Document NEX51RxYJy4g450y7b6royRXb

FILE NAME: Kaiser Gypsum (KG) DATE: 1962 DOC#: KG092 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Report - Documentation of Threshold Limit Values American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists DOCUMENTATION OF THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS COMMITTEE ON THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES t Copies of this publication may be obtained from: Secretary-Treasure : American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 1014 Broadway Cincinnati 2, Ohio Price per copy $4.00 Make checks payable to American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Copyright 1962 by American Conference of Govt rnmental Industrial Hygienist i ii References 1. Sayers, R.R.; 936, (19^5). 2. Pinto, S.S.: Am. Stds. Assn. Communication to Z37 So. 9, 19k3; Cook, W.A.: Ccmnittee Member (1961). ~ Ind. Med. Ik ARE IHE 0.05 ppm (Approximately 0.2 mg/m3) The extreme, acute toxicity of arsine is well known; 250 ppm for 30 minutes is fatal to man and 3-10 ppm can cause poisoning symptoms in a few hours (l). Nau (2) reported the conditions of an ersine exposure that indicated the previous limit of 1 ppm was too high. Elkins (3) reported a case of severe, but nonfatal, arsine poisoning that resulted from an exposure averaging 0.5 ppm. Elkins has concluded that 0.05 ppm arsine is not an unreasonable low limit on the basis of a study of chronic arsine exposures of Btlmer, et al. (k). Urinary As varied from 0. 7.to k mg. in men showing toxic signs of exposure of jaundice and anemia. A s suming 75% of the As is. excreted in the urine 1 mg. As/l corresponds to I .33 mg. intake, or 0.133 nag* As/m3 air if 10 m3 air is taken as the average amount of tidal air inhaled during a working day. This corresponds to 0.033 ppm arsine, and suppor the recommended limit of 0.05 ppm srsin;. References 1. Henderson, Y., Haggard, H.W.: Noxious Gases, Reinhold Publishing Co., N.Y. (19^3). 2. Nau, C.A.: South. Med. J. kl, 3kl (I9k8). 3. Elkins, H.B.: Chemistry of Industrial Toxicology, Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1959). k. Bulmer, F.M.R., et al.: J. Ind. Hy?. & Tox. 22, 111 (I9k0). ASBE3T0S 5 mopcf Asbestos is a generic term applying to a number of mineral silicates that are incombustible in air and can be separated into filaments. The most widely used in industry is chrysotile, a magnesium silicate from serpentine. Other types include amosite (an iron magnesiua silicate) crocidolite (a sodium iron silicate), tremolite (a calcium magnesian silicate) and anthophyllite (also an iron magnesium silicate). Miller and Sayers (l) showed that .ntraperitoneal injection of amosite, chrysotile and crocidolite in guinea pigs produced the reaction of an inert dust. Vorwald et al. (2) confirmed this for ,short fibers (under ZM) but observed that long fibers produced a fibrous reaction Continuing unpublished work by Gardner, these workers demonstrated that long fibers (20 microns and above) produced peri bronchiolar fibrosis in lower animals, and developed evidence that this resulted from mechanical rather than chemical acaion. Asbestos dust containing 0.6 per cent fibers longer than 10 microns, in concentrations of 138 mppcf (or 0.8 million "long" fibers per c.f.), was capable of producing experimental asbestosis in guinea pigs. When the concentration wan 6.7 per cent fibers over 10 microns, kO mppcf, (equivalent to 2.7 million "long" fibers per c.f.), the reaction developed in approximately half the time. That exposure to asbestos is associated with development of a potentially disabling pneumoconiosis in man has beei. amply demonstrated by industrial experi ence (3,k,5,6,7,8,9,10,ll). The present threshold limit relates to the pre vention of asbestosis. It was recommenced by Dreessen et al. (8), after study of 5kl employees in three asbestos textile plants using chrysotile. Only three n - /f pneumoconiosis were found in those exposed to dust concentra- mppcf, whereas numerous well-marked cases were found above 5 mppcf. .rom impinger-collected samples in ethyl alcohol and distilled water. 4 and non-fibrous particles were counted, but the latter greatly pre, While chemical analyses of collected samples of airborne dust corresj those of settled dust samples, it is belifved that dust counts of par ses by conventional methods can be expected to give only an indirect measure risk of asbestosis because of the great reletive importance of long fibers. Miller, J.W., Sayers, R.R.: Pub. Health Kept 56, 26k (1941). 2. Vorwald, A. J., Durkan, T.M., Pratt, P.C.: A:ch. Ind. Hyg. 1 (1951)- 3. Merewether, E.R.A.; J. Ind. Hyg. 12, 198, 2;9 (1930). Pneumoconiosis A b stracts, 1926-1938, Vol. I, p. 128. k. Wood, W.B., Gloyne, S.R.: Lancet, Dec. 22, 193^> PP* 1383-1385- 5. Fulton, W.B., Dooley, A., Matthews, J. L., Loutz, R.L.: Penn. Dept. Labor and Ind. Bull. k2- (1935). 6 . Lanza, A.J., McConnell, W.J., Fehnel, J.W.? Pub. Health Rept. 0, 1 (1935). 7 . Donnelly, J.: J. Ind. Hyg. & Tox. 18, 222 (1936). 8. Dreessen, W.C., DallaValle, J.W., Edwards, T.I., Miller, J.W., Sayers, R.R.: Pub. Health Bull. No. SjU. Wash., D.C., .1938). 9. Lynch, M.: Arch. Ind. Health. 11, 185 (1955). 10. Smith, K.W.: Arch. Ind. Health 12, 198 (1955). 11. Cartier, P.: Arch. Ind. Health 11, 204 .1955) BARIUM (and Compounds) 0.5 mg/m- The clinical entity "baritosis" has teen reported in the industrial hygiene literature sporadically since 193^- when Lf.schke (l) described a case with almost fatal outcome in a baryta worker who had apparently inhaled ample quantities. Other reports of industrial exposure to tarium compounds with or without exposure to lithopone have described pulmonary noiulation with or without decrease in lung function, such as dyspnea on exertion (2,3). More soluble forms of barium, as the carbonate, oxide and nitrate, tend to be more injurious, particularly acutely. Dusts of barium oxide are considered potential agents of dermal and nasal irrita tion (0 . The pharmacologic action of barium is well known (5); chief among the actions of barium is its effect on muscle, particularly cardiac, increasing its excitabil ity. Skeletal, arterial, intestinal, and bronchial muscle are all affected by barium. In addition, effects on the hematopoietic system have been noted, as well as on the cerebral cortex. Fazekas, et al. (6) have reported that subcutaneous injection of an aqueous solution of barium chloride at a dosage of 5 mg/kg caused acute toxicity with death after 2-2.5 hours. Chronic poisoning was achieved by the injection of solu tions at 10, 5, and 2 mg/kg. Rabb.ts in this series were killed at 98 to 193 days Effects on the central nervous system are described. The present limit of 0.5 mg 'ia/m^ air was suggested by Hyatt (7), who employ ed this limit for a number of years at the Los Alamos Laboratories with satisfac nry results for the control of fxposure to barium nitrate. It is not known whs -'^ded safety this limi; incorporates. doubtful cases of pneumoconiosis were found in those exposed to dust concentra tions under 5 mppcf, whereas numerous well-markei cases were found above 5 mppcf. Counts were from impinger-collected samples in ethyl alcohol and distilled water. Both fibrous and non-fibrous particles were counted, but the latter greatly pre dominated. While chemical analyses of collected samples of airborne dust corres ponded to those of settled dust samples, it is bslieved that dust counts of par ticulates by conventional methods can be expecte1 to give only an indirect measure of the risk of asbestosis because of the great r;lative importance of long fibers. References 1. Miller, J.W., Sayers, R.R.: Pub. Health Rep;. 56, 26k (19^1). 2. Vorwald, A. J., Durkan, T.M., Pratt, P.C.: ,rch. Ind. Hyg. , 1(1951). 3- Merewether, E.R.A.: J. Ind. Hyg. 12, 198, 2>9 (1930)*Pneumoconiosis A b stracts, 1926-1938> Vol. I, p. 128. i4-. Wood, W.B., Gloyne, S.R.: Lancet, Dec. 22, _93^> PP- 1383-1-385 5. Fulton, W.B., Dooley, A., Matthews, J. L., Houtz, R.L.: Penn, Dept. Labor and Ind. Bull. k2- (1935). 6. Lanza, A.J., McConnell, W.J., Fehnel, J.W.: Pub. Health Rept. 50, 1 (1935). 7. Donnelly, J.: J. Ind. Hyg. & Tox. 18, 222 ([936). 8. Dreessen, W.C., DallaValle, J.W., Edwards,T.I., Miller, J.W., Sayers, R .R.: Pub. Health Bull. No. 2 U . Wash., D.C., (19; 8). 9. Lynch, M.: Arch. Ind. Health. _11, 185 (1955). 10. Smith, K.W.: Arch. Ind. Health 12, 198 (1955)- 11. Cartier, P.: Arch. Ind. Health _11, 20k (1955)* BARIUM (and Compounds) 0.5 mg/m3 The clinical entity "baritosis" has been reported in the industrial hygiene literature sporadically since 193^ when Leschke ( L) described a case with almost fatal outcome in a baryta worker who had apparently inhaled ample quantities. Other reports of industrial exposure to barium coapounds with or without exposure to lithopone have described pulmonary nodulation rith or without decrease in lung function, such as dyspnea on exertion (2,3). Mor; soluble forms of barium, as the carbonate, oxide and nitrate, tend to be more injurious, particularly acutely. Dusts of barium oxide are considered potential agents of dermal and nasal irrita tion (k) . The pharmacologic action of barium is well known (5); chief among the actions of barium is its effect on muscle, particularly cardiac, increasing its excitabil ity. Skeletal, arterial, intestinal, and bronchial muscle are all affected by barium. In addition, effects on the hematopoietic system have been noted, as well as on the cerebral cortex. Fazekas, et al. (6) have reported that subculaneous injection of an aqueous solution of barium chloride at a dosage of 5 mg/kg; caused acute toxicity with death after 2-2.5 hours. Chronic poisoning was achieved by the injection of solu tions at 10, 5 and 2 mg/kg. Rabbits in this series were killed at 98 to 193 days. Effects on the central nervous system are described. The present limit of 0.5 mg Ba/m^ air was suggested by Hyatt (7), who employ ed this limit for a number of years at the Los Alemos Laboratories with satisfac tory results for the control of exposure to bariun nitrate. It is not known what degree of added safety this limit incorporates. 12