Document NEGNEZxDGdo7QvJaKmr3y585D

O - *1 W POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS fPC3) - -- 2G2 * Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)' consist' of mixture of jtgpounds only slightly soluble In water; highly soluble In fats, oils, nonpolar liquids; and highly resistant to both heat and biological {gradation. PCB have a wide variety of Industrial uses, primarily as Ululating fluid In electrical and heat transfer equlpnent (Interdepart- gntal Task Force 1972) '' Exposure to PCB Is known to cause skin lesions (Schwartz '' .. isd Peck (1943) and to increase liver enzyme activity that may have a ' ' iscondary effect on reproductive processes (Rlsebrough et al. 1968, Street et al. 1969, Hassermann et al. 1970). It is not dear at this tlsm whether the effects are due to PCB or Its contaminants, the chlori- sated dibenzofurans that are highly toxic (Bauer at al. 1961, Schulz 1968, ysrrett 1970). It is also not known whether the chlorinated dibenzofurans re produced by degradation of PCB as wall as during Its manufacture. ; The occurrence of PCB in our waters has been documented re- i testedlv' (New Scientist 1966. Holmes et al. 1967. Rlsebrough et al. 1968. ---- :----- Jensen et al. 1969, Kocman et al.. .1969, Schmidt et al. 197i, Veith an' lee 'iff-V>J, 'Sffri-/ 1971). They have been associated with sewage effluents (Holden 1970, - Schmidt ot al. 1971) and rainwater (Tarrant and Tattoo 1968), as well as . releases and leakage. Failures of closed systems using PCB have caused , some of the more well known releases (Kuratsune et al. 1969, Duke et al. 197Aff""""It has been reported that the defined treatment process does llttlo or nothing to remove PCB (Ahllng and Jensen 1970). HONS 053230 ' An epidemiological study on severe poisoning by rice oil eentaaineted with polychlorinated biphenyls in 1968 Indicated that bout 0.5 grans ingested over a period of approximately one month was ufficlent'to cause the Yusho disease. Many of those affected showed M e signs of relief after about three years (Kuratsune ' et al. 191669?))' price and Welch (1971) have estimated on the basis of 194 samples that H- . 41,145 per cent of the general population of the U.S. nay have PCB levels of 1.0 ng/kg or higher (wet weight) in adipose tissue. Therefore, it appears that PCB nay accumulate in the body. On this basis it can be calculated that a dally intake of 0.02 mg would require about 70 yaars IV to be toxic. Applying a factor of safety of 10 would permit a dally Intake of 0.002 mg, and assuming a two liter per day intake, suggests a permissible concentration in water to be 0.001 mg/1. However, evaluation of the retention and accumulation of PCB from water Instead of cil in humans is highly desirable. A study on rats with a single oral dose of 170 mg/kg showed urinary excretion (of PCB) to be limited, 'While 70 per cent of the dose was found in the feces during an eight week period * * .. ... . (Yoshlmura.et al, 1971./. Information on PCB in the diet would also be helpful. Baoommendatlon - ._,v . ' 'Because too little ls_ known about the levels in waters, the re tention and accumulation in humans, and the effects of verv low rates of Ingestion, no defensible reconmendation can be made at this time. '' / MGNS 053231 51 cm o /lO/ve-iog, MONS 053232 rrz organism* *l*o apply to wlldlifa In order to provide protection In local areas'. I Tw/.i'Z >. TOLVCIIWJN'ATED BIPHENYLS (PCB) f.t r Evidence Is accumulating that PCS does not contribute to the shell thinning that has bean a major symptom of the reproductive failures and population declines of raptorial and fish-eating birds. Slatary VCB produced no shell thinning of eggs of Mallard Ducks ' (Anas nltitvrhvnchos) (Heath et al. in press 1972), nor did PCB have any effects '' if- ' on eggs of Ring Doves (Strcptonclla risorla) (Peakali 1971). A PCB affect could not be associated wth the thinning of Broun Pelican . (v- (Pei.ecanuo occldentails) eggshells (Rlsebrough' In press 1972). PCB may increase susceptibility tp infectious agents such as virus diseases (Friend and ' *1 Trainer 1970). Like other chlorinated hydrocarbons aPCB increases the > activity of liver enzymes that degrade steroids, including the sex hormones (Rlsebrough et al. 1968; Street ct al. 1968). The ecological significance of this phenomenon is not clear. ' Because laboratory studies have indicated that PCB, with its de- rivativea or metabolites* causes embryonic death of birds (Vos et al. 1970.; 7'/ ?a. S7 Vos and Keener. 1970; Vos in press 1972'; Pcakal et al. in press 1972) and be cause exceptionally high concentrations are occasionally found in fish-eating . and raptorial species (Rlsebrough et al. 1968&;Y Jensen et al' . 1969)5,7- it la highly probable that PCB has had an adverse effect on the reproductive capacity of some species of birds that have shown population declines. HONS 0S3233 Hodlan FCB concentrations In whole fish of eight species iu w from long Island Sound, obtained in 1S70, were in the order of o:ie^ ,s VJ /ng/kg. Qlays and Risebrough 1972), and comparable concentrations::have L 41 been roported from oouthem California (Risebrough 1969). On the basis of the high probability that FCB in the environment has contri buted to the reproductive failures of fish-eating birds, it is V. desirable to decrease these levels by at least a factor of two (See ' . ... ' Section III" on Freshwater Aquatic'Life and Wildlife pp.000). ' - -A Recommendation ' , iIt is recomnended that FCB concentrations in any sample ' consisting of a homogenate of 25 or more whole fish of any species that is consumed by fish-eating birds and manuals, within the same size range as the fish consumed by any bird or mammal, be no greater than 0.5 mg/kg of the wet weight. - In the absence of a standardized methodology for the deter mination of FCB in environmental samples, it is recommended that estimates of FCB concentrations be based on the commercial Arocloi ! I preparation which it most dosoly resembles in chlorine composition. If the FCB composition should resemble a mixture of more than one Arocloi, it should be considered a mixture for the basis of quanti 'i tation, and the FCB concentration reported should be the sum of the component Arocloif equivalents. . PUT COMPOUNDS . ----- DDT compounds have become widespread and locally abundant pollutants in coastal and marine environments of North America. r.tw ' /Ax. HONS 053234 ft- -hHKATEP biphekyls polychlorinated biphenyle (PCB) have been found In flah and wild- %U}t gany pane of the world and at levels that nay adversely affect . M fit-. -------------- , ; .. vJ^/orfanisi"* (Jensen at al. 1969: Holmes, Simoons-snd-Tatton 1967; CXl^- '_} . ' . ""------- 6 ^al. 1969; Rlsebrough et al. 1968). '"'The environmental occurence, ' dj and present toxicological aspects of PCB were reeantly reviewed by _.>LfejJjj'and Llncer (1970), Gustafson (1970),'Rlsebrough (1970);'and ly (<13 971)r"^ .. 7., ' ' Biphenyls may have one' to 10 attached chlorine atoms, making possible ' * V37Z. . - frO\T2Q0 compounds (Gustafson 1970).-'"PCB occur as residues in flshvand ryOlsWitbly also In water, as mixtures of chlorinated biphenyl Isomers as shown \. . ' . . "... ; ^ 352. 7-K 1 X1I-15 (Stalling and Johnson, unpublished data 1970, Stalling in press).' S> ' ' Analysis of PCB. has been accomplished by gas chromatography after PCB from pesticides. A separation method has been described ** Sii t>*\/fneur and Burka (1970) and modified by Stalling and Huckins (1971). 0. (H'^iw^using separation on a charcoal column has. shown good reproducibility f*trlnnkk and jJ>., Reeeess, personal communication). No standardized gas-llquld ` C^^tog^h^rolfiod hod has been proposed for the analysis of mixtures of PC.E> In environmental samples. The solubility of these formulations In water fl ` ' il <* vf-d-'*'' Mt.bcen precisely determined/sbut^is In the range of 100 ^ 1,000 .gg/1 C 1970)V''i^ince PCB have gas chromatographic characteristics many organochlorlne pesticides, they can cause serious Inter In the gas chromatographic determination of chlorinated insecticides C (^'Sehrough'" et al.^ 1968^r^^ ` HONS 053235 ,.vJ c TABLE HI- 15 ; ii orejojlitlon of PCB residues In selected fish samples from the 1970 national Pesticide Residue Monitoring,Program----------- :iver fclo Silo . Location ' . . Cincinnati, 0. Cincinnati, 0. . Species . Caro Cvprinus Carplo . White craooie Poxlsus annularu* PCB Residue as Aroclot type (cg/e vhole body) 1232 1248 1256 1260 Total 10 . 75 . 42 6.0 . 133 16 17 27 5.6 66 MOWS 053236 3hlo Dhio Marietta, 0. Marietta, 0.. Channel catfish Ictalurus . ' - punctatus '. . i Channel catfish t . , 38. 23 11 4.9 77 . 16 5.2 13 4.6 38 ' Yazoo ' Redwood, Miea. . Smnllmouth buffalo IctlobuS bubalus 72 . - 1.4 - 73 Hudaon ' Poughkeepsie, H.T. Goldfish Carasslus aurratus , 9 .173 32. - ' 213 Alleghany Natrona, Pa. Walleve Stezostedlon vitreum 7. ' 5.2 25 4.6 35 Delaware Camden, N.J. White oerch Roccus americanus - 8.0 6.8 3.9" 19 . Cape Fear Elizabeth Town, N.C. Gizzard shad Porosoma cepedianum 19 ' - 2.6 1.1 23 Lake Ontario Mississippi Herrluc * . Port Ontario, H.T. Memphis, Tenn. Lowell, Maas. White perch . ' Drum Anlodlnotus Srunnlens 'Drum 13 11 . 14 75 4.6 1.2 4.5 3.4 6.1 3.2 19 19 98 I . Ho Monsanto Company,' the sole manufacturer of FCB In the 'sjJ. v'-> ' \i^u*j$taM (Gustafson 1970), markets eight formulations of chlorinated sounder the trademarks Aroclor 1221, 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, nd 1268. The last tuo digits of each formulation designate the per cent 7?Aroclor 1248 and 1254 ara produced in greatest quantities. They as dielectric fluids in capacitors and in closed-system heat exchangers */1970)."' Arocloi^l242 is used ais a hydraulic fluid, and Aroclor plasticizer. Chlorinated terphenyls are marketed under the ' <|vJU^jJ^oclpr 5442 and 5460, and a mixture of bi-'and terphenyls Is . <^*^*^aKo^Aroclor 4465. The Isomer composition-end chromatographic * CjBrfegerltties of each formulation have been described by Stalling and J.'l' A-l * *---------------- .mi (1971) and Bagley^Reichelp-^nd-Croroartie- (1970yC A contaminant sLwrf FCB, especially those'manufactured in Europe, are chlorinated ^LL^MMfmans (Brunas^personal communication 1972)'. While these by^A^^fs^would appear to be extremely toxic, no data are available on * . toxicity to aquatic life. "piAAO^lcthal Toxicity " .. '. - .. .. . Studies of toxicity of PCB to aquatic organisms are limited. They tyf-ff^conslderable variation of toxicity to different species, as veil as o^t^uh the chlorine content of the FCB. Nevertheless, some trends JU' H** * toxic characteristics have become apparent, principally from the b, AX . ....... ................. . \&Mayer i described below: ................ A ..................... ............... ' ... HONS 053237 fI the higher the per cent chlorine, the lower l/ the apparent . * ` W* ( toxicity of PCB to fish (Mayer, In press). Thi waa found In : - 15-day lncerniltteot- flow bloaaaaya using blucgillt (Lepomls r | . macrochirus) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) with /...y. ! Aroclor 1242, 1248, 1254.. All LC50 values were'In the'range ~ ~ t t 10 to 300 jjg/1. ' ' ' ... .* { The blueglll/channel catfish experlinents also illustrated f that alT'LCSO values decreased significantly when exposures continued from 15 to 20 days. The 96-hour ' LC50 of a_ PCB to .... . fish'cannot adequately measure Its lethal toxicity. The same testa showed that the toxicity of Aroclor 1246 ' doubled when the temperature was raised from 20 C to 27 C. .. To Invertebrates, Aroclor 1242 has about the same acute toxicity ~ 4 It has to fish. In 4* and 7-day tests (Saunders, JjU2E), it'killed . 42 jii/i/'nd crayfish (Cambarus) at 30yug/1, with values that were the 15-day 1X50 reported ^_for bluegllls. However, that* is ^n range in the reported short-term lethal levels of Aroclor 1254 for . .... . V--- IhMCRebrates. Saunders (In press)*reported a 96-hour LC50 as . 80 ug/1 a ................. fc, ^ Mp^crsyflsh and only 3 ug/1 for glass shrimp (Paleomonetes) In 7-day tests; jl! u. ,-------- Oik#, howey--and-Wilsonr-Or., (1970) reportad that as little as 0.94 ug/1 ' (p A ----------- ------- - r Immature pink shrimp (Panaeus duorarum!. Part of this variation Is to exposure periods in the tests; part is no doubt the varia- (poeies rosponse. Again this emphasizes the point that short-term V^of acute toxlclties of PCB have serious limitations. ' HONS 053238 Karine animali may be more easily killed by PCB than freshwater *heianei--report-on-Marlne^Aquatic-JLlfe-and WildUfef'Section IV). estuarine fishes (Lagodon rhomboldes and' Leiostomus xanthurua) were . JmtWfor 14 to 45 days to Aroclor 1254, mortalities were observed'at lVH/, **?'M, ______ _ ^ (Hanson, et *1` 1971).-' This indicated a toxicity about ,.w. . ^J^lmts greater than summarized above for freshwater flsh^ but Vrthe tame as the toxicity for the .marine crustaceans mentioned above. 1 B. Studies ' Dietary exposure to PCD seems to be less of a direct hazard fish than exposure in water. Coho salmon (Oncorhvnchus klsutch) fed .254 in varying amounts up to 14,500 ug/kg body weight per day whole body residues which were only 0.9 to 0.5 of the level in vu (cod after 240 days rf dietary exposure. Growth rates were not affette^. y>uMsr, all fish exposed to the highest treatment died after 240 days exposure; 0-*rt thyroid activity was stimulated in all except' the group treated at the I04lf*f concentration (Mehrle and Crant^unpublished data 1971). / rtCKS 053239 | At present^evaluation of data from laboratory experiments ^fs^that -exposures to PCB In water represent'* a greater hazard to ULtoKhap dietary exposures. However, In the environment, residue accum- w nMA<u<r,~ bcCAuUC from dietary sources could be more Important siact^PCB have- a VvA^nfflnlty for sediments, and therefore, they readily enter food . jurf (J- -------v \37U *-- SiCB (Duhe^owe,--and -Wllaon^ 1970; Nimmo, et al. .1971/7 - i '. . ; . ,' * " tn Tissue \ . ; _ It is clear that widespread pollution of major waterways ' ^^fsccurred Nand that appreciable PCB residues exist In fish. When V _ hlyes of 40 fish from the 1970 National Pesticide Monitoring Program o/^Vroade, only one of J:he fish was found to contain less than 1 ug/g PCB . 1 ` _ . _............ ( S(Hling and"Mayer 1972/. " "The"I{nrrgfiest residue levels in ' selected fish ranged from 19jgg/g to 213 ^g/g whole body weight. - By contrast, residues measured In ocean fish have been generally 3S7X / 3W/ jjg/g (Rlsebrough 1970f Jensen, et al. 1969). Between the ranges la Avatar fish and those in marine fish are the levels of PCB 31%' " i f.sUMaLin seals (Jensen, et al. 1969; Holden 1970), and In the eggs -' Pat nth-eating birds in North America (Anderson et al. 1969;.Reynolds 1971;. W ------------------ Jt------------------- -- ----------- -- -------------------------- Mm..n. ^ et al. 1971-). . . In laboratory experiments^crustacea exposed to varying levels' ofArcelor 1254 in the water concentrate^ the PCB within their bodies more *^**-20,000 times. The tissue residues may sometimes reach an equilibrium, In Cammarus fasclatus PCB did not concentrate beyond 27,000 times despite an HONS 053240 .i :i 3-week exposure to 4 '&*> Aroclor (Saunders 1972). "-- ^trast, PCB residues In crayfish did not reach equilibrium after a O&W exposure. PCB concentration factors by two estuarine fishes. ' *** . Afthjwf rhomboidss and Leiostonue santhurus. wee- similar to that described i A* e.) (or crustaceans about 10,000 to 50,000 tines the exposure levels in*** (Hansen at al. 1971)'. It is Important to note that these accumu- l. r . j^fH* occured at water concentrations of PCB that killed the fish in J^45 days. .: `. ' * ' Also similar were the accumulation ratios of 26,000 to 56,000 for (lepomls macrochlrus) chronically exposed to 2jl5,aig/l of Aroclor ' \7Jfotni 1254. Fathead minnows (Plmephales promelas) chronically exposed to 1242 and 1254 for 8 weeks concentrated PCB'a 100,000 and 200,000 -)vi*sS'the exposure levels, respectively. Residues of 50 .ug/1 (whole body) resulted from exposure for 8 weeks to 0.3 >ug/l Aroclor 1254^ These yfsrlatnts with bluegills also Indicated that the maximum levels of PCB d-r^M-generally related to the concentration of PCB In the water (50,000 t - 300(WO times higher) to which they were exposed (Stalling and Huckins^' napuiilUhed dark Wl^T ' t%kLL on Reproduction ' . PCB residues In salmon eggs are apparently related to mortality Jf*. In preliminary investigations In Sweden, JenseiTand his associates reported that when residues In groups of eggs ranged from 0.4 "V M on a whole weight basis (7.7 to 34ug/gon a fat basis), related /tio^lties ranged from 16 pef cent up to 100 per cent. . c.s . PCB concentrations In tha range of 5 to 10 A>g/1 In water Interfered Utf^eproduction of several aquatic animals according to recent work of Kebekcr,. A*i.--:--- 3*i x t ,-ond-DeFoe (1971). About 5 Ajg/1 of Aroclor ^1248 was the highest HONS 053241 ^^,,,ttoa that did not affect reproduction of Daphnla maeue end p^n/>*^^udollir.naeu. In teats of reproduction by fathead minnows ^rift^oroaelas) 'al'I died when exposed chronically to greater than either Aro.c.l.o..r.....1.2..4.2...o..r...A..r.o.c..lo.r..1.2..5.4.......R..e.p..r.o.d..u.c..t.io.n f SJl s + / tjC&fcfed at and below this sane-ccoonncentrreettllooin-of Aroclor 1242, and at 6n<Jr A faTtSdl|/l * Aroclor 1254. . The association between residue levels and biological, effects . . . J,C U. tie animals Is scarcely known, but the work of Jensen, Johansson,-- 3-- 377/ ' X, ,-011son (1970) suggested that about 0.5 /jjg/g, of PCB In whole salmon ' night be the threshold for egg mortality. Such a level In eggs would ^gy.fttAoclited with levels In general body tissue (e.g., muscle) of 2.5 to `&*/g?7*> residue In muscle, corresponded to'the present Food and Drug Oimdstratlon level for allowable levels of FOB In fish used as human Residues measured In the survey by the 1970 National Pesticide filtering Program were generally above 5 <ug/g. ........... Applying a minimal safety factor of 10 for protection of the dotted population, and for protection of other species higher in the chain, would yield a maximum permissible tissue concentration of OSijsIi In any aquatic organism In any habitat affected by PCB. - . ConnidumHons and Further Needs Another means of control would be justified in view of the jr of PCB, the lack of knowledge about how It first enters natural COgyitems as a pollutant, and Its apparent distribution in high concentra tes in freshwater fish in the United States. This method would be to rttjirtote the manufacture of PCB and maintain close control of its uses Wvoid situations where PCB is lost to the environment. The Monsanto *. ' -- ~ jffiEjny recently restricted the sole of PCB for uses In which disposal of 4t hd products could*not be controlled, as with plasticizers (Gustafson, . 'U* f ________ V. ' MOMS 053242 2ii Afi ^j for Recocmcndat lofts .. . for FCB level* In water, the most tensitive reaction shown by _ .^Z^Uct>rginl*(n* Is Co the lethal effects of low concentrations con* Ta .. U/f+ojJfly^present In water for long periods (weeks or months). Concentra- thd range of l tVBVjjg/'l have been* shown'to be lethal to several ZjU.^ . * . -- Zll*. -- ' <f\The work of Hansen, et el. (1971) and - i j*y' rTtZfi end nuckings (unpublished data. 1971) indicates that concentrations 0^ of FCB in water over periods of up to 36 weeks could lead to ' ^S^usTlevels of FCB in the tlssues'of aquatic organisms.. Accumulation jjetors of 75,000 to 200,000 times is indicated by their work. If the J^^ttUratio Is taken, 0.01 ;og/l in water might result in 2.0 ^g/g in . on whole fish basis,. This is comparable to the residue level in ' eggs associated with complete mortality of embryos. Therefore, a CSTbontrstlon is reeoimnonded that is reduced by a factor of 5, or 0.002^/1. ^n-iidltlon, a control based on residue levels is required, as well as ono on FCB in the water. fenmendations ..... .. . . >:. . . j .. . ... . Aquatic life should be protected where the maximum concentration ^ktal FCB in unfiltered water does not exceed 0.002 /ug/1 at any time or ^**7 and tho residues in general body tissues of any aquatic organism do txcoed 0.5 gg/g. MONS 0532A3