Document NEQxqkO7Opq045OKqvDd6RjJV

PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT Prepared for Resilient Floor Covering Institute Rockville, MD Armstrong World Industries, Inc. Lancaster, PA Prepared by ENVIRON Corporation Arlington, Virginia March 30, 1990 ) CONTENTS ag I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 H. INTRODUCTION 4 A. Background B. Sample Collection and Analysis 5 6 IH REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 9 IV. RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES FOR REMOVAL OF RESILIENT SHEET VINYL FLOOR COVERINGS 13 V. MONITORING INFORMATION . 15 VI. ANALYSIS OF EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS 19 A. Presentation of Monitoring Data B. Statistical Analysis C Reliability of Conclusions 20 22 26 VH. CONCLUSIONS 31 vni. APPENDICES 34 A Recommended Work Practices for Resilient Sheet Vinyl Floor Coverings 1) Resilient Floor Covering Institute (March 1990) 2) Armstrong World Industries, Inc. (March 1990) A-2 A-26 B. Analysis of Air Monitoring Sampling Data B-l -i- i executive summary 1 L EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Many types of resilient sheet vinyl flooring manufactured in the past were backed with a felt containing asbestos fibers bound within a styrene-butadiene rubber matrix. Removal of installed resilient sheet vinyl flooring in an occupational setting (e.g., prior to the installation of a new floor covering) is subject to the standard set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for occupational exposure to asbestos in the construction industry (29 CFR 1926.58). This standard requires employers to assure that worker exposures to asbestos do not exceed the permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 0.2 fibers per cubic centimeter .(f/cc) of air for an 8-hour timeweighted average (TWA) or the excursion limit of 1.0 f/cc averaged over a 30>minute period. The OSHA asbestos standard requires initial monitoring of employee exposure at the start of a job to determine whether employee exposure exceeds either the airborne action level (0.1 f/cc for an 8-hour TWA), or the excursion limit (1.0 f/cc over 30 minutes). The standard also provides that, in lieu of initial monitoring, an employer may rely upon objective or historical data, conducted under substantially similar workplace conditions, to demonstrate that the action level and excursion limit are not exceeded. ENVIRON Corporation was retained by the Resilient Floor Covering Institute __ t (RFCI) and Armstrong World Industries, Inc (Armstrong) to design and carry out a study of worker exposures to asbestos during removal of resilient sheet vinyl flooring pursuant to work practices recommended by RFCI and Armstrong ("Recommended Work Practices", see Appendix A). This report presents an analysis of fiber exposures to floor mechanics and observers during resilient sheet vinyl floor removal pursuant to the Recommended Work Practices. Based on a total of 51 exposures measured for floor mechanics and observers (representing typical exposures for supervisory employees) at 17 sites, the average TWA for resilient sheet vinyl floor removal is approximately 0.027 f/cc which is less than 30% of the action level. The 95% upper confidence limit calculated for all resilient sheet vinyl floor removal operations is approximately 0.067 f/cc which is less than 70% of the action level. These results are not significantly different if only the exposure of -2- mechanics is considered. For 34 worker samples, the average TWA is approximately 0.028 f/cc with a 95% upper confidence limit of 0.068 f/cc. Evaluation of worker and `observer air sample filters by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that most asbestos fibers were shorter than 5 Mm in length. Many of the longer structures seen, which would qualify as fibers under the OSHA method of analysis, proved not to be asbestos. Although no samples were taken specifically to examine short-term exposures, the sampling data indicates that the average excursion concentration would be 0.426 f/cc, which is less than 50% of the excursion limit, if the entire exposure is assumed to have occurred within a 30-minute period during each floor removal operation. However, it is highly unlikely that any exposures observed during floor removal operations would occur entirely within a 30-minute period, and the true excursion concentrations should be well below the values calculated. This study demonstrated, with 95% confidence, that the excursion limit would not be exceeded. Evaluation of samples by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that most fibers observed were either not asbestos or were much smaller than the qualifying fiber size as defined in the OSHA standard. Therefore, this study conclusively shows that the action level and excursion limit for exposure to asbestos fibers are not exceeded when resilient sheet vinyl flooring is removed in accordance with the Recommended i Work Practices. Consequently, an employer should be able to rely upon these exposure results as historical data in lieu of conducting initial monitoring to satisfy the monitoring requirements of the OSHA standard (29 CFR 1926_58(f)(2)(iii for a resilient sheet vinyl floor removal job performed in accordance with the Recommended Work Practices. -3- n. INTRODUCTION -4- IL INTRODUCTION a.Background la the past, many types of resilient sheet vinyl flooring manufactured for residential and commercial use were backed with a felt containing asbestos fibers. These fibers were bound in a styrene-butadiene rubber matrix, which served as backing to the resilient wear layer. According to floor covering manufacturers, the asbestos used in resilient sheet vinyl backing was predominantly short-fiber chrysotile asbestos. Therefore, any asbestos fibers seen during removal would most likely be chrysotile, and observation of amphibole asbestos fibers could suggest that another source of asbestos might be present In fact the fibers seen were almost exclusively chrysotile. When new flooring is installed, removal of an existing resilient sheet vinyl floor covering may be necessary. The Recommended Work Practices, however, advise that removal of resilient sheet vinyl flooring should be conducted only if new flooring cannot be installed directly on top of the existing floor. If the backing on the existing resilient sheet vinyl floor contains asbestos, the floor mechanics who remove the floor are potentially exposed to airborne asbestos fibers during the removal process. Consequently, the removal process in an occupational setting is subject to the regulations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) that limit employee exposures to airborne asbestos. As explained in Chapter m, OSHA has issued two standards regulating occupational exposures to asbestos, one for general industry (29 CFR 1910.1001) and one specifically for the construction industry (29 CFR 1926.58). Any occupationally-related removal of an asbestos-containing material, such as resilient sheet vinyl floor covering, falls within the scope of construction work according to the OSHA definition. For this reason, the sponsors of this study sought to obtain data (that would satisfy OSHA's requirements for employer reliance upon as historical data) to determine that worker exposures to asbestos fibers during the removal of resilient sheet vinyi floor covering, in accordance with the Recommended Work Practices. An employer who follows the Recommended Work Practices may rely upon these data, in lieu of conducting initial monitoring of workers at future job sites. RFCI and Armstrong have sponsored an independent study to assess the level of worker exposure to asbestos during the removal of resilient sheet vinyl flooring, when the . Recommended Work Practices are followed. In order to obtain representative data that would encompass a variety of conditions that would typify most resilient sheet vinyl floor removals, sites were selected on the basis of the following considerations: brand of resilient sheet vinyl flooring and/or manufacturer, type of underlayment (e.g^ concrete, plywood, or fiberboard); type of installation (e.g^ perimeter-bound or fully-adhered); geographical location; and building type (e,g* residential, commercial, or institutional). A pilot resilient sheet vinyl floor removal study was conducted on December 16, 1988 in Lancaster, PA The purpose of that pilot study was to refine the sampling and analysis protocol for future floor removal tests and to develop initial monitoring data, for purposes of the study itself. This pilot study showed that worker adherence to the Recommended Work Practices maintained airborne fiber concentrations for workers in the study well below OSHA's action level and excursion limit. B. Sample Collection and Analysis Industrial Health Incorporated (IHI) was engaged by ENVIRON to conduct all air monitoring in the principal study. Air sampling was conducted prior to and during each removal operation to monitor the concentration of airborne asbestos fibers. Five types of air samples were collected: overnight baseline samples in the work area prior to removal; perimeter samples outside of the work area prior to and duringremoval; personal samples on each of two workers during removal; personal samples on one individual acting as a supervisor or observer, who spent a significant amount of time in the immediate work area, although be was generally not directly involved in the actual removal; and one outdoor sample for determination of local, ambient asbestos levels during removal. All area samples were collected by setting the sampling apparatus in a stationary location. Filters were held on a stand approximately 4 feet above the floor. Personal air sampling monitors were attached to each worker or observer with the filter located within the individual's breathing zone, as defined by OSHA. In each case, with the *6* exception of the one outdoor sample, two samples were collected side-by-side for analysis by phase contrast microscopy (PCM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All air samples intended for PCM analysis were collected in accordance with NIOSH Method 7400 as recommended by OSHA. Samples were collected on Miliipore 25 mm diameter, 0.8 urn pore size, cellulose ester membrane filters in cassettes with conductive cowls. Samples intended for TEM analysis were collected in accordance with EPA's Interim Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis Method. Samples were collected on either Nudepore or Miliipore 25 mm diameter, 0.45 am pore size, mixed cellulose ester fiber filters with 0.8 um backup filters in cassettes with conductive cowls. All samples were collected using cassettes in the open-face configuration. Further details concerning the sampling procedures followed by IHI are provided in a companion report1. At least three separate bulk samples of the backing material for each resilient sheet vinyl floor removed were taken for Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) analysis. Analysis of the samples was made using a polarizing light microscope and dispersion staining objective in accordance with guidelines set forth in the EPA Interim Method for the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk Insulation Samples (40 CFR, Part 763, Subpart F, Appendix A - 7-1-87 Edition). All samples were shipped by Federal Express to RJ Lee Group, Inc. (RJ Lee) for independent laboratory analysis. Blank filters were submitted to the analytical laboratory for analysis with the samples. For PCM analysis, one hundred fields were counted at a magnification of 400X following the rules outlined in NIOSH Method 7400. The method requires that 100 fields be counted, or at least a minimum of 20 fields, depending upon fiber concentration. All fibers or fiberiike panicles measuring at least 5 am in length and having a 3-to-l length-to-width aspect ratio were counted. For TEM analysis, samples were analyzed using proposed EPA Level II analysis. The analysis for asbestos fibers consisted of fiber morphology, visual selected area electron diffraction 1 ENVIRON Corporation. 1990. Supporting Data for Evaluation of Worker Exposure to Airborne Fibers During the Removal of Resilient Sheet Vinyl Floor Covering Using Recommended Work Practices. -7- (SAED), and elemental chemical analysis by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Supplemented by the measurement and interpretation of micrographs of several SAED patterns. The samples were analyzed at a magnification of 20000X. Particles longer than 5 0m meeting the definition of a fiber length-to-width aspect ratio of greater than 3-to-l and having substantially parallel sides were classified as chrysotile of amphibole following definitions developed by Yamate3. Structures containing such asbestos fibers are classified in conformance with die definitions in the EPA Interim Metnod. Based on sampling reports from Effl and analytical data from RJ Lee, ENVIRON Corporation has analyzed the resulting data to assess the mean distribution of asbestos exposure to floor mechanics and observers during resilient sheet vinyl floor removals, pursuant to the Recommended Work Practices. Analysis of the exposure measurements is presented in Chapter VL An analysis of worker and observer exposure data is presented in Appendix B for both PCM and TEM analysis. 1 Yamate, G,, S.G AgarwaL, and RJ3. Gibbons. Methodology for the Measurement of Airborne Asbestos Fibers by Electron. Microscopy. EPA Contract No. 68-02*3266. m. regulatory framework s'IKS, l -9- nL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK In 1972, OSHA promulgated a standard dealing with occupational exposures to asbestos for all industries covered by the Act (Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970). On June 20, 1986 and September 14, 1988, OSHA issued revised standards relating to occupational exposures to asbestos for both general industry (29 CFR 1910.1001) and for the construction industry (29 CFR 1926.58). The 1972 standard established a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 2 fibers/cc (f/cc) as an 8-hour timeweighted average (TWA). The present standards, among other things, reduced the PEL to 02 f/cc as an 8-hour TWA and set an excursion limit of 1.0 f/cc average over a 30minute sampling period. OSHA has also set an action level of 0.1 f/cc calculated as an 8-hour TWA (29 CFR 1926.58(b)). Although the general industry standard is similar, further references will cite the construction standard only, because removal of resilient sheet vinyl flooring is classified as a construction activity according to OSHA. The standard for the construction industry requires that each employer who has a workplace or work operation covered by the standard must, with certain exceptions described below, perform initial monitoring to determine the airborne concentrations of asbestos to which employees may be exposed (29 CFR I926.58(f)(2)(i)). When the action level of 0.1 f/cc or the excursion limit of 1.0 f/cc is exceeded, the employer must continue to perform initial monitoring at the initiation of subsequent new asbestos jobs. Employee training, and. under certain circumstances, medical surveillance are also required when exposures exceed the action level When the PEL of 02 f/cc is exceeded, the employer must establish a demarcated, regulated area to which access is limited to authorized persons supplied with respirators (29 CFR 1226.58(e)). Certain additional conditions also apply to a regulated area. When the results of continued periodic monitoring reveal that employee exposures, by statistically reliable measurements, are below the action level and the excursion limit, initial monitoring of continued activities may be discontinued (29 CFR 1926.58(f)(4)). OSHA provided two exceptions to the requirement for initial monitoring: where objective data demonstrate that employee exposures are below the action level and excursion limit (29 CFR 1926.58(f)(2)(ii); or -10-  where the employer has historical monitoring data to rely upon in lieu of initial monitoring (29 CFR 1926-58(f)(2)(ui). The regulation states, in pertinent pan (29 CFR 1926.58(f)(2)): (2) Initial Monitoring: (i) Each employer who has a workplace or work operation covered by this standard, except as provided for in paragraphs (f)(2)(h) and (f)(2)*(iii) of this section, shall perform initial monitoring at the initiation of each. asbestos, tremoiite, anthopbyliite, or actinohte job to accurately determine the airborne concentrations of asbestos, tremohte, anthophylike, or acdnolite to which employees may be exposed. (u) The employer may demonstrate that employee exposures are below that action level and/or excursion limit by means of objective data demonstrating that the product or material containing asbestos, tremoiite, anthopbyliite, acdnolite, or a combination of these minerals cannot release airborne fibers in concentrations exceeding the action level and/or excursion limit under those work conditions having the greatest potential . for releasing asbestos, tremoiite, anthopbyliite, or actinohte. (hi) Where the employer has monitored each asbestos, tremohte, anthopbyliite, or actinohte job for the TWA, and where he has monitored after March 14, 1988, for the excursion limit, and the data were obtained during work operations conducted under workplace conditions closely resembling the processes, type of material, control methods, work practices, and environmental conditions used and prevailing in the employer's current operations, the employer may rely on suds earlier monitoring results to satisfy the requirements of paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section. OSHA did not provide a specific definition for such exceptions in its 1986 amendments. However, OSHA has recently determined5 that a previous ENVIRON study4 evaluating exposure to airborne fibers during resilient floor tile removal did provide historical data. Data presented in this study of resilient sheet vinyl floor removal dearly match the quality of data previously found suitable as historical data. As indicated in the following chapters, the data relied upon in this report more than meet the quality and amount OSHA has previously found acceptable as objective 3 Letter from Thomas J. Shepich, OSHA, to William B. King, Armstrong, dated October 27, 1989; letter from Thomas J. Shepich, OSHA, to Walter D. Anderson, RFCI, dated February 6, 1990. 4 ENVIRON Corporation. 1989. Evaluation of Worker Exposure to Airborne Fibers During Removal of Resilient Floor Tiles Using Recommended Work Practices. -11- data (S3 FR 35621-35621 September 14, 1988), such as data dealing with brake and clutch repair, shrouded tools, and glove bags. For example, the brake and clutch repair exemption appears to rely upon only two samples, whereas the analysis performed in this study utilizes 51 air monitoring samples collected from 17 separate resilient sheet vinyl floor removal operations. The glove bag exemption appears to rely solely upon a theoretical argument, whereas the removal data analyzed in this study are quantitative and supported by a variety of auxiliary data demonstrating that the exposures reported are very likely to be higher that actual exposures to asbestos fibers. Finally, like the A/C pipe study described by OSHA which was based on a specific industryrecommended work practice, the study conducted herein is based on a specific work practice recommended by major floor manufacturers for the removal of resilient sheet vinyl flooring. -12- IV. RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES FOR REMOVAL OF RESILIENT SHEET VINYL FLOOR COVERINGS -13- IV. RECOMMENDED WORK PRACTICES FOR REMOVAL OF RESILIENT SHEET VINYL FLOOR COVERINGS RFCI and Armstrong have developed work practices for resilient sheet vinyl floor removal designed to assure compliance with the OSHA standards governing exposure to asbestos. The Recommended Work Practice for removal of resilient sheet vinyl flooring requires two workers using a technique that features scoring the floor in 4- to 8-inch strips, peeling and roiling the wear layer while wetting the felt backing, and wet scraping of residual backing. The industry-developed Recommended Work Practices, which have evolved from earlier recommendations for resilient sheet vinyl floors, prohibit sanding the vinyl surface or the residual felt backing. Neither dry scraping of any residual backing material, nor dry sweeping of any removal-related material is recommended. Removal of an existing resilient sheet vinyl floor is recommended as an alternative only if new flooring cannot be installed on top of the existing resilient floor covering. Additional exposure protection is provided through advice on practices to follow before and after removal. For example, the floor should be thoroughly vacuumed before and after removal with a High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) vacuum cleaner or damp swept/mopped. Both the HEPA vacuum bag and any floor sweepings should be disposed of in a labeled, impermeable trash bag. In addition, removed flooring is also to be rolled up, tied securely, and placed in labeled, impermeable trash bags. 'i Additional details regarding the Recommended Work Practices for both RFCI and Armstrong are provided in Appendix A v. MONITORING INFORMATION -15- V. MONITORING INFORMATION A comprehensive set of measurements of worker and observer exposures to airborne asbestos during resilient sheet vinyl floor removal pursuant to the Recommended Work Practices, was carried out by ENVIRON with the assistance of EHI and RJ Lee. ENVIRON designed the sampling and analytical protocols. EHI carried out the air surveys, and RJ Lee performed the laboratory analysis. The analysis of the sampling data is presented in this report. Reports of PCM, TEM, and PLM raw data from RJ Lee and sampling reports prepared by IHI appear in a companion report to this document1. ENVIRON, from a list prepared by the sponsors of this study, selected 17 sites for the principal study (plus one site for a pilot study), which entailed monitoring removals of resilient sheet vinyl flooring containing asbestos. These sites encompassed a variety of building types (residential commercial and institutional), subflooring (wood, concrete, or fiberboard), geographic areas, types of installation (perimeter-bound or fully-adhered), manufacturer, area of floor, and duration of removaL These pre-removal conditions span the most likely cases for resilient sheet vinyl floor removal Workers were locally obtained floor covering professionals, who were instructed prior to the commencement of any removal activities as to the nature of the removal study and the Recommended Work Practices to be employed. Monitoring on the two workers, one observer, and all stationary perimeter samplers began immediately before any floor removal activities commenced. All monitors were run continuously, except for personal monitors during lunch breaks at some sites, until the floor covering was completely removed and the area cleaned in preparation for the subsequent installation of new resilient floor covering. Monitoring was not performed for subsequent activities following removal of the resilient sheet vinyl floor covering, such as the use of leveling compounds, installation of a new underiayment, or installation of a new resilient floor covering. In many instances, these post-removal activities will occupy as much as or 3 ENVIRON Corporation. 1990. Supporting Data for Evaluation of Worker Exposure to Airborne Fibers During the Removal of Resilient Sheet Vinyi Floor Covering Using Recommended Work Practices. -16- more of the working day than the resilient sheet vinyl floor removal and will not entail exposures to asbestos fibers. Personal monitoring of the workers and observer was accomplished in the breathing zone at a nominal pump flow rate of approximately 2.0 liters per minute. For all personal monitors, two companion samples were collected. One sample'filter was analyzed by PCM, the other by TEM. PCM is the required procedure for monitoring employee exposure to airborne asbestos under OSHA regulations. OSHA specifies PCM analysis primarily for practical reasons of cost and reliability, but also because the epidemiologic studies on which its standards are based used PCM or other optical microscopy to describe the exposure levels of the occupational cohorts studied. For any industry in which asbestos fibers are predominant among all particles meeting the counting rules (i.e,, greater than 5 pm in length, greater than 025 pm in diameter, and having a length-to-width aspect ratio of at least 3*to-l), utilizing PCM is likely to yield appropriate conclusions regarding the level of asbestos exposures. I& on the other hand, the majority of observed particles are non* asbestos, then PCM analysis can exaggerate the potential worker exposure. TEM was used in this study, in part, to determine the proportion of true asbestos fibers among all fibers meeting the OSHA counting rules. As. demonstrated in the following chapter, only a small fraction of the particles observed under TEM analysis that strictly conformed to, the PCM counting rules were actually asbestos fibers. Thus, compliance with standards, during resilient sheet vinyl floor removal, pursuant to the Recommended Work Practices, is likely to provide a greater margin of protection than a similar level of compliance in an industry where most of the fibers observed can correctly be assumed to be asbestos. The importance of following the Recommended Work Practices during resilient sheet vinyl floor removal is highlighted by the air quality characteristics typical of most indoor environments. Most residential, commercial, and institutional buildings can contain significant quantities of non-asbestos fibers that could be counted as asbestos under OSHA-required procedures. Fibers from textiles, mineral wool, fiberglass, and paper, in addition to asbestos, may be present in the floor removal environment, even after vacuuming. Many of these fibers could be falsely identified as asbestos fibers under the requirements to count ail geometrically qualifying structures during PCM analysis, independent of their chemical or mineralogical classifications, thereby yielding potentially inaccurate or misleading results. -18- VI. ANALYSIS OF EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS -19- VL ANALYSIS OF EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS A Presentation of Monitoring Data Fibers of asbestos and many other natural and man-made materials are found in virtually every type of environment including structures where resilient sheet vinyl floors might be removed. Many of these fibers would qualify for inclusion under the geometric counting rules of the OSHA standard, independent of their composition or origin. These fibers are not attributable to floor removal activities and should not be counted against compliance with the action level. Therefore, acquisition of background concentration data on qualifying fibers is necessary in interpreting the exposure results in floor removal operations. In this study, the background concentration was obtained from the outdoor sample, taken during the floor removal operation, analyzed via PCM. In general, the outdoor concentration, in contrast to the overnight baseline measurements, rarely exceeded the PCM analytical sensitivity (limit of detection). Since the overnight baseline, with one exception, was always higher than the outdoor sample, employing the outdoor sample as the background concentration allows for a more conservative calculation of net concentration in exposure samples. For those sites where the outdoor concentration was reported to be less than the analytical sensitivity for PCM (see RJ Lee data in the companion report), the concentration for data analysis was chosen to be 0.0 f/cc, rather than the Value below the analytical sensitivity reported by RJ Lee. This ensures that the calculated net concentration will be a maximum value. Some of the filters used in the personal monitors are made of materials that can be contaminated with asbestos fibers as well as other fibrous material Such contamination should also not be attributable to floor removal activities and should not be counted against the action leveL Therefore, blank filters, which were not exposed to the work environment, were analyzed for fiber counts. In all cases, no contamination of the filters was observed. RJ Lee provided both ENVIRON and IHI with PCM and TEM fiber counting results. In addition, RJ Lee performed Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) analysis on bulk samples of resilient sheet vinyl floor backing to determine the amount of asbestos material present For PCM analysis, concentrations reported in fibers per square -20- millimeter (f/suxr) detected on the sample filters were convened to airborne fibers per cubic centimeter (f/cc) using the following relationship: C* (f/cc) Cjj* (f/mm1) Filter Area (mm1) / Air Volume Sampled (cc) (1) is the concentration of airborne fibers and C*, is the concentration of fibers analyzed on the sample filter. The total surface area of the sample filters is 491 mm5; however, 106 mm3 of this area is shielded by the sampling cassette and cowling. Thus; 385 mm3 of surface area was available for analysis. Sample volumes were reponed by IHI in liters and were convened to cubic centimeters. The net PCM concentration is then obtained by subtracting the background (outdoor) concentration. Similarly for TEM, concentrations reponed in structures per square millimeter (s/mm1) detected on the sample filters were converted to airborne structures per cubic centimeter (s/cc) using Equation (1). All asbestos fibers longer than 5 meeting the definition of a fiber length-to-width ratio greater than 3-to-l and having substantially parallel sides were classified by RJ Lee as either chxysotile or amphibole following definitions developed by Yamate*. Structures containing such asbestos fibers are classified in conformance with the definitions in the EPA Interim Method. Filter area and sample volumes for TEM were equivalent to the PCM analysis. For PLM analysis, results were reported as the percentage of asbestos and nonasbestos fibers (RJ Lee data in the companion report). Following the completion of a floor removal activity, floor mechanics typically proceed to install new flooring or return to their home shop. Therefore, a final time* weighted averaging adjustment is necessary to account for the fact that the floor removal activities and the corresponding monitoring did not always extend over a full 8-hour workday. The TWA was calculated by assuming that all unsampled time, including lunch breaks away from the work area, transit time from the site, and installation of new flooring, would involve no exposure to asbestos. Consequently, the TWA concentrations * Yamate, G., S.C. Agarwai, and R.D. Gibbons. Methodology for the Measurement of Airborne Asbestos Fibers by Electron Microscopy. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3266. -21- are lower than the net concentrations by a factor of T/480, where T is the actual sampling rime in minutes and 480 is the number of minutes in an 8-hour workday. A nummary of the net concentration data for PCM analysis, TEM analysis, and final adjusted TWA concentrations for floor mechanics and an observer is presented in Table 1. A compilation of worker and observer exposure data is presented in Appendix B. Detailed background, baseline, and perimeter sampling data from CHI and RJ Lee are presented in the companion report to this document In addition, a summary of the average percentage of asbestos material (based on three separate bulk samples) in the backing of the resilient sheet vinyl floor at each site is shown in.Tabie 2. It is inherently difficult to compare PCM analytical results with TEM analytical results because the counting methods employed are different PCM analysis counts ail fibers observed with no differentiation between asbestos and non-asbestos. Further, only fibers in excess of 5 ym in length and 0.25 ym in width, and with a 3-to-l aspect ratio are counted in PCM analysis. The TEM count includes only asbestos fibers, but detects and counts all asbestos fibers that are greater than approximately 0.5 ym in length. TEM can also detea fibers less than 0.25 ym in width, which is the approximate limit of visibility for PCM. Because this study was intended to examine exposures in terms of the OSHA standards, all asbestos fibers greater than 5 ym in length and with an aspect ratio of at least 3-to-l, regardless of width, were considered in the analysis of TEM data. Hie results in Table 1 show, with few exceptions, that the total number of asbestos fibers observed via TEM analysis, regardless of width, are lower than the number of total fibers observed under the PCM counting guidelines. Thus, it can be reasonably concluded that the PCM results and, therefore, the TWA values overestimate the acrnal number of asbestos fibers to which workers were exposed. B. Siaasrical ^Analysis Without exception, all of the TWA concentrations presented in Table 1 are below the action levei of 0.1 f/cc. For the 17 floor removal locations (the exposure results determined for pilot study conduaed in Lancaster, PA in December 1988 were not considered in this analysis) in this study, a total of 51 exposure samples of floor mechanics and observers were taken and analyzed by PCM. The average TWA for these samples is approximately 0.027 f/cc, which is less than 30% of the action level. -22- The sample standard deviation for these samples is approximately 0.021 f/cc. If it is assumed that the exposure samples follow a normal distribution pattern, then confidence intervals on the range of exposure concentrations can be calculated. The 95% upper confidence limit for all resilient sheet vinyl floor removal operations is approximately 0.067 f/.cc, which is still less than 70% of the action level (Figure 1). In order to determine whether the inclusion of observer data influenced the results, the TWA exposure dam was reanalyzed for floor mechanics oniy. The average TWA for worker.sampies is approximately 0.028 f/cc, which is less than 30% of the action level and roughly 4% higher than the average for both workers and observers. The standard deviation for these samples is approximately 0.020 f/cc. The 95% upper confidence limit is approximately 0.068 f/cc (Figure 2). These differences are inconsequential. The average TWA values, as described earlier, were calculated from the net concentration by assuming that a floor mechanic would not conduct floor removal activities over a full 8-hour workday, every day. Even if it is conservatively assumed that a floor mechanic does perform floor removal activities for 8-hours every day, then the exposure level would be based upon the net concentration (Appendix B), rather than the TWA, Under this assumption, the average exposure for these samples is approximately 0.048 f/cc, which is still less than 50% of the action level The sample standard deviation is approximately 0.043 f/cc. It should be reiterated that these reported concentrations do not differentiate between asbestos and non-asbestos fibers. TEM analysis dearly indicates that the number of asbestos fibers is a fraction of the total fibers observed and possibly observed under the OSHA reference standard, such that the actual mean value may be significantly lower than 0.048 f/cc. Although no samples were taken specifically to examine short-term exposures, the data can be analyzed to provide an extremely conservative excursion concentration by using the following equation: excursion concentration < (net concentration sampling time]/30 minutes (2) Equation (2) assumes that the entire daily exposure received by a worker or observer occurs during a 30-minute period, which greatly overestimates the true excursion concentration. Given that the estimated 30-minute concentrations are maximum values, no elaborate statistical analysis is warranted. The average of the excursion concentrations calculated by Equation (2) for workers and observers is approximately 0.426 f/cc, which is less than 50% of the excursion limit of 1.0 f/cc averaged over a 30minute period. If only worker samples are considered, the average excursion concentration is 0.454 f/cc. For one set of samples (Kearney, MO), the excursion concentrations calculated using Equation (2) exceeded 1.0 f/cc by a small margin (Appendix B). As these samples were collected over a 65 hour monitoring period, it is extremely unlikely that the excursion limit was exceeded during any 30-minute period. Nevertheless, 95% of the values are below the 1.0 f/cc excursion limit. Since it is highly unlikely that the entire daily exposures observed in these studies occurred within any 30 minute period, as Equation (2) assumes, the true excursion concentrations should be well below the values calculated. The range of excursion limit concentrations calculated from Equation (2) for floor mechanics and an observer are presented in Table 1. The pilot resilient sheet vinyl floor removal study conducted on December 16, 1988 in Lancaster, PA was intended to refine the sampling and analysis protocol for future floor removal tests and to develop initial monitoring data, for purposes of the study itself. This study showed that worker adherence to the Recommended Work Practices maintained airborne fiber concentrations for workers in the study well below OSHA's action level and excunion limit. In this study, however, TEM analysis was not a part of the study protocol Although the analytical results of the airborne monitoring were not incorporated in the statistical analysis presented, the procedures used and the results obtained in the pilot study were consistent with the procedures and results for the subsequent resilient sheet vinyl floor removal study. At the onset of the resilient sheet vinyl floor removal study, the Recommended Work Practices called for the complete removal of an existing resilient sheet vinyl floor covering. It should be noted that the removals conducted at 16 of the floor removal sites closely followed these Recommended Work Practices. During the course of the study, an alternative Recommended Work Practice was established to allow the -24- w f ' '~:v.s* simultaneous removal of both the resilient sheet vinyl floor and its wood underlayment. According to this Recommended Work Practice, floor mechanics would follow the resilient sheet vinyl floor removal guidelines only to expose the joints in the suspended wood underlayment beneath the resilient sheet vinyl floor. After the removal of strips on either side of each joint, the underlayment is removed with the majority of the resilient sheet vinyl floor still attached. One floor removal, conducted in Lancaster, PA on November 14, 1989, followed this alternative Recommended Work Practice. The exposure results, fpr this underlayment removal site were included in the overall statistical analysis. As can be seen in the data presented in Table 1, the PCM, TEM, and TWA concentrations for this study are consistent with the exposure measurements at the other 16 sites. A close inspection of the TEM data results from RJ Lee for this site (see companion report), however, shows that, in actuality, the only fibers that met the PCM length and aspect ratio requirements were nonasbestos. Incorporation of the data from this site does not alter the results of the statistical analysis presented. The initial study plan called for TEM analysis of all observer and perimeter samples, however, after an interim review of collected data, which demonstrated that observer and perimeter exposures were unlikely to exceed floor mechanic exposures, further TEM analysis on these samples was suspended. Nevertheless, the number of samples evaluated in this study is sufficient to give adequate statistical precision. In addition, the experimental design is consistent with OSHA-recommended monitoring requirements and is consistent with floor industry Recommended Work Practices for resilient sheet vinyl floor removal. These results demonstrate that initial monitoring of asbestos concentrations for resilient sheet vinyl floor removal jobs, pursuant to the Recommended Work Practices, is unlikely -to show fiber counts in excess of the action level of 0.1 f/cc or the excursion limit of 1.0 f/cc. There is no indication whatsoever that the PEL of 0.2 f/cc would ever be reached when the industry's Recommended Work Practices are followed for removal of resilient sheet vinyl flooring. -25- C. Reliability of Conclusions The sampling program and filter analyses were specifically designed to assure that a conservative approach has been evaluated while following the floor industry Recommended Work Practices. For example, PCM, which cannot discriminate between asbestos fibers and other structures of similar morphology, was employed according to OSHA regulations. In general, in industry studies involving the manufacture or processing of asbestos products or in asbestos abatement activities, it can reasonably be assumed that most qualifying structures counted by PCM are asbestos. In resilient sheet vinyl floor removal, however, an a priori consideration of the nature of the activity and materials and a comparison of side-by-side PCM and TEM samples, although they are not directly comparable, confirm that asbestos fibers constitute only a fraction of the fibers counted by PCM in most samples collected during resilient sheet vinyl floor removal operations. If the TEM results in this analysis were adjusted to exclude those asbestos fibers not consistent with PCM counting guidelines, the difference between the number of asbestos fibers counted by TEM and the number of fibers counted by PCM would be significantly greater. The conclusions are also supported by previous, less comprehensive studies and by the findings of OSHA in its promulgation of the asbestos standards. For example, Walcott and Warrick (1979) conducted monitoring of worker exposures during removal of resilient sheet vinyl flooring by wet scraping following an earlier version of the Recommended Work Practices. Walcott and Warrick estimated that exposure to asbestos fibers was in the range of 0.037 to 0.040 f/cc as a time-weighted average. In its promulgation of the PEL and action level regulations, OSHA (51 FR 22663, 1986) "determined that it is feasible to comply with the 02 f/cc PEL during the removal and installation of vinyi/asbestos flooring." In the later establishment, of an excursion limit, OSHA (53 FR 35614, 1988) stated that "(a)lthough certain activities involved in removing old flooring may produce exposures which would exceed the TWA and excursion limits, there appears to be no possibility that the excursion limit would be exceeded if the recommendations of the Resilient Floor Covering Institute were followed." -26- TABLE 1 Adjusted Personal Monitoring Results for Worker and Observer Exposure During Removal of Resilient Sheet Vinyl Flooring Pursuant to Industry Recommended Work Practices Date Location PCM (f/ce) TEM (s/cc) TWA (f/ee) Excursion Limit (f/cc)a 12/16/88 Lancasterb 08/01/89 08/02/89 09/12/89 1 meager 1 .W-tlt-f 1 09/13/89 lancagrr 09/27/89 Nashville 10/10/89 Plainfield 10/11/89 Warrenvilk 10/17/89 . Yardley 10/19/89 Mocrisviile 10/24/89 Fairleu Hills- 10/26/89 Yardley*, 10/31/89 Kearney*4 11/02/89 North Kansas Gtjr 11/14/89 11/15/89 Lancaster* 11/28/89 Roanoke* 11/29/89 Salem* 0.014-0053 0.002-0009 0.010-0014 0010-0.029 00074)411 0018-0029 0.110-0.145 0030-0033 0022-0033 O0S5-0J080 0.028-0.050 0453-0073 0j09S-0.U1 OJQ37-OJQ59 0036-0045 0405-0415 0440-0044 0086-0422 0400-0433 0408-0453 OOOO-OjQOS 0400-0414 0408-0452 0437-0056 0400-0411 0438-0452 0412-0470 0453-0.118 0400-0400 0436-0.072 04074)435 000041000 0400-0416 04074)415 04004)400 0013-0428 040141007 040341007 04074)421 0405-0410 00154LQ24 04364)447 0417-0418 04174)426 0428-0438 0418-0433 04414)456 04760491 043141050 041141014 040341011 04314)435 04204)452 04814)413 0456-0.107 04184)430 04904)451 02364)480 ' 047341756 04684)483 0484-0.411 0.4494)412 04964)434 06484)494 1440-L448 049741803 047641229 00564)475 05004)458 03234)436 Notes: Bulk samples taken of sheet vinyl felt backing were assayed at 20*73% ehrysodle asbestos (Table 2). PCM, adjusted for background, measures both asbestos and nonasbestos fibers greater than 5 uni in length. 045 tm in width, and with a 3-to*l aspect ratio. TEM results are based on til asbestos fibers greater than 5 tun in length with a 3-to-l aspect ratio, regardless of width. TWA and excursion limit results, based oa PCM analysis, are adjusted for background concentration. Range of results at each site are for exposure to two workers and one observer only, except where noted. * Excursion limit is determined for a 30-minute exposure period. Analysis is based on unlikely assumption that total daily exposure occurred within a 30-minute period. b This pilot study was intended to refine the sampling protocol and provide initial monitoring data. This study showed that worker adherence to the Recommended Work Practices resulted in exposure levels below the action level. Results from this job were not included in calculations,shown in Chapter VI. c This job involved resilient sheet vinyl floor removal only to expose joints in Gberboard underlayment. Underiayment was then removed with bulk of the resilient sheet vinyl floor attached. * Interim review of initial data indicated observer exposure levels should not exceed worker exposure; thus, observer TEM sample was not analyzed for this site. * Sampling time of 6.5 hours. Excursion limit unlikely to be **^*a*<] hi any 30-minute period. -27- TABLE 2 Sumxnarv of Reported Cbrysotile Asbestos Content in Resilient Sheet Vinyl Boor Backing Bulk Samples Analyzed by PLM Date 08/02/89 08/02/89 09/12/89 09/13/89 09/27/89 10/10/89 10/11/89 10/17/89 10/19/89 10/24/89 10/26/89 10/31/89 11/02/89 11/14/89 11/15/89 11/28/89 11/29/89 Location Chrysotiie Asbestos (% by Weight by PLM)* Lancaster Lancaster Lancaster1* Lancaster Nashville Plainfield Warrenville Yardley Mortisville Fairiess Hills Yardley Kearney North Kamras City Lancaster Lancaster Roanokee Salem 73 73 70 20 62 47 40 55 55 50 53 42 38 40 60 73 28 Percentage of chrysotile asbestos in the felt backing represents the average of three separate bulk samples analyzed by PLM. This represents the average of only two samples; no asbestbs was detected in the third sample. Two of the three samples were assayed to have 95% cbrysotile, while the third sample was assayed at only 30%. -28- oooo I K iU K I: I. D isiriliniioii of Iln u r Mechanic ami Ohscivcr l:x|Hisures in lilic is as Mcrisinctl liy PCM Analysis. oooo I'K iU lU : 2. D isliilxtlio ii of llo o r Mechanic Exposures in l-'ihcfs as Measorctl by PCM Analysis. I I I I >. Q : (9 f n: Ow , Q. O > 3 E 3 o o s< i 35 oz<- oo CO to o o o oo 00 0 4 J3 0 J oo X 1 o 00 -i o o o o O o o 'C CM 6 1 vn CONCLUSIONS 31 VIL CONCLUSIONS As demonstrated in this study, the removal of resilient sheet vinyl floors, when carried out in accordance with the floor industry's Recommended Work Practices, results in airborne fiber levels considerably below the OSHA action level of 0.1-f/cc for asbestos fibers based on an 8-hour TWA and the excursion limit of 1.0 f/cc. According to the OSHA asbestos standard for the construction industry, initial monitoring would not oe required for resilient sheet vinyl floor removal jobs, pursuant to the Recommended Work Practices, if historical data are available that establish that neither the action level of 0.1 f/cc (8-hour TWA) nor the excursion limit of 1.0 f/cc for a 30minute average is expected to be exceeded. Analysis of the airborne fiber concentration monitoring data collected for this study (Chapter VI) clearly meets the OSHA requirements for historical data. The upper bound 95% confidence limit on the individual measurements of exposure to floor mechanics and observers conducted on 17 separate occasions is approximately 0.067 f/cc, which is less than 70% of the action level In addition, it is highly unlikely that any floor mechanic would be exposed near the calculated upper bound 95% confidence limit every working day; therefore, the mean exposure level of approximately 0.027 f/cc is a better representation of the worker exposure. These results are not significantly affected if only, floor mechanic exposure is considered. For 34 worker samples only, the average s TWA is approximately 0.028 f/cc with a 95% upper confidence limit of 0.068 f/cc. Even when conservatively assuming an 8-hour daily exposure period for floor mechanics involved in floor removal activities, pursuant to the Recommended Work Practices, the mean exposure level of approximately 0.048 f/cc is still less than 50% of the action level. Although no samples were taken specifically to examine short-term exposures, the sampling data indicates that the average excursion concentration would be 0.426 f/cc if the entire exposure is conservatively assumed to have occurred within a 30 minute portion of each sampling period. However, it is highly unlikely that any exposures observed occurred *otally within a 30-minute period, and the true excursion concentrations should be well below the values calculated. This results from this study demonstrated, with 95% confidence, that the excursion limit would not be exceeded. -32- Although not directly comparable, side-by-side comparison of PCM and TEM results suggest that only a fraction of the fibers observed via PCM analysis were asbestos. Utilizing a TEM analysis approach that considered all asbestos structures longer than 5 nm with a minimum 3-to-l aspect ratio, regardless of width, overestimated, in many cases, the number of asbestos fibers that would qualify if PCM counting guidelines were employed. Despite this TEM approach, the exposure concentrations observed in PCM analysis still fell well below the action level, and the true mean exposure level for asbestos fibers only would be expected to be lower than the 0.027 f/cc concentration calculated. According to the direction provided by RFCI and Armstrong in their Recommended Work Practices, the removal of existing resilient sheet vinyl floor should only be performed when a new floor cannot be installed over the existing floor. Therefore, the results presented represent conservative estimates of exposure to asbestos fibers for a floor mechanic or observer. Nevertheless, exposures associated with resilient sheet vinyl floor removal still were considerably below both the OSHA action level and excursion limit. The analysis of the results for this study provides historical data to support a determination that floor mechanic and observer exposure to airborne asbestos during removal of resilient sheet-vinyl flooring will not exceed the action level or excursion limit if the Recommended 'Work Practices are followed. Therefore, an employer should be able to rely upon this study in lieu of conducting initial monitoring to comply with the requirements of the OSHA standard when removing resilient sheet vinyl flooring in accordance with the Recommended Work Practices. -33- VIIL APPENDICES -34- APPENDIX A Recommended Work Practices for Resilient Floor Coverings A.1 Resilient Floor Covering Institute (February 1990) A.2 Armstrong World Industries, Inc. (March 1990) Page A-2 A-26 -A-l- APPENDIX A.1 Recommended Work Practices for Resilient Floor Coverings . Resilient Floor Covering Institute (February 1990) -A-2- (FflCNT COVER) agatcgg) wont bmciiczs FOR HE EBPWL CF REsimyr flocr ooverdcs UMBCQC Do Noe Sand, Dry Scrape, BaadbUse or MechanicaLly Pulverise Existing Resilient Flooring, Backing, Or Lining FalC. Thasa Produces May' Contain Asbestos Fibers That Are Hoc Readily Identifiable. Using The Above Non-recowpendad Procedures On Asbestos-containing Material can Create Asbeseos Duse. The Inhalation Of Asbcseos Duse May Cauae Asbaseosls Or Ocher Serious Bodily Hans. Sacking Greatly Increases the Risk Of Serious Bodily Hera. NOTICE Various federal, state and local tjovemTent agendas have regulations covering che removal of ssbescoscontaining material. If you are considering the removal of resilient floor covering that contains, or Is assured to contain, asbestos, you should determine if thsse regulations apply. The RFCI reconsended -orVc practices are designed to comply '..-ith cne federal occupational asbestos permissible ermosure limits. This publication replaces prior editions of these '-vr< practices. Future editions of these '.rk practices may be issued to replace this publication. Issued by RsstUent Floor Covering Inseieuce 966 Huigtrford Drive Suite 12-B Roc'.cville, MD 20850 (301) 360-8580 RBOatBffiED WORK PRACTICES FOR RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS GONIQilS Introduction Reearaeided Work Practices Preparation of Floors General Information ?ieec Vinyl Floor Covering General Information and Preparation Special Precautions Complete tanoval, Peripheral Conclete Removal, Unadhered Complete Removal, Adhered Caiplete Renovml, Underlayment resilient Tile Floor Covering General Information Complete removal of Existing Resilient Til* Floor Covering Conplete Removal Tile and Underlayment Preparation of Adhesive Coated Subfloors } _* MOKttNT ZMRXMAZKM FOR QBIUXERS OF BESZUENT FLOOR OOR/fSQCS Introduction Toe ..wnber eoimanies of the Res11Lent Floor Covering Institute are ranufaccurers of the following forts of ?Sillenc Floor Coverings: 1. Sheet Vinyl 2. Vinyl -Floor Tile '."ails today these products do not contain asbestos. It is possible due it the past some of these products -including asphalt tile, may hav< contained firmly-encapsulated asbestos fibers. In the past decade mucl attention has been focused on th* relationship between exposure c< asbestos fibers and respirator ailments. It has been determined the Inhalation of free airborne esbesco fibers may be injurious to health However, the asbestos fibers contains In the above types of resilient floe coverings ere not free but firm! encapsulated or locked In the produc during the manufacturing process Asbestos contained therein will nc become airborne during the lifetime c die product when these products are use and maintained as recorrended by d ranufsecurer. The Resilient Floor Coverir Institute is providing this booklet c recommended work practices fc installing or removing resilient floor so that you may proceed with this wot Ln a prudent and protected manner. -2- Threre are sever* L general ruLes co toLlow*. 1. Unless bsoLucely positive beyend any dcubc chat Che floor Is a nooasoescos oroducc, assume It contains asbestos'and cr'.-ic It in the . anner prescribed In mis -ainnhlec for a floor containing asbestos. 2. Ic is ^referred co install a new floor over a floor -which contains asbestos recher chan co remove that floor. This can be done by several methods--directly over the existing floor; installing new underlaymenc; or use of leveling compounds following installation procedures recontnendee by the floor covering -nanufaccurer. 3. Removal should be considered the last alternative. 4. Never sand any resiLLent floor or ics backing co remove them from the floor (See Warning). 5. Use a vacuum equioped with a KEPA filcer, disposable dust hag, and metal floor cool (no brush). 6. All sheec removal must be done using determent soiucion. 7. All fele scraoing raise be done -.ec. S. Do roc dry- s-.-een. 9. Material removed must be olaced ir. heavy-duty polyethylene bags ac least & mils thick, prooerly labeled and disposed of in an authorized landfill. -3- SECOMCUZ) uonc PRACTICES PREPARATION OF FLOORS WITH EttSHNS RESILIENT FLOOR OOVERECS TO REmVE NEW RESILIENT FLOOR OOVERQCS Follow the installation instruction: nublisaed by the nanufaccurer of the net floor covering when a new resilient s'.teec -or tile 'floor covering is co t* installed on a surface presently covers with a resilient floor covering. Thesinstructions will ceil you what must t> done co the existing surface before ch new resilient floor covering can b installed. Of the four general procedures lisce below, Items la, b, and c are covered b manufacturers' instructions. Item 2 i covered specifically In this '..'or Practices :ianual.* 1. Resilient Floor Covering Installs Qax . . . (a) The Existing Surface. Folic the nanufaccurer's Lnstruccior for reaving wax, filling in ic spots, etc. Use wet scrubbing Never sand an editing resiLler floor covering. (b) New Underiaysent. Inscal panels on top, of the exiscir surface (wood subfloors onl; end apply new floor coverir directly over this. Follow c: manufacturer's instructions. (c) Leveling Compounds. Follow cl manufacturer's instructions. * In case of minor variations, c manufacturer's instructions shou be followed. 2. Goapletaly Saaswi Bid.icing Resilient Floor Covering (a) Sheet Vinyl--See instructions below: (1) "Complete Removal of Peripherally Adhered Sheec Vinvi Floor Coverings," page 6. ' (2) "Complete Removal of Fully Adhered Sheec Vinyl Floor Covering," cage 11. (b) Tile--See instructions under heading "Complete Removal of an Existing Resilient Tile Floor Covering," page 20. SHEET VBftL FLOOR COVERING Preparation of Floors With Existing Sheec Vinyl Floor Covering to Receive a New Resilient Floor Covering Sheet vinyl floor covering can be installed over existing resilient sheec vinyl floor covering under certain -conditions. Be sure to follow the floor covering manufacturer's instructions regarding the conditions and floor oreoaration reouired. If complete removal of the existing sheet vinyl floor covering is required, the following instructions are co be followed: Sigsplies and Tools (refer Sketch 1.) 1. Broad stiff-bladed wall scraper or floor scraper. s- 2. Utility or hook knife. 3. Tank type wet/dry HEPA (Higr Efflcteney Particulate Air; filter vacuum cleaner wicidisposable dust hag and metal floor tool (no brush). Large size heavy-dut> impermeable trash bags (at leas: 6 mils thick) or cLosec Impermeable containers, wltr ties, capes, or string to tit shut and tags for labeling. 5. Garden sprayer. 6. A liquid dishwashing detergent which is stated to contai: anionic, .nonionic, an. amphoteric surfactants. Th detergent should he mixed wit water to make a dilute solutio (16 oz. of detergent in on gallon of warm water) .* 7. Pressure sensitive labels. S. Ground fault circuit interrupte for connection of HEPA vacu. and any other electrics equipment. WARNING Sketch l. Tools and supplies for sheet removal FREEAMKK: Resilient flooring become slippery when wet with a detergen solution. Use caution to contain th solution in the immediate work are Standing on a new sheet of plywood non-slip surtact while working recomrended. WRONG Sketch 2. Never dry scraoe aclierec areas of floor covering WRONG Skeccn 2. ' ever ssncl nr. 2:<i5flnor cover!rr ?.n:' -over 3cr.r *:r rry scrr.-'? resicual fat WRONG Slcecch 4. .ash hands before eating ano -ic che end of Che work day OmfTE REMOVAL OP PERIPHERALLY ADHERES SWET VINYL FLOOR CCWERDC A. Preparation 1. Move all anpiiances and furniture from che work area. 2. "ienove ail binding serins or ocher restrictive molding frora doorways, walls, ecc. 3. Mix a decergenc solution (16 ounces of the siiecified linuid detergent [See page 5, -=6] co 1 gallon of warn water) and pour into a garden sprayer. 4. Clean che encire floor using a wee/dry vacuin clearer equipped .id! a IJIPA filcracion System and metal floor actac.nn-.enc (no brush). Do Hoc Sweep. WRONG ELECTRICAL SXX HKKKD EXISTS. USE A GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT DUERRJFTER. FOR ANY ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS IN A WET ENvnoteNr. 2. i*ake a cue in che adhered floor covering 4 co 8 Inches wide, oarallel with che walls,, around rne perimeter of cine roccv. C. Starting on either side of che entrance door, pry up cine comer of the first scrip, separating che backing layer. As che scrip is being removed, a constant nisc of che detergent solucion <r.ust be snrayed inco che delarainacion ni: point co minimize any airborne dust particles.* When done properly, an' felc remaining on the floor and at tin* back of che strip wilt &< thoroughly wc. The strip is peelet by pulling upward at an angle tha> permits che best separation or farolling around a core. D. Roll che scrip tightly as it 1 removed. Tie or cane securely an place in a heavy-duty Lmpemeabi Crash bag or closed iapermetul container for disposal. E. It nav be necessary co remove a second scrip following seeps (2, C !;) if che unadhered subfloor are iias noc been exposed. PRECAUTION: Resilienc flooring become slippery when wee with a decergen solucion. Use caution co contain' ch solucion in che imnediace work area Scanding on a new sheet of plywood c non-slip surtace wniie working i recomended. jl. F. Remove all of Che exposed residual felc by wet scraping before proceeding. RESIDUAL FELT MUST BE RQO/SD BY WET SCRAPING; DO NOT SAND OR DRY SCRAPE IN ANY WAY; DO NOT DRY SWEEP; AVOID CREATING OUST. SEE WARNING STATEMENT. Wee Scraping Reslchml Felc 1. T.tonughly -ec the residual felc with che deter-enc solution end ?liow a feu minutes to soak. 2. Sc and on the rer.air.ing floor coverin'*, (roc b"2 felt) and use the stiff-Maded stracer or a floor semper vich a replaceable blade to remove the v.z felt. WARNING Never send or dry scrape resided felc. See Warning Scacenenc. 3. r<e-wec cka folt if the solution has rcc co.-rpletely penetrated, if .-trying occurs or if dry felc is exposed during scraping. Scraps all felt frou this floor area before proceeding further. ?ic't up the semtirps as they are rernvsd fror:. enn floor .me' nlnce In a heavy-duty ir.rt?rr...ble trash ha- or closet! Impermeable container. PRECAUTION: Wee residual felt as above but do roc excessively scak or flood wood floors "with detergent solution. Excessive wear can damage wood floors to the extent Chae new underLaymenc could be required. A floor that r been wet scraped r.usc be allowed dry thoroughly before new resilie flooring is installed. b." Centi~ around, the room conwlete rerwir.g the adhered flooring ale die perimeter, one strip at a ti following steps :* through F. us n remove the flooring in the entranc doonjp.y until all other flooring k bean scv-nieteLy removed. K. Place all flooring scrips and fe scrapings immediately while wee in die recommended crash bags. Clo full bags tightly and seal secure for disposal. Identify with a labi staclng, "Caution--Concair Asbestos. Avoid opening or break!: bag or container. Breathir asbestos may cause serious' bodi'. harm. Dispose of in an apnrovt landfill only.'** 1. Vacuum up any residue of wet fe! scrapings L.r.dLately with a vet/ct vacuum equipped :.*ich\i ;?A filcer NOTICE Various federal, state, or loca governmental agencies have regulation covering the disposal of asbestos containing material. If you ar considering the removal and disposal o: resilient floor covering chat contain* or is assumed to contain asbestos, voi should determine If these regulations aonlv. The F.FCI recommended worV practices are designed to ccrplv wit! the federal occupational asbesco perrissible exposure limits. -10- and metal floor attachment (no brush). J. Remove che unadhered flooring as detailed in che following seeps. COMPLETE REMOVAL OF SHEET VTNVL FLOORING m UUCHERED AREAS AND FLOORDC INSTALLED loose laid (wrotxjr adhesive) a. ?rs;}?rscion o Itove aLl aooliances and furniture from the work area, o Remove all hindinr serins or ocher restrictive -oldinn iron, doorways, walls, etc. o Rrsoare a decarnenc solution (16 ounces of che snecifiad liquid detergent [See mate 5} to 1 -a 11 on of :arm water) anc! nour into a *arrien snraver. o Clean che entire floor ith a wat/dry vacuus ecuinnec with a VEPA Filtration Svstem and metal floor attachment (no brush). Do .'Joe Sweep. f'.. Start at the end of the room farthest from cne entrance >Jocrvay and tut a serin L to 5 inenes ,.:ide in tne unaciwrec flooring. C. Renove che cue strips while soraying tne rtetcrnenc solucion directly inco the separation nip oolnc.* Do not "PRECAUTION: .Resilint flooring becomes slinocry '-hen wet with a determent solution. Cm caution to contain the solution in che immediate work area. tending on a new sheet of plywood or non-sLip surtace while vorKing is recora enned. -11- stand or kneel on che exposei subfloor during che removal process u. Roll che vet scrip tightly and ci. or cane to secure. Continue workirv couarc: the doorway, cutting eac. scrip and removing it while spravir. tr.2 senaracion nip point witr. * "etarrar.c solucion. Place t.: .strips Ltaeciately inco a heavy-du: impermeable trash, bag or close L;merreable container. Close full bags tightly and seal securely fo disposal. Identify with a iabe staclng, "Caution--Contain 'vsbescos. Avoid opening or breaicin hag or container. Breachih asbestos may cause serious bodil harm. Dispose of in aoorove landfill only. (See NOTICE page 9.)^ E. After removing three strips c flooring, vacuum che exposed floe using a wet/dry vacuun equipped uic a KF.PA filter and metal floe actactaenc (no brush). F. Scams and other adhered areas shoul he removed as they are encouacer? by stripping che wear surface whi*. aoraytng the detergent solucion in: the delamination nip point and wt scraping die residual felt as nrevioiisly described in complet removal of peripherally adnen flooring. G. Continue removing flooring doir only one tiaree-strip area at a cL: until -the-entire .floor has bee conplecely renewed. H. When che whole floor has be completely removed, let it dry and '12- vacuum up any dusc using a vacuum with a KEPA Filtration Syscem and a necai Floor cool (no brush). Stand onLv in vacuumed areas as you oraceed across che floor. Position che vscuirr. cleaner so cnac discharge air does noc blow on the floor heir.-, cleaned. WFWPC Do noc dry sweep; avoid creadng dusc. SEE WARNING STATEMENT. I. Ta'te che vacuum cleaner oucsida and carefully remove che dust hag and olace it In a heavy-duty i;oetmeable crash ba-, cr closed' impermeable cor.calner, 'diich is Labeled as above, for disnosaL. (Sea nags 11 viregraph !).) J. 'fhen che floor is dry, install che new resilient floor covering following manufacturers' Installation recocnendatlons. COMPUTE REMOVAL OF AN EXISTING ADHERED SHEET VINYL FLOOR COVERING v( If complete nrjcvai is required, follow these instructions: WARNING Never Sand an Qdsting Floor Covering A. Preparation 1. .'fcrve all appliances and furniture from the work area. 2. Remove all binding scrips or other restrictive molding from doorways, wails, etc. 3. Prepare a detergent solution (IS oinces of Che soecified detergent -13- [See page 5] to 1 gallon of warm 'ater) and pour into a garcen sprayer. Cl'an the entire Eioor wic/t a wet/dry vaeuun equipped with a :iTA Filtration System and .ratal floor arcachr.*nt (no brusn). Jo hoc Sweep. '.'aivt a series of parallel cuts & to S inches apart, parallel to a wall. C. Start at the end of che roo:. farthest from che encrance door; pry up the comer of che first scrip, separating the hacking layer, m Che scrip is being removed, < constant raise of che decergent solution susc be sprayed into chi delaminaeion nip point to miniraiat any airborne dusc parcicies. (tarn done properly, Che feic remaining a Che Eioor and on che back of chscrip will be thoroughly wet. Th scrip is peeled by pulling upward a an angle chat permits Che bes separation or by roiling around core. WARNING ELECTRICAL StUanOURD EXISTS. US A CROWD FAULT CEROJIT XNIERRUPTE FDR ANY ELECTRICAL COMECTIGNS IN WET ENVIRONMENT. D. Roll che scrip clghciy as it i revved. Tie or cape securely an place In a haavy duty inpemeabl trash bag or closed impermeabi container .for- disposal. . Occasionally, parts of che fo* Inner-layer will remain stuck to t: hacking. This condition can -14- somecLises be eliminated by nulling che scrips loose from cne opposite erd. Peel Che foarc inner-lever from Che floor, while spraying cha {'.ecar^anc solucion into the nelamination rip point. Some resilient floorin'; is not readily s-criepaole ov nary'. .hen these conditions are enceinterec, it r.iv be necessary to employ n s:\an, stiff ^lade scraper to assist cleavage of the wearlayer from feLt (distance between cuts" ir. wearlayer should be narrower, 3" to 5" vh.de). NOTE: An^ardless of '.hich one c; the previously nencioned ngcnocs is used for stripping the wear surtace, the* cfecertenc solution :-^sc oe snraven tncb tne ceiamination, nia point to* ranl.rj.ze any airpome oust particles. F. Repeat the wetting and removal orocess on the next two scrips, placing chem immedlacely into Che recommenced trash bags or containers for disposal. v NOTE: During cne stripping orocess, do noc stand or walk on the exposed fclc. G. After removing chree scrips of che wear surface, che remaining residual felc muse be removed by wee scraping before proceeding. WA8MINC RESIDUAL FELT MUST" BE ROWED BY WET SCRAPDC; DO NOT SAND OR CRY SCRAPE IN ANY WAY; DO NOT CRY SWEEP; AVOID CREATING DUST. SEE WARNING STATEMENT. -15- H. Wet Scraping Residual Felc 1. Thoroughly wee the residual al: ich che detergent solution. Avoid excessive wetting o: standing water. Wait a fe'.vanuces to allow che solution c. soak into the felc. 2. Stand on che remaining floo -covering (noc che felt) and us the sciff-biaded scraper or floor scraper with a replaceabi blade eo remove che wet felc. WARNING Never sand or dry scrape residua felc. See Warning Stacenmc. 3. l (e-wee che felt if che solucic has not completely penecr3tec if drying occurs or if dry fei is exposed during scraoir.: Scrape all feLt from this floe area before oroceeding furthei Pick up che scrapings as tne are removed from che floor ar place in a heavy-du: L'lpermeable crash bag or close inpemeable container. PRECAUTION: Wet residual fe as above out do not excessive soak or flood wood floors wi detergent solution. Excess! water can damage wood floors che excenc chat ne underlaynent could be recuire A floor chat has been wi scraped must be allowed to d thoroughly before new resilie flooring is Installed. 4. After removing che chree scri of flooring vacuurt the exposec 16- floor usin* * wee/dry vacum equipped with a HEPA fileer and mecal floor attachment (no brush). Senear the ooeration (weccira che delvinncton nip point '.title removtr.i the nxt three serins, then wet scrape the residual fait then vacuum the 'cxnosrr floor). Do only one thrse-strio area at a time until the entire floor has been completely removed. WARNING OBCIRICAL SMXJTWARD HOSTS. USE A GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT ZNIERRUPTES FDR ANT ELECTRICAL OCTMEOTCNS IN A WET Euvnowifr. Place all flooring scrips and felt scranings irradiatelv while wet into Che recor.nended crash ha;;*. Close full bags tightly and seal iacv.rely for disposal. Identify vlth 2 libel stating, "Caution--Cent.* ins AshocCos. Avoid nn-tnin'* nr hna-d.'''' `v*** or container, '.nachvr* -isbeFtes ~.iv taus? scricus Soc`Uw '-arr.. Dispose i.n an smroved landfill only." <Sea. 'DT1CS page 9.) WAHNDC Do Not Dry Sweep; Avoid Creating Dust. See Warning Statement. '..'hen che vhole floor has been cor.nlecely removed, let it dry and vacuum up any dirt using a vacuum with a AEPA Filtration System and a metal floor attachment (no brush). Stand onLy in vacuumed area as you proceed across Che floor. Position che vacuum cleaner so che discharge -17- air does not blow on che floor being cleaned. L. Take che vacuum cleaner outside and carefully remove che dust bag anc place it in a heavy-duty impermeable troth bat cr closed impermeable container for disoosaL, which is labeled as above. Chen che floor is dry, it is ready cc have a new resilient floor covering installed. Follow che floor covering manufacturer's instructions. OXPLEIE REMOVAL OF THIN WC)0D INDERLAttCNT COVERED WITH EXISTING SHEET VBOL RESILIENT FLOORING T.ie removal of resilient flooring over 'ood subfloors using che we* strippini/wet scraping ..echod may not o oractical in cases vbere nulciple layer of floor covering are present, wher non-reconniended underlaynents were used or -here die flooring was made with heavy foam backing. As an alternative the wood underlaymenc can be remove with the flooring adhered to it Following are che details. A. Preparation 0 ilove all appliances ar. furniture from the work area, o Remove all binding scrips c ocher restrictive molding crc doorways, walls, etc. o Prepare a detergent solution (l ounces of che specified lirui ' detergent, .[See page 5) to .gallon of warn 'inter) and pou into a garden sprayer, o Clean the entire floor with a -18- wec/dry vacuus eruioped with a !E?A Filtration System and nec.il floor tool (no brush). 3. Locace the joints of the underiayrenc naneL farthest fror.i tne entrance door. C. Cut a serin or the flooring - cc i' inches wide centered ever v.c underlaymenr joint in c.-.e vjial being removedI D. Pry un the corner of cha serin separating the baching inyr. As t!'.e serin is beinn ram^ac!, a constant :::isc nf the detergent solution "use bs snryari into the del.vru.nac Lon nip -cine to "iririze any airborne dust nnrticlns. '.hen done properly, any felt remaining on the floor and on the hack of the serin will be thoroughly vc. Tne strio is peeled by nulling upward at an angle that permits the best separation or by rolling around a core. PRECAUTION: Resilient floorin/; becomes slippery wnen '.`ec with a detergent solution. Cse caution to contain the solution in the (.mediate worT: area. Stand. Lr-. m a ne" sheet of olvwood or non-sli.n surtace vrule wonting is recormencied. E. Roll the scrip cighcly as it is removed. Tie or tape securely and place in a h23vy-du:y impermeable trash tag or closed impermeable container for disposal, which is labeled "Caution--Contains Asbestos. Avoid opening or breaking bag or container. Breaching asbestos may cause serious bodily harm. Dispose -19- * of in an approved landfill only;" MARKING RESIDUAL FELT fUSTTE REMOVED BY WE SCRAPING; DO NOT SAND OR DRY SCRAPE ] ANY WAY; DO NOT DRY SWEEP; AVOI CREATING DUST. SEE WARNING STATEMENT. 1*. ".v.iove ail or tne ar-^osed residue fait by :et scraping beior srocacding. Wee Scraping Residual Felt 1. Thoroughly wet the residual fe) with the decergent solution a: allow a few minutes to soak. 2. Stand on the remaining floe covering (not the felt) and use che sciff-biaded scraper or a floor scraper with a replaceab) blade to remove che wet felt. WARNING Never sand or dry scrape residual el< See Warning Statewmc 2. Re-wet che felt if che soiutic has not completely penetrates if drying occurs or if cry ue is e:oosec during scraoin* Scrape all felt iron mis lo< area before proceeding rurme Pick up che scrapings as cn. are removed from che floor aplace in a heavy-due impermeable crash bag or clos impermeable container. U. Continue aromd che underlayme panel, completely removing t adhered flooring over t. joints. 20- 5. Place all flooring scrips and felc scrapings itaaediaceLy while wee into che rrsomended crash bags. Close full bags cighcLy and sail securely for disoosal. I::2r.cify wich a ' label seating, "Caucian--Concains Asbestos. Avoid -n-ning or breaking bag or concalner. Breaching asbestos may cause serious bodily ham. Dispose in an approved landfill only." (See :TXCS page 9.) 6. Vacuum c`*.e arresed floor area using a vet/dry vacuus equipped ::ich a !!F?A filter arid mecaL floor accichmenc .(no brush). Drive a cold chisel usini a hasmer or "*iLlat into che ioinc ac a comer of the oanel. h:ou use che cnisel to cry the panel up far enough to insert a ory bar. Continue working around che panel, lifting all edges slowly. Use one or two nry bars Co pry up Che underlaynenc terse1 a little at a Cine until che panel is coaolcceiy loose and cm be removed. Every ottemc snould be made co remove che panel in one niece. H. If che inderLaynenc nanel breaks, cue the resilient flooring ac the break and spray che detergent solution onto the CMnosed felt. Allow che solucion co penecrace for a tew minuces, Chen continue lifting che broken unrterlayiTcnc. wamc ELECTRICAL SHOCK UQ3US3 EXISTS. USE A GROUND FAULT CTROJIT INTERRUPTED FOR ANY ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS IN A WET ENVCmcn'. -21- I. Remove each underlaymenc panel or piece from' che work area as it is lifted co avoid injury. Wear neav\ gloves wien handling removed panels'. Be very careful of wood splinters ant protruding fasteners. Flaccen cn* fasteners with a hanr.wr and stack. che pane Is hac.c to back on pallets or place in dixpscer. Identify panels with a label scacing, "Caution-- Concains asbescos. Avoid breaking panels. Breaching asbescos may cause serious bodily harm. Dispose of Lr an approved landfill only." Place any small wood or flooring scraps it a heavy-duxy inpermasble crash bag o: closed impermeable concalner o: disposal. Identify all of ch< concalners and bags wich a labe. seating, "Caution--Contains Asbestos Avoid opening or breaking bag o container. Breaching asbescos me cause serious bodily harm. Dispose of in an approved Landfill only." J. If che underlaymenc extends unde cabinets or wall partitions, ic wil be necessary co cue chrougn ch flooring wich' a knife as close co ch vertical surface as possible, deepL scoring (die panel. This should alio removal. K. After each panel has been lifted nr. rawed from che work area, null any remaining nails or fasteners i Che subfloor. L. Continue removing each underlayner. panel following seeps C through K. >'.. Uhen che underlaymenc/resilien flooring removaL is completed prepare che subfloor following manufacturer's installation recommendations. RESILIENT TILE FLOOR GOVQtZMC Preparation of Floor* inch Existing Resilient Hies to Receive New Resilient Floor Covering Some resilient floor coverings can be installed over easting resilient ciletnscallaclons. Follow the installation instructions published by the manufacturer of the new floor covering when a.new resilient floor covering is to be Installed on a surface presently covered with a resilient floor covering. These instructions will ceil you what must be done to the existing surface before the new resilient floor covering can be installed. wrong Never Smd an Easting tile Installation (sac Sketch 4) Complete Removal of Existing Resilient Tile Floor Covering Stgg>lies and Tools (refer Sketch 14} 1. Sharp stiff blade floor scraper. 2. Weighted scraper with long handle. 3. Safety glasses. 4. Hammer 5. Hoc air gun. 6. Wet/dry vacua with a HEPA Filtration System and metal floor attachment (no brush). 7. Heavy-duty, impermeable, plastic 8. 9. 10. 11. crash bags with Hrintmm 6 mil wall thickness. Cardan sprayer. A liquid dishwashing detergent which is stated to contain anionic nonlonlc, and amphoteri; surfactants. The detergent should be mixed with wacer to make dilute solution (1 oz. of decergen to' one gallon of water). Pressure-sensitive labels 3" x S or larger. Ground fault circuit interrupce for connection of HEPA vacuum an any ocher electrical equipment. Whenever possible, existing tile floor should be left in place and the ne floor adhered directly to the til following manufacturer's directions. Occasionally, there la no alternate except to move Che tile*, curling, poc bond and breakage are cannon reason If removal is unavoidable, considerable nusc also be given to subfloors coat< with asphalt tile adhesive. Tt following procedures address ct recommended work practice for removal < floor tile and preparation of adhesivcoated floors. Removal Procedure A.Preparation 1. Move all appliances at furniture from the work area. 2. Remove all binding scrips or ocher restrictive molding fro doorways, wells, etc. 3. It is also suggested chat t entire floor be cleaned with wet/dry vacua equipped with HEPA Filtration System and metal floor attachment (no -24- brush). Oo NoC Sweep. B. Those irui normally exposed co heavy fooc traffic patterns usually have tiles adhered Che tightest. As a mates? of good practice in starting the tile removal, chose sections which receive the least traffic should be the locations selected for starting the removal of the tile. Since tiles are normally in a 9" x 9" or 12" x 12" dimension, it should be the goal co remove individual tiles as a conplete unit although breakage of sane tiles is unavoidable. C. Start the removal by carefully wedging the wall scraper In ehe seam of two adjoining tiles and gradually forcing the edge of one of the tiles up and away from the floor. Continue co force the balance of the tile up by working the scraper beneath the tile and exerting both a forward pressure and a twisting action on the blade to promote release of the tile from the adhesive and the floor. 0. When the first tile is removed, place it, without breaking it further into smeller pieces, - In a heavy-duty inpermeable crash bag or closed impermeable container which will be used for disposal. E. With the removal of the first tile accessibility of ehe other tile is improved. Force ehe well scraper under the exposed edge of another tile and continue to exarc a prying twisting forca to the scraper as it Is moved under the tile until the tile releases from the floor. Again, dispose of the tile, and succeeding 25- tiles, by placing in the heavy-<fcjc bag or closed container wichou addltlcxial breaking. F. Some tiles will release quit easily while others require varyir degrees of force. Where ch adhesive is spread heavily or 1 quite hard, it may prove easier t force, the scraper through tt . tightly adhered areas by scrlklt the scraper handle with a hamra using blows of moderate force whi! maintaining ehe scraper at a 25 t 30 angle to tine floor. Courtnn: Use safety goggles. G. If soma areas are encountered whe even the technique detailed in t previous paragraph proves to lnadtquats, the removal procedi can be simplified by thorough heating the cile(s) with a hot a blcwer until Che heat penecrac through the tile and softens t adhesive. MOTE: Handle the hoe air blowe tiles and adhesl carefully to avoid persor burns. NOTE: Do not handle the heat tiles and adhesive withe suitable glove protect: for the hsss. H. As small areas of subfloor a cleared of tile, the adhesl remaining on Che floor must created, the degree of treatrrr for residual "cut-back11 adhesive dependant upon the type of t resilient floor covering meterla -26- co be installed end the type of subfloor. See peg* 32 Preparation of Adtaaiv* Coated Subfloor for special recomnendaclORS. * If nev resilient floor tile is to be installed over a concrete subfloor using an asphaltic adhesive, the residual asphaltic "cut-back" adhesive must be left so chat no ridges or puddles are evident and what remains Is a chin, smooch film. Wet Scraping Residual Adhesive (1) Start in the comer of the room farthest from the entrance door and moisten an area approximately 3' x 10* with water mixed with the specified liquid dishwashing detergent (1 oz. specified liquid dishwashing detergent to one gallon of water) to aid in wetting Che adhesive. Wet scrape with a. sclff-bladed wall or floor scraper removing ridges and any Loose adhesive. (2) . PLace Loosened adhesive residues into a heavy-duty Impermeable crash bag or ocher irpemeable container and seal with ties, tape or string and label "Caution--Contains Asbestos. Avoid opening or breaking container. Breaching asbestos is hazardous to your, health. Dispose in an approved landflLL only." (3) Wet vacuum standing water with HEPA wet/dry vacuum. -27- (6) Continue steps (1) through (2 until vhat remains of the residual asphaltic "cut-back adhesive is a chin, smoot film. I. As indicated in- previou paragraphs, tiles should be place immediately in a heavy-due Impermeable crash bag or close impermeable container. Do nc attempt to break tiles furchc after they are in the beg. J. When all tiles and adhesive resid have been ramoved from the fkx and placed in heavy-due polyethylene bags at least 6 mi chick or closed containers, se. the begs secureLy for disposal k label: "Caution--Contali Asbestos. Avoid opening breaking bag or concalne Breaching asbestos may cau serious bodily ham. Dispose in approved landfill only." K. Vacuum up any dirt in the ar using a vacuum equipped with a HE filter and metal floor attach* (no brush). 1. After vacuuming, used HEPA filce and cleaner bags should be reraov according to manufacturer instructions and placed in a hea\ duty impermeable crash bag with Label stating "Caution--Contai Asbestos. Avoid opening breaking container. Breach! asbestos is hazardous to yc health. Dispose in an appro' landfill only." Close and seal crash begs securely for disposal j -28- Removal of Thin Hood Underlaysnt Governed with Bdscing TU Supplies and Tools 1. ChiMl. 2. Hammer or tnellee. 3. Short- and long-handled pry bars. 4. Heavy gloves. . 5. Sharp sclff-blade floor scraper. 6. Weighted scraper with long handle. 7. Safety glasses. 8. Hamer. 9. Hoc air gun. 10. Wet/dry vaoun with a HEPA Filtration System and metal floor attachment (no brush). 11. Heavy-duty. Impermeable, plastic crash bags with minion 6 mil wall thickness. 12. Pressure-sensitive labels 3" x 5" or larger. 13. Ground fault circuit lncerrvpter for connection of HEPA vacuun and any ocher electrical equipment. Removal Procedure A. Preparation 1. Move all appliances and furniture from the work area. 2. Remove any binding scrips or other restrictive molding from doorways, walls, etc. 3. It Is also suggested chat the entire floor be cleaned with a wet/dry vacuun equipped with a HEPA Filtration System and a metal floor attachment (no \ brush). Do Not Sweep. B. Starting at cha doorway or a floor ventilation vane, locate a Joint in _ an underlaywne board. -29- C. Start the removal by carefully. ' wedging the well scraper in the seam of two adjoining tiles and gradually forcing the edge of one of the tiles up end away from the floor. Continue to force the balance of the tile tp by working the scraper beneath the tile and exerting both a forward pressure and a .twisting action on the blade to promote reLease of the tile free Che adhesive and the floor. Continue to move tile in this manner, at all Joints, well all board Joints are exposed. D. When the first tile is removed place it, without breaking it further into smaller pieces, in ; heavy-duty impermeable trash bag o: closed impermeable container whLe) will be used for disposal. E. With the removal of the fine til accessibility of Che other eile i Improved. Foret ehe wall scrape under the exposed edge of another tile and continue to exert a pryin . twisting force Co the scraper a it is moved wder the tile wtl ehe tile releases from the floor Again, dispose of the tile, ar succeeding tiles, by placing in eh haavy-duty bag or closed contains without additional breaking. F. Soma tiles will release quit easily while others requirt varyin. degrees of force. Where th adhesive is spread heavily or 1 quite hard, it may prove easier t force cha scraper through ct tightly adhered areas by strikii cha scraper handle with a hanmer -30- using blows of moderate fores while . maintaining ehs scraper e s 23 co 30 angle co ehe floor. Caution: Use safety goggles. G. If some areas are encountered where even the technique detailed In the previous paragraph proves co be inadequate, the removal procedure can be siapLified by thoroughly heating the clle(s) with a hoc air blower until the heat penetrates through the tile and softens the adhesive. NOTE: Handle the hoc air blower, tiles and adhesive carefully to avoid personal bums. NOTE: Do not handla cha heated tiles and adhesive without suitable glove protection for the hands. H. After all the tiles have been removed from the underlaymenc Joints, drive's chisel, using a hammer or a mallet, between the underlaymenc board and the subfloor. Use Che chisel to pry up the underlaymenc enough to insert a pry bar and remove the chisel. Slowly and carefully use pry bars to pry up the undcrlayment board a little at a time until the boerd is completely loose and can be removed. I. Caution must be used to avoid breaking the underlaymenc board. The underlaymenc board should be removed in one piece. If the underlaymenc board breaks, heat and cut the tile at the break, then continue to remove broken underlaymenc. J. Wear heavy gloves and be very careful of wood splinters and fasteners sticking out of the back of Che underlaymenc. Each underlaymenc -31' 4 te board (or piece of board) should ' removed from the work area as soc as it has been pried up to avo: injuries (such as stepping on a nail). Fasteners protruding from removed board should be flatten with a hammer. Place remove underlaymenc boards on skids wl* the nails pointing downward. Wr; skid with 6 mil polyathyler plastic sheeting and secure wl duct tape. Identify with a labstating "Caution--Conceit Asbestos. Avoid opening < breaking container. Breachi: , asbestos may cause serious bodi ' harm. Dispose in an approved landfill only." K. After each board has bean remove pull out any nails or fascene still in cha subfloor. Dispose these and any other nails fasteners which have been rernou but are still lying in the wc area. L. A chisel is not needed co start t removal of boards after the fix board has been removed. Sint work Che pry bar under Che expo: edge of the next boerd. M. VAvn removal of Che underiaymet existing die floor is coraplet thoroughly check the expos subfloor. Renall loose areas i reset any "popped" nails fastaners. N. Vacuum up any dirt in the a: using the vacuun cleaner equip with the HEPA filter and met floor attachment (no brush). -32- 0. After the underlaymenc Is completely removed, install tha new underlaymenc and/or floor covering according to tha manufacturer's installation instructions* PRZ7ABAIXCM GF AEHESIVE 'cc*ro> SUBFUOS The degree to which residual asphalt adhesive has to be remaned depends on the new flooring material which is being Installed. Generally installation or Vinyl Composition Tile requires only the wet removal of adhesive ridges, excess adhesive, and loose adhesive residues. (See page 25, paragraph H.) Installation of sheet flooring and specialty tiles requiring latex, resin, or epoxy adhesives will require that the residual asphaltic adhesive be essentially completely removed. Warning Regarding Complete Adhesive Removal: Some Solvent Baaed 'gut Back" Asphaltic Actmsives Hay Contain Aebeeto# Fibers That Are Not Readily Identifiable. Do Not Use Power Devices Which Crests Asbestos Dust in Removing These Adhesives. The Inhalation Of Asbestos Dust Hey Cause Asbestoais Or Other Serious Bodily Harm. Stacking Greatly nIns--xcB--reeases The Risk Of Serious Bodily I. Recommended Method for Preparing Concrete Subflaon Oneted with CueBeck or Etaiiaian Hie Admslve Unless absolutely positive beyond any doubt that the adhesive Is s nonasbeseos produce, assuoe it contains -33- asbestos and treat it in the marme prescribed in this pmqphlet for cut-beck or mtulsion tile adhesiv containing asbestos. A. Trowelable Underlaynanc Cover dm adhesive residue wit trowelable underiaymen following the manufacturer' recommended epplicatio procedures. (Reccwnended fc residential use only.) B. Self-Leveling Cement!clou Underlaymenc Follow manufacturer's recommendations for use c these types of underlaymencs ; a covering for admslvs coate concrete. (DIE: All warranties and recommendations as to ct suitability and performance o these products are ct responsibility of ct manufacturer of ct underlaymenc. C. Admslve Removers The Resilient Floor Covert Inedtxxm doae not ternwnd approve the use of the prodeta. There are s nunt of coomercial adhesive remove on the market that wl properly remove cut-beck emulsion adhesive residue fr s subfloor', however, Chars a concerns that chess produc may adversely effect the n adhesive and new flo< covering. -34- D. Wat FaroovaL Supplies and Tbola 1. Broad stiff-bladed wall or floor scrapers, a 4-inch wide blade with handle is reconnended. 2. So. 1 sandblasting sand (clean, sharp, course cutting sand). 3. Terra220 or low speed floor machine fitted with a floor plate attachment (Clark Assy. 500212-6). 4. Hand-held rubbing stones. 5. Wet/dry tank-type vacuus cleaner equipped with a High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEFA) filter and necal floor attachment (no brush). 6. Heavy-duty polyethylene bags at least 6 mils chick, tape or ties, and labels. 7. Slip-resistant shoes or rubber heels. 8. Ground fault circuit interrupter for electrical connection of the )?A vacuum and any other eLectrical connections required. 9. Garden sprayer. 10. A liquid dishwashing detergent which is stated to contain anionic, nonionic, and amphoteric surfactants. The detergent should be mi.mart with water to make a dilute solution (1 oz. of licnjid In ant gallon of water). 35- 1. Start in the coiner of the room farthest from eh< entrance door and roister an area of the adhesive approximately 3* x 10' wit) water mixed with ilqulc dishwashing dstergsnc (tc sid in wetting the adhesive). Wet scrape wit) a stlff-bladed wall ofloor scrapar removin ridges and any loos adhesives,, until only thin smooth film mains. 2. Place loosened adheslv tesldies into a heevy-dut Impermeable trash bag o other Impermeable containe and seal with ties, tape c string and label "CsutionContains Aabestoe. Avot opening or breaking bag c container. Breathln asbestos smy cause bodll harm. Dispose in approved landfill only." 3. Wet vacua standing water with HEPA wet/dry vacua. 4. Continue steps 1 through I until entire ares is u* scraped. 5. Place cutting sand into container (enough to cove an approximate 6* x ( area), add water mixed wit liquid detsrgnc (1 oz. oi the specified deterger {See page 33] to one gallt of water)., to the sand r dampen (20 lbs. of sand i 1/2 gallon of solution). 6. Place send over e 6' x area and wet move the 4?^ -36- exiscing adhesive residue using a carrazzo floor nachina. Kaap sand under rubbing seones when operating the machine. The sand and the subfloor ausC STcontinuously-Kept wee. 7. occasionally pusft away cutting sand fzon che subfLoor with a wall or floor scraper to check for earpiece renewal. 8. Adhesive around Che edge of che room and areas chac were missed can be removed with dampened, clean, sharp cueelng sand and a hand held rubbing scone. 9. Use scrape sand into a pile using a sdff-bladed floor or wall scraper and place sand and adhesive residue in a heavy-duty inpcnneable container, seal with dee or cape end label "Ceudon- Concalns Aabeatoe. Avoid opening or breaking beg or container. Breaching *:,_ asbescos may cause bodily hem. Dispose in an approved Undflll only." 10. Rinse arse with clear, clean waccr using che hand sprayer. '11. Uec vacuus standing water vich a vac/dry vacuum equipped with e HEPA filcer and mecal floor accadnenc (no brush). .r 12. Continue seepa 1 through 8 unci l che aneire room is couplets. 13. Allow subfloor to dry end vacua up any remaining -37- dlrt or sand using a vacuu equipped with e HEPA filcer an mscal floor cool (no brush). Electrical Shock Hazard Exist* Use A Ground Fault Clreul Interrupter For Any Electric* Connect!one In A Uec bwinxM*. XI Hoad Suhfjnom Gaaced with Qst-te A. TnweLeble Underleynatnc Cover Che adhesive residue wit eroweleble underleymanc following manufacturer recommended appilcatlc procedures. (Reconmnded f residential use only). B. Wood Panel Undsrlaysame* Normally it will not necessary to remove che c tile when installing n underleymanc over a sing Layer of die. However, if t tile must be removed, c tackiness of the adhesive tm be "dried-up" before InscalLl new underlsymant. This can done by spreading a layer powder from lacex pacchi compound (either type) a vacuuming up the exces Another method is to place layer of asphalt securecpattern scribing felt or two Layers of newspaper over the tacky adhesive residue * See manufacturers* recoamendatlotu for approved underlsynent types. 1 -38- bafort eh* underlaymanc 1$ installed. If Che old adheaiva It not "dried-up" before che underlaymanc is insetlied, there Is che possibility that t "cricking" sound will be heard when the new floor is walked on, creating an unsatisfactory condition. This occurs because the underlaymens is pressed into the tacky adhesive by foot traffic. Mien che pressure is reLeased, che underLaymenc sticks momentarily and then springs from the tacky adhesive, creating a "cricking" noise. C. Removal of Adhesive Coated Underlaymenc Panels If removal of the existing inderlaymenc panels is necessary follow che procedure outlined under "Complete Removal of Thin Wood Underlayment Covered with Existing Resilient Flooring" steps G - M (pages 19 - 21). HMKDC Do Not Sail, Dry Scrape, Baadblast ( Mechanically Pulverize Existlr Resilient Flooring, Backing Or Ui&i Felt. These Produeta May Cental Aabestos Fibers That An Not Rsadll Zdantlflabla. Using tha Above Ha rtcaomtndad Procedures On Asbestot Containing Mstarlal On Create Asbeso Dust. The Inhalation Of Asbestos Du May Cause Asbestosis Or fthw Scrla Bodily Hass. Smoking Qteetly Irena* Tha Risk of Serloua Bodily Hnm. (BACK COVER) Issued By Resilient Floor Covering Institute 966 Huigerford Drive, Suite 12B Rockville, MD 20850 (301) 340-8580 February 1990 This nublication replaces prior editions of these wort: oracttces. Future editions of these work practices .-ay be issued to raslace this publication. H. RFCI-WP-1980 Revised 1987 Revised 1990 APPENDIX 2 Recommended Work Practices for Resilient Floor Coverings Armstrong World Industries, Inc. (Karch 1990) mstrong C imo tmmnn) wm tam tnc AWARNING ASBESTOS- CONTAINING RESILIENT FLOOR COVERING MATERIALS DO NOT SAND EXISTING RESILIENT FLOOR TILE AND SHEET FLOOR ING, BACKING. OR LINING FELT. THESE PRODUCTS MAY CONTAIN ASBESTOS FIBERS THAT ARE NOT REAOILY IDENTIFIABLE. AVOIO CREATING DUST. INHALATION OF ASBESTOS OUST MAY CAUSE ASBESTOSIS OR OTHER SERIOUS BOOILY HARM. SMOKING GREATLY INCREASES THE RISK OF SERIOUS BOOILY HARM. AWARNING ASBESTOSCONTAINING ASPHALTIC `'CUTBACK" ADHESIVE SOME IN-PLACE ASPHALTIC ADHESIVES MAY CONTAIN ASBESTOS FIBERS THAT ARE NOT READILY IDENTIFIABLE. IN THE REMOVAL OF ASPHALTIC "CUTBACK" ADHESIVES. DO NOT USE POWER DEVICES WHICH CAN CREATE DUST. THE INHALATION OF ASBESTOS DUST MAY CAUSE ASBESTOSIS OR OTHER SERIOUS BOOILY HARM. SMOKING GREATLY INCREASES THE RISK OF SERIOUS BOOILY HARM. ASSUME THAT ALL IN-PLACE ASPHALTIC "CUTBACK" ADHESIVES CONTAIN ASBESTOS. NOTICE: Regulations Affecting the Removal of Existing Resilient Floor Covering Structures various government agencies have regulations governing the removal of in-place asbestos-containing material. If you contemplate the removal of a resilient floor covering structure that contains (or is assumed to contain) asbestos, you should determine whether such regulations apply. THIS EDITION OF THE RECOM MENDED WORK PRACTICES, F-2622-390J SUPERCEDES ALL OTHERS. ALL PREVIOUS EDITIONS ARE NOW OBSOLETE. 2 Important information for installers of resilient floor coverings What Ybu Should Know About Existing Resilient Floor Covering Structures VinyfesbMtos tile and asphalt tile contain asbestos fibers, as did some asphaltic "cut back" adhesives and the backings ol many sheet vmyf floorings and fining felts. The presence ol the asbestos m these products is not readily identifiable. Unless absolutely positive beyond any doubt that tha product is a nonasbestos-containmg material, always assume it does contain asbestos. Armstrong's Recommended Work Practices are a defined set of instructions addressed to J the task of removing ail resilient floor cover ing structures whether or not they contain asbestos. When Armstrong s Recommended Work Practices are followed, resilient floor covering structures that contain (or are assumed to contain) asbestos can be removed in a manner that will comply with the current OSHA Occupational Exposure to Aabestos Standard's Permissible Exposure limits (PEL). Numerous products, devices and techniques have been recently introduced and/or recom mended for the removal of resilient floor covering structures. Armstrong is only able to endorse its own Recommended Work Prac tices. Before you use any other practice tor the removal of an in-place resilient floor covermg product that contains (or is assumed to contain) asbestos, you should determine if the practice meets all applicable regulations or standards including those of the Occupa tions! Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for Occupational Exposure to Asbestos and that the matenai will be compatible with the new floor covering to be installed. Recommended Work Practices for Removal of Resilient Floor Coverings TABLE OP CONTENTS_________________ 1. ALTERNATIVES TO REMOVAL OF EXISTING RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS - p.S_____________ installing resident door covering over existing resilient Moor covering ........................... p.'5 Uu oI embossing leveler....... p. 6 Installing resWient floor covering over new underlaymem......... p. 6 2 REMOVAL OF RESILIENT SHEET e FLOORING p. __________ Supplies and tools................ p. 6 Removal procedure, fully adhered resilient meet flooring p. 7 Removal procedure, unadhered (loose-lay) or peripherally adhered resilient sheet flooring ................................ p. 11 3 REMOVAL OF RESILIENT TILE pll_______________________ Supplies and tools................ p. 13 Removal procedure .............. p. 14 4 REMOVAL OF RESIDUAL a ADHESIVE - p. 17-. Recommendations for the treatment ot residual aspnaioc "cutback" adhesive .............. Supplies and tools................ Wet-scnptng residual adhesive Removal of residual adhesive . p. 17 p. 20 p. 21 p. 21 C COMPLETE REMOVAL OF WOOD UNDERLAYMENT - pi 23 Supplies and tools *.............. p. 23 llndertayment removal procedure............................. p. 24 4 ALTERNATIVES TO REMOVAL OF le EXISTING RESILIENT FLOOR COVERINGS Removal of the existing resilient floor is me final alternative (see note oeiow). Armstrong recommenas that whenever possible you leave the existing resilient floor covenng in place and go over the top with your new flood Note: Alternatives to the removal of an exwing resilient floor over approved subfloors are: (1) Installing dtreetty over a single layer of approved existing resilient floonng. (2) Filling the embossing of the existing resilient floonng witn S-188 Embossing Leveier before installation (residential products only). (3) Covering existing resilient floonng on an approved suspended wood subftoor with a recommended wood unoertaymenL Contact your local Armstrong dealer tor our recommendations or consult Armstrong's brochure F-S061. "Armstrong Engineered In stallation System." installing resilient floor covering over existing resilient floor covering Whan you plan to install a new resilient sheet or tile floor covering over an existing resilient floor covering, follow the installation instruc tions published by the manufacturer. Those instructions will tell you what must be done to the existing surface before the new resilient floor covering can be installed. Remove wax by wet stopping only. AWARNiNG NEVER SAND AN EXISTING RESILIENT FLOOR COVERING. SEE WARNINGS ON PAGE ONE.  Use of embossing leveier When you use Armstrong's S-18B Embossing leveier to fill the embossing of the existing resilient flooring, follow the Armstrong recom mendations found in brochure F-5061. "Armstrong Engineered Installation System." installing resilient floor covering over new underiayment When you install a new tloor covering over new underiayment. follow the Armstrong recommendations found in brochure F-5061. "Armstrong Engineered Installation System." 2 REMOVAL OF REStUENT SHEET FLOORING A WARNING DO NOT SAND EXISTING RESILIENT TILE AND SHEET FLOORING. BACKING. OR LINING FELT. SEE WARNINGS ON PAGE ONE. Supplies and tools 1. Stiff-Waded wall or floor scraper. 2. Utility or hook knife. 3. Tank-type High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) wet/dry vacuum cleaner with asoosabta dust bag and metal floor tool (no brush). 4. Hand sprayer or spnnkitng can. & A liquid 5. Large-size heavy-duty'im permeable trash' bags (or closed impermeable containers) with ties. tape, or string to tie the bags shut, and tags for labeling. dtshwasnmg aetergent wmch is stated to con tain anionic nonionic and ampnotenc sur factant. Mix this specified liquid dishwasnmg detergent with water to ma a dilute solution (16 oz. specified liquid dishwasnmg 7. Ground fault circuit inter- detergent in one gallon of water). rupter tor elec trical connection of the HEPA vacuum and any other electrical connections required. Removal procedure, fully adhered resilient sheet flooring awarning" NEVER SAND AN EXISTING FLOOR COVERING OR FELT BACKING. SEE WARNINGS ON PAGE ONE. a. Remove any binding stnps or other restric tive moldings from doorways, walls, etc b. Prepare the specified liquid dishwasnmg detergent solution (16 oz. of specified liquid dishwashing detergent to one gallon of water) and pour into a hand sprayer or spnnklmg can. .. c Clean the entire floor with the HEPA vacuum cleaner using the metal floor toot, d. Make a senes of parallel cuts 4* to 8" apart througn the top layer of the floonng and aoout halfway through the backing, panilet to the wall, for the enure floor. IACAUTION I RESILIENT FLOORING BECOMES SLIPPERY WHEN WET WITH THE SPECIFIED LIQUID DISHWASHING DETERGENT SOLUTION. USE CAU TION TO CONTAIN THE SOLUTION IN THE IMMEDIATE WORK AREA. STAND ING ON A NEW SHEET OP PLYWOOD OR NONSUP SURFACE WHILE WORK ING IS RECOMMENDED, e. Wear Ssyar removal: On* worker Starts at the and of the ream far thest from mo antranca floor and pnas up tfta comar of tha strip, separating the Packing from tha wear layer. As tha amp is being removed, another worker sprays a constant rrast of tha specified liquid dishwashing detergent solution into tha deiammation ntp point to minimize any airoome dust particles. When dona property, the fett remaining on the floor and on tha back of tha strip wit) be thoroughly wet. Do only one three strip area at a time. Stand on tha remaining floor cover ing or dean floor (do not stand on the fait). The cut strips should be peered from the backing py putting or rolling around a core which will control the stripping angle to create a uniform tension (soma resilient floor ing wear layers may not be readily stoppable and may require wet-scraping). Tie or tape the removed material securely end piece in the heavy-duty impermeable trash bag or dosed impermeable container for disposal. I. Remove and dispose of each succeeding strtp m me aoove manner, amoic walking on the exposed km as much as possible. Close futt bags tightly, and seal securely for disposal, identify with a label stating -- "Caution -- contains asbestos. Avoid Open ing or Breaking Container Breaming Asbestos is Hazardous to Your Health. Dispose in an approved landfill only." g. Occasionally, parts of the top layer, will suck to the backing. This can often be efcmmsted by peetmg in me opposite direc tion. The sulf-Waded scraper may aid in me removal or pasting ot me wear layer. I a warning! NEVER SAND OR DRY-SCRAPE RESIDUAL FEU BACKING. SEE WARNINGS ON PAGE ONE. h. Wet-scraping reaidual felt (1) Thoroughly wet me residual (eit with the specified liquid dishwasning detergent solution, wait a law tnmutas to allow the specified liquid dishwashing detargsnt solution to soak into the fslt Stand on the remaining floor covering (not the lett) and use the stiff-bladed scraper to scrape up the wet felt (3) Rewet the Mt it the specified liquid dishwashing detergent solution has not completely penetrated, it drying occurs, or if dry fett is exposed during scraping. Pick up the scrapings as may are removed from the floor and place in a heavy-duty impermeable trash bag or dosed im permeable container Wet-scrape all felt from this floor area oetore proceeding further PRECAUTIONS: EXCESSIVE MOISTURE CAN CAUSE PERMA NENT DAMAGE TO WOOD UNOERLAYMENTS. IT IS THE INSTALLER'S RESPONSIBILITY TO USE THE CORRECT AMOUNT OF SPECIFIED LIQUID DISHWASHING DETERGENT SOLUTION TO PRE- VENT UNDERLAYMENT DAMAGE. A, FLOOR THAT HAS BEEN WETSCRAPED MUST BE ALLOWED TO DRY BEFORE INSTALLING ANY NEW RESILIENT FLOORING. (4) When thit floor ana has bean cleaned free of felt, vacuum up any dirt using the HEPA vacuum cleaner with the metal floor toot. Position, the vacuum cleaner so that the discharge air does not blow on the area being cleaned. (5) Repeat the above on the next senes of strips. (6) Repeat this operation until the felt has been removed from the whole floor. Close full bags tigntty and seal securely for disposal, identify with a label stating -- "Caution -- contains asbestos. Avoid Ooenmg or Breaking Container. Breathing Asbestos is Hazardous to 'ibur Health. Dispose in an approved landfill only." (7) When the whole floor has been clean ed free of fett. vacuum up any dirt using the HEPA vacuum cleaner with the. metal floor toot and let it dry. Position the vacuum cleaner so that the discharge air does not btow on the area being cleaned. A WARNING 1 DO NOT ORY-SWEEP. AVOID CREATING DUST. SEE WARNINGS ON PAGE ONE. (8) After vacuuming, used HEPA filters and cleaner bags should be removed according to the manufacturer's instruc tions and placed in a heavy-duty impermeable trash bag with a label stating "Caution -- contains asbestos. Avoid Opening or Breaking Container. Breathing Asbestos .is Hazardous to Your Health. Oispose in an approved landfill only." Close and seal the trash bag securely for disposal. (9) When the floor is dry, it is ready to have a new resilient floor covenng install 10 ed. Follow the manufacturer's installation instructions. Removal procedure, unadhered (loose-lay) or peripherally adhered reaiiient sheet flooring a. Remove any binding strips or other, restric tive moldings from doorways, walls, etc. b. Prepare the specified liquid dishwashing detergent solution (16 oz. of the specified li quid dishwashing detergent to one gallon of water) and pour inn a hand sprayer or spnnklmg can. e Clean the entire floor with me HEPA vacuum cleaner using the metal floor tool, d. tf floonng is unadhered..start at the end of the room farthest tram the entrance doorway and cut floonng inn strips about 18" wide for the entire room. One worker removes the cut strips while another worker sprays the specified liquid dishwasrung detergent solu tion directly inn the separation nip point. Do net stand on the exposed subfloor during the removal process. A CAUTION I RESILIENT FLOORING BECOMES SLIPPERY WHEN WET WITH SPECIFIED LIQUID DISHWASHING OETERGENT SOLUTION. USE CAU TION TO CONTAIN THE SOLUTION IN THE IMMEDIATE WORK AREA. STAN DING ON A NEW SHEET OF PLYWOOD OR NONSUP SURFACE WHILE WORKING IS RECOMMENDED. e. Roll the wet stnp tightly and ue or tape securely so it will not unroll. Place it in a heavy-duty impermeable trash bag or closed impermeable container big enough to accom modate several rolls tor disposal. Use this method tor nonbonded areas of peripherally adhered floors. % remove bonded areas, folks* instructions under "Removal procedure, fully adhered resilient sheet flooring.*' f. Clean the exposed floor with a HEPA vacuum cleaner with the metal floor tool posi tioned so that the discharge air does not blow on the area being cleaned. A WARNING DO NOT DRY-SWEEP. AVOIO CREATING DUST. SEE WARNINGS ON PAGE ONE. g. Repeat the above, cutting, rolling and disposing of one strip at a time and cleaning the newly exposed area immediately until the entire floor covering has been removed and the entire floor is vacuumed dean. h. If any residual felt remains stuck to the floor, it should be removed by the wetscrapmg method described in Section (h) of the "Removal procedure, fully adhered resilient sheet Koonng." AWARNING 1 00 NOT DRY-SCRAPE OR SAND, SEE WARNINGS ON PAGE ONE. PLACE THE REMOVED FLOOR COVERING IN THE HEAVY-DUTY IMPERMEABLE TRASH BAG OR CLOSED IMPERMEABLE CONTAINER. i. After vacuuming, used HEPA filters and deaner bags should be removed according to manufacturer's instructions and placed in a heavy-duty impermeable trash bag with a label stating -- "Caution -- contains asbestos. Avoid Opening or Breaking Con tainer. Breathing Asbastos is Hazardous to Maur Health. Dispost in an approved landfill only.'' Close and seal the trash bags securely (or disposal. j. Alter the undertayment is ary. install tne new resilient floor covering accoroing to tne manufacturer's installation instructions. 3. REMOVAL OF RESILIENT TILE ; IA WARNING NEVER SAND AN EXISTING RESILIENT FLOOR TILE INSTALLATION. SEE WAR NINGS ON PAGE ONE. Supplies and tools 1. Heavy-duty scraper with approximately 4* blade and 6- toehandle. 2. Hammer. 1 Commercial* type hand-held hot-air blower or a radiant haat source. 4. Large size heavy-duty imparmaaWa trash bags (or dosed impermeable containers), with ties, tape or string to tie the bag shut and tags tor labeling. 5. Tank-type High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) wettorv vacuum deaner with disposable dust bag and metal floor tool (no brush).  Removal procedure a. Those areas normally exposed to heavy foot-traffic patterns usually have tiles adhered the .tightest As a matter of good practice m starting the tile removal, select those sections which receive the least traffic. Since tiles are normally in a 9"x9" or 12*x12" dimension, try to remove individual tiles as a complete unit b. Start the removal by carefully wedging the scraper in the seam of two adjoining tiles and gradually forcing the edge of one of the tiles up and away from the floor. Do not Creak off pieces of the tile, but continue to force the balance of the tile up by working the scraper beneath the tile and exerting both a forward pressure and a twisting action on the blade to promote release of the tile from the adhesive and the floor. Remove and dispose ot eacn tile in the man ner aoove. Avoid walking on the exposed adhesive as much as possible. Close full bags tightly and sea) securely for disposal, identify with a label stating ``Caution -- con tains asoestos. Avoid Opening or Breaking Container. Breathing Asbestos is Hazardous to Your Health. (Dispose in an approved land fill only." e. Some tiles will release quite easily while others require varying degrees of force. Where the adhesive is spread heavily or the tile is bonded tightly, it may prove easier to force the scraper through the tightly adhered areas by striking the scraper nandle with a hammer, using blows of moderate force wmie maintaining the scraper at a 25 to 30 angie to the floor. A CAUTION WEAR SAFETY GLASSES WHEN USING THIS PROCEDURE. c. When the first tile is removed, place it. without breaking it into smaller pieces, in the heavy-duty impermeable trash bag or dosed impermeable container which wilt be used for disposal. Removed tiles can be placed in empty tile cartons first and then placed in the heavy-duty impermeable trash bags. To pre vent tearing of the heavy-duty impermeable trash bag. place only one fuU carton of removed tile in a bag. d. With the removal of the first tile, ac cessibility of other tiles is improved. Force the scraper under the exposed edge of another tile, and continue to exert a prying, twisting force to the scraper as it is moved under the u tile until the tile releases from the floor. f. If you encounter areas where even the aoove methods will not remove the tiles, the removal procedure can be simplified by thoroughly heating the tiles with a not-an blower or a radiant heat source until the neat penetrates tnrough the tile and softens the adhesive. NOTE: Handle the hotair blower carefully to avoid injury. Oo not uae a blowtorch or open flame. ue caution not to bum or char tile. Use adequate ventilation. NOTE: The treatment of teeidual asphaltic "cutback" adhesive is dependent upon the type of new resilient floor covering material to be installed and the type of subfioor. See Section 4. Removal of Residual Adhesive for Armstrong's recom mendations for the treatment of residual asphaltic "cutback" adhesive. g. It new resilient floor hie is to be installed over a concrete subfloor using an asphaltic adhesive, the residual asphaltic "cutback" adhesive must be left so that no ndges or puddles are evident and what remains is a thin, smooth film. This can be accomplished by wet-scraping the residual adhesive. NOTE: See Section 4. Removal of Residual Adhesive, for Warning and Supplies and Tools. Wet-scraping residual adhesive: <1) Sian in the comer of the room farthest from the entrance door and moisten an area approximately 3' x 10' with water mixed with the specified lioutfl dishwashing detergent (1 oz. specified liquid dishwashing detergent to one gallon of . water) to aid. in wetting the adhesive. Wetscrape with a stiff-bladed waH or floor scraper removing ridges and any loose adhesive. (2) Place loosened adhesive residues into a heavy-duty impermeable trash bag or other impermeable container and seal with ties, tape or string and label "Caution-- contains asbestos. Avoid Opening or Breaking Container. Breathing Asbestos is Hazardous to Ybur Health. Dispose in an approved landfill only." (3) Wet vacuum standing water with the HEPA vacuum deaner. (4) Continue step** (1) through (3) until what remains of the residual asphaltic "cutback" adhesive is a thin, smooth film. h. Clean the entire lloor with the HEPA vacuum cisaner using the metal floor toot to remove debris before applying new asohaitic adhesive or installing new resilient lloor tile. i. Alter vacuuming, used HEPA filters and cleaner bags should be removed according to manufacturer s instructions and placed m a .heavy-duty imoermeable trash bag with a label stating--`Caution--contains asoestos. Avoid Opening or Breaking Container. Breathing Asbestos is Hazardous to Ybur Health. Dispose m an approved landfill only." Close and seal the trasn bags securely for disposal. 4 REMOVAL OP RESIDUAL ADHESIVE A WARNING ASBESTOS CONTAINING ASPHALTIC "CUTBACK" ADHESIVE. SOME IN-PLACE ASPHALTIC ADHESIVES MAY CONTAIN ASBESTOS FIBERS THAT ARE NOT REAOILY IDENTIFIABLE. IN THE REMOVAL OP ASPHALTIC "CUTBACK" ADHESIVES, OO NOT USE POWER DEVICES WHICH CAN CREATE DUST. THE INHALATION OF ASBESTOS OUST MAY CAUSE ASBESTOSIS OR OTHER SERIOUS BODILY HARM. SMOKING GREATLY IN CREASES THE RISK OF SERIOUS BOOILY HARM. ASSUME THAT ALL IN-PLACE ASPHALTIC "CUTBACK" ADHESIVES CONTAIN ASBESTOS. Recommendations for the treatment of residual asphaltic "cutback" adhesive The treatment of residual asphaltic "cutback" adhesive is ascendent upon the type of new resilient ftoor cavenng material to be installed and the type of subfioor. Armstrong's recom mendations (or the treatment of residual asphaltic "cutback" adhesive are snown m the following chart. Mw Uatanat fe So looioood RatiMM floor mo 10 oo >fl*uHoa u*-ng S-*9 or S-90 c-tatc* mao*** nesiauai Aspnattie Cooctosa Suottoor Womawl ol eooKvo) Adhtarvo Aotautl ootioomo mutt do tmtrneto to am no oagoo or puaao* tro oweont ono wflot ip. mams w mm. tmoom hm. Soo wot-tcraomg ol <oouai aonotno. Attamauva 10 Pamovat Aopneanon of t etmontiuouo unoartaymtnc mat t apptovad Dy tno unoorwymom manutactutor tor uso ovar toMiuai uontine cutDoor oonovo.` Armtuong Stao Matior T4o or Armstrong AuDDor Tm to oo mitaitoo using $-21$ Aonotno or Armtftong SOT to Oa inttsMd using S-202 Aonstwa. Enowgn ot mo rottoual aonatMO mutt oo romoMoo to ittai 0H of tno'ongmat tuottrato of tno oworaa aroa upotad. auDftoof mutt do pofout wnon using S-202 Adhotn* Soo tomowot of fatfduai oortoono. Apoucanon of a eomontitioua urtdtnavmonf tnat It aoorovod 0y tfia unoanaymont manutactutor lor uto OrOf tastauai atpnamc "cutDactt" aanotivo.* Ratuuant floor mo to oo mttatoa us ing an tofUiM otflor man S-flS or S-90 cuioacx adftaarva. S-202 Adnaawo or S-21S Aonativo. Aastduai adntstvo must Do wof-tcrapod to mat no nogoa or puoatoa art ovtooto ana wnat tomama to a trim, tmoom Mm Sot wot-scraemg of roaiduai aonaanm AopNcaiton of a comantiuoua uAdanaymam tnat a aeotmioa Dy mo manufaauror tar uto oor roaiduai aapnamc "cutDaor aanotivo.* Msrfloi or ocnor vmyi-oactoa snoot fleormg. tOOH of tno roftauat aonaaivo must do romovoo from tno an to oo eovarod. Soo romovat of rostaual aorwon*. Appacattan of a eaman- Mtawa undanaymonc tnat <a appfpvod py tno unooftaymom manutactutar tar uao owr raatduat asonamc "cutDaefc" aonotivoL* FM-oacnoa snoot ftoonng. Enougn of mo roatauoi adftotnm muai do romovoo to IMS MM of tno original tuostta* ot mo ovoraa aroa aapoaao. Sao tamovat of tasiouaf aanaatv. Apottcadon ot a cama<>nuoua unoanaymata mat < apptonoo Dy tna unoortoymota manutactutor tar uao ovor roatauat aaonamc ' emdock" acnoarra.* * AS warrant** snoot partarmanct ga^anaaa oancamtng unoanaymant'i taw** tost won ms unoanaymata manutaeaaar ano not wan tna ratwarn floor covarmg s manutaourst 'Cutback" Adhesive wood undartovmam suottoor Aamovat of Matfdual Atfhwwt AHomottvo to ftamovat A'mitmng float not locommontf tno uto ot cuteact aonotno ovot wood unoontymom tuofloor. Armstrong oets not racomman, in# ua of a eutoack aanotivo ov*r woo undartaymont iuo)k> Comptoto oitofti of wood Unaartaymant. Soo Comottto Rfrrxjval of Wood Unooftaymom Unoitr Eiitting Tito. Comptoto romovat of Wood Undartaymont Soo Comptoto Romovat of wood Unoonovmont Unoor Eataong Tito. wOnipiffV wnw Of WwQ Unoanaymant Saa Comptata Aamowf ot Wood Unoanaymont Unoar Existing Tito. WOnlQWI MtflVnl 9 VfOOO Undanaymant. Soo Comotaw nomovat of wood Unaartaymant undar Existing no. Covonng fttdual asonattic cut Diet' aanotivo on an aoorovac mood tuoftom win a recommanaaa wood unoanavmam Whan instating ims now wooa unaartaymant fait or ooiyamyieisntoimg may do e<acao over in ttuai aohativo <o oravont a cracking or raciry touno *nn watting on tna floor Covonng roaiduai asonamc ;uDack ' aonotno on an aoorovoc wood tuofloor wnn a rocommonaad wood undonavmant * Wnon instaHmg this now wooo unoontymom. fait or ooivomvie'tnootmg may oa oiacod ovar -r< rotmuai aanotivo to orovom a cracKing or lacay touno wnan waiting on tno floor. Covonng totiduai asonamc cutOaek" aunasrvt on an aoDtcrvao wood tuofloor wnn a roeommonoao wood unoanavmam-* whan installing mu naw wood unottiaymam. tatt or potyotnyian tfwng moy oa oiacao ovr tna toatduai aonativo to orovom a cracking or tacky touno wnon . waHtmg on tno floor. Covonng totiduai aaonamc :utOack" adnotno on an aoorovoo wood tuofloor wnn t 'acornmonooo wooo unoonavmam * Whan tntttwng tins now wooo unoortaymonf. fatt or ootvcinvai' tnootmg may oo otoeod M' '*< roaiduai aohatna to orovom a ctaektng or tacky wound wnan wanting on tna floor. MOTE: Ror furmar -nwakamn lacommanoaiiont cantun Ammrang s srocru' E-$06t "Armsuong Eivynsvrao msutlaoon Svttam ' www w*uauy employ solvents which leave a residue within the subfloor that can adversely fleet the now adhesive or floor covering. The warranties provided by the manufacturers of the new floor covering materials will not cover instances where existing subftoor condi tions damage their products or affect its in stallation. The use of asbestos encapsuiants or bridging materials over asphaltic adhesive is not recommended as those products may affect the bonding properties of tne new adhesive. The application of asphaltic-adhesives, as an installation medium, has been demonstrated to be an effective cover for the existing residual adhesive. The encapsulate use of the new adhesive must, however, be consis tent with other installation recommendations. Supplies and tools 1. Stilf-biaded wall or floor scraper. 2. No. 1 sandblasting sand (dean, sharp, coarse cutting sand) 3. Terrazzo or a low speed floor machine fit ted with a floor plate. (Clark Assembly No. 500212-6) 4. Hand held nibbing stones. 5. Tank-type High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) wettorv vacuum cleaner with disposable dust bag and metal floor tool (no brush). 6. Larga-sda heavy-duty impermeable trash bags (or dosed impermeable containers) with ties, tape, or string to tie the bags shut, and taga for labeling. 7. Siip-raststant shoes or rubber boots. 4 Ground fault circuit interrupter for deemed connection of the HEPA vacuum and any other electrical connections required 9. Hand sprayer or sprinkling can. 10. A liquid dishwashing detergent which is stated to contain anionic, nonionic, and am photeric surfactant Mbt this specified liquid dishwashing detergent with water to make a ouute solution (i or. of the soecified liquid dishwashing detergent to one gallon of water). Wet-scraping residual adhesive a. Start in the comer of the room farthest from the entrance ooor and moisten an area of the adhesive approximately 3' x 10' with water mixed with the specified liquid dishwashing detergent (to aid in wetting the . adhesive). Wet-scrape with a strff-bladed wall or floor scraper removing ndges and any loose adhesive. b. Place loosened adhesive residues into a heavy-duty impermeable trash bag or other 'impermeable container and seal with ties, tape or atnng and label "Caution -- contains asbestos. Avoid Opening or Breaking Containac Breathing Asbestos is Hazardous to tour Health. Oispose in an approved landfill only" e. Wet vacuum standing water with the HEPA vacuum cleaner. d. Continue steps a through c until entire, area is wat-scraped. Removal of residual adhesive a. Place cutting sand into a container, add water mixed with the specified .liquid dishwashing detergent (1 oz. specified liquid dishwashing detargant to one gallon ot water) to the sand to. dampen. Approximately 20 tbs. of sand to 1/2 gallon of water should provide a workable slurry tor a 6' x 6' area. b. Start in comer of the room farthest from the entrance door. Place sand slurry on the residual adhesive over a 6' x 6' area and remove the existing adhesive using a terrazzo floor machine. Keep sand under rubbing stones when operating the machine. The sand and the sobfloor must be continuously kept wet. A WARNING ELECTRICAL SHOCK HAZARD EXISTS. USE A GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT IN TERRUPTER FOR ANY ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS IN A WET EN VIRONMENT. c. Occasionally push away cutting sand from tna subfloor with a wall or floor scrapar to chaek tor compiata removal. d. Adhesive around th* adge of tfia room and area that ward missad can ba ramovad with dantpanad. daan. sharp, cutting sand and ground off with a rubbing stone. a.Wet-scrape sand into a pile using a stiffbiaded floor or wall scrapar and placa sand and adhesive residua in a heavy-duty im permeable container and seal with ties or tape, and label "Caution -- contains asbestos. Avoid Opening or Breaking Con tainer. Breathing Asbestos is Hazardous to Your Health. Dispose in an approved landfill only" f. Rinse area with dean water using a hand sprayer or sprinkling can. g. Wot vacuum standing water with the HEPA vacuum cleaner. h. Continue steps a through g until the entire room is complete. i. Allow subfloor to dry and vacuum with a HEPA vacuum deanec j. After vacuuming, used HEPA filters and deaner oags should be removed according to manufacturer's instructions and placed in a heavy-duty impermeable trash bag with a label stating -- "Caution--contains asbestos. Avoid Opening or Breaking Container: Breathing Asbestos is Hazardous to Your Health. Dispose in an approved landfill only." Close and seal the trash bags securely tor disposal. e- COMPLETE REMOVAL OF WOOO | Om UNDERLAYMENT j Complete Removal of Wood Undertayment Under Existing Sheet Flooring Definitions a. Wood Subfloor A subfloor is selected tor structural purposes and is the substrate tor the undertayment. b. Wood Undertayment - This is the smooth surface that is selected to receive the resilient floor covering. c. Wood Subfloor Undertayment Combina tion This is the type of construction that must meet the structural retirements as well as have a suitable surface to receive the resilient floor covering. SuppUaa & tools 1. Chisel [)* f=t---- , U2. Hammer or mallet , 3. Short and long handled pry bars 4. Heavy gloves A Utility or hook knife 4^* 6. Stitt-Waded wall or floor scraper 7. Large-size heavy-duty impermeable trasn begs (or dosed impermeable container) with ties, tape, or string to tie the bag shut and tags for labeling A Tank-type High Efficiency Particulate Air U (HEPA) wet/drv vacuum cleaner with T, disposable dust bags and metal floor tool (no brush) $ 9. Hand sprayer or sprinkling can 10. A liquid dishwashing detergent which is ^ stated to contain anionic, noninontc, and am photeric surfactant. Mix this specified liauid dishwashing detergent with water to make a dilute solution (16 oz. specified liquid dishwashing detergent to one gallon of wate< a 12. Ouct up* 4teU/iy /| j IX Ground tault circuit inumipur tor elec trical connection of the HEPA vacuum and any other electrical connections required. Removal of sheet flooring at undertayment Joints a. Remove any binding strips or other restric tive moldings from doorways, wails, etc. b. Prepare me specified liquid dishwashing detsrgdra solution (16 02. of specified Kqutd dishwashing detergent to one gallon of water) and pour into a hand sprayer or sprinkling can. c. Clean the entire floor with the HEPA vacuum cleaner using the metal floor tool. d. Starting at the doorway or a floor ventila tion vent, locate a torn m an undertayment board. *. Make a senes of parallel cuts 4' to 8* wide centered over the undertayment joint, through the top layer of me floonng and about halfway through the backing. Continue this procedure tor all undertayment joints over the entire floor. A CAUTION RESILIENT FLOORING BECOMES SLIPPERY WHEN WET WITH SPECIFIED LIQUID OiSHWASHING . DETERGENT SOLUTION. USE CAU TION TO CONTAIN THE SOLUTION, IN THE IMMEDIATE WORK AREA. STAND ING ON A NEW SHEET OF PLYWOOD or Nonsup surface while work ing IS RECOMMENDED. f. One worker starts at the end of the room farthest from the entrance and pnes up the ' comer of a strip, separating the backing from the wear layer. As me strip is being removed, another worker sprays a constant mid of the specified liquid dishwashing detergent solu tion into me defeneration nip point to minimize any airborne dust particles. When don* property, the toft remaining oh the floor and on the back of the stnp will be thoroughly wet Stand on the remaining floor covering or dean floor (do not stand on the felt). The cut strips should be peeled from the backing by pulling or rotting around a core which will control the stripping angle to create a uniform tension (some resilient floor ing wear layers may not be readily stnppabie and may require wet-scraping). Tie or tape trie removed matenal securely and place m the heavy-duty impermeable trash bag or closed impermeable container for disposal. g. Remove and dispose of each succeeding strip *n me above manner. Avoid walking on the exposed felt as much as possible. Close full bags tightly, and seal securely for disposal. Identify with a label stating: ''Cau tion -- contains asbestos. Avoid Opening or Breaking Container. Breaming Asbestos is Hazardous to Msur Health. Dispose m an ap proved landfill only." h. Occasionally, parts of the top layer will stick to the backing. This can often be eliminated by peeling in the opposite direc tion. The stiff-Waded scraper may aid in the removal or pealing .of trie wear layer. I. Wet-scraping residual felt: (1) Throughly wet the residual felt with the specified liquid dishwashing detergent solu tion. Wait a few minutes to allow the specified Squid dishwashing detergent solu tion to.soek into the toil (2) Stand on the remaining floor covering (not the toft) and use the stiff-biaded scraper to scrape up the wet toft (3) Rewet the felt if me specified liquid dishwashing detergent solution has not com pletely penetrated, if drying occurs, or if dry tott is exposed during scraping. Pick up the scrapings as they are removed from the floor and place in a heavy-duty impermeable trash bag or dosed impermeable container Wetscrape all the felt from this 4* to 8' stno before proceeding to remove me next stnp. (4) When mis 4' to 8* strip has been cleaned free of felt vacuum up any am using the HEPA vacuum cleaner with the metal -- . Muun in* vacuum cieantr so that the discharge air does not blow on tha area being cleaned. (5) Repeat stapa (i) - (4) on the next strip. (6) Repeat Ms operation until the felt has been removed from the 4' to 8" stnps over ail the underiayment joints. Close full bags tightly and seat securely for disposal. Identify with a label stating: "Caution -- contains asbestos. Avoid Opening or Breaking Conv tamer. Breathing Asbestos is hazardous to Vbur Health. Dispose in an approved landfill only." . Removal of wood underiayment boards a. After att felt has been wet-scraped from the underiayment joints, dnve a chisel, using a hammar or mallet. between the underlaymeru board and.the subfloor. Use the chisel to pry up the underiayment enough to insert a pry bar and remove the chisel. Sowty and carefully use pry bars to pry up tha underlayment board a little at a tima until the board is competely loose and can be removed. b. Caution must be used to avoid breaking tha undariaymem board. The underiayment board should be removed in one piece, if the undedaymen: board breaks, cut through tha resilient fioonng at the break and spray any exposed felt with the specified liquid dishwashing detergent solution. Allow the specified liquid dishwashing detergent solu tion to penetrate for a (aw minutes, then con tinue lifting the broken undenaymem. c. Wear heavy giovas and be careful of wood splinters and fasteners sticking out of the back of tha underiaymant. Each underlayment board (or piaca of board) should be removed from the work area at soon as it has been pned up to avoid injuries (such as slapping on a nail). Fasteners protruding from removed board should be Rattened with a hammer. Place removed underiayment boards on skids with the nail pointing downward. Wrap skid with 6-mi polyethylene plastic sheeting and secure with duct tape. Identify with a label stating: "Caution -- contains asbestos. Avoid Opening or Breaking c tamer. Breathing Asbestos is Hazardous Vbur Health. Dispose m an approved u only." d. After each panel has been removed, out any nails or fasteners still in the sui Dispose of these and any other nails or fasteners which have been removed but still laying in tha work area. e. A chisat is not needed to start the rei of boards after the first board has been removed. Simply work the pry bar under exposed edge of the next board. f. When removal of the underiayment un the existing floor is complete, thoroughly check the exposed subfloor. Renail loose arras and reset any "popped" nails or fasteners. g. Vacuum up any dirt using the HEPA vacuum cleaner with the metal floor tool. h. After vacuuming, used HEPA filters anc cleaner bags should be removed accorom to the manufacturer's instructions and piac in a heavy-duty impermeable trash bag w> a label stating "Caution--contains asbestc Avoid Opening or Breaking Container. Breathing Asbestos is Hazardous to Vbur Health. Dispose in ah approved landfill oni Dose and seal the trash bag securely for disposal. i. After the wood subfloor is completely dr> instil tha new underiayment andfor floor covering according to the manufacturer's installation instructions. Complete Removal of Wood Underiayment Under Existing Tile Definitions a. Wood Subfloor A subfloor is selected !c structural purposes and is the substrate for the underiayment. b. Wood Underiayment - This is the smooth surface that is selected to receive the reside floor covering. c. Wood Subfloor Underiayment Combmanor This is the type of construction that must have a suitable surface to receive ma resilient door covering, Supplies & tools 1. Chisel 2. Hammer or mattet 3. Short and long handisd pry bars 4. Haavy giovas 5. Utility fir hook kmfa 6. Large-size heavy-duty impermeable trash bags (or ctosad impermeable coruamsr) with tias, tape, or string to tie tha bag shut and tags for (abating 7. Tank-type High Efficiency Paniculata Air (HEPA) wetfiry vacuum daanar with disposable dust bags and matal floor tool (no brush) S. 6-mil poiyethyiene shaating 9. CommardaHypa hand-held hot air biowar or a radiant haat sourea 10. Duct tapa Removal of tile at underiaymant joints a. Remove any binding strips or othar rastricliva moldings from doorways, wails, ate. artCVS3* h. Starting at tha doorway or a floor ventiiation vent, locate a joint in an undartaymant board. c. Start tha ramovai of tha tila at tha undartaymant joint by carafutty wedging tha scraper in tha seam of two adjoining bias and gradually forcing tha edge of one of tha bias up and away bom tha floor Do not break off pieces of the tile, but continue to force tha balance of tha tile up by working tha serapar baneaih tha tila and exerting both a forward pressure and a twisting soon of tha biada to promote raieaae of tha tila from tha adhesive and tha door. Continua to ramova tile in this manner at ail undartay mant joints until al board joints are exposed. 28 d. Whan tha first tile is removed. place a. without breaking it into smaller pieces, in me heavy-duty impermeable trash bag or dosed impermeable container whicn will be used lor disposal. Removed tiles can be placed m empty Me canons first and then placed in the heavy-duty impermeable trash bags. To pievent tearing of the neavyduty impermeable trash bag, place only one full carton of removed tile m a bag. a. With the removal of the first trie, accessibility of me other tries is improved. Pore# the scraper under the exposed edge of another trie, and continue to exert a prying, twisting force to the scraper as it is moved under the trie until the trie releases from the undertayment. Remove and dispose ol eacn tile in the manner above. Avoid walking on the exposed adhesive as much as possible. Close full bags tightly and seal securely (or disposal. Identify with a label sating: "Cau tion -- contains asbestos. Avoid Opening or Breaking Container. Breaming Asbestos is Hazardous to Ytour Health. Dispose in an approved landfill only.'' f. Soma tiles will release quite easily while others require varying degrees of force. Where the adhesive is spread heavily or the tila is bonded tightly, it may prove easier to force the scraper through the tightly adhered areas by sinking me scraper handle with a hammer; using blows of moderate force wnrie maintaining tha serapar at a 25* to 30* angle to the flooc g. If you encounter areas where even the above methods will not remove the tiles, the removal procedure can be simplified by thoroughly heating the tiles with a hot-air blower or a radiant heat source until the heat penetrates through the tile and softens me adhesive. NOTE: Handle the hot-air blower carefully to avoid injury. Do not use a blowtorch or open Hams. Use caution not to bum or char tha tile. Use adequate ventilation.  Removal of wood undariaymant boards a. Altar ait the tile* have bean (amoved from the underiayment joints, drive a chisel, using a hammer or a mallet between the underlayment board and the subflooc. Use the chisel to pry up the undartayment enough to insert a pry bar and remove the chisel. Slowly and carefully use pry bars to pry up the underlayment. board a little at a time until the board is completely loose and can be removed. b. Caution must be used to avoid brasiting the undedaymem board. The underiayment beard should be removed in one piece. If the underiayment board breaks, heat and cut the tile at the break, than continue to remove broken underiayment. e. Wear heavy gloves and be careful of wood spfanters and fasteners sticking out of the back of the undariaymant Each undartay ment board (or piece of board) should be removed from the work area as soon as it has been pried up to avoid injuries (such as stepping on a naif). Fasteners protruding from removed board should be flattened with a hammer. Place removed underiayment boards on skids with the nails pointing downward. Wrap skid with 6-mil polyethylene plastic ahasting and secure with duct tape. Identify with a label stating; "Caution -- contains asbestos. Avoid Opening or Breaking Con tainer Breathing Asbestos is Hazardous to Mour Health. Dispose in an approved fandfW orty:* d. After each board has bean removed, pull out any nails or fasteners stilt in the subfloor. Dispose of these and any other nails or fasteners which have been removed but are Stitt laying in the work area. a. A chisel is not needed to start the removal of boards after the first board has been removed. Simply work the pry bar under the exposed edge of the next board, f. When removal of the underiayment under the existing floor ie complete, thoroughly check the exposed subfloor. Renaii loose areas and reset any "popped" nails or fasteners. g. Vticuum up any dirt in the area using the HEPA vacuum cleaner with the metal floor. tool. h. After vacuuming, used HEPA filters and cleaner bags should be removed according to manufacturer's instructions and placed in a heavyduty impermeable trash bag with s label stating -- "Cautxxi'f--contains asbestos. Avoid Opening or Breaking Container. Breathing Asbestos is Hazardous to Vbur Health. Otspose in an approved landfill only." Close and seal the trash bags securely for disposal.' J. Altar the floor is completely dry, install the new underiayment and/or floor covering according to the manufacturer's installation instructiona. 260 525 50.300 0.0369 0.0042 0.0326 0.0122 0.2830 252 519 50.300 0.0321 0.0042 0.0311 0.0122 0.2834 266 540 48.400 0.0345 0.0042 0.0303 0.0168 0.2684 u 5 csossego8SosSo a~ *4 4V> I * o e e e h iis8 Is SIS Bo 52 5 I fs 8 S .S58 e oo o O f oeS* Smo 2mo o 2 8 | 8* o Sl no ai s(ow KKK ass e o o' o o fi ft* a? = 5 k No*l<rvt ia n y as as Ssl o uUXtI iOiM 1*a -xu st z I 1 C 2g u w n n ra N N N N i*--o ioiio SI 2 Sg 5o 5 o g8 ooee 5 hs 9o o a o oo o oo o oo ffW *ra2 tooo e oooo oooo 2e52S I*8S5 Lf e nn n ^o 6 ia a 58 E 8o Sy yfe Sn e ia y y y ia o e s* a il 8S8 su o aw ia y m w l! s -# o k # e ^ e;t!sl8 2SSS seIe 0K^y ^ (A ^ w o S !! S2 Cf **'&$SR+ ?-- Smy wo M r> a 8 s s 8S a Is </> ! IA s & ? ssssiss (V M N N N N N SSSSSS 11 fi r x S c c S 8 W MW W HMI WW HCI OO SSsSSss s aC --< < w_ a<aS x uj O ssss iasa & m gs Qo kW us< Ku S33s n ssss issj < x< m < < _ at gs 5 HI HI o5ww i8 M N N 0 330 S fU HI C X V IK 3 8 3 nil W-05 W-02 U-09 WORM* WORKER OBSERVER RESIDENCE 10/11/69 V .rre n v llte , MORGANI t o V) J | I> Zs a a a ^ o> a SSSSSSg V N W^ Np N^ ills aaa wN woN V wV SVVV 8888 8888 K ^ iw At N N (V 8 a a a a V VV N oooo S S s. N OOOO 0/1t/89 10/11/89 ANALYSIS Of INI DATA ON EXPOSURE Of ftOOR MECHANICS ANO OBSERVER TO ASIESTOS CONCENTRATIONS DURING SHEET fLOORINS REMOVAL tin e * the f it t e r area anatyxed St " Is M ** m* ~ S0 0eiV-u H0 O xi fC u A ill I*. f ! a ii O -- > S if fs 0 1 -fl Ug 41 $- r) rl s oM5rw6 Ms a4ro5 oo e4 e ee e* i5 0VM*I. 10 N*> R* V> O oS* 8o 8e ilsi o o o t2fA\ 8 4T in O' N f O mR* #n Rmo# Oo6 odd R3 88 f3e 8 o* o* o oR R . 3o 8g8 888 v * 53 ^ o o 3$s mS Kv M O M JA m M nn n n SS8? wswis^ ;w . 58 S 2f 2 8 55ss "I iSS Sg5 Ssti nu 53 38 58 88 od Sssi Scgg ^a a aN Ha SS82 at !S W Ml fet M UJ __ 53*e i! K mt 2a: c2 >c o. |NA SA <XA VSI s3* 3n3 i8 oo gii * * 8 8 8 g*S nswsay c e s s i #Uxci |SM KS* m 8S6 x-- uX iu 5 8RS8 o nn +4 wa vM a5 S00 0S pS5* OI 0NMO 8R8 ssss Sets >>> 3588 Xo 88 2222 ^ I 44 4b & W 44 8 * a s 44 If if i5 ll J*b4 *04 s s * > iw 8 41 V Si 4*w44 0*" .E f cSSS 4** gf _8 *B* > u1 Sit*5 o4 My b K- I S I J J2 -., r s -i:9I4 **aI4 n*o*- oo s" -iE I*- ;-: | Si! i :n *4 0 I| b b0 0 .#4 U5 --* *> a M w 0.052* 0.0381 0.0393 7 5 5 0.3U5 0.5265 0.5*31 685.500 1028.300 1028.300 766 752 729 381 376 370 5 8 3*** 88KSC S1SO8 111 5 5 S 5 8 2 1 S 3 il- o' o o o o o o o odd 6 i *- o N K ^ fA Ai fA ! O jj! ^ ^ ^ ?5 a s 8 jr S MsS 2 S f 10 IA K M O O K 0>-- m x* Sm ^*> ^oB n'?i ^* o i ! d o oh dddoo 0 o e a m t <4 n nI 0 oo Pap p8o * *Ss =`.i"*t:; 111111 SsSSSS f *> IA IA P* g Sd IA ^ IA N III A Ai ass f i K P p* A 6 O SSI j x* ?! iS35SI 33 A8l Oa <e 1 fc fc 4A IA S 55 55 S P k\ ^m |A <A IA < o 8 i| SSSSIs ^ m KNm O(wA* ast s; gss x u 8W s ui 8 cis C Xw 3 Is M ** i! Sr ills sIssII gat gt 332338 55s s <9 N soat <w-i --os at *o-- SS I<-) <NKs uUwil SO III <<< at at at S uat aat aui 5 5s sis ua*t tu * SSS ill iii * at at at S ui ui at at at ui Sis at uXx iuut -a *- fw cm 330 -g xUi Uati autt 5 5s MQ Ui wm 9M SS5 < UU U a. a. a. at at ui ui at x 55 at S at ui s 22 Ui Ui *8s 333 at at at ! ui ui at st at ui 5 5s 5S 2 8m Ui w> if mt if S t III 8 2 8 2 8 2uuu ns illft J? mv ^N ^S V NU V o o O O O O o o N (W N ) I s s s g s HiS S S S S 2a V N S s. S s ft ft ft nma NXN X. X* OOO t OBSERVER YD-08 WORKER YO-IO WORKER YD-12 KASACAVAGE RESIDENCE 10/17/89 Yardtey, PA 10/17/89 10/17/89 i Uati 8 |to to tSSao 3SUl> ti 33Si Sf i is 4 o d 8S SS* oo oo I a tao u !* ! o 'to * ft o o 22 88 OOP 3 M 8 to A 11!8 M U * e vw 1 M s sX** 11! f 8 $ s m 2 at *muMei 8I S8 < A VUo* u --' |I 8= 6~ Smm 5^ I5 to } to s UI s to Sto S fl *5 HSto tIoSm 1*4 O/OO OO s8 e8 tttooo ttoou dd Is 8o So ui4i 0o d0id0 82 S8 oo t* tftNootoo* .100 ,000 * i III 221 1 IIS Cto 5to II 23 1* 82 22 2 : # e sss m 13 2 ^ to <to* to to 3 to* 8 Sis 8 82 g * tso sto statot 5 28 222 fttoo tOtoo* Ottoo* gg sfto sil 8 2 2 8i 8* 2t ,Sx xX at s w at n5 8* 8 81 88 wc auc 558 8 b! 882 at at 8 uiuat wx am * 2u8i 2S 8S 4 MM s5 g5 s8 8at ui U>i So to to < UI 88 t2 S Mui uS< aWt 55! tn 8 to .2 X8 XS X2* 233 X auXi iaXu- SUaI 55g II 28 8 o ui 8o Su X aUxI aUxI SXu SSs o8 85 UI M O 8 r! 25 mSm m. to -* tom* --mm to x ? i > l 1fe r= 1 XU 5 .4 a. u & 2 8 III |S IIr O N fU N ddo ddd NNN odd 2X* 2*s 2X, to m fto oX* ox. o%* 222 joy ao# o 222 2 to to 2Xs 2 V.-Vc*' f*? * .AH 4 fll w |l 2 A O < M IU M tS 5S i iyt 85 8 it fc iu * A s S. I IIk _ 8 ** i 5 {f 8 8 S < o wi 8I >* Su wg Ui AH * gz ig li 3 5 S-- W & M g^ 5 c si ?i Is M 8 m m IU W IU 58 88 K * HI 3 5s 8 r o IU * &0 H &- 58 88 888 888 .U > i*. :l I li f. f. li Si if 1* u li S * . X AH * AH :o u i AH AH * >. * E p -- it = . 2 *+ _ *> S o* *: i- * i l|i 0 X --C -- Ii 8 -8 *: s s4 AH 5? * iii di t. a H U > * stO -- c W 4 Ah 11 1 *; : 8 x- m - ! AMU ;*. U AH AH 5 ^'S ah :* m ? i >*. ;s** tt-- f* u ^ 5 <C S*i _AH _> AH AH > it?:_?s 8 iAvH b -- AH 4i c S it # s: ~A- *H C ^ - " J0*0 5 s i. 2 - 0 ah AxH. 4mH -- Ifl < o - in 81 1 8 ^8Ofc w SA> I~AA <--A c x u AH it m < 3 4 % ---