am) NKA._ Production............................... Lead pigments.................... Zinc pigments and salts.. Consumption by industries. White lead........................... . Basic lead sulphate............ Litharge................................ Red lead............................... Orange mineral................... SUMMARY OUTLIN Page 1122-31 126 126 127 127 127 128 128 128 129 Consumption Zinc nxldo Llthopono. Zinc chlori Zinc sulph Raw materia Producors an Prices............ Foreign trade Lead pigm Zinc pigmo Sales of lead and zinc pigments in 1933 increase of 17 percent over 1932. As per-to ducers were slightly lower, the rise in value increase in quantity production resulting fro business in the paint, automobile, rubber, te tries, in which lead and zinc pigments are chie of paint sales increased 4 percent, rubber-tir automobile production 43 percent, and au production 12 percent. Salient statistics of the lead and zinc pigments industry 1925-29 (Averago) 1030 Production (sales) of principal pigments: White lead (dry and la oil).short tons.. 164.483 102,140 Litharge........................................... .do___ 84.845 72, 578 Red lead.......................................... .do___ 41,302 32,941 Zinc oxide........................................ 154,208 119,142 Leaded zinc oxide......................... .do___ 28,609 17, 279 Llthopono....................................... .do -- 177,746 104,065 Value of products: All lead pigments......................... $60,092,000 $30.380.000 All zinc pigments......................... 41,314.000 32,867,000 Total............................................ 101,406,000 Value per ton received by producers: White lead (dry)......................................... 178 Litharge.......................................... 176 Red lead......................................... 193 Zinc oxide....................................... 133 Leaded zinc oxide........................ 124 Llthopono........................................ 08 69. 253,000 140 134 154 125 120 97 Foreign trade: Lead pigments: Value of exports.................... Value of imports.................... Zino pigments: value of exports.................... Value of Imports................... 1,346,000 30,000 2,160,000 931,000 1,514,000 17,00# 1,827,000 785,000 Export balance.................. 2,636,000 2, 530,000 i Import balance. 124 MINERALS YEARBOOK,1934 The greater part of the 1933 increase was supplied by zinc pigments which advanced 20 percent in quantity and 24 percent in total value; production of lead pigments increased only 9 percent in both quantity and value. All zinc pigments shared in the increase; leaded zinc oxide advanced GO percent in quantity, zinc oxide 30 percent, and lithopone 10 percent. Unit values of these three pigments decreased 3, 5, and 1 percent, respectively. Of the lead pigments, basic lead sulphate recorded the largest production increase, which amounted to 27 percent. The output of red lead increased 10 percent, orange mineral 9 percent, white lead 9 percent, and litharge 5 percent. Unit values of all lead pigments except white lead were higher in 1933 than in 1932, but the average was half a percent below that in 1932. Production of zinc sulphate and zinc chloride in 1933 increased 34 and 37 percent, respectively, above 1932. Foreign trade in lead and zinc pigments was again affected adversely by recessions in exports of white lead to the United Kingdom and zinc pigments to Canada and by increased imports of lithopone. As a result of these changes imports exceeded exports by $8,000, the first import surplus in many years. The extent to which foreign trade has declined is indicated by the fact that in 1933 exports of lead and zinc pigments were valued at only $507,000, compared with an average of $3,490,000 during the 5-year period 1925-29. in the 5 prodopression years there was an average export surplus of $2,535,000. This decline was due primarily to the development of domestic pro duction facilities by the principal customers, United Kingdom and Canada, and to the general low level of industrial activity throughout the world. The British preferential tariff also contributed to the decline in United States exports to the British areas in 1933. The foregoing table contrasts the salient statistics of the lead- and zinc-pigment industry during the past 4 years with the 5-year average 1925-29, and figure 6 shows production and price trends enuring the past 19 years. The industry and NUA.-- The manufacture of lead and zinc pig- men ts will be governed by the Code of Fair Competition for the Lend Industry and the Code of Fair Competition for the Zinc Industry, respectively, and the manufacture of lead and zinc salts comes under the Code of Fair Competition for the Chemical Manufacturing Industries established on February 10, 1934. The lead code which became effective on June 4, 1934, provides for administration by the Lead Industries Association and establishes a lead pigments division within the industry. Minimum wages and hours of labor are specified, as well as trade practices for marketing lead pigments. The latter include provisions for free exchange of price data and set up uniform bases for sale of pigments. The code contains no production-control features, but provision is made for action along this line at a later date. The Zinc Code had not yet been ratified on June 5, 1934. The latest draft available establishes the American Zinc Institute as the administrating agency. Divisions for zinc oxide and lithopone are provided, each of which is governed by a producers' committee. Minimum wages and hours of employment are specified for each divi sion, as well as unfair trade practices and uniform bases of selling. The code contains no provision for control of pigment production, but LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN free oxchangc of price lists is mandatory. included in the lithopone division. 1915 1920 1925 Kiu u iik 0 --I'roduetlon and prlco trends of tho principa PRODUCTION In this report sales of pigments and salts production, no account being taken of t beginning and end of the year. The amo their own plants are included under sales. The total value of lead and zinc pigme ducers was approximately $44,962,000 126 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1934 l e a d a n d z in c p ig me n t s a n d J $38,563,000 in 1932. The total value of all lead pigments sold was Zinc pigments and salts.--The following j $20,819,000 and that of all zinc pigments sold $24,143,000. Sales of production were recorded in 1933: Zinc ox ; lead pigments increased 9 percent in total value and quantity, whereas 60, lithopone 16, zinc chloride 37, and zinc snlos ,of 7''"c pigments increased 24 percent in total value and 20 per and lithopone production in 1933 were 36 and I cent in quantity. The average value per ton of lead pigments sold below the 5-year average for 1925-29. Va ! in 1933, as reported by producers, dropped 0.6 percent, whereas the producers of zinc pigments were lower in 193 average New York quotation for pig lead increased 22 percent in 1933 of the zinc salts were higher. j compared with 1932. Zinc pigments were 1.3 percent less in value Production and value of zinc pigments and salts sold "i Per fn> compared with a 40-percent increase in the St. Louis quotation * the United Stales, 1932- ; for slab zinc. i Lead pigments.--All lead pigments shared in the tonnage increase 1932 in 1933. Production of white lead was 9 percent above 1932 but 63 percent below the peak of 1922. Production of lithnrgc increased oidy 5 percent and was 30 percent under the record output of 1929. Jinsic Value (at plant, exc slve of container) lead sulphate showed the hugest percentage increase (27) in 1933 but was still less than half the 1928 output. Production of red lead Total Avcra and orange mineral increased 16 and 9 percent, respectively. Unit values of all the lead pigments except white lead were higher in 1933 than in 1932 by percentages ranging from 8 for red lead to 13 for litharge. The per-ton value of dry white lead declined 4 percent and that of white lead in oil 9 percent. Zinc sulphate....................................... 72. 250 11,305 121.007 23. 524 4,252 $7,050,097 1,206,070 10, 170, 850 1,033, 256 138,470 $ i Zinc oxide containing 5 percent or more lead is classed as leade Lead pigments snld by domestic manufacturers in the United Slates, 1982-33 Zinc pigments and sails sold by domestic manufactur 39, in short tons 1032 103.1 Plpmcut Short tons - Basic lead sulphate or sublimed lend: White........................................... Blue.................................... .............................. Owner mineral . . Litharge................................. While lend: Dry................................ In nil 1. ............................ 5. 703 540 18,380 212 58,000 10, Dir, 40. 728 -- - - - 1 Weight of white lend only but value of paste. Value (at plant, ex clusive of container) Short V r 1 u c (a t plant, oxchisivo of ronfaincr) Total Avcrace Total Avcrape - - -- -- ------------------------- -- $534. 369 31. 125 2. 101,800 37,001 5, 155. 55x5 2, 320, 70 8. 0.10, 422 02 625 11! 21,088 -I , 1. J 117 24,028 $730.404 05, 525 2, 037. 040 45,928 8. 197. 124 2,703.030 8,372, 080 $101 105 120 199 101 112 173 Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 1924-33, in short tons Year While lead Uaslc load sul phate or suh- llmed lead Dry In oil White Blue Red Orange Lith load mineral arge 1024...................... .. 1925......................................... 1926. . . 1928........................................ 1920.................. ..................... 1932............................. .............................................. 42, 022 144,872 110| 020 42,040 42. 159 104,872 GO, 502 00,440 10.040 40, 72S 15! 680 10, 308 8.790 5.708 30,813 1.234 43.021 ` 890 25,853 519 18.880 331 74,724 86,6i6 459 85, 570 078 87,916 282 63,890 212 58.096 61,193 ' Year Leaded Zinc oxide zinc oxid 1933......................................................................... 131,470 161,364 140,023 151.246 100, 904 110, 112 95, 700 72, 250 98, 542 20,72 31,76 23, H 26,00 24,22 27,14 17,2 18, 6 14,3 22, 8 CONSUMPTION BY INDU White lead.--By far the principal use of facture of paint, which accounted for 94 pe tion in 1933. The tonnage used in 1933 w 1932 and 50 percent below that in 1929. C in the ceramic industry decreased 8 percen Distribution of while lead {dry and in oil) sal Industry 1930 1931 Short Percent tons of total 8hort Percent tons of total P8lnt............................. Other................J........... 01,503 3.300 7,211 102, HO 80.0 3. 3 7. 1 100.0 91,832 2,848 2,088 07, 368 04.3 2.0 2.8 100.0 s 128 MINERALS YEARBOOK,1934 Basic lead sulphate.--Consumption of basic load sulphate in paint manufacture in 1933 was 24 percent above that in 1932 and 47 per cent below that in 1929. The use of this pigment in storage batteries has slumped 96 percent since 1929. The white variety is the whitest of the lead pigments, and the blue varietjr is said to be especially effective in paints used as protective coatings on metallic surfaces. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A Distribution of red lead sales, 193 Industry 1930 1931 Short ions Porccnt of total Short tons Percen of total Distribution of basic lead sulphate sales, 1030- 33, by industries Industry 1930 1031 1932 1933 Short tous Percent of total Short tons Pcrcen t of total Short tons Percent of total .Short Ions Percent of lota] Storago batteries........ Rubber..... . . 0. 573 1, 104 394 450 11, 527 83. 0 9.0 3. 4 4.0 100. 0 8,311 097 J73 505 9, OH0 5.G80 J95 77 290 0, 257 90.9 3. 1 1.2 4.R IfKI. (1 7,072 99 101 013 7,915 80,0 1.3 2.0 7.7 100.0 Other......................... 18,998 1(1, (Km 835 2. 202 32.911 57.7 33.1 2. 5 0.7 JOO.O 13, 700 9.250 811 2, 080 25,853 53.0 35.8 3. 8.1 100. Orange mineral.--Sales of orange miner due to increased use in paint manufactu "Other" in the following table: Distribution of orange mineral sales, Ii !1 ! 'C i Litharge.--Notwithstanding a substantial increase in Lhe produc 1939 1931 tion of storage batteries in 1933, sales of litharge to this industry w. decreased 7 percent. A large part of this decrease is believed to be. Industry Short tons Percent of total Short Iona Percen of tota due to increased use of black oxides, although exact information is not available, the development being in the nature of a tiado secret. Sales to the insecticide industry also fell o/f slightly, but huge increases Other............................ 88 24.7 IHH r,2.8 80 22.6 no 42 114 40. 49 17 were reported in shipments to the oil-refining, commie, chromepigment, and rubber industries. 350 100.0 282 100 Distribution of litharge sales, 1030-33, by industries Industry 1930 1931 1932 1933 Short tons Percent of total Short tous Percent of total Short Ions Percent of total Short tous Percent of total Storage batteries......... Insecticides.................. Oil refining................... Chrome pigments___ Rubber..................... . Other........................... 33.173 0, OIK) 12. 028 4.089 3.280 4, 730 (198 388 8. 180 72, 678 45. 7 8.3 16.0 5.0 4.5 0.5 1.0 .5 11.3 1 (JO. 0 31,005 7,508 7, 351 4, 124 3, 582 3, 032 Oil 208 5. 839 03, 8!H) 49. 5 11. 8 11.5 0. 5 5.0 4. 7 1.0 .3 9. 1 IW. 0 29, 305 11,735 4, 703 2. 903 ?, 591 1.921 109 3, 199 58, 090 50. 5 21). 2 8.3 5.1 4.5 3. 3 2.3 .3 100. 0 27, 327 11.120 0,070 5. 438 3. 973 2,875 GI0 100 3,IVHH 01, M)3 44.0 18. 2 e.o 8.0 0.5 4.7 1.0 .2 0,0 100,0 Red lead. The use of red lead in the manufacture of storage batteries in 1933 increased 22 percent but was still 50 percent below that in 1929. The decline compared with 1929 was due partly to the decrease in battery manufacture and partly to the fact that the quantity of red lead used per battery has fallen off considerably. Red lead is used widely as a protective paint for iron and steel; this outlet increased 12 percent in 1933. Zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide.--Owi manufacturer to segregate its sales of th Mines is unable to report the consum pigments are'used largely in the manu Total sales of zinc oxide increased 36 zinc oxide GO percent. Virtually all of in the manufacture of paint. Zinc oxid of rubber, paint, floor coverings, textile ticals. In 1929 it is estimated that ove sold was used in rubber and about 30 p of zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide in p the role of zinc oxide in rubber manufac Lithopone.--Sales of lithoponc to all in 1933. The paint industry took 14 per textiles 5 percent more, and rubber 28 p popularity of the high-strength lithopone increase in sales compared with a 15 ordinary grades. The use of titanated In 1933 producers reported the use of 5 manufacture of this product compare Lithopone production capacity was repo in 1933 compared with 221,720 tons in i Dcpcw, Harbin A,, Zinc Oxide In Rubber; Ind. and Eng  f ,1 * -i: . i.{ 1= j i I i w I. 130 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1934 Distribution of lilhopone sales, 1929-SS, by industries Industry 1020 (short tons) 1030 (short tons) 1031 (short tons) 1032 (short tons) 1933 Short tons Percent of total Faints, etc.*................................ Floor coverings and textiles.. Rubber...................................... Other............................................. 150,804 37,500 7,170 10.820 200.315 120,076 23, 056 5. 997 8,336 104, 065 119,440 20, 780 5,833 5, 791 151,850 93, 405 17,001 3,955 6,646 121,667 18, 472 5, 078 10, 286 140,831 13.1 3.6 7.3 100.0 Zinc chloride.--The principal use of zinc chloride is as a wood preservative, and statistics indicate that it is being replaced by creosote in this field. According to the Department of Agriculture the consumption of zinc chloride by wood-treating plants increased from about 8,000 tons in 1900 to a peak of nearly 20,000 tons in 1921. Since then it has dropped to about 12,000 tons m 1928, 3,800 tons in 1932, and about 2,r>00 tons in 1933. Meanwhile the consumption of creosote increased from 51,000,000 gallons to a peak of 220,000,000 gallons in 1929; it has since declined to 106,000,000 gallons in 1932. Compared with 1928, consumption of zinc chloride in 1932 had declined 67 percent and that of creosote 53 percent. The treatment of railway crossties consumes most of the zinc chloride used in this field, and the low level of consumption in recent years has been due to curtailment of maintenance expenditures by the railroads during the depression. Other important uses for zinc chloride include dry batteries, soldering flux, vulcanized fiber, and oil refining. The latter probably increased considerably in 1933, as trade reports indicate an expansion of refining capacity using the zinc chloride process. Zinc sulphate.--Sales of zinc sulphate increased 34 percent in 1932. One principal use of zinc sulphate is as a depressant in the flotation of lead-zinc ores. In 1929, 1,425 tons were so used compared with only 509 tons in 1931 and 408 tons in 1932. RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts are manufactured from a variety of materials, including ore, refined metal, and miscellaneous secondary materials, such as scrap and waste from various industrial processes. In 1933 95.4 percent of the lead in lead pigments was derived from pig lead, 4.6 percent from ore, and less than one-tenth percent from secondary material. For zinc pigments and salts the proportions were 56.7 percent from ore, 26.0 percent from slab zinc, and 17.3 percent from secondary materials. , LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND Metal content of lead pigments and zinc pigments a manufacturers, 1982-83, by sources, Source Lead in pigments s 4,93 127,31 26 132,51 1 Includes also lend recovered In tine oxide and lendod tine oxi and lead arsenate is not available as no canvass of their production i over, these salts are derived from pig lead, and their metal conten account in the figures covering load production. * Zinc ashes, sklmmlngs, drosses, and old motal. In the following tables the source of the facture of each pigment and salt is given. P either directly or indirectly, in the manufac red lead, and orange mineral and to a large of basic lead sulphate. Zinc oxide is th considerable quantities of slab zinc are used manufacture of zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide and basic lead sulphate. Some secondary facture of basic lead sulphate, and a substa in lithopone and zinc chloride made in the from secondary material. There was a lar of zinc drosses used in the manufacture of z Lead content of lead and zinc pigments produced by 88, by sources, in short 1932 plgmeot Lond In pigmonts pro duced from-- Domes tic ore Second Pig lead ary ma terial Total lead in pismeats Basic lead sulphate.. Leaded zinc oxide___ 1,733 3,199 63,784 17,560 52,877 147 2,941 4,932 127,318 53, 784 17,569 52,877 147 202 4,936 3,199 262 132, 612 09174--3' 10 Yl', 132 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19:34 Zinc content of zinc 'pigments and salts produced by domestic matiufacturcrs, 1932 88, by sources, in short tons 1032 19 33 Piirinr.nl or salt Zinc In pigments mid salts produced from -- Domes tic ore Second Slab zinc ary ma terial Total zinc In I>fKrnonts and salts Zinc in pigments a nd salts produced frm i Domcstic oro Slab zinc Second ary ma terial Total zinc In pig ments and salts Zinc oxide.................... 33. 205 Landed zinc oxide___ 7, 550 13,574 Zinc sulphate.............. 507 54, 932 19, 771 24 63 5 10,853 325 11,910 5,104 521 17,800 53, 391 7, 580 * 25,481 1, 033 92, 045 42, no 10.013 17,749 850 71,022 32, 784 31 ioi 32,910 2,818 118 J1. 2MK 804 21.798 77, 742 11,062 29,037 0, 781 l'714 120,336 Includes zinc contont of a small quantity or zinc sulpliido produced. PRODUCERS AND PLANTS The following companies reported having sold or used lend and zinc pigments and zinc salts of their own production in 1933: White lead: Anaconda Lead Products Co. (electrolytic process)____ ________ _______________ ______ East Chicago, Ltd. Carter White Lead Co_____________________ West Pullman, Chicago, 111. The Eagle-Picher Lead Co................................ Cincinnati, Ohio. Euston Lead Co........ ..................... .......... ........... Scranton, Pa. W. P. Fuller & Co____ _________ ____________ South San Francisco, Calif. John T. Lewis & Bros. Co............................... Philadelphia, Pa. National Lead Co.................. ................... _ ........ Chicago, 111. Do.................. .............................................. St. Louis, Mo. Do________________________ _________ _ Perth Amboy, N.J. Do___________________________________ _ Brooklyn, N.Y. Do______ _______________ _______________ Port Richmond, N.Y. National Lead Co. of California............... ...... Melrose, Calif. Sherwin-Williams Co_______________________ Chicago, III. Basic lead sulphate, or sublimed lead: The Eagle-Picher Lend Co. ....................... _. _ Joplin, Mo. Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Co.............. Galena, Kans. St. Louis Smelting & Refining Works of Na tional Lead Co................................................... Collinsville, III. Red lend, orange mineral, and litharge: Andrews Lead Co ........................... .............. Long Island Cifv, N.Y. Tile Eagle-Picher Lead Co________... _ . . East St. Louis, ill. Do_______ ______________________________ Joplin, Mo. Do_________________ ____________________ Newark, N.J. Evans Lead Co.................... ................................ Charleston, W.Va. W. P. Fuller & Co........ ....................................... South San Francisco, Calif. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND Red lead, orange mineral, and litharge--Continued. Grassclli Chemical Co________________ ______East Hammond Lead Products, Inc_____________ Ham Morris P. Kirk & Son.......... ........................___ Los John T. Lewis & Bros. Co...... ........................ .. Phi Metals Refining Co______________ __________ Ham National Load Co__________________ ________ Chi Do......... ........ .................. .................................St. L Do------------------ --------------------------------------- Bro National Lead Co. of California............. ........ Melro Sherwin-Williams Co-_____________________ Chi Zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide: American Zinc Co. of Illinois........................... Hillsb American Zinc Oxide Co..... ............................... Col The Eagle-Picher Lead Co................................Hillsb Empire Zinc Co................................... .................. Can Grassclli Chemical Co........ .................................East International Lead Refining Co. (French process)................................. .............................. Do------------------...........--............................ Akr Lowentlml Metals Corporation........................Chica New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pennsylvania)____ Palm I Do. (French process)________________ Frc Ozark Smelting A Mining Co...........................Coffe Rohm & Haas Co., Inc Bristol, Pa. St. Joseph Lend Co................................. ............. Josep Lithopone: Chemical & Pigment Co., Inc________ ______Oakla Do......... -...... -- ................. --................. Col Do.............. _ ...... ....... ................. ...........St. H The Eagle-Picher Lead Co________________ Arg Krebs Pigment & Color Corporation_______ New Do--------------------------------------- ------------------ New Mineral Point Zinc Co_____________ ________ Dep New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pennsylvania)____ Palm Ozark Smelting & Mining Co.." Coffeyville, Kan Sherwin-Williams Co____________ ___________ Chi United Color & Pigment Co....................... .. New Zinc salts: American Smelting & Refining CoSelby Do_----------- -------------------------------------------- Dur Do------------------- ----------------------------------- Om Do_.................. .................................................Perth Charles Cooper & Co Newark, N.J. General Chemical Co____________ __________ Chic Grassclli Chemical Co______________________ East Do..................................................................... Cleve Do............ ............................... ............... ...........Weirt Great Western Electro-Chemical Co_______ Pitt Ilarshaw Chemical Co. - .----- -------------- --------- Cle Mcrrimac Chemical Co__________ _________ _ Eve Ozark Smelting <fe Mining Co Coffeyville, Kans. Rohm <fc Haas Co Philadelphia, Pa. 134 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1934 PRICES , The total value and the average price received by producers from sales of lead and zinc pigments and salts are stated earlier in this chapter. The range of market ((notations as reported by the Oil. Paint and Drug Reporter appear in the following table'. Han-Qt of qu'ji'jlTTin* on l*od jdg-'-'-rm* a no i\nr, p-,or`*r,i* qr 1931-Z3. in pf" po:iTt'.i Ye.' Y'.(t, product ltfil m21 1033 1 White lead, or basic lead carbonate: Litharge, American, commercial, powdered, casks..................... Grange mineral, American, casks ............... Zinc oxide: American process, Iend-froo, bags, car lots ................. Zinc chloride: 5. 75- 7. 75 0. r.o-io. 75 10.00-10.00 0. 50 () * 5. 25- 0. 00 H. 75-10. 75 0. 50-14. 00 4 5. 75- 0. 50 5. 75- 0. 50 11. 03 * 10. 88-11. 03 4. 50 4 4. 50 13.00-10.50 13.00-13.50 2. 25- 3.00 n. no- 5. 75 3.00-3.50 3.00 3.00- 3.50 iw<*> 50- 7.00 0.00-11.75 8.50-10. 50 9,00-13.50 4 5. 75 4 5. 75 4 8. 03 4 0. 03 4 10.88 4 4.50 13.00-1360 2.00- 3.00 4. 25- 5. 75 2. 7.5- 3. 75 1 Compiled from weekly reports. 1 Figures not available. <0063 not specify "American" in 1032 and 1033. * Beginning with June 4, 1932, through December 30, 1933, recorded as 2-ton lots. * At works. The only changes in the quotations for white lead and basic lead sulphate in 1933 were increases of one-half cent a pound on the 1st of June. At the beginning of 1934 the basis of the quotations was changed to 20-ton lots with a one-fourth cent increase in price for smaller lots. Quotations for the lead oxides fluctuated with the price of load and wore 1# cents per pound higher at the close of the year than at the beginning. Prices of red lead were 1 cent higher than litharge throughout the year. Quotations for American and French process zinc oxides and lithopone were maintained throughout the year. During the last week of the year it was announced that, effective January I, 1934, the, basis of the quotations was changed from 2- to 20-ton carload lots. The new price schedules included an advance of one-tenth cent per pound for American-process, 35-percent leaded zinc oxide,.a reduction of onefourth cent for French-process zinc oxide, and no change for lithopone and other Amcrican-proccss oxides. FOREIGN TRADE Imports of lead and zinc pigments and salts increased 8 percent in 1933 and exports declined, so that the substantial export surplus realized in previous years virtually disappeared. The exact status of the export surplus in 1933 is not ascertainable as data on one item are missing. Excluding this item from the totals in 1932 and 1933, an import surplus of $38,000 for 1933 is indicated, compared with an LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND export surplus of S33G.000 in 1932. In 192 in excess of $3,000,000. The following table shows the value of t salts imported and exported for 1932-33: WU* (.,-? >.i ' ,,< ''- I'nit'd in lead ' /3.J?-.?.? \ Imports Lead pigments: Tol.nl.............. Zinc pigments*. . .. ............................. Total.............. ................................................................... Lead and rinc salts: $5,0 7 5 0, 3 241.9 271,0 7,1 620,8 46,5 15, 4 3,0 66,0 502. 2 t Red lead Includes orange mineral. * Excluding pigments. Salts not classified separately. 1 Figures not available. 4 Exclusive of Iho value of "all xlnc compounds", figures for wh Lead pigments and salts.--Imports of negligible proportions. The most impor lead compounds, including lead acetate, le Lead pigments and salts imported for consumption in short tons Viw . Basic carbonate wliito load Red land 1020........................................................................ 1930................. -.................................................. 1931......................................................................... 1932........................................................................ 98 5 74 10 68 () 29 4 i Less than 1 ton. The principal exports are white lead lead arsenate. Exports of white lead, litha to less than 3 percent of the domestic prod ments in 1933. Shipments of white lead to 38 percent owing to a 90-percent decline Kingdom, formerly our principal custome 136 MINERALS YEAREOOK,1934 f LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND A; ' litharge increased fl percent; shipments to Canada were 13 percent less in 1933 than in 1932 hut still amounted to 52 percent of the total. Zinc pigments and salts imported for consumption in the short tons ft' Lend pigments and sails exported from Ike United Stales, UW) XI, in short tons Year Zinc oxide Litho- Zin pone sulph Year White lead Jtcrl lead * Litharge Lend arsenate Other lend com* Total value Dry In oil pounds 1920 ___ _____ _________ 1,267 110 8,409 1020............ J930.......................................... 1031........................... . 1932.......................................... 1933............................. 5, 008 n, 546 5,008 1, GUI 1, 018 3i 087 493 570 ............ -inn (>) 1,493 1,538 801 290 SI. 010. 937 J, 123,300 461.094 1931.................................................... 1932.................................................... 1933................................................... 1,050 1,352 2,516 2,350 70 7,018 105 6,074 157 4,724 182 6,006 Exports of zinc oxido and lithopone decre ! Includes litharge from 1920 to 1031 nnd an unknown quantity of orange miocrnl. 1920 to JU33 * Included with red lend. percent, respectively, in 1933, and the total e commodities declined 51 percent. Almost all o While lead and red lead, orange mineral, and litharge exported from the United Stales, by destinations, 1930 -33, in short tons the drop in shipments to Canada, which, ho the principal consumer. Destination 1030 White load 1031 1932 1033 Had lead, orange mineral, and Jllhargo 1030 1031 1932 1933 Zinc pigments and salts exported from the United Sl Year Zinc oxide Lllho pone Zinc salts Total value Year Z ox Countries: 1929......... 17,638 4,550 1,711 $2,010,140 1932......... Argentina...................................... Canada............................... Netherlands........... ....................... 434 67 31 60 06 103 63 109 66 81 23 75 1,604 1,036 1. 268 1, 104 257 361 387 377 58 37 4 1030......... 1931......... 10, 753 5, 131 3, 065 3.821 1,568 1,066, 085 1033......... 1,011 1,140,305 [ ' Netherland West Indies................. Pnnnnm............................................ Philippine Islands............................ 3 101 :mo 1 l 112 3 201 145 2 001 < > 26 79 76 138 144 86 3 2 105 United Kingdom........,,.................... 4,750 4,235 743 73 442 233 26 Others................................................ 555 150 148 206 804 617 515 58 68 164 17 588 i Zinc salts not separately recorded. * Exclus Zinc oxide and lithopone exported from the United Sta in short tons Total............................................ Continents: ......6, 546 5,008 1,681 1,047 4,128 3,087 ~ ~ -- --------- - --~ -- -- - !-=' 11 1,986 2,108 North America.............................. South America................................. Europe............................................... 3SS 575 5.075 152 83 4,610 326 75 I, Pit 223 2,814 2,117 1,370 150 100 223 218 470 701 490 197 1, 404 210 213 i i.. Africa..................................... Oceonla................................. . . 484 123 148 141 300 217 170 201 8 30 0) 53 40 21 80 10 1 1 1 107 o to fit ____ _ ___----------------- ----------------------------- ------------ -- -- __ . ............ i Less than 1 ton. Zinc pigments and salts.--The value of zinc pigments and salts imported again exceeded that exported as a result of increases in Destination Zinc oxide 1930 1931 1932 10 Others................... . ....................... 08 4,547 01 428 4,719 900 171 2,818 58 1 1,523 600 70 740 23 4 07 318 receipts of lithoponc and zinc chloride and decreases in exports of zinc oxide and lithoponc. Lithoponc is the most important zinc import of this group; imports increased 8 percent in quantity in 1933,Netherlands supplying 91 percent of the total, Belgium 7 percent, and Germany 2 percent. Imports of zinc oxide decreased 5 percent; the principal sources were United Kingdom 52 percent, Belgium 16 10,753 Continents: South America.................................. 4,812 105 6. 378 170 Oceania............................................... 208 5,131 2,908 217 1,713 93 102 1,261 -- 904 94 110 01 81 percent, Franco 10 percent, Canada 9 percent, and Germany 0 per cent. Germany supplied 83 percent of the zinc chloride imported. Less than 1 tro. I 534 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1934 drawing and spinning technique loading to production of seamless tubing; notable progress also was reported in control of grain growth through treatment of the tantalum powder, working and annealing schedules that assure fine-grain metal, and jelling and hardening technique. A metallurgical process was developed for sheet which has to be hardened and lapped, whereby a fine mat finish free from pits may bo obtained by the removal of only two m three ten-thou sandths inch. Bv a combination of unique methods of resistance and arc wolding, it is now possible to fabricate huge units and intricate shapes from relatively small sheets. Many of the commercial applica tions of tantalum iti'O duo to its remarkable resistance to chemical corrosion. Howevor, it is ono of the most satisfactory metals for thermionic valves and finds extensive use in electrolytic rectifiers. Its use in various kinds of steel lias been patented, ami certain of its nonferrous alloys are considered worthy of commercial investigation. Columbium has properties remarkably similar to those of its twin metal tantalum, except for its lower melting point, (ieuerally asso ciated in nature with tantalum and possibly somewhat loss searee, columbium nevertheless has not hitherto found nnj tangible c.ommer- cial applications. Mention has boon made of its trso in sintered car bide tools, and it has also been employed in high-speed stool of Europoan oiigin but merely as an associate of or partial substitute for tantalum and not for itself. Columbium metal was oflerod com mercially a fow years ago by the Eanstoel Products Co., Inc. (North Chicago, III.), but it has remained more or less of a laboratory curiosity. In 1933, however, Dr. F. M. Pocket and associates in the Union Carbide & Carbon Research Laboratories made two im portant announcements relative to the discovery of romarkablo effects of columbium in plain chromium and chromium-nickel steels. Tantalum is not recommended, oven as a noutrnl nccoinpanimcnt of the columbium, although under certain conditions it may yield similar results. The first papor by Pocket and Franks M describes the softening effect of columbium in plain high-chromium steels. In amounts up to about 10 times tlio carbon content, columbium is very efficacious in keeping such steels soft and workable, both hot and cold; the indicated result is a much wider application of these steels, as greater softness and ductility and substantial freedom from air hardening are obtained without loss of resistance to corrosion or high-temporaturo oxidation. . A socond paper by the same authors TM gives the results of the intro duction of columbium to steels of the 18-pcrccnt-chromium, 8-pcrcent- nickel typo. Such steels previously have been limited in their appli cations bocause of intergranular corrosion when exposed concurrently to elevated temperatures and chemical corrosion, and the effective ness of columbium in inhibiting this defect without tho sacj'ifico of other valuable propeitics opens up new fields. A number of other addition agents, including titanium which is tlj o ono generally em ployed for this purpose, wore testod under similar conditions, but none of them afforded as satisfactory a. solution of the problem. Of special interest is the protection obtained from localized failure in welds and adjacent zones. The alloying addition is made in the form i Becket. F. M.. nni) Franks, R., Titanium nml Columbium in PInin niith-Cliromiiim Steels: Am. Inst. Min. nod Met. Eng. Tech. Pun. son, 1933, M pp. . , . w, Bccket, F M , and Franks, K., Effects of Columbium In Chromium-Nickel Steels1. Am. lost. Min. and Met. Eng. Tech. Pub. 510, 1034. MINOR METALS of forrooolumbium containing 50 to 60 pe low carbon content. For steels of normal quantity of columhium required generally is in certain cases less than 0.5 porcent is su alloy through the slag to a thoroughly deo pouring, recoveries of 80 to 90 percent of the c in the finished steel. Under tlicso circumsta biuni trealmentJs expected to bo no handica roplaeo titanium whorover extraordinary co Imports.--Imports of tantalum ores into th Australia, were 14,257 pounds valued at $2 less than one-lmlf those in 1932, when ship pounds valued at $51,033, hut almost up t 15,250 pounds in 1929. In 1931 only 6,288 8,474 pounds were imported. World production.--The world supply of come mostly from the Pilharra field in W sional small lots have been shipped from Brit a Russian expedition to the Kzyl-Kuin De covered tantalite there. Specimens have be tina and elsewhere in South America. In th demand for columbite high in columbium, impending new developments in British Afr the supply of byproduct columbium from tantalum is deemed inadequate and unduly TITANIUM The concentrating plant of the America years the principal producer of titanium mine was not operated in 1933, but shipments we at a normal rate. The Southern Minera operations and made shipments of ilmenite phate, but its pigment production was still mental basis. Both these enterprises are i of Mines has no information as to any produ other States. The deposits in Arkansas co tion, but no production or shipments were r ore previously produced remained unsold. A production cannot be published without re tions, hut it. is common knowledge that tho several hundred tons of rutile ana a thousand annually. A good description of the Virgin sion of llicir economic possibilities was publi The Titanium Pigment Co. (subsidiary o and the Krebs Pigment & Color Corporat continued to be the leading makers of titaniu years the former company has been consid as its present factory is in St. Louis, Mo.; N.J., was purchased in 1933, but it is repo not he utilized for this purpose and that tho the eastern seaboard will be built in the near Statistics of titanium-pigment production are statistics for ilmenite, due partly to the vari Flynn, C. W,, The IIincnito-Apntito Deposits of West-Centra Mov 1933. nn. rrv*-"*