Document NEDX5Qa4ykR5ga8vMny3zJp0V

ST 0853804 A Guide to the DIAGNOSIS of OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES A REFERENCE MANUAL FOR PHYSICIANS Compiled Jointly by the Staffs of THE INDUSTRIAL HEALTH DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL HEALTH AND WELFARE and THE DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH FOR ONTARIO Published by Authority or The Honourable Paul Martin Minister or National Health and Welfare 1949 Copies may be obtained from the King's Printer at One Dollar each ST 0853806 PREFACE This reference manual is intended to be of assistance to physicians in the diagnosis and prevention of occupational diseases. It has been prepared in response to the growing interest in industrial health problems on the part of the medical profession, labour and management. The growth of Canadian industry in recent years has been extremely rapid. During the course of World War II, Canada became one of the foremost industrial nations of the world. Between 1939 and 1946, the value of our manufactured goods and foreign trade increased threefold while the number of employees in manufacturing alone rose from 658,000 to 1,119,000. Today, in Canada, the number of persons gainfully employed in all occupations is about 5,000,000. Not only has there been an increase in the number of employees in our industries, but industry itself has become more complex and diversified. Many new materials and processes, introduced during the war, have now become standard features in Canadian industry and some of these constitute further sources of potential or actual health hazards for the worker. The control of the working environ ment and the supervision of workers' health call for a wider knowledge of the potential health hazards in all industries and for enhanced skill in recognizing occupational diseases. A comprehensive program of industrial hygiene requires the com bined services of professional and technical people from various scientific fields. In addition to the plant physician and nurse, the modern industrial hygiene team includes chemists, engineers, physi cists, as well as factory inspectors, safety supervisors, plant managers, personnel directors, and first-aid men. All these people must have some knowledge of the broad field of industrial health in order to understand their special function in a preventive program. The general practitioner and the specialist in various branches of medicine are also important members of this team when their patients are industrial workers. They, as well as the plant physician, there fore, should have a practical working knowledge of occupational factors in the causation of disease and the information assembled in this book is intended to be helpful in determining that relationship. For this purpose, in Chapter 2, a reference key is presented 10893--1} 3 S T 08 53807 giving an alphabetical list of "Occupations1' with their associated potential health hazards; and in Chapter 3 there follows a description of occupational diseases which may result from those hazards. Harmful chemicals are described under the following headings: Properties, Uses and Occurrence, Mode of Entry into the Body, Physiological Action and Toxicity, Signs and Symptoms. The remaining chapters are of more general interest, Chapter I providing a brief discussion of occupational diseases, Chapter IV a review of occupational dermatoses and Chapter V a summary of the various provincial workmen's compensation acts. This publication is intended to present only a brief summary of current knowledge of the diagnostic features relevant to occupa tional diseases. The selection and arranging of the material, together wi h the writing of accompanying text, have been performed largely by Dr. R. B. Sutherland of the Ontario Division of Industrial Hygiene and Dr. E. A. Watkinson and H. N. Acker, B.A., of the Federal Division of Industrial Health. Much of the material has been selected from works listed in the bibliography. Acknowledgment is also made to the United States Department of Labor, whose bulletin No. 41, "Occupation Hazards and Diagnostic Signs", has served as the basis for Chapter II. The values given for maximum allowable concentrations are those generally accepted today, but of course, are subject to change when further scientific knowledge warrants revision. It is hoped that this book will fill, at least in part, a long felt need for a ready reference manual on the diagnosis of occupational diseases. F. S. PARNEY, M.D., Chief, Industrial Health Division, Dept, of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa. J. G. CUNNINGHAM, M.B. Director, Division of Industrial Hygiene, Dept, of Health for Ontario, Toronto. 4 ST 0853808 Chapter TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. The Occupational Diseases-- 1. General Considerations..................................... 7 2. Definitions........................................................... 10 Chapter II. List of Occupations and Their Potential Hazards........................................................... 15 Chapter III. Harmful Conditions and Substances-- Section A. Abnormalities of Air Pressure............................ Section B. Abnormalities of Temperature and Humidity.. 1. Heat.................................................................... 2. Sudden Variations in Temperature................ Section C. Dampness............................................................... Section D. Defective Illumination......................................... Section E. Excessive Noise..................................................... Section F. Radiant Energy..................................................... 1. X-Rays, Radium, and Other Radioactive Substances........................................................... 2. Ultraviolet Rays................................................ 3. Infrared Rays..................................................... 4. Ultra High Frequency Radiations.................. Section G. Electrical Burns; Electrical Shock..................... Section H. Repeated Motion and Pressure; Vibration...... Section I. Infections............ Section J. Dusts and Fumes.................................................. 1. Organic Dusts.................................................... 2. Inorganic Dusts and Fumes............................ Group I. Inert Dusts and Fumes................ Group II. Dusts and Fumes Producing Systemic Effects............................................. Group III. Dusts and Fumes Producing Inflammatory Lung Changes...................... Group IV. Dusts and Fumes Producing Disabling Lung Fibrosis............................... Group V. Dusts and Fumes of Undeter mined Pathogenicity to the Lung............... Section K. Harmful Chemicals.............................................. o 77 78 78 79 79 79 80 81 83 85 86 87 88 89 91 96 98 101 101 103 103 104 108 110 ST 0853809 Page Chapter IV. The Occupational Dermatoses....................... List of Occupations with their Skin Irritants 279 289 Chapter V. Workmen's Compensation in Canada............ Table of Occupational Diseases Compensated by Provinces................................................... 299 306 Selected Bibliography...................................................................... 310 Index.................................................................................................. 311 6 ST08538I0 Chapter I THE OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES I. General Considerations Since occupational diseases have their origin in the working environ ment, their prevention, diagnosis and treatment depend upon a knowledge of the health hazards associated with any particular environment. In respect to patients who are industrial workers, physicians will want to know the materials and the processes with which their patients have been dealing and whether these have involved an exposure to any potential or actual health hazard. While it is often impractical for the general practitioner to know the whole industrial field, he can, however, become familiar with the working environment associated with the industries in his own community. Early diagnosis of an occupational disease is especially important, for until the cause is determined, other workers may continue to be exposed to the same hazard. A knowledge of the potential hazards and the early signs and symptoms of abnormal exposure will assist in establishing an early diagnosis. Through close observation too, the industrial physician may notice significant minor changes among a working group. For example, pallor, loss of appetite and general weakness occurring among several workers in a storage battery plant should suggest group exposure to dangerous concentrations of lead. Steps in Diagnosis: In the diagnosis of occupational disease it is important to prove exposure to the toxic substance, absorption of the substance into the body and to demonstrate actual signs of ill health caused by absorp tion. Most industrial diseases are insidious in their onset. Although they usually develop while the workman is still exposed to the causa tive agent, some diseases such as silicosis, radium poisoning and benzol poisoning, may not become evident for months or even years after the workman has left the hazardous environment. In no other branch of medicine is the work history of the patient more important. Not only is a complete medical and personal history essential, but a detailed history of all occupations held by the workman since the time he left school is imperative. 7 ST08533I I 8 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Investigation of industrial materials must be thorough. It should be remembered that mixtures, rather than simple substances are often used, particularly in the case of solvents. Such materials may con tain harmful impurities or, without the trade name being changed, their composition may be altered in such a way as to become hazar dous. Consequently, it is often necessary to contact or visit the plant to identify materials used by the workman and to consult the manufacturer of trade products to ascertain their chemical compo sition. In certain provinces manufacturers may be required to inform departments of labour or health concerning the composition of their products. The physician must then determine whether any of these materials are known to be harmful. If the patient's exposure to a specific toxic substance is responsible for his illness, the clinical picture should be consistent with those of other known cases of occupational disease produced by similar agents. However, it should be borne in mind that the workman is often exposed to a mixture of toxic substances, a fact which may produce a complex and confused clinical picture. It must be established whether the exposure, in terms of concen tration and duration, has been sufficient to produce toxic effects in the workman. Exposure may be continuous or intermittent and there may be great variations in concentration during the working day. These factors influence the degree of danger associated with industrial poisons. For example, daily exposures to low concentra tions of benzol over a considerable period of time, are likely to result in severe changes in the haemopoietic system; on the other hand, brief exposures to high concentrations, short of narcosis, usually have no serious effect on the body provided they are not repeated. In contrast, a single exposure to a high concentration of nitrous fumes may produce pulmonary oedema within eight to twenty-four hours. Thus the conditions under which a toxic material is used may have a direct bearing on the degree of hazard involved. Recurrence of an illness, coinciding with the workman's return to a similar previous exposure, is further evidence supporting a diagnosis of occupational disease. This applies particularly to occupational dermatoses which usually show improvement when the man [ is removed from the causative exposure, and which recur upon his return to former work. ST0853812 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 9 The finding of similar cases of illness among several persons subject to the same working conditions may be an important point suggesting an occupational origin of the disease. However, not all similarly exposed personnel need be affected. As in non-industrial diseases, there is marked variation in individual susceptibility. In addition, there appears to be a relationship between the age, sex and race of the individual and his susceptibility to poisoning by certain chemicals. Alcoholism and previous liver damage from any cause in a worker are believed to increase his susceptibility to the effects of T.N.T. and the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The diagnosis of an occupational disease is often difficult to estab lish. It may necessitate an environmental survey including the collection and examination of dusts, fumes, vapours and gases, for the purpose of determining whether the worker has been exposed to toxic substances or hazardous conditions. The medical examination may involve the determination of the poison or its excretion products in body fluids or tissues. For example, urinalysis may reveal the presence of arsenic, fluorides, lead, manganese, mercury or selenium, or the excretory products of aniline, benzol, nitriles, phenol, toluene, T.N.T. or xylidine. Blood examination may show abnormal amounts of arsenic, carbon monoxide, fluorides, lead or manganese. Analysis of hair and finger nail clippings may reveal the presence of arsenic and the analysis of exhaled air may indicate the absorption of radioactive substances. Usually, the general practitioner does not maintain facilities for making all these investigations. When he requires assistance either in investigating an exposure or in making diagnostic tests, he may obtain suck essential help from his provincial department of health. Special divisions of industrial hygiene exist in Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia under the provincial departments of health. These agencies can also frequently supply library facilities and information concerning the materials contained in trade products. The assistance of these divisions is available to all members of the medical profession and to industrial plants. Classification of Occupational Health Hazards The harmful conditions and substances encountered in industry may be divided into the following main groups: ST08538I 3 10 DLAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES A. Abnormalities of Air Pressure. B. Abnormalities of Temperature and Humidity. C. Dampness. D. Defective Illumination. E. Excessive Noise. F. Radiant Energy. G. Electrical Burns; Electrical Shock. H. Repeated Motion and Pressure; Vibration. I. Infections. J. Dust sand fumes. K. Harmful Chemicals. Many of the above groups are further subdivided into specific individual hazards which are listed in the index. In Chapter III the health hazards related to occupation are dis cussed in order of the above classification. An attempt has been made, in the description of each hazard, to stress those points which will assist the physician in arriving at a diagnosis. Thus, certain physical properties of each hazard have been given, e.g., Boiling Point, Vapour Density and where possible, Volatility. It is hoped that the information given under these headings will assist the physi cian in assessing the workman's degree of exposure. Under "Physio logical Action and Toxicity", the body systems usually affected are indicated and where known, the action of various concentrations of each harmful chemical is given. The paragraph on "Signs and Symptoms" gives a brief description of the common clinical findings. "Maximum Allowable Concentrations", as presently accepted by most authorities, are stated. Mention is made of the fire hazard associated with most of the chemicals, since it is felt that many physicians, especially those connected with industry, can be of assistance to management in pointing out instances where a fire hazard and its consequent health hazard may exist. 2. Definitions Certain terms frequently used in this book may be defined as follows: Dusts: Solid particles generated by handling, crushing, grinding, rapid impact, detonation and decrepitation of organic or inorganic materials such as rock, ore, metal, coal, wood, grain, etc. Dusts do ST0853814 DEFINITIONS 11 not tend to flocculate except under electrostatic forces; they do not diffuse in air but settle under the influence of gravity. (American Standards Association) Fumes: Solid particles generated by condensation from the gaseous state, generally after volatilization from molten metals, etc., and often accompanied by a chemical reaction such as oxidation. Fumes flocculate and sometimes coalesce. (ASA) Mists: Suspended liquid droplets generated by condensation from the gaseous to the liquid state or by breaking up a liquid into a dispersed state, such as by splashing, foaming, and atomizing. (ASA) Vapours: The gaseous form of substances which are normally in the solid or liquid state and which can be changed to th_ '-c states either by increasing the pressure or decreasing the temperature alone. Vapours diffuse. (ASA) Gases: Normally formless fluids which occupy the space of enclo sure and which can be changed to the liquid or solid state only by the combined effect of increased pressure and decreased temperature. Gases diffuse. (ASA) Specific Gravity: This is the density or weight of a liquid or solid in relation to that of water. When the liquid or solid is heavier than water, the specific gravity is greater than 1; when the substance is lighter than water, the specific gravity is less than 1. Boiling Point: This is the temperature at which the vapour pres sure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure. In general, the lower the boiling point of a liquid, the greater its vapour pressure at room temperature. Volatility : This term is used to express the rate of evaporation of a liquid. Usually, the lower the boiling point of a liquid the more rapidly will it evaporate at room temperature. Vapour Density: This is the density or weight of a gas or vapour in relation to that of air. When the gas or vapour is heavier than air, the vapour density is greater than 1; when the substance is lighter than air the vapour density is less than 1. In still air, heavier gases and vapours tend to settle to lower levels, as for example, in pits and wells but a portion is diffused in the air at all levels. ST 08 53815 12 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Maximum Allowable Concentration (M.A.C.): This is the high est concentration of an atmospheric contaminant which is regarded as having no harmful effect upon the health of an individual exposed continuously during the working day (8 hour daily exposure) and for prolonged periods of employment. These concentrations are usually expressed in one of three ways: (1) In the case of gases and vapours, the M.A.C. is usually given in parts per million (ppm), that is, as parts of the gas or vapour per million parts of air. It must be remembered that the "parts of gas or vapour" refer to the gas-volume of the substance (*.., the volume of the substance in its gaseous state) and must not be confused by estimating the liquid volume of the substance in a million parts of air. To illustrate, the volume occupied by a gram-molecular weight of ^ substance at 0 Centrigade and 760 mm. of mercury pressure (Normal Temperature and Pressure) is 22-4 litres when in the gaseous state. The molecular weight of carbon tetrachloride (CC1<) is 154, (carbon 12, chlorine 35-5) and 154 grams of CCh, at N.T.P., occupies 22-4 litres when completely volatilized. The liquid volume, on the other hand, is only 96 cc., or 0*096 litres. In this example, the gas volume is 22 *4 -i- 0*096, or 233 times the liquid volume, and if the concentration of carbon tetrachloride in air in a given exposure were wrongly calculated using the liquid volume, the result would be 233 times lower than the true concentration. (2) In the case of fumes, dusts and mists, the M.A.C. is usually expressed as milligrammes of contaminant per cubic metre of air (or Mgm. cu. metre, or Mgm/M*). For the most part, these concen trations are expressed as milligrammes per 10 cubic metres of air, since the volume of air breathed by the average man in 8 hours while doing moderately hard work is about 10 cubic metres. The M.A.C., given as milligrammes per 10 cubic metres of air, therefore, indicates that concentration of contaminant in air which is regarded as safe and relates it to the average amount of air breathed by the workman during a working day. (3) In the case of mineral dusts, such as asbestos and dusts con taining free silica, the M.A.C. is expressed in millions of particles per cubic foot of air (M.P.P.C.F.), the dust count being performed by the standard light field technique. In the case of gamma rays from X-rays or radium, the recom mended limits of exposure are expressed as roentgen units per 8 hour ST08538I 6 DEFINITIONS 13 day. Where the radioactive material is gaseous, such as radon, the M.A.C. is given as curies per cubic metre of air. It should be noted that some recommended M.A.Cs. have been determined by actual study of exposures associated with the develop ment of clinical cases in industry. In other instances, where hazar dous materials have been recently introduced into industry, the M.A.Cs. have been determined largely through animal experiments and it should be realized that results thus obtained may not be directly referable to man. Therefore, as more industrial experience and clinical evidence become available, it may be considered advisable to lower some limits which are now regarded as safe, or to raise others which are found to be lower than necessary. Flash Point: This is the temperature at which a liquid or solid gives off sufficient vapour to support combustion. The term applies chiefly to liquids, but there are certain solids, such as camphor and naphthalene, which evaporate at ordinary room temperatures and have flash points while in the solid state. A substance having a flash point above room temperature does not, of course, constitute as great a fire hazard as a substance having a flash point at or below room temperature. The lower the flash point, the more readily will a material give off sufficient vapour to support combustion. For purposes of classification, flammable liquids may be divided into four groups: Class 1: Liquids having a flash point below 25F.; e.g. ethyl (or anaesthetic) ether, gasoline, benzol. Class 2: Liquids having a flash point above 2SF. and below 70F.; e.g., ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, toluol. Class 3: Liquids having a flash point above 70F. and below 200 F.; e.g., kerosene, turpentine, xylol. Class 4: Liquids having a flash point above 200F.; e.g., dichlorobenzene, ethylene glycol, paraffin wax. Explosive Limits (or Flammable Limits): The minimum explo sive limit is that concentration of a vapour in air which is required to support combustion. Vapour concentrations lower than the mini mum explosive concentration will not burn. The maximum explosive limit is that concentration of vapour which still supports combustion, but beyond which there is insufficient oxygen to support the burning ST0853817 *1 14 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES of the vapour. The difference between the minimum and the maxi mum. limits, representing concentrations in which combustion is supported, is known as the explosive range. Explosive limits are usually expressed as percentages by volume, of the gas or vapour in air. The minimum explosive limit is nearly always a higher con centration than that regarded as the maximum which is non-injurious to health (M.A.C.). ST 08538 I 8 Chapter II LIST OF OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS Abrasives Workers Heat Inorganic dusts (free silica) Inorganic dusts (no free silica) Organic dusts Acetaldehyde Workers Acetaldehyde Mercury and its compounds Add Finishers (glass) Hydrochloric acid Lead and its compounds Sulphuric acid Actors Lead and its compounds Agricultural Workers (see farmers) Acetanilide Workers Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Air Hammer Operators Excessive noise Repeated motion, pressure vibration and Acetic Acid Makers Hydrochloric acid Mercury and its compounds Acetone Workers Acetone Mercury and its compounds Acetylene Workers (see also carbide makers and welders) Acetone Ammonia Arsine Carbon disulphide Carbon monoxide Chloride of lime Chromium and its compounds Inorganic dust Phosphine Acid Dippers Arsine Cyanides Dampness Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Sulphuric acid Aeroplane-Dope Workers Acetone Amyl acetate Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Formic acid Ketones Petroleum hydrocarbons Aeroplane-Hangar Employees Alkalis Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Petroleum hydrocarbons AeroplaneaPllots--Crop Dusting Altitude (rarefied air, decreased atmospheric pressure) Arsenic and its compounds Carbon monoxide Lead and its compounds 15 ST08538I 9 m 16 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Alcohol Distillery Workers Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Ethyl alcohol Formic acid Mercury and its compounds Methyl alcohol Propyl alcohol Aldehyde Pumpmen Acetaldehyde Methyl alcohol Amalgam Workers Mercury and its compounds Ammonia Workers Ammonia Calcium cyanamide Carbon monoxide Ammonium Salt Makers Ammonia Carbon disulphide Cyanides Heat Hydrochloric acid Nitric arid Alkali Salt Makers Carbon dioxide Chlorine Dampness t Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen sulphide Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric acid Amyl Acetate Workers Amy! acetate Amyl alcohol Amyl Alcohol Workers Amyl alcohol Alloy Makers Antimony Arsenic Aniline Dye Makers (see dye makers) Beryllium Aniline Workers Cadmium Amino compounds of benzol, toluol Carbon monoxide and xylol Chromium Aniline Cobalt Arsine Copper Benzol and its homologues (toluol Heat and xylol) i 1 Inorganic dust (free silica) Chromium and its compounds T Lead Magnesium Hydrochloric arid Nitric acid Manganese Nitrobenzol Metal fume fever Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol Nickel and xylol Selenium Nitrous fumes Tellurium Tin Animal By-Products Workers Vanadium Zinc Aluminum Extractors Alkalis Fluorine and ,its compounds Acrolein Anthrax Dampness Erysipeloid Fungus infections Septic infections Alum Workers Undulant fever Sulphuric acid Weil's disease ST0853820 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 17 Awimal Hair Dressers (see hair workers) Animal Handlers Anthrax Fungus infections Glanders Rabies Septic infections Undulant fever Annealers Ammonia Heat Antifreeze Makers Glycols Methyl alcohol Antimony Extractors (refiners) Antimony and its compounds Heat Antimony Fluoride Extractors Hydrofluoric acid Arsenic Roasters Arsenic and its compounds Heat Art-Glass Workers Amyl acetate Arsenic and its compounds Cobalt and its compounds Hydrofluoric add Lead and compounds Manganese and its compounds Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Turpentine Artificial Flower Makers Arsenic and compounds Chromium and compounds Lead and compounds Mercury and compounds Methyl alcohol Repeated motion, pressure vibration and 10893--2 Artificial Gem Makers Thallium and its compounds Artificial Ice Makers Ammonia Carbon dioxide Dampness Sudden variations of temperature Sulphur dioxide Artificial Leather Makers Acetone Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Amyl acetate Aniline Arsenic and compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Butanone Butyl alcohol Heat Methyl alcohol Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Sulphuric add Artificial Pearl Makers Acetone Amyl acetate Lead Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Tetrachloroethane Artificial Rubber Makers (see rubber makers, synthetic) Artificial Silk Makers (see rayon) Artificial Stone Makers Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Tar and pitch Asbestos Miners (see also miners) Asbestos dust ST085382I 18 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Asbestos Products Workers Asbestos dust Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Formaldehyde Heat Tar and pitch Ashmen Inorganic dust (no free silica) Organic dust Asphalt Workers Heat Tar and pitch Automobile Mechanics (see garage workers) Automobile Painters (see also painters) Amyl acetate Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Chlorinated hydrocarbons Dampness Ethyl acetate Ketones Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Babbitt Metal Workers Antimony and its compounds Lead and its compounds Babbitters Antimony and its compounds Lead and its compounds Bakers Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Organic dust Sudden variations of temperature Ultraviolet and infrared rays Baking Powder Makers Carbon dioxide Inorganic dust (no free silica) Organic dust Barbers Fungus infections Repeated motion, vibration pressure and Barium Carbonate Makers Barium and its compounds Hydrogen sulphide Bar-Mill Workers (iron and steel) Heat Barometer Makers Mercury and its compounds Basic Slag (artificial manure) Handlers Inorganic dust (no free silica) Batch Makers (glass works) (see glass mixers) Batch Makers (rubber works) (see compounders, rubber) Baters (tannery) Anthrax Battery (dry) Makers Amyl acetate Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Chromium and its compounds Hydrochloric acid Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Organic dust Tar and pitch Zinc and its compounds Battery (storage) Makers (see storage battery makers) Beamers (textiles) Organic dust Beam-House Workers (tannery) Anthrax Dampness ST0853822 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 19 Beatermen (paper and pulp) Chlorine Dampness Beauty Parlour Operators Ammonium thioglycollate Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Fungus infections Hydrogen sulphide Bed Rubbers (stone) Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Benzene Workers (see benzol workers) Benzine (petroleum) Workers Aliphatic hydrocarbons Petroleum hydrocarbons Benzol Purifiers Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Sulphuric acid Benzol-Stlllmen Benzol Heat Benzol Workers Benzol Bessemer-Converter Workers (iron and steel) Carbon monoxide Heat Ultraviolet and infrared rays Bevelers Inorganic dust (no free silica) Billet Mill Workers (iron and steel) Heat Bisque-Kiln Workers Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) 10893--2\ Blacksmiths Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Cyanides Heat Lead and its compounds Repeated motion, pressure vibration Ultraviolet and infrared rays and Blanket Makers Anthrax Blasters Carbon monoxide Hydrogen sulphide Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free si^ca) Nitrous fumes Blast Furnace Workers Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Heat Hydrocyanic acid Hydrogen sulphide Phosphine Sulphur dioxide Ultraviolet and infrared rays Bleachers Alkalis Chloride of lime Chlorine Chromium compounds Heat Hydrochloric acid Hydrofluoric acid Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Oxalic acid Ozone Phosgene Sulphur, dioxide Sudden variations of temperature Bleaching Powder Makers Arsine Chloride of lime Chlorine Manganese compounds ST0853823 20 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Blenders (motor fuel) (see gasoline blenders) Blockers (felt hats) Carbon monoxide Heat Bloodera (tannery) Lead and its compounds Blooming-Mill Workers (iron and steel) Heat Blowers (glass manufacturing) (see glass blowers) Bf'wers-Out (zinc smelting) Heat Metal fume fever Zinc and its compounds Blue Print Makers Chromium compounds Blue Print Paper Makers Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Oxalic acid Bluers (revolvers) Heat Boiler Cleaners and Washers Carbon monoxide Dampness Boiler-Room Workers Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Heat Boneblack Makers Ammonia Phosphorus and its compounds Bone Renderers, Extractors, etc. Acrolein Anthrax Heat Hydrocyanic acid Organic dust Sulphur dioxide Bookbinders Acrolein Amyl acetate Arsenic and its compounds Lead and its compounds Methyl alcohol Oxalic acid Bottle-Cap Makers Lead and its compounds Bottlers (mineral water) Carbon dioxide Hydrogen sulphide Brake-Lining Makers Asbestos dust Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Brass Founders Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Copper and its compounds Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Lead and its compounds Metal fume fever Phosphorus and its compounds Sulphur dioxide Ultraviolet and infrared rays Zinc and its compounds Brass Polishers (see also polishers and cleaners, metal) Lead and its compounds Braziers Heat Lead and its compounds Ultraviolet and infrared rays Zinc and its compounds Brewers Amyl alcohol Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide S T0853824 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 21 Dampness Fungus infections Formaldehyde Heat Hydrofluoric add Phenol Sudden variations of temperature Sulphuric acid Brick Burners Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Heat Lead and its compounds Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Zinc and its compounds Broom Makers Anthrax Chlorine Formaldehyde Organic dust Sulphur dioxide Brick Layers Inorganic dust (no free silica) Browners (gun barrels) Phosphoric acid Brick Makers Dampness Heat Hydrofluoric add Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Magnesium and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Sulphur dioxide Briquette Makers Arsenic and its compounds Tar and pitch Bronze Powder Makers Acetone Lead and its compounds Zinc and its compounds Bronzers Ammonia Amyl acetate Arsenic and its compounds Arsine Benzol Cyanides Hydrochloric acid Hydrocyanic acid Hydrogen sulphide Brush Makers Anthrax Formaldehyde Lead and its compounds Methyl alcohol Organic dust Tar and pitch Buffers Defective illumination Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Organic dust Buffers (rubber) Amyl acetate Ethyl acetate Lead and its compounds Petroleum hydrocarbons Bulb (mercury) Makers Mercury and its compounds Buoy Makers Phosphine Burners (enameling) Heat Lead and its compounds t ST0353825 22 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Burnishers (metals) Antimony and its compounds Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Defective illumination Petroleum hydrocarbons Sulphuric acid TrichloroethyIene Burrers (needles) Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Burr Filers Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Cable Splicers Acrolein Aliphatic hydrocarbons (methane, etc.) Carbon monoxide Cresol Dampness Electrical burns; electrical shock Hydrogen sulphide Lead and its compounds Petroleum hydrocarbons Phenol Poison ivy Turpentine Cadmium Alloy Makers Cadmium and its compounds Butchers Anthrax Dampness Erysipeloid Glanders Septic infections Sudden variations of temperature Tularaemia Undulant fever Weil's disease Button Makers Acetaldehyde Acetone Adds Chloride of lime Formaldehyde Fungus infections Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Organic dust Butyl Acetate Makers Butyl alcohol , Butyl Alcohol Makers Butyl alcohol Cable Makers Lead and its compounds Cadmium and CadmiumCompound Makers Arsine Cadmium and its compounds Cadmium Platers (see also electroplaters) Cadmium and its compounds Caisson Workers Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Compressed air Dampness Defective illumination Hydrogen sulphide Sudden variations of temperature Calcium Carbide Makers (see carbide makers) Calcium Cyanamide Makers Calcium cyanamide Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Calenderers (rubber) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Sudden variations of temperature Calico Printers (see textile printers) ST 0853826 24 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Carpet Cleaners Anthrax Chlorinated hydrocarbons Organic dust Petroleum hydrocarbons Carpet Makers Anthrax Arsenic and its compounds Organic dust Cattlemen Anthrax Undulant fever Cellulose Makers Alkalis Dampness Hydrogen sulphide Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric add Cartridge Cup Washers Dampness Cartridge Dippers Hydrochloric acid Nitric add Nitrous fumes Sulphuric add Cartridge Felt and Wad Makers Dampness Cartridge Cap Operators Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Cartridge Shot Shell Paraffin Dippers Dampness Sudden variations of temperature Case Hardeners Cyanides Heat Hydrocyanic acid Ultra high frequency radiations Casters (metal) (see foundry and also particular metal) Casting Cleaners (foundry) (see also add dippers) Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Cast Scrubbers (electroplaters) Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Petroleum hydrocarbons Cellulose Products Makers (see rayon, pyroxylin plastics, lacquers) Cementers (rubber) Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Butyl alcohol Carbon disulphide Carbon tetrachloride Ethyl acetate Chlorinated hydrocarbons Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Tetrachloroethane Trichloroethylene Turpentine Cement (Portland) Workers Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Cement (rubber, plastic, etc.) Mixers Acetone Ammonia Amyl acetate Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon disulphide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Diethylene dioxide Ethyl acetate Lead and its compounds Petroleum hydrocarbons ST0853827 OCCUPATIONS AND THBIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 23 Candle Makers Acrolein Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Arsenic and its compounds Chromium and its compounds Sulphuric add Gandy Makers Dermatitis Heat Sudden variations of temperature Carbonated-Water Makers Carbon dioxide Carbon Black Workers Heat Organic dust Carbon Brush Makers Inorganic dust (no free silica) Organic dust Carbon Dioxide Makers Carbon dioxide Ganners Arsenic and its compounds Carbon dioxide Dampness Heat Lead and its compounds Sudden variations of temperature Septic infections Can Sealers Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Cap Loaders Mercury and its compounds Cappers (window glass) Heat Carbide Makers Acetylene Ammonia Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Organic dust Ultraviolet and infrared rays Carbolic Add Makers Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Phenol Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric acid Carbon Disulphide Makers Carbon disulphide Hydrogen sulphide Garbonlzers (shoddy) Arsine Hydrochloric add Organic dust Sulphuric add Carbon Paper Makers Organic dust Carbon Printers (photography) Chromium compounds Carbon Tetrachloride Workers Carbon disulphide Carbon tetrachloride Phosgene Sulphur chloride Carders (asbestos) Asbestos dust Carders (textiles) Organic dust Card Grinders (textile) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Organic dust Carpenters Organic dust Repeated motion, vibration pressure and ST0853828 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 25 Pyridine Sulphur chloride Tar and pitch Tetrachloroethane Ceramic Workers (see pottery workers) Chamber-men (sulphuric acid) Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric add Charcoal Burners Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Organic dust Charcoal Workers Carbon monoxide Organic dust Charcoal Workers (sugar refining) ` Heat Sudden variations of temperature Chargers (furnace) (see also particular metal) Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Chargers (smelting and refining) (see also particular metal) Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Chasers (steel) Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Chauffeurs Carbon monoxide Dampness Petroleum hydrocarbons Repeated pressure, motion and vibration Sudden variations of temperature Chemists (analytical) Acetaldehyde Acetone Alkalis Antimony and compounds Arsenic and compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Cadmium and its compounds Carbon disulphide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorine Chromium and its compounds Cyanides Cyanogen and compounds Formaldehyde Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen sulphide Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Methyl alcohol Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Petroleum hydrocarbons Phosphorus and its compounds Sulphuric acid Zinc and its compounds Chemists (radium research) X-rays, radium and other radio active substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.). Chimney Masons Carbon monoxide Chimney Sweepers Arsenic and its compounds Carbon monoxide Inorganic dust (no free silica) Tar and pitch Chippers Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds ST0853829 26 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Chloride of Lime Makers Chloride of lime Chlorine Chlorinated Diphenyl Workers Chlorinated diphenyls Chlorinated Naphthalene Workers Chlorinated naphthalenes Chlorine Makers Chlorine Hydrochloric add Manganese and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Chlorodiphenyl Users Chlorinated diphenyls Chloroform Makers Acetone Carbon tetrachloride Chloride of lime Methyl chloride Chrome Workers Chromium and its compounds Chromium Platers (see also electroplaters) Chromium and its compounds Cigar Makers Fungus infections Lead and its compounds Nicotine and tobacco Organic dust Clay and Bisque Makers (pottery) Dampness Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Sudden variations of temperature Clay-Plug Makers (pottery) Dampness Inorganic dust (no fi;ee silica) Clay-Products Workers (see pottery workers) Cleaners (metal) (see polishers and cleaners, metal) Clerks Defective illumination Repeated motion, pressure vibration and Clothes Pressers Carbon monoxide Heat doth Singers Carbon monoxide Coal Carbonlzers Carbon monoxide Hydrogen sulphide Sulphur dioxide Coal Miners (see miners) Coal Passers Inorganic dust (no free silica) Organic dust Coal Tar Workers (see also coke oven workers) Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon monoxide Cresol Cyanides Cyanogen compounds Heat Phenol Tar and pitch Cobbers (asbestos) Asbestos Cobblers Anthrax Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon tetrachloride Organic dust Repeated motion, pressure and vibration I ST0353830 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 27 Coin Makers Nickel Silver Coke-Oven Workers (see also coal tar workers) Ammonia Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon monoxide Heat Hydrogen sulphide Sulphur dioxide Tar and pitch Cold Storage Plant Workers (see refrigerating plant workers) Collar (fused) Makers Acetone Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Methyl alcohol Collodion Makers Nitric add Nitrous fumes Coloured Paper Workers Arsenic and its compounds Colourera (marble) Chromium compounds Colourers (white) of Shoes Lead and its compounds Colour Makers Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Ammonia Aniline Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Brominated hydrocarbons (methyl bromide) Bromine Cadmium and its compounds Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorine Chromium and its compounds Cobalt and its compounds Dimethyl sulphate Ethylene chlorohydrin Heat Iodine Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Methyl chloride Naphthols Petroleum hydrocarbons Selenium compounds Sulphuric add Tetrachloroethane Thallium and its compounds Comb Makers Acetone Ketones Organic dust Compositors Alkalis Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Antimony and compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Defective illumination Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Petroleum hydrocarbons Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Turpentine Compounders (rubber) Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Chromium compounds S TO 853831 28 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Hexamethylene tetramine Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Organic dust Petroleum hydrocarbons Compressed Air (caisson) Workers (see caisson workers) Compressed Air (pneumatic tool) Workers (see pneumatic tool workers) Concentrating Mill Workers (see also oil flotation plant workers) Dampness Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Selenium and its compounds Confectioners (see candy makers) Construction Workers Dampness Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Cooks Carbon monoxide Erysipeloid Septic infections Sudden variations of temperature Ultraviolet and infrared rays Copper Founders Arsenic and compounds Copper and its compounds Copper Miners (see miners) Copper Refiners and Smelter Workers Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Carbon monoxide Copper and its compounds Heat Hydrofluoric acid Lead and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Selenium compounds Sulphur dioxide Tellurium and compounds Coppersmiths Arsenic and its compounds Copper and its compounds Copper (strip) Roller-Mill Workers Acrolein Cordage Factory Workers Anthrax Tar and pitch Core Makers Acrolein Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Zinc and its compounds Cork Workers Organic dust Corn-Products Workers Dampness Heat Sudden variations of temperature Cosmetic Workers Arsenic and its compounds Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Mercury and its compounds Nitrobenzol Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Cotton Mill Workers Byssinosis Dampness Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Organic dust Cottonseed-Oil Workers Heat ST0853832 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 29 Cotton Twitters Organic dust ' Repeated motion, vibration pressure and Cranemen (glass industry) Heat Cranemen (iron and steel) Acrolein Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Cranemen (non-ferrous) Arsenic and compounds Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Lead and compounds Metal fume fever Selenium and compounds Sulphur dioxide Zinc and compounds Crayon (coloured) Makers Chromium and its compounds Lead and its compounds Creoaotlng-Plant Workers Cresol Dampness Phenol Tar and pitch Cresol-Soap Makers Cresol Cresylic Acid Makers Cresol Crucible Mixers Inorganic dust (no free silica) Organic dust Crucible-Steel-Department Employees Heat Crushermen (clay and stone) Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Crushers (asbestos) Asbestos dust Cupola Men (foundries) Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Heat Curers, Vapour (rubber) (see vulcanizers) Curriers (tannery) Anthrax Arsenic and compounds Organic dust Petroleum hydrocarbons Cut-Glass Workers Arsenic and its compounds Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Cutlery Makers Amyl acetate Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Cutters (oxyacetyiene and other gases) (see welders) Cyanamide Makers Calcium cyanamide Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Cyanide Workers Ammonia Cyanides Hydrocyanic add Cyanogen Makers Cyanogen Hydrogen sulphide Mercury and its compounds Dairy Workers Anthrax Undulant fever ST0853833 30 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Damascening Workers Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Depilatory Makers Barium and its compounds Thallium and its compounds Dancers Repeated motion, pressure and vibration De-Brassers Nitric add Nitrous fumes Decorators (pottery) Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Petroleum hydrocarbons Turpentine Degreasers Benzol and its holomogues (toluol and xylol) Carbon disulphide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorinated naphthalenes Cycloparaffins Dichloroethyl ether Diethylene dioxide Ethylene dichloride Methylene chloride Petroleum hydrocarbons Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene Denatured-Alcohol Workers (see particular denaturant) Dental Workers Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Dentists Mercury and its compounds X-rays, radium and other radio active substances Detlnning Workers Chlorine Detonator Cleaners Mercury and its compounds Detonator Fillers Mercury and its compounds Detonator Packers Mercury and its compounds Diamond Cutters Inorganic dust (no free silica) Organic dust Repeated motion, pressure vibration and Diamond Polishers Lead and its compounds Dlatomaceous Earth Workers. Inorganic dust (free silica) Digester-House Workers (paper and pulp) Heat Hydrogen sulphide Sudden variations of temperature Sulphur dioxide Dimethyl Sulphate Makers Arsine Dimethyl sulphate Methyl alcohol Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Sulphuric acid Dinitrobenzol Workers Benzol Nitric acid Nitrobenzol Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Nitrous fumes ST 085383U OCCUPATIONS AND THBIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 31 Dinitrophenol Workers Dinitrophenol Nitric add Nitrous fumes Phenol Dloxan Users Diethylene dioxide Dippers (gun cotton) Nitric add Nitrous fumes Dippers (rubber) Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon tetrachloride Petroleum hydrocarbons Thallium and its compounds Trichloroethylene Trinitrophenol Ultraviolet rays Divers Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Compressed air (increased atmos pheric pressure) Doffera (textile) Dampness Heat Organic dust Dope Workers (see aeroplane dope workers) Dippers (see also add dippers) Dish-Washers Fungus infections Disinfectant Makers (see also insectidde makers) Acetaldehyde Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Brominated hydrocarbons Bromine Carbon dioxide Chloride of lime Chlorine Chlorobenzols Cresol Cyanides Cyanogen Formaldehyde Glycols Hydrocyanic add Mercury and its compounds Ozone Phenol Sulphur dioxide Dressers (glass) Heat Dresser Tenders (textile) Dampness Heat Sudden variations of temperature Driers (lacquer) Amyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ketones Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Infrared rays Driers (rubber) Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon disulphide Petroleum hydrocarbons Drier Workers (foundry) Carbon monoxide Drillers (rock) Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Drivers (see chauffeurs) ST0853835 32 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Drop Former* Heat Dry Cleaners Amyl acetate Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon disulphide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Ethylene dichloride Methyl alcohol Oxalic add Petroleum hydrocarbons Sudden variations of temperature Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene Turpentine Drying Room Workers (miscellaneous) Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Sudden variations of temperature Dye Makers Acetaldehyde Acetone Acridine Alkalis Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Ammonia Aniline Antimony and its compounds Aromatic hydrocarbons Arsenic and its compounds Arsine Barium and its compounds Benzol Brominated hydrocarbons (ethyl bromide, methyl bromide) Bromine Butyl alcohol Carbon dioxide Carbon tetrachloride Chloride of lime Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorine Chlorobenzols Chromium compounds Cresol Cyanides Diethylene dioxide Dimethyl sulphate Dinitrophenol Ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Formaldehyde Formic acid Furfural Heat Hydrochloric add Hydrogen sulphide Lead and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Methyl alcohol Methyl chloride Methylene chloride Naphthols Nitric add Nitrobenzol Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Nitrous fumes Oxalic acid Phenol Phenyl hydrazine Phosgene Pyridine Sudden variations of temperature Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric add Thallium and its compounds Toluol Trichloroethylene Trinitrophenol Turpentine Uranium and its compounds Vanadium and its compounds Xylol ST0853836 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 33 Dyers (see also mordanters and other preparatory process workers) Acetone Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Ammonia Amyl acetate Aniline Antimony and its compounds Aromatic hydrocarbons Arsenic and its compounds Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chromium and its compounds Ethylene dichloride Formaldehyde Hydrochloric acid Hydrofluoric add Lead and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Methyl alcohol Nitric add Nitrous fumes Oxalic add Petroleum hydrocarbons Phenol Pyridine Sudden variations of temperature Sulphur chloride Titanium oxide Trinitrophenol Uranium and its compounds Vanadium and its compounds Electrical Condenser Makers Chlorinated diphenyls Chlorinated naphthalenes Electrical Transformer Makers Chlorinated diphenyls Chlorinated naphthalenes Electricians Electrical burns; electrical shock Ozone Ultraviolet and infrared rays Electric Induction Furnace Workers Mercury and its compounds 10893--3 ' Electric Linemen (see also cable splicers) Dampness Electrical burns; electrical shock Ultraviolet and infrared rays Electrode Makers Organic dust Tar and pitch Electrolytic Process (copper) Workers Arsine Electroplaters Alkalis Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Arsine Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Cadmium and its compounds Carbon disulphide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorinated naphthalenes Chromium compounds Cyanides Dampness Formic acid Hydrochloric add Hydrocyanic acid Hydrofluoric acid Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Nickel and its compounds Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Petroleum hydrocarbons Sulphuric add Tetrachloroethane Trichloroethylene Electrotypers (see also electroplaters) Ammonia Antimony and its compounds Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Organic dust Sudden variations of temperature $10853837 34 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Elevator Operators Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Embaimers Formaldehyde Mercury and its compounds Embalming Fluid Makers Mercury and its compounds Embossers Mercury and its compounds Embroidery Workers Defective illumination Lead and its compounds Emery Wheel Makers Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Enamelers Amyl acetate Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon disulphide Carbon monoxide Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chromium and its compounds Dampness Ethyl acetate Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Lead and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Nickel and its compounds Petroleum hydrocarbons Repeated motion, pressure and vibration . Tetrachloroethane Turpentine Enamel Makers Amyl'acetate Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Barium and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon disulphide Carbon monoxide Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chromium compounds Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Hydrochloric acid Hydrofluoric add Lead and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Petroleum hydrocarbons Tetrachloroethane Turpentine Engineers (stationary) Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Sudden variations of temperature Engravers Alkalis Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Copper and its compounds Defective illumination Hydrochloric add Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Nitric add Nitrous fumes Oxalic acid Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Sulphuric add Etchers Arsine' Hydrochloric add Hydrofluoric add ' Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Phenol Sulphuric add ST0853838 OCCUPATIONS AND THE1K POTENTIAL HAZARDS 35 Ethyl Benzene Makers Ethyl benzene Ethyl Bromide Users Brorainated hydrocarbons (ethyl bromide) Ethyl Chloride Users Chlorinated hydrocarbons (ethyl chloride) Ethylene Dibromlde Users Brominated hydrocarbons (ethylene dibromide) Ethylene Dichloride Users Ethylene dichloride Ethylene Oxide Users Ethylene oxide Examiners Using Fluoroscope or X-Ray X-rays Excavation Workers Inorganic dust (free silica) Explosives Workers (see also partic ular occupation) Acetaldehyde Acetone Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Ammonia Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol Aniline Antimony and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Bromine Carbon dioxide Carbon disulphide Chromium and its compounds Cresol Dampness Dinitrophenol Formaldehyde 10893--3i Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Methyl alcohol Nitric add Nitrobenzene Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Nitroglycerine Nitrous fumes Phenol Phosphorus and its compounds Pyridine Sulphuric acid Tetryl Trinitrophenol Exterminators and Fumigators . (see insectidde makers) Extractor Operators (soap) Dampness Sudden variations of temperature Extractors (gold and silver) (see gold and silver refiners and extractors) Extractors (oils and fats) Acetone Alcohols Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon disulphide Chlorinated hydrocarbons Cydoparaffins Ethylene dichloride Petroleum hydrocarbons Tetrachloroethane Trichloroethylene Farmers Anthrax Arsenic and its compounds Calcium cyanamide Cyanides D.D.T. 2, 4-D Fungus infections Glanders Lead and its compounds ( s T 0 8 53839 36 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Mercury compounds Nicotine Phosphorus and its compounds Septic infections Tetanus ! Tularaemia Undulant fever Fat Renderero Acrolein Anthrax Heat Hydrogen sulphide Magnesium and its compounds Ozone Sudden variations of temperature Sulphuric add Fea_her Gurers Arsenic and its compounds Organic dust Feather Workers Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Methyl alcohol Organic dust Petroleum hydrocarbons Septic infections Sulphur dioxide Turpentine Felt Hat Makers Carbon monoxide Heat Mercury and its compounds Methyl alcohol Nitric add Nitrous fumes Organic dust Sudden variations of temperature Sulphuric add Felt Makers Anthrax Heat Hydrogen sulphide Ferrosillcon Workers Arsenic and its compounds Arsine Inorganic dust (free silica) Phosphine Fertilizer Makers (see also phosphate mill workers) Acrolein Ammonia Anthrax Arsenic and its compounds Arsine Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Calcium cyanamide Carbon dioxide Cyanides Dampness Hydrochloric add Hydrofluoric add Hydrogen sulphide Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Magnesium and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Nicotine Nitric add Nitrous fumes Organic dust Phosphorus and its compounds Septic infections Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric add Fiberizers (asbestos) Asbestos dust Fiber Workers Organic dust ST0853840 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 37 Filament Makers and Finishers (incandescent lamps) Amyl acetate Carbon monoxide Methyl alcohol Thallium and its compounds Firemen (stationary) Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Sudden variations of temperature Ultraviolet and infrared rays Tile Makers Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) .FUe Antimony and its compounds Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds FUling Station Workers Carbon monoxide Lead and its compounds Petroleum hydrocarbons Tetraethyl lead Film Makers (see photographic film makers) Filter Press Workers Dampness Finishers (leather) Organic dust Fire Extinguisher Makers Brominated hydrocarbons (ethyl bromide, ethylene dibromide, methyl bromide) Carbon dioxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons (ethyl chloride) . Firemen (city) Acrolein Carbon monoxide Dampness Heat Phosgene Sudden variations of temperature Sulphur dioxide Fireworks Makers (see also explosive workers) Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Barium and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Phosphorus and its compounds Thallium and its compounds Trinitrophenol Fishermen Dampness Septic infections Sudden variations of temperature Tar and pitch Flatteners (glass) Heat Flavouring Extract Makers Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol i Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Butyl alcohol Nitrobenzol Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Flax-Rettery Workers Hydrogen sulphide Flax Spinners Heat Organic dust Flint Workers Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Floor Polish Makers (see polish makers) ST085384 I '38 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Flour Mill Workers Fungus infections Organic dust Flue Gleaners Carbon monoxide Inorganic dust (no free silica) -. Sulphur dioxide Tar and pitch Flue Dust Recoverers (sulphuric add manufacturing) Thallium and its compounds Fluorescent Lamp Makers Beryllium and its compounds Flush Tenders (aluminum) Dampness Fly Paper Makers Arsenic and its compounds Food Irradiators Ultraviolet and infrared rays Forgemen Heat Formaldehyde Workers Formaldehyde Formic Add Workers Formic add Oxalic add Foundry Workers (see also particular metal) Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Ultraviolet and infrared rays Freight Handlers Anthrax Frosters (glass and pottery) Chromium compounds Fruit Essence Makers (see flavouring extract makers) Fruit Preservers Sulphur dioxide Fullers (textiles) Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Dichloroethyl ether Tetrachloroethane Fulminate Mixers Hydrocyanic acid Mercury and its compounds Nitric add Nitrous fumes Fumigant Makers (see insecticide makers) Fumigators and Exterminators (see insectidde makers) Fur Carders Anthrax Organic dust Fur Clippers Anthrax Organic dust Fur Cutters Anthrax Organic dust Fur Handlers Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Anthrax Hydrogen sulphide Mercury and its compounds Organic dust Furnace Workers (see also particular . metal) Carbon dioxide ST0853842 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 39 Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Ultraviolet and infrared rays Furnace Workers (bauxite) Inorganic dust and fume (Group IV) Ultraviolet and infrared rays Furniture Polishers Amyl acetate Chromium compounds Methyl alcohol Organic dust Petroleum hydrocarbons Repeated motion, pressure vibration Turpentine and Fur Preparers Anthrax Formaldehyde Mercury and its compounds Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Organic dust Fur Pullers Anthrax Organic dust Fusel Oil Workers Amyl alcohol Fused Quartz Workers Inorganic dust (free silica) Galvanizers Acrolein Ammonia Arsenic and its compounds Arsine Dampness Heat Hydrochloric acid Lead and its compounds Metal fume fever Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Petroleum hydrocarbons Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric acid Trichloroethylene Zinc and its compounds Garage Workers Acrolein Carbon monoxide Lead and its compounds Oxalic add Petroleum hydrocarbons Tetraethyl lead Gardeners Arsenic and its compounds Caldum cyanamide Cyanides D.D.T. 2, 4-D. Lead and its compounds Nicotine Phosphorus compounds Tetanus Undulant fever Gas (illuminating) Workers Ammonia Arsine Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon monoxide Heat Hydrocyanic add Hydrofluoric add Hydrogen sulphide Phenol Sudden variations of temperature Tar and pitch Trichloroethylene Gasoline Blenders Aliphatic hydrocarbons Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline < Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) ST0853843 40 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Brominated hydrocarbons (ethylene dibromide) Ethyl benzene Lead and its compounds Nitrobenzol Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Petroleum hydrocarbons Tetraethyl lead Gasoline Engine Workers Acrolein Carbon monoxide Petroleum hydrocarbons Gas Purifiers Ammonia Hydrocyanic add Hydrogen sulphide Phenol Gassers (textile) Carbon monoxide Gatherers (glass) Heat Gelatine Makers Acrolein Anthrax Sulphur dioxide Germicide Makers (see disinfectant makers) Gliders Amyl acetate Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Cyanides Ethyl acetate Mercury and its compounds Methyl alcohol Nitric add Nitrous fumes Petroleum hydrocarbons Pyridine Glass Blowers Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Ultraviolet and infrared rays Glass Colourers Cadmium compounds Chromium compounds Cobalt compounds Selenium compounds Tellurium compounds Thallium compounds Glass Cutters Dampness Inorganic dust (no free silica) Glass Etchers Formaldehyde Hydrofluoric add Glass Finishers Dampness Hydrochloric add Hydrofluoric acid Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Sulphuric add Glass Furnace Workers (see also glass mixers) Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Ultraviolet and infrared rays Glass Mixers Alkalis Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Barium and its compounds Hydrochloric add Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Magnesium and it compounds Manganese and its compounds Selenium and its compounds Thallium and its compounds Uranium and its compounds Vanadium and its compounds Glass Polishers Lead and its compounds ST0853844 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 41 Glass (safety) Makers Butyl alcohol Chlorinated hydrocarbons Methyl alcohol Tetrachloroethane Glaze Dippers (pottery) Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Chromium compounds Dampness Hydrochloric acid Lead and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Glaze Mixers (pottery) Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Chromium and its compounds Hydrochloric acid Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Glost-Kiln Workers Carbon monoxide Lead and its compounds Sudden variations of temperature Glove Makers (leather preparers) (see also tannery workers) Dampness Organic dust Glue Workers Acrolein Ammonia Anthrax Benzol and its homologues (toluol . and xylol) Carbon dioxide Carbon disulphide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Cresol Dampness Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen sulphide Nitrobenzo! Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Organic dust Petroleum hydrocarbons Septic infections Sudden variations of temperature Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric add Trichloroethylene Glycerine Refiners Oxalic acid Gold Beaters Inorganic dust (no free silica) Repeated motion, pressure vibration and Gold and Sliver Refiners Extractors Arsenic and its compounds Arsine Bromine Chlorine Cyanides Formaldeyhde Hydrocyanic add Hydrofluoric add Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Sulphur chloride and Grain Elevator Workers Carbon dioxide Fungus infections Organic dust Granite Workers (see stone-cutters) Graphite Workers Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Organic dust Grinders (colours) (see colour makers) ST08538U5 42 DIAGNOSIS OF QCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Grinders (metals) Antimony and its compounds Dampness Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Repeated motion, pressure vibration and Grinders (rubber) Antimony and its compounds Lead and its compounds Organic dust Grinding Wheel Makers Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Grooms Fungus infections . Glanders Septic infections Tetanus Guncotton Dippers Nitric add Nitrous fumes Sulphuric add Guncotton Pickers Organic dust Guncotton Washers Dampness Gypsum Workers Hydrogen sulphide Inorganic dust (no free silica) Sudden variations of temperature Hair Workers Anthrax Dampness Mercury and its compounds Organic dust Septic infections Hammermen Repeated motion,: pressure and vibration Hardeners (see temperas) Harness Makers Organic dust Hat Makers (felt) (see felt hat makers) f Heel Makers (shoe) Organic dust Hemp Workers Organic dust Hide Workers Alkalis Anthrax Chromium compounds Fungus infections Septic infections Horn Workers Organic dust Hothouse Workers (see also gardeners) Arsenic compounds Cyanides D.D.T. 2, 4-D. Lead compounds Nicotine Phosphorus compounds Sudden variations of temperature Hot Rod Rollers (iron and steel) Heat Housemaids Alkalis Chlorinated hydrocarbons Repeated motion, pressure vibration and House Wreckers Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silich) Hydraulic Construction Workers Dampness ST0853846 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 43 Hydraulic Miners Dampness Hydrochloric Add Makers Arsine Hydrochloric add Hydrogen sulphide Sulphuric add Hydrocyanic Add Makers Cyanides Hydrocyanic add Sulphuric add Hydrofluoric Add Makers Hydrofluoric add Ice (artificial) Makers (see artificial ice makers) Ice Cream Makers Ammonia Carbon dioxide Dampness Sudden variations of temperature Incandescent Lamp Makers also particular occupation) Amyl acetate Carbon monoxide Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Methyl alcohol Thallium and its compounds (see Incandescent Mantle Hardeners Hydrofluoric add Pyridine Thorium and its compounds Ink Makers Alkalis Ammonia Arsenic and its compounds Barium compounds Benzol and its homotogues (toluol and xylol) Brominated hydrocarbons (methyl bromide) Bromine Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorine Chromium compounds Cresol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Formaldehyde Glycols Hydrochloric add Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Methyl alcohol Nitrobenzol Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Oxalic add Petroleum hy'i ^carbons Silver compounds Turpentine Vanadium compounds Insecticide Makers (see also disinfectant makers) Arsenic compounds Barium compounds Bromine Carbon dioxide Carbon disulphide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorobenzols Cresol Cyanides D.D.T. Diethylene dioxide Ethylene dichloride Ethylene oxide Formaldehyde Hydrocyanic add Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Methyl formate Nicotine Nitric add Nitrous fumes . ST0853847 44 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Petroleum hydrocarbons Phosphorus compounds Sulphur chloride Sulphur dioxide Tetrachloroethane Thallium compounds Trichloroethylene Turpentine Inspectors Using Fluoroscope or X-Ray X-rays, radium and otherradioactive substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) Instrument Dial (luminous) Painters X-rays, radium and other radioac :ve substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) Insulation (sound, heat) Workers Asbestos dust Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Insulators (wire) Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated diphenyls Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorinated naphthalenes Ethylene dichloride Tar and pitch Iodine Makers Chlorine Iron and Steel Workers (all departments) (see also particular occupation and alloy makers) Arsenic and its compounds Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Titanium dioxide Ultraviolet and infrared rays Ironers Carbon monoxide Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Sudden variations of temperature Irradiators (food) Ultraviolet rays Japan Makers Arsenic and its compounds Lead and its compounds Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Sudden variations of temperature Turpentine Japanners Arsenic and its compounds Lead and its compounds Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Turpentine Jewelers Amyl acetate Arsine Cyanides Defective illumination Hydrochloric acid Inorganic aust (ho free silica) Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Repeated motion, pressure vibration Sulphuric acid and Junk (metal) Refiners Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Metal fume fever Zinc and its compounds Jute Workers Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (ho free silica) Organic dust ST 0853848 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 45 yiln Tenders Carbon monoxide Heat Knitters Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Knitting Mill Workers Organic dust Labelers (paint cans) Lead and its compounds Laboratory Workers (see also chemists) Carbon monoxide Mercury and its compounds Laboratory Workers (radium research) X-rays, radium and other radio active substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) Lace Makers Organic dust Lacquerers Acetone Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Chlorobenzols Ethyl acetate Ethyl benzene Formic acid Ketones Lead and its compounds Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Pyridine Triorthocresyl phosphate Turpentine Lacquer Makers Acetaldehyde Acetone Ammonia Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol Arsenic and its compounds Barium compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Butanone Butyl alcohol Chlorinated diphenyls Chlorinated naphthalenes Chlorobenzols Diethylene dioxide Ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Formaldehyde Formic add Ketones (hexone, hexanone) Lead and its compounds Methyl alcohol Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Pentanone Petroleum hydrocarbons Propyl alcohol Pyridine Triorthocresyl phosphate Turpentine Lampblack Makers Organic dust Petroleum oils Phenol Lamps (electric) (see incandescent lampmakers) Lapidaries Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lard Makers Acrolein Lasters (shoes) Dampness Methyl alcohol Organic dust Sudden variations of temperature ST0853849 46 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Lathe Turners Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Laundry Workers Carbon monoxide Chloride of lime Chlorine Dampness Formaldehyde Heat Ozone Sudden variations of temperature Lead Arsenate Makers Arsenic and its compounds Lead and its compounds Leather Workers (see also tannery workers) Amino compounds of benzol,, toluol and xylol Amyl acetate Anthrax Barium compounds Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chromium and its compounds Hydrochloric add Methyl alcohol Organic dust Trichloroethylene Lehr Tenders (glass) Heat Lead Burners Arsine Lead and its compounds Leadfoil Makers Heat Lead and its compounds Letter Sorters Defective illumination Repeated motion, pressure vibration and Levermen (iron and steel) Heat Lead Miners (see also miners) Lead and its compounds Lead Pipe Makers Lead and its compounds Lead Platers (on iron) Mercury and its compounds Lead Salts Makers Lead and its compounds Lead Smelter Workers Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Cadmium and its compounds Carbon monoxide Heat Lead and its compounds Selenium and its compounds Sulphur dioxide Tellurium and its compounds Lime Burners Arsine Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Selenium compounds Lime Kiln Chargers Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lime Pullers (tannery) 1 Anthrax Dampness Lime Workers Inorganic dust (no free silica) Linen Workers Organic dust ST 0853850 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 47 Linoleum Makers Acrolein Amyl acetate Arsenic and its compounds Barium compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chromium compounds Dampness Ethylene chlorohydrin Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Manganese compounds Methyl alcohol Organic dust Petroleum hydrocarbons Sudden variations of temperature Sulphuric acid Turpentine Llnotypers Antimony and its compounds Carbon monoxide Lead and its compounds Linseed Oil Boilers Acrolein Carbon dioxide Lead and its compounds Litharge Workers Lead and its compounds Lithographers Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Chromium compounds Glycols Hydrochloric acid Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Methyl alcohol Nitric add Nitrous fumes Oxalic add Petroleum hydrocarbons Repeated motion, pressure vibration Sulphuric add Tetrachloroethane Turpentine and Llthopone Makers Barium and its compounds Cadmium and its compounds Lithotransfer Workers Lead and its compounds Locksmiths Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Longshoremen Anthrax Manganese compounds Weil's disease Luminous Dial Factory Workers X-rays, radium, and other^radio active substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) Luters (zinc smelting) Heat Metal fume fever Zinc and its compounds Lye Makers Alkalis Machinists Petroleum oils Repeated motion, vibration pressure and Magnesium Alloy Makers Magnesium and its compounds Mail Sorters Defective illumination Repeated motion, pressure vibration and ST085385 I 48 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Manganese Dioxide Workers Manganese and its compounds Manganese Grinders Manganese and its compounds f Manganese Ore Separators Manganese and its compounds Manganese Steel Makers Manganese and its compounds Manometer Makers Mercury and its compounds Manure Handlers Septic infections Tetanus Undulant fever Marble Cutters Inorganic dust (no free silica) Masons Dampness Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Repeated motion, pressure vibration and Masseurs Fungus infections Septic infections Match Factory Workers Alkalis Antimony and its compounds Carbon disulphide Chromium compounds Dampness Hydrogen sulphide Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Manganese compounds . Organic dust Phosphorus and its compounds Mattress Makers Anthrax Organic dust Meat Inspectors Anthrax Erysipeloid Fungus infections Septic infections Undulant fever Meat Packing Employees (see packing house employees and slaughterhouse workers) Mechanics (gas engines) Carbon monoxide Petroleum hydrocarbons Petroleum oils Melters (foundry, glass) Heat Mercerizers Alkalis Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid Mercury Alloy Makers Mercury and its compounds Mercury Boiler Workers Mercury and its compounds Mercury Bronzers Mercury and its compounds Mercury Pump Workers Mercury and its compounds Mercury Salt Workers Mercury and its compounds Mercury Solder Workers Mercury and its compounds Mercury Still Cleaners Mercury and its compounds Mercury Switch Makers Mercury and its compounds Mercury Vapour Lamp Makers Mercury and its compounds ST 0853852 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 49 Metallizers Cadmium and its compounds Copper and its compounds Lead and its compounds Metal fume fever Selenium and its compounds Zinc and its compounds Metal Polishers and Cleaners (see polishers and cleaners, metal) Metal Polish Makers (see polish makers) Metal Turners Inorganic dust (no free silica) Metal Workers (see particular occupation) Metal Washers .. Chlorinated hydrocarbons Petroleum hydrocarbons Methyl Alcohol Workers Acetone Carbon monoxide Methyl alcohol Mica Strippers or Splitters Inorganic dust (no free silica) Mica Workers Inorganic dust (no free silica) Microscopists Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Milkers Fungus infections Repeated motion, - vibration Undulant fever pressure and Milk Inspectors Undulant fever Millers Fungus infections; Mercury and its compounds 10893--4 Millinery Workers ; Acetone Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Amyl acetate Aniline ; Benzol and its homologue i (toluol and xylol) Defective illumination Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Turpentine Mineral Earth Workers Inorganic dust (no free silica) Miners Asbestos dust Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Dampness Defective illumination Heat Hydrogen sulphide Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Manganese and its compounds Nitrdns fumes Repeated motion, pressure and . vibration Silver and its compounds Sudden variations of temperature Mlnkery Workers Anthrax Glanders Septic infections Mirror Sllverers Acetaldehyde Ammonia Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Cyanides Dampness Formaldehyde Formic acid Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Silver and its compounds Sudden variations of temperature. S T 0 8 5 3 8 53 50 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Mixers (rubber) Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon tetrachloride Chromium compounds Hexamethylene tetramine Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Paraldehyde Petroleum hydrocarbons Sudden variations of temperature Synthethic rubber Mixing Room Workers (miscel laneous) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Organic dust Mould Breakers (foundry) Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Mould Breakers (pottery) Carbon monoxide Moulders (asbestos) Asbestos dust Moulders (foundry) Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Metal fume fever Zinc and its compounds Monotypers Antimony and its compounds Carbon monoxide Lead and its compounds Mordanters Amyl alcohol Antimony-and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Chloride of lime Chromium compounds Cyanides Formic add Nitric add Nitrous fumes Petroleum hydrocarbons Vanadium compounds Motion Picture Film Workers (see also pyroxylin plastics workers) Amyl acetate . Butyl alcohol Carbon monoxide Chlorinated hydrocarbons Tetrachloroethane Motion Picture Machine Operators Mercury and its compounds Nitrous fumes Ultraviolet and infrared rays Motion Picture Studio Workers and Actors Ultraviolet and infrared rays Mottlers (leather) Amyl acetate Methyl alcohol Muffle Tenders Heat Mule Handlers Anthrax Glanders Muriatic Add Makers (see hydro chloric add makers) Musical Instrument Makers Lead and its compounds Musicians Repeated motion, pressure and vibration S T 08 53854 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 51 Naphthylamine Worker*. Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Naphthylamines Neon Lights Lettennakers Carbon monoxide Nickel Extractors Nickel and its compounds Nickel Platers (see also electroplaters) Cyanides Dampness Nickel Purification Workers (mond process) Carbon monoxide Nickel and its compounds Nickel carbonyl Nitranlline Workers Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Nitrators Nitric acid Nitrobenzol Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Nitroglycerine Nitrous fumes Sulphuric add Nitric Add Workers Ammonia Lead and its compounds Nitric add Nitrous fumes Sulphuric add Nitrobenzene Workers (see nitro benzol workers) Nitrobenzol Workers Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) 10893--4 Nitric add Nitrobenzol Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Nitrous fumes Sulphuric add Nitrocellulose Workers (see also pyroxylin plastics workers) Acetone Amyl acetate Amyl adohol Arsine Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Sulphuric add Nitroglycerine Makers Arsine Lead and its compounds Nitric acid Nitroglycerine Nitrous fumes . Sulphuric add Nitrous Oxide Workers Nitrous fumes Oilcloth Makers (see linoleum makers) Oilers Petroleum oils Oil Extractors (see extractors) (oils and fats) Oil Flotation Plant Workers (see also concentrating mill workers) Hydrogen sulphide Petroleum oils Sulphur dioxide Oil Purifiers Sulphuric add ST0853855 52 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Oil Refiners (see petroleum refiners) pil Well Workers Hydrogen sulphide Petroleum oils Open Hearth Department Workers (iron and steel) r Carbon monoxide Heat Ore Concentrating Mill Workers (see concentrating mQl workers) Oxyacetylene Cutters (see welders) Ozonators Ozone Packing House Employees (see also slaughterhouse workers) Alkalis Dampness Erysipeloid Heat Hydrogen sulphide Septic infections Sudden variations of temperature Undulant fever Weil's disease Painters Acetone Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol Aniline Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds ... Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon disulphide .. .Chromium compounds , Ethyl acetate Ketones Lead and its compounds Manganese compounds Mercury and its compounds Methyl alcohol Nitric acid Nitrous fumes : Petroleum hydrocarbons Repeated motion, pressure vibration Titanium dioxide Turpentine and Painters (luminous watch and instru ment dials) X-rays, radium and other radio active substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) Painters (tar) Tar and pitch Paint Makers Acetone Alkalis Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol f Aniline Antimony and its compounds Arsenic compounds Barium compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Cadmium compounds Carbon disulphide Chlorinated diphenyls Chlorinated naphthalenes Chromium compounds Dampness Ethyl acetate Hydrochloric add Lead and its compounds Magnesium compounds . Manganese compounds .. . Mercury and its compounds Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Phenol Pyridine ' Selenium compounds Sulphuric acid ' Tar and pitch. Titanium dioxide ST0853856 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 53 Turpentine Uranium compounds Paint Remover Makers Ammonia Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Butanone Cresol Dichloroethyl ether Diethylene dioxide Furfural Ketones Methyl alcohol Methylene chloride Petroleum hydrocarbons Phenol Paint Removers Ammonia Acetone Amylacetate Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Dichloroethyl ether Inorganic dust (no free silica) Ketones Lead and its compounds Methylene chloride Petroleum hydrocarbons Phenol Pair Heaters (tin plate) Heat Paper Box Makers Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Paper Glazers Arsenic and its compounds Paperhanfters . Arsenic and its compounds Chromium compounds Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Paper Makers (see also particular occupation) Alkalis Ammonia Amyl acetate Arsine Chlorine Chromium compounds Dampness Excessive noise Formaldehyde Fungus infections Heat Hydrochloric add Hydrofluoric add Hydrogen sulphide Lead compounds Magnesium compounds Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric add Sudden variations of temperature Titanium dioxide Paper Money Makers Chromium compounds Paraffin Workers Acetone Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon disulphide Carbon tetrachloride Ethylene dichloride Petroleum oils Parakeet Handlers Psittacosis Paris Green Workers Arsenic and its compounds Parrot Handlers Psittacosis Patent Leather Makers Amyl acetate Carbon monoxide Lead and its compounds Methyl alcohol Oxalic acid Ozone Sudden variations of temperature Sulphuric acid Turpentine ST0853857 54 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Pavers Heat Repeated motion, vibration Tar and pitch pressure aud Pencil Makers Acetone Alkalis Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Chromium compounds Pyridine Perfume Makers Acetone Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Ammonia Amyl acetate Aniline Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Brominated hydrocarbons (ethyl bromide) Butyl alcohol Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Cresol Dimethyl sulphate Ethyl acetate Formic add Hydrochloric add Methyl alcohol Methyl chloride Methylene chloride Naphthols Nitrobenzol Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Petroleum hydrocarbons Phenol Sulphuric add Trichloroethylene Petroleum Refiners Acetone Acrolein Alkalis Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Ammonia Aniline Benzol and its homologues (tolupl and xylol) Carbon monoxide Chlorinated hydrocarbons Dampness Dichloroethyl ether Heat Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen sulphide Lead and its compounds Methylene chloride Nitrobenzol Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Petroleum hydrocarbons Petroleum oils Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric add Trichloroethylene Turpentine Pewter Makers Antimony and its compounds Lead and its compounds Pharmaceutical Workers Acetone . Acrolein Alkalis Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Brominated hydrocarbons (ethyl bromide, ethylene dibromide, methyl bromide) Bromine Calcium cyanamide ST0853858 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 55 Carbon dioxide Carbon tetrachloride Chloride of lime Chlorinated hydrocarbons Diethylene dioxide Dinitrophenol Ethylene dichloride Formic add Magnesium compounds Manganese compounds Mercury and its compounds Methyl chloride Methylene chloride Naphthols Nitric add Nitroglycerine Nitrous fumes Organic dust Petroleum hydrocarbons Phenol Phenyl hydrazine Phosgene Phosphorus and its compounds Sulphuric add Tellurium compounds Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene Trinitrophenol Turpentine Uranium Phenol Makers Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Phenol Sulphuric add Phenyl Hydrazine Workers Phenyl hydrazine Phosphate Extractors Hydrochloric add Phosphate Mill Workers (Bee also fertilizer makers) Dampness Hydrofluoric add Inorganic dust (no free silica) , Phosphorus and its compounds Sudden variations of temperature Phosphide Makers Carbon monoxide Phosphine Phosphor-Bronze Workers Phosphorus and its compounds Phosphoric Add Makers Cyanides Nitric add Nitrous fumes Sulphuric add Phosphorus Compound Makers Hydrogen sulphide Phosphorus and its compounds Phosphorus Extracters Hydrofluoric acid Phosphine Phosphorus and its compounds Phosphorus (red) Makers Phosphine Phosphorus and its compounds Phosphorus Refiners Phosphine Phosphorus and its compounds Photoengravers Alkalis Ammonia Amyl acetate Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Chromium compounds Methyl alcohol Nitric add Nitrous fumes Photographers (see also photogra phic material workers) Defective illumination Methly alcohol Ultraviolet and infrared rays s r 0853859 56 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Photographic Film Makers (see also pyroxylin plastics workers) Amyl acetate Bromine Butyl alcohol Defective illumination Ethyl acetate Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Silver and its compounds Picklers Arsine Cyanides Dampness Heat Hydrochloric acid Hydrofluoric add Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Sulphuric add Photographic Material Workers (see also photographic film makers) Acetaldehyde Acetone Amino compounds of benzol, toluol . and xylol Ammonia Aniline Barium compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Chlorine Chromium compounds Cresol Cyanides Formaldehyde Hydrochloric acid Mercury and its compounds Metol Phenol Sulphuric add Tellurium compounds Trichloroethylene Trinitrophenol Turpentine Uranium compounds Vanadium compounds Photograph Retouchers Lead and its compounds Photogravure Workers Chromium compounds Nitric add Nitrous fumes Picric Acid Makers Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Nitric add Nitrous fumes Phenol Sulphuric add Trinitrophenol Pigment Makers (see colour makers) Pile Drivers Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Pipe Fitters (see also particular liquid piped) Lead and its compounds Pitch Workers Arsenic and its compounds Cresol Heat Tar and pitch Planer Men (stone) Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Plasterers Anthrax Dampness Inorganic dust (no free silica) Plaster of Paris Workers Inorganic dust (no free silica) Plastics Makers (see pyroxylin plas tics workers, also resin (synthetic) makers) ST0853860 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 57 Plater* (see electroplaters and metallizers) Platinum Extractors Bromine Plumbers (see also particular sub stance piped) Arsine ' Carbon monoxide Lead and its compounds Pneumatic Tool Workers Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Repeated motion, pressure vibration and Policemen Carbon monoxide Dampness Polishers and Cleaners (metal) (see also degreasers) Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Cyanides Hydrochloric acid Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Methyl alcohol Organic dust Oxalic add Petroleum hydrocarbons Pyridine Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Silver and its compounds Trichloroethylene Turpentine Polish Makers Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Amyl acetate Aniline Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon tetrachloride , Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorobenzols Cyanides Diethylene dioxide Inorganic dust (no free silica) Methyl alcohol Nitrobenzo! Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Oxalic add Petroleum hydrocarbons Trichloroethylene Turpentine Porcelain Makers (see pottery workers) Porters Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Potassium Hydroxide Makers Alkalis Pot Fillers (glass) Heat Potlifters (iron and steel) Heat Pot Pullers (foundry) Heat Pot Room Workers (aluminum foundry; carbide plant) Heat Pot Setters Heat Pottery Workers (see also particular occupation) Arsenic and its compounds Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide . Chromium compounds Cobalt compounds Dampness Heat Hydrochloric acid Hydrofluoric add ST085386I 58 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Manganese compounds Mercury and its compounds Selenium compounds Sulphur dioxide Pourers (foundry) Heat Ultraviolet and infrared rays Powder Makers (see smokeless pow der makers) Preparers (tannery) Anthrax Dampness Septic infections Preservative Makers and_Handlers Formaldehyde Presaers Carbon monoxide Repeated motion, vibration pressure and Pressmen (oil refining) Dampness Petroleum oils Pressmen (printers) (see printers) Pressroom Workers (rubber) Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Petroleum hydrocarbons Sudden variations of temperature Primers (explosives) Mercury and its compounds Printers Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorobenzols Cyanides Defective illumination Glycols Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Tetrachloroethylene Turpentine Printers Textile (see textile printers) Puddlers (iron and steel) Carbon monoxide Heat Manganese and its compounds Pulp Mill Workers (see also paper makers) Dampness Excessive noise Heat Putty Makers Carbon disulphide Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Petroleum hydrocarbons Putty Polishers (glass) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Pyrites Burners Arsenic and its compounds Heat Hydrogen sulphide Inorganic dust (no free silica) Selenium compounds Sulphur dioxide ST 0853862 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 59 Pyroxylin Plastics Workers Acetaldehyde Acetone Acrolein Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol Aniline Arsine Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Brominated hydrocarbons (ethylene dibromide) Butyl alcohol Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Cyanides Diethylene dioxide Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Hydrogen sulphide Ketones Lead and its compounds Methyl alcohol Nitric add Nitrous fumes Organic dust Petroleum hydrocarbons Propyl alcohol Sulphuric add Tetrachloroethane Triorthocresyl phosphate Quarrymen Excessive noise Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Repeated motion, pressure vibration and Quartz Workers Inorganic dust (free silica) Radioactive Paint Makers X-rays, radium and other radio active substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) Radiologists X-rays, radium and other radio active substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) Radio Tube Makers Mercury and its compounds Radium Miners X-rays, radium and other radio active substances, (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) Radium Ore Reduction Workers X-rays, radium and other radio active substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) Radium Specialists X-rays, radium and other radio active substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) Rag Workers Anthrax Organic dust Septic infections Rayon Makers Alkalis Ammonia Amyl acetate Arsine Butyl alcohol Carbon disulphide Chlorinated diphenyls Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorine Cyanides Dampness Diethylene dioxide Formaldehyde Heat Hydrochloric add Hydrogen sulphide Methyl alcohol Methylene chloride Nitric add Nitrous fumes Oxalic acid Sulphuric add Tetrachloroethane ST0853863 60 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Reclaimers (rubber) Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon disulphide Hydrochloric add Lead and its compounds Phenol Sulphuric add Red Lead Workers Lead and its compounds Refiners (metals) (see also particular occupation) Arsenic and its compounds Arsine Carbon monoxide Heat Hydrochloric add Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Nitric add Nitrous fumes Selenium compounds Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric add Refiners (sugar) (see sugar refiners) Refrigerating Plant Workers Ammonia Brominated hydrocarbons Carbon dioxide Chlorinated hydrocarbons Dampness Freon Methyl chloride Ozone Sudden variations of temperature Refrigerator (mechanical) Makers and Repair Men Acrolein Brominated hydrocarbons (ethyl bromide, methyl bromide) Chlorinated hydrocarbons Freon Methyl chloride Methyl formate Sulphur dioxide Resins (synthetic) Makers Acetaldehyde Acetone Alkalis Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol. Aromatic hydrocarbons (naphtha lene, anthracene) Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Chlorinated diphenyls Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorinated naphthalenes Cresol Dichloroethyl ether Diphenyl Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Formaldehyde Furfural Heat Hexamethylene tetramine Methyl alcohol Nitrobenzols Organic dust Oxalic acid Phenol Selenium compounds Styrene Trichloroethylene Triorthocresyl phosphate Vinyl chloride Riveters Excessive noise Lead and its compounds Repeated motion, pressure vibration and Road Repairers Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Tar and pitch - ST0853864 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 61 Roentgenologists X-rays, radium and other, radio active substances, (radiothorium, meaothorium, etc.) Roller Coverera (cotton mill) Heat Organic dust Rollers (metals) Heat Roll Setters (iron and steel) Heat Roll Wrenchers (iron and steel) Heat Roofers Lead and its compounds Sudden variations of temperature Tar and pitch Roofing Material Workers Asbestos dust , Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Tar and pitch Rope Makers Organic dust Tar and pitch . Rotogravure Workers Acetone Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Roughen (iron and ateel) Heat Rubber Cement Makers (see cement mixers, rubber) Rubber Glove Makers. Petroleum hydrocarbons Rubberized Asbestos Board Maken Petroleum hydrocarbons Rubber (synthetic) Maken Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Amyl alcohol Aniline Butadiene Chlorine . Chlorobutadiene ` Cresol Isoprene Naphthols Naphthylamines Nitrous fumes Styrene Sulphur chloride Rubber Tire Builden Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Heat Petrdleum hydrocarbons Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Rubber Worken (see also particular occupation) , Acetaldehyde Acetone Alkalis Amirjo compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Aniline Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Barium compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon disulphide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chromium compounds Ethylene dichloride Formaldehyde Formic acid Heat ST 0853865 62 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Magnesium compounds Methyl alcohol Naphthols Naphthylamines Nitrous fumes Organic dust Petroleum hydrocarbons Phenol Pyridine Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Sudden variations of temperature Synthetic rubber Tellurium compounds Tetrachloroethane. Trichloroethylene Triorthocresyl phosphate Turpentine Sagger Makers Dampness Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Sailors Carbon monoxide Sudden variations of temperature Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Salt Extractors products) Ammonia Sulphuric acid (coke oven by Salt Preparers Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Sudden variations of temperature Sand Blasters Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Sand Cutters Inorganic dust (free silica) Sanders Inorganic dust (free silica). Inorganic dust (no free silica) Sanding Machine Operators Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganc dust (no free silica), Sandpaperers (enameling and paint ing auto bodies, etc.) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Sandpaper Makers Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Sand Pulverizers Inorganic dust (free silica) Saw Filers Defective illumination Inorganic dust (no free silica) Sawmill Workers Organic dust Sawyers Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Sawyers (stone) Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Scissors Sharpeners Inorganic dust (no free silica) Repeated motion, pressure vibration and Scourers (belts) Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Scourers (metals) Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Nitric add Nitrous fumes Petroleum hydrocarbons Sulphuric acid Trichloroethylene ST0853866 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 63 Scourers (wood lasts) (shoes) Organic dust Scouring Powder Makers Alkalis Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Scrapers (foundry) Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Screen Tenders (pulp mill) Dampness Screen Workers (lead and smelting) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds zinc Sealers (incandescent lamps) Carbon monoxide Sealing Wax Makers Arsenic and its compounds Turpentine Seamstresses Defective illumination Repeated motion, pressure vibration and Seed Treating Workers Fungus infectons Mercury salts Organic mercury compounds Phosphorus compounds Selenium Refiners Selenium and its compounds Sewage Purification Workers Chlorine Sewer Workers Aliphatic hydrocarbons etc.) Ammonia (methane, Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Dampness Hydrogen sulphide Petroleum hydrocarbons Sewing Machine Operators Defective illumination Repeated motion, pressure vibration and Shade Cloth Makers Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Petroleum hydrocarbons Shale Oil Workers (see petroleum refiners) Shavers (felt hats; fur; tannery) Anthrax Dampness Organic dust Septic infections Shearers Anthrax Fungus infections Undulant fever Sheep Dip Makers Arsenic and its compounds Sheet Metal Workers Lead and its compounds Metal fume fever Zinc and its compounds Shellackers Amyl acetate Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Butyl alcohol Lead and its compounds Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Turpentine ST0853867 i 64 . DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Shellac Makers Ammonia Amyl acetate Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Butyl alcohol Lead and its compounds Methyl alcohol i Petroleum hydrocarbons Turpentine Shell Fillers Dinitrophenol Nitrobenzols Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Nitroglycerine Tetryl Trinitrophenol Trinitrotoluol Shepherds Anthrax Fungus infections - Sherardlzers Metal fume fever Zinc and its compounds Shingle Stainers Petroleum hydrocarbons Shipyard Workers Lead and its compounds Repeated. motion, pressure vibration Tar and pitch Ultraviolet and infrared rays and Shoddy Workers .r: Anthrax. Arsine Chlorine Hydrochloric acic Organic dust Septic infections Sulphuric add Shoe Dyers Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Lead and its compounds Nitrobenzols Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Shoe Factory Operatives (see also particular occupation) Acetone Amyl acetate Anthrax Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Organic dust Petroleum hydrocarbons Tetrachloroethane ` Trichloroethylene Turpentine Shoe Finishers Ammonia Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) : Ethyl acetate Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Sudden variations of temperature Shoe Heel (wood) Coverers Acetone Amyl acetate Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Ethyl acetate Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Shoemakers (see cobblers) Shooting Gallery Workers Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Nitrous fumes S T 0853868 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 65 Shot Makar* Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Lead and its compounds Silicon Alloy Makers Inorganic dust (free silica) Silk Welghters Lead and its compounds Tin compounds Silk Workers Organic dust Septic infections Silo Workers Carbon dioxide Silverers (mirror) (see mirror silverers) Silver Foil Makers Silver and its compounds. Silver Melters Carbon monoxide Cyanides Silver and its compounds Sudden variations of temperature Silver Miners (see also miners) Arsenic and its compounds Silver Nitrate Makers Silver and its compounds Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Silver Platers (see also electroplaters) Silver and its compounds Silversmiths Silver Singers (doth) Carbon monoxide Sintering Plant Workers Inorganic dust (no free silica) 10893-5 Skimmers (glass) Heat Ultraviolet and infrared rays Slag Workers Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Slate Workers Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Slaughter House Workers Anthrax Dampness . Erysipeloid Fungus infections Glanders Septic infections Undulant fever Weil's disease Slip Makers (pottery) Dampness Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Slushers (porcelain enameling) Lead and compounds Smelters (see also particular metal) Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no-free silica) Sulphur dioxide Smokeless Powder Makers Acetone Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol Benzol and its bomologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon disulphide Nitric acid Nitrobenzol Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Nitrous fumes Nitroglycerine Phenol Trinitrophenol ST0853869 66 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Smoothers (glass) Dampness Inorganic dust (no free silica) Soap (abrasive) Workers Inorganic dust (no free silica)' Inorganic dust (free silica) Soap Makers Acrolein Alkalis . Amyl acetate Arsenic and its compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Dampness Dichloroethyl ether * Ethyl acetate Ethylene dichloride Formaldehyde Formic acid Hydrochloric add Hydrogen sulphide Manganese compounds Methyl alcohol Nitrobenzol Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Organic dust Petroleum hydrocarbons Septic infections Sudden variations of temperature Sulphuric add Tar and pitch Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene Soda Makers Ammonia Arsine Carbon dioxide Chlorine Dampness Hydrogen sulphide Nitric add Nitrous fumes Sulphuric add Sodium Hydroxide Makers Alkalis Chlorine Dampness Sodium Silicate Makers Inorganic dust (free silica) Sodium Sulphide Makers Hydrogen sulphide Softeners (tannery) Organic dust Solderera Arsine Cadmium and its compounds Carbon monoxide Cyanides Hydrochloric add Lead and its compounds Solder .. Ultraviolet and infrared rays Zinc and its compounds Solder Makers Antimony and its compounds Cadmium and its compounds Lead and its compounds Solder Zinc and its compounds Spice Makers Organic dust Spinners (asbestos) Asbestos dust Spinners (textile) Organic dust Repeated motion, vibration pressure and Spongers Dampness Heat Sprayers (metals) (see metallizers) Sprayers (paint) (see painters) ST0853870 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 67 Sprayers (tree) (see also Insecticide makers) Arsenic and its compounds Cyanides D.D.T. Lead and its compounds Phosphorus compounds Spreaders (rubber works) Carbon tetrachloride Sudden variations of temperature Stablemen Anthrax Ammonia Fungus infections Glanders Septic infections Tetanus Undulant fever Stamp Mill Workers Dampness Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Steeple Jacks. Carbon monoxide Sulphur dioxide Stereotypers ' Antimony and its compounds Lead and its compounds . Sudden variations of temperature Still (coal tar) Cleaners Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Heat Tar and pitch Stillmen (carbolic add) Heat Phenol Stillmen, Operating (see also parti cular chemical) Heat Stitchers (shoes) Methyl alcohol Starch Makers Carbon dioxide Hydrogen sulphide Organic dust Statuary Workers Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Steam Fitters (see pipe fitters) Stearic Add Makers Acrolein Sudden variations of temperature Steel Alloy Makers (see alloy makers) Stockmen Anthrax Glanders Septic infections Tetanus Undulant fever Stockyard Workers (see slaughter house workers) Stokers Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Sudden variations of temperature Ultraviolet and infrared rays Steel (chrome) Makers Chromium compounds Steel Engravers (see engravers) 10893--fit Stone (artificial) Makers Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Tar and pitch S TO 85387 I 63 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Stone Cleaners Hydrofluoric acid Oxalic add Stone Cutters Dampness Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Repeated motion, pressure vibration and Stone Masons Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Stone Workers Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Storage Battery Makers . Amyl acetate Antimony and its compounds Arsine Cadmium and its compounds Carbon monoxide Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Nickel and its compounds Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric acid Straw Cutters Fungus. infections Straw Hat Makers Acrolein Amyl acetate Chloride of lime Chlorinated hydrocarbons Ethyl acetate Formaldehyde Methyl alcohol Organic dust Petroleum hydrocarbons Sudden variations of temperature Tetrachloroethane Street Cleaners Inorganic dust (no free silica) Organic dust Septic infections Street Repairers Excessive noise Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free sitica) Repeated motion, pressure vibration Tar and pitch and Subway Construction Workers Inorganic dust (free silica) Sugar Refiners Ammonia Barium compounds Carbon dioxide Chlorine Dampness Heat Hydrochloric add Hydrogen sulphide Inorganic dust (no free silica) Organic dust Septic infections Sudden variations of temperature Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric acid Sulphates Makers Sulphuric add Sulphides Makers Hydrogen sulphide Sulphite Cooks (pulp mill) Heat Sudden variations of temperature Sulphur dioxide Sulphur Dioxide Makers Carbon monoxide Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric Add Workers Ammonia Arsenic and its compounds Arsine Hydrogen sulphide S T 0 8 5 3 8 72 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 69 Lead and it* compounds Nitric add' Nitrous fumes Selenium and its compounds Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric add Vanadium and its compounds Sumackers (tannery) Anthrax Dampness Septic infections Surgical Dressing Makers Phenol Tablehands (tannery) N Anthrax Dampness Table Operatives (iron and steel) Heat Table Turners (enamelling) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Sudden variations of temperature Tailors Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Talc Workers Inorganic dust (no free silica) Tallow Refiners Acrolein Carbon disulphide . Chlorinated hydrocarbons Septic infections Sulphuric add Tank Cleaners (see also particular chemical) Arsine Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Hydrofluoric add Petroleum hydrocarbons Tar and pitch Tetraethyl lead Tank Men Dampness Heat Tannery Workers Alkalis Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Ammonia Amyl acetate Aniline Anthrax Arsenic and its compounds Chloride of lime Chromium and its compounds Cyanides Dampness Formaldehyde Formic add Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen sulphide Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Oxalic add Petroleum hydrocarbons Septic infections Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric acid Trinitrophenol Tapers (aeroplanes) Chlorinated hydrocarbons Tetrach loroethane Tappers (smelting) (see also particular metal) Heat Ultraviolet and infrared rays Tar (distillery) Workers (see also coal tar workers) Arsenic and its compounds Cresol Heat Tar and pitch ST 0853873 70 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Taxidermists Anthrax Arsenic and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Organic dust Psittacosis Septic infections Teasers (glass) Carbon monoxide Heat Telegraphers Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Telephone Linemen (trench work) (see also cable splicers) Carbon monoxide Cresol Dampness Electrical burns; electrical shock Lead and its compounds Petroleum hydrocarbons Phenol Poison ivy Temperers Calcium cyanamide Carbon monoxide Cyanides Heat Lead and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Petroleum oils Sulphuric acid Tetraethyl Lead Makers Bromine Lead and its compounds Tetraethyl lead Textile (asbestos) Workers Asbestos dust Textile Comb Makers Inorganic dust (no free silica) Textile Finishers (see particular occupation) Textile Printers Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Amyl acetate Aniline Antimony and its compounds Aromatic hydrocarbons Arsenic and its compounds Cadmium compounds Carbon monoxide Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorine Chlorobenzols Chromium and its compounds Cyanides Ethyl acetate Formaldehyde Glycols Heat Hydrochloric add Lead and its compounds Manganese compounds Mercury and its compounds Methyl alcohol. Nitric add Nitrous fumes Petroleum hydrocarbons Phenol Sudden variations of temperature Sulphuric add Turpentine Vanadium compounds Textile Workers (see particular occupation) Dampness Heat Organic dust Sudden variations of temperature Thallium Workers Thallium and its. compounds' Thermometer Makers Mercury and its compounds Methyl chloride Thallium and its compounds ST0853874 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 71 Thread Glazers Heat ' Sodden variations of temperature Tile Makers (see also pottery workers) Dampness Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Lead aiid its compounds Sudden variations of temperature . Uranium compounds Tin Foil Makers Heat Lead and its compounds Tinners Acrolein Ammonia Arsenic and its compounds Arsine Dampness Heat Hydrochloric add Lead and its compounds Tin Plate Mill Workers (see iron and steel workers) Tin Recovery Workers Chlorine Tire Builders (see rubber tire builders) Tobacco Denicotinizera Ethylene dichloride Nicotine and tobacco Trichloroethylene Tobacco Molsteners , Carbon dioxide Dahtpness' Tobacco Seedling Treaters : Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Tobacco Wbrkera Nicotine and tobacco. Organic dust Toogamen (iron and steel) Heat Tool Makers Inorganic dust (no free silica) Top Fillers (foundry) Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (no free silica) Towermen (sulphuric add) (see also sulphuric add workers) Arsine Nitric add Nitrous fumes Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric add Toy Makers Acetone Amyl acetate Arsenic and its compounds Lead and .its compounds Train Despatches Defective illumination Repeated motion, pressure vibration and Transfer Workers (pottery) Lead and its compounds Turpentine Transparent Wrapping Materials Workers Acetone Alkalis Carbon disulphide Chlorinated hydrocarbons Hydrochloric add Hydrogen sulphide Sudden variations of temperature Sulphuric add Treadera (rubber) Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Petroleum hydrocarbons - Repeated motion, pressure and vibration ST0853875 72 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Tree Sprayers (see sprayers, tree) Trichloroethylene Workers Trichloroethylene Trinitrotoluol Makers Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Nitric add Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Nitrous fumea Trinitrotoluol T^pe Founders Antimony and its compounds Lead and its compounds Type Melters Acrolein Lead and its compounds TVpe Setters (see compositors) Typists Repeated motion, pressure and vibration Tube Makers (glass) Heat Tabulators (incandescent lamps) Carbon monoxide Tumbling Barrel Workers Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Tunnel Workers Aliphatic hydrocarbons (methane, etc.) Carbon dioxide Compressed air (increased atmos pheric pressure) Dampness Defective illumination Hydrogen sulphide Inorganic dust, (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Nitrous fumes Tumers-Out (glass) Heat Turpentine Extractors Heat Turpentine Type Cleaners Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Upholsterers Anthrax Methyl alcohol Organic dust Uranium Miners Uranium and its compounds X-rays, radium and other radio active substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) Uranium Workers Uranium and its compounds X-rays, radium and other radio active substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) Vanadium Steel Workers Heat Vanadium and its compounds Vapour Curera (see yulcanizers) Vamlshers Acetaldehyde Acetone Amino compounds of benzol, totuol and xylol Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol Aniline Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Butyl alcohol Ethyl acetate ST0853876 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 73 Ethylene chlorohydrin Formic add Ketones Lead and its compounds Manganese compounds Methyl alcohol Paraldehyde Petroleum hydrocarbons Turpentine Varnish Makers Acetaldehyde Acetone Acrolein Alkalis Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Ammonia Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol Aniline Barium compounds Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Butyl alcohol Carbon disulphide Chlorinated diphenyls Chlorinated naphthalenes Diethylene dioxide Ethyl acetate Ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Formic add Furfural Ketones Lead and its compounds Manganese compounds Methyl alcohol Ozone Petroleum hydrocarbons Phenol Sulphur chloride Sulphur dioxide ' Sudden variations of temperature Turpentine Varnish Remover Makers Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Dichloroethyl ether Ketones Methylene chloride Petroleum hydrocarbons Varnish Removers Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Dichloroethyl ether Ketones Methylene chloride Petroleum hydrocarbons Vatmen Carbon dioxide Dampness Heat Vat Vamlahers (see varnishers) Vault Workers Carbon dioxide . Velvet Makers Arsenic and its compounds Heat Veterinarians Anthrax Glanders Septic infections Undulant fever Vlgnetters Hydrochloric add Vinegar Workers Carbon dioxide Heat Vintners Carbon dioxide Vinyl Chloride Makers Vinyl chloride Vulcanlzers Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Ammonia Aniline Antimony and its compounds I ST0853877 74 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon dioxide Carbon disulphide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chromium compounds Dampness Heat Hydrogen sulphide Methyl alcohol Petroleum hydrocarbons Selenium compounds Sudden variations of temperature Sulphur chloride Sulphur dioxide Vulcanizers (steam) Heat Dampness Wallpaper Printers Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Arsenic and its compounds Chromium compounds Formaldehyde Heat Lead and its compounds Phenol * Sudden variations of temperature Watchmaker* . Defective illumination Repeated motion, pressure vibration ' and Waterproofers (paper and textile) Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Carbon tetrachloride Chromium compounds Formaldehyde Petroleum hydrocarbons Tar and pitch Water Purifiers Barium compounds Chloride of lime Chlorine Wax Makers (see also petroleum) Benzol and its homologues (toluol and xylol) Chlorinated diphenyls Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorinated naphthalenes Ozone Sulphuric acid Tetrachloroethane Turpentine Warehouse Workers Anthrax Washers Dampness Washers (metal) (see also degreasers) Chlorinated hydrocarbons Petroleum hydrocarbons Washwomen Dampness Repeated motion, vibration pressure and Watch Dial (luminous) Painters X-rays, radium and other radio active substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) Wax Ornament Makers Acrolein Arsenic and its compounds Chromium compounds Weavers Organic dust Repeated motion, vibration pressure and Weavers (asbestos) Asbestos dust Weighers .. .Inorganic dust (free silica) Organic dust ST 0853878 OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HAZARDS 75 Welder* Arsenic and ita compounds Benzol and its homoiogues (toluol and xylol) Cadmium and its compounds Carbon monoxide Chromium and its compounds Copper. Electrical burns; electrical shock Heat Hydrofluoric acid Lead and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Mercury and its compounds Metal fume fever Nitric acid Nitrous fumes Ozone Phosphine Phosphorus and its compounds Selenium and its compounds Ultraviolet and infrared rays .Zinc and its compounds Well Workers Aliphatic hydrocarbons etc.) Carbon dioxide Hydrogen sulphide (methane, White Lead Workers Carbon dioxide Lead and its compounds Window Shade' Makers Benzol and its homoiogues (toluol and xylol) Petroleum hydrocarbons Wire Drawers Arsenic and its compounds Hydrochloric add Sulphuric acid Wlrers (incandescent lamps) Amyl acetate Wood Alcohol Distillers Acetone Carbon monoxide Methyl alcohol Wooden Heel Workers Anthrax Wood Last Scourers (shoes) Organic dust Wood Polishers (see furniture polishers) Wood Preservers Arsenic and its compounds Cresol Dinitrophenol Mercury and its compounds Phenol Sulphuric add Tar and pitch Wood Stain :rs Chromium compounds Lead and its compounds Woodworkers Methyl alcohol Organic dust Petroleum hydrocarbons Wool Carders Anthrax Organic dust Wool Scourers Acetone Ammonia Anthrax Dampness Sudden variations of temperature Wool Spinners Anthrax Organic dust Wool Workers (see also particular occupation) Anthrax Organic dust X-Ray Machine Makers . X-rays, radium and other radio active substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) ST0853879 76 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES X-Ray Photographers X-rays, radium and other radio active substances (radiothorium, mesotharium, etc.) X-Ray Technicians X-rays, radiuih and other radio active substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) X-Ray Tube Makers X-rays, tadium and other radio active substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) Yeast Makers Acetaldehyde Carbon dioxide Hydrofluoric add Sulphuric, add Zinc Chloride Makers Arsine Chlorine Hydrochloric add Zinc compounds Zinc Electrode Makers Mercury and its compounds Zlncers Cyanides Zinc Miners (see also miners) Arsenic and its compounds Lead and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Zinc Smelters and Refiners Antimony and its compounds Arsenic and its compounds Cadmium and its compounds Carbon monoxide Heat Inorganic dust (free silica) Inorganic dust (no free silica) Lead and its compounds Manganese and its compounds Metal fume fever Selenium and its compounds Sulphur dioxide Tellurium and its compounds Zinc and its compounds Zoological Technicians Anthrax Glanders Psittacosis Septic infections Tetanus Undulant fever. ' S T 0 8 53880 80 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES In some industries, it may be a comparatively simple matter to provide good illumination while in others one may require the advice of illuminating engineers. For those who have need for technical knowledge on this subject, a useful reference work is "Recommended Practice of Industrial Lighting," prepared by the Illuminating Engineering Society and available from the Department of Labour, Ottawa. It should* be borne in mind that, in fine work, magnification with good illumination may be more effective than high intensity alone. Nystagmus has been reported in British coal miners and in train despatches in America. In the case of coal miners, the condition is attributed to the low illumination of the coal face combined with the necessity of working in cramped positions. In train despatchers, the condition is thought to be due to the constant shifting of the eyes associated with the recording of data on the train sheet. Ultraviolet light is an occupational hazard which frequently causes acute conjunctivitis and photophobia. This haza/d is discussed in Section F, under "Radiant Energy." Section E. Excessive Noise The effects produced by excessive noise include fatigue, impaired hearing, decreased efficiency and emotional disturbances. Noise can be measured by the sound level meter, which determines the intensity of a sound in the immediate environment in terms of decibels. The noise level produced by a riveting machine is about 100 decibels; in a large stenographic room it is about 7Q decibels; the intensity of sound in ordinary conversation varies from 35 to 65 decibels. The normal threshold of audibility is 0 decibels. Inten sities above 80 decibels are annoying and uncomfortable, and noise levels of 100 to 130 decibels have been found to cause temporary and permanent deafness. Levels above 130 decibels are painful to the ear. Intensity is not the only factor in the evaluation of a noise problem. Industrial noise is usually a combination of sounds of different fre quencies. By measuring the intensity of sound produced at each frequency and determining the frequency of vibration of various parts of a machine, it is often possible to establish the main sources of a noise and take steps to eliminate or reduce it. By means of an audiometer, the hearing loss in decibels may be determined at each frequency. Investigations of deafness due to noise have shown that the initial loss in acuity occurs for sounds of ST 0853881 96 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Section J. Dusts and Fumes Certain industrial processes are associated with the production of considerable quantities of dusts and fumes. The effect of such dusty Environments upon the health of the worker is frequently very difficult to assess. At one time, most dusts were thought to be at least potentially harmful to the body. With the discovery of the effect of silica ota the lungs, the view was finally adopted that only silica (and possibly asbestos) was dangerous, and dusts were classified as harmful or inert, depending upon their silica content. In recent years, with the discovery of lung conditions associated with ton siliceous dusts and fumes, and with the realization that the reaction of the lung to silica is probably modified by the inhalation of concommitant materials, it has become necessary to reconsider the effects on the body of exposure to dusty environments. Though silica still remains the chief cause of pulmonary disease resulting from occupational exposure, some other dusts and fumes are now known to produce disability or even death. It is doubtful whether any dust can be regarded as entirely harmless, under conditions of extreme exposure. From the hygienist's point of view, the question is whether a particular dust or fume exposure may be harmful to the health of Workers. ' The practicing physician must decide whether a worker's disability or impairment of function is the result of exposure to dust or fumes associated with his work, and whether an affected worker should be allowed to return to his job. To answer these questions requires not only a broad knowledge of the effects on the body-of dusts and fumes generally, but also detailed information regarding the particular exposure and its relation to the worker. Thus, in assessing the exposure, information is required concerning such factors as: (1) chemical composition of the dust or fume; (2) the size of the dust or fume particles; (3) the concentration or quantity of the respirable dust or fume in the worker's breathing zone; (4) intermittency of exposure and total length of exposure; (5) severity of the work (as it affects depth of respiration); and (6) efficiency of protective devices and measures aimed at dust control. 1. Chemical Composition of the Dust or Fume. This information is frequently difficult to secure from the patient. Dusts, which are produced by mechanical action, such as grinding, crushing, drilling and cutting, are, for the most part, similar in ST0853882 HARMFUL CONDITIONS AND SUBSTANCES 97 composition to the substance from which they are derived. The same chemical constituents are present in the dust though sometimes in different proportions than in the parent substance. Fumes, on the other hand, being the result of condensation from the gaseous state, as after volatilization of metals, are frequently oxidized during the condensation process and therefore differ chemically from the substance from which they originate. In order to determine accur ately the composition of the dust or fume, it may be necessary to secure samples for analysis. 2. Site of Dust or Fume Particle. It has been conclusively established that the vast majority (over 90 per cent) of the particles which reach the alveoli are less than 3 microns (3/l,OOOths of a millimetre) in diameter. Most particles larger than 3 microns either settle out of the air before it is breathed, or are trapped in the secretions of the nose and throat and eliminated or swallowed. As a rule, dust particles vary greatly in size, depending to some extent upon the mechanical processes involved in their pro duction. The dust produced by the wet drilling of hard rock contains a higher percentage of respirable dust than that produced by dry dril ling, since most of the larger particles are trapped in the wet process while many of the finer particles escape. The number of particles of respirable size produced by dry drilling is, of course, very much greater than that produced by wet drilling. In the case of fumes, the particles are usually more uniform in size and their diameter, such that the greater proportion of the fume is respirable. However, fume particles tend to flocculate, producing larger particle masses. 3. Concentration of Respirable Dust or Fume in Air. A healthy respiratory system is capable of handling a certain amount of dust or fume without impairment of function or systemic poisoning resulting. However, the inhalation of amounts beyond this threshold is harmful. The concentration of dust or fume which can safely be inhaled varies widely according to the composition of the material inhaled and the duration of the exposure. There is also a wide variation in individual susceptibility. Of two men, working at the same job and in the same exposure over a period of years, one may develop occupational dust disease while the other remains Apparently unaffected. This individual susceptibility is often observed by the industrial physician dealing with groups of workers in similar exposures. For most of the mineral dusts and fumes, 10893--7 ST0853883 98 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES values have been set for the concentrations of the material in air which are regarded as permissible for repeated 8-hour exposures. 4.Intermittent of Exposure and Length of Exposure. In the case of certain acutely irritant dusts and fumes, {e.g., cad mium), harmful effects may result from single, massive exposures. With the majority of dusts however, months or years may be required before the worker is affected. Frequently the man concerned has changed his job before symptoms develop. For this reason, a careful occupational history should start from the time the patient left school, and account for his employment during the subsequent years up to the time of his present illness. The securing of adequate information concerning the above four factors in the worker's exposure, and the assessment of other factors such as the efficiency of the measures taken to control dust within the plant, frequently require laboratory and other facilities not readily available to the general practitioner. In such cases, assist ance should be requested from the Provincial Department of Health or its Division of Industrial Hygiene. 1. Organic Dusts Organic dusts contain carbon and are largely derived from sub stances of animal or plant origin. Common examples are dusts and fibres arising from the handling or manufacture of: wood, bone and shell; fur, skins, hides and leather; feathers; brooms and straw; flour and grain; tobacco; jute, flax (linen), hemp, cotton, wool (worsted, etc.); felts and carpets; rags and paper; sweepings. Though most organic dusts do not cause pneumoconiosis or pul monary fibrosis of a specific disabling nature, many are irritant to the upper respiratory passages and to the conjunctivae and skin, causing bronchitis, conjunctivitis and dermatitis. Many organic dusts may elicit allergic reactions in sensitized persons, with pro duction of asthma, urticaria, etc. Such irritative and allergic effects are usually relieved by termination of the exposure, and tend to recur when the patient returns to the job. A few dusts of the organic type have been reported to cause rather specific illnesses, outlined below. In some cases, it is doubtful whether the dust itself is respon sible, bacteria and fungi present in the dust having been incriminated ,by certain investigators. ST0853884 HARMFUL CONDITIONS AND SUBSTANCES 99 COTTON DUST The term "byssinosis" has been applied to a respiratory affection occurring in certain workers exposed to cotton dust. The condition has been recognized in England lor some years. The persons affected were employed in carding rooms and were mainly the operators of carding engines. As yet, no definite cases have been reported in Canada. The clinical picture usually takes the following course: After working for some time in the dusty atmosphere, the worker develops a feeling of irritation in the throat and chest, sneezing, and a dry, short cough. At first, complaints are noticed only on Monday mornings or after a short absence from work and subside after only a few hours or a day or two, even though the worker remains in expo sure. Symptoms return each Monday morning and a low-grade fever may be present in a few of the affected workers. The condition may gradually wear off and not recur, or it may never entirely clear, the symptoms recurring upon each return to work after a short absence. In the early stages there is no disability. However, after 10 or more years' exposure, the symptoms of fever, cough and tightness in the chest return, in greater severity than in the early stage. The worker tires easily, loses weight, and suffers from asthma and bron chitis. Removal from work may produce some improvement in his condition, but return to work results in further recurrence of symptoms. As the condition progresses, dyspnoea becomes marked, the cough is more productive, with expectoration of mucoid or muco purulent sputum, and there is marked emphysema. In the later stages, the condition is disabling and incurable. Physical findings in the early stages are not remarkable. In the later stages the usual clinical findings are those of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The radiographic appearances are consistent with chronic bronchitis . and emphysema though the hilar shadows are somewhat more prom inent than is usually found in these conditions. Autopsies have revealed only a non-specific chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The condition is regarded by most authorities as the result of allergy occurring in sensitized persons. In addition to the fairly distinct entity described above, there have been several reports of an acute febrile illness, with cough, dyspnoea, tightness in the chest, and general systemic symptoms, , occurring in cotton weavers in England and in mattress makers, cotton seed treaters and cotton millworkers in the United States. 10893--7i ST0853885 100 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES These illnesses were regarded as being a form of acute bronchitis. Residual symptoms lasted for one or two months. The American investigators believed the illness to be caused by a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacillus; the English workers attributed their cases to mycotic agents in the cotton du6t. "thresher's lung" and "farmer's lung" Men exposed to dust from hay, straw and grain have been reported to suffer from a group of diseases which are often called "asthma", "bronchitis" or "pneumonia". Investigators in England, Switzer land and Scandinavia consider the condition to be a fairly discrete entity, probably .due to mycotic infection of the lungs. Exposure occurs when grain has stood out in wet weather before threshing. Under these conditions the grain is frequently heavily contaminated with fungi, and when dried, the dust contains the spores. The condition is characterized by gradually increasing dyspnoea, slight fever, unproductive cough and an increased sedimentation rate. Clinical findings include areas of dullness to percussion and moist crepitations in the lungs. In more severe cases the shortness of breath is marked, the fever is higher, and there may be muco-purulent sputum or haemoptysis. Radiologically there is a fine reticulation in the early stages, later followed by a soft mottling through both lungs. As the disease progresses, the mottling becomes more dense, the hilar shadows enlarge, and eventually the lungs show large, dense patches due to coalescent areas of fibrosis, and there are considerable areas of emphysema. In the early stages, the condition responds to potassium iodide therapy. In the later stages response to therapy is poor, and the fibrosis advances. One case coming to autopsy showed emphy sema of the lung, with bands of fibrosis traversing the lung substance. WHEAT DUST Large amounts of grain dust, when inhaled, may produce asthma and bronchitis in sensitive individuals. The fine hairs of the wheat grain have been reported to cause asthma in workers exposed to the dust arising from the first cleaning of the wheat. Injection of minute amounts of the wheat hair extract gave rise to severe local reactions and to asthma in sensitive millers. BAGASSE The term "bagassosis" is applied to a lung condition occurring in workers handling bagasse--a fibrous material which remains after the 1 ST0853886 HARMFUL CONDITIONS AND SUBSTANCES 101 sugar has been extracted from sugar cane. The condition has been reported in England, United States and Mexico, and consists of an acute bronchiolitis and pneumonia, with symptoms beginning usually about 8 weeks after first commencing work with the bagasse. There is usually fever, extreme dyspnoea, cough with scanty, black stringy sputum, and signs scattered throughout both lungs. Radiography shows the presence of miliary shadows throughout both lung fields. Symptoms gradually lessen over a period of 6 weeks, with the lung fields clearing completely. Occasionally the pneumonia fails to resolve and fibrosis of the lung may develop. The exact cause of the condition has not been definitely established, the vegetable dust and fungi both being suspect. No cases have been noted in Canada, as yet. 2. Inorganic Dusts and Fumes These materials are metallic or mineral in orgin. Included in the mineral dusts are coal and graphite, though strictly speaking the latter are organic materials. The inorganic dusts and fumes may be divided into five main groups, according to their action upon the body. Group I. Inert Dusts and Fumes: These substances produce no systemic symptoms when inhaled, and prolonged exposure does not result in the development of any disability. Though the lungs may show radiographic changes after some years of exposure, such changes are. not accompanied by symptoms or measurable impairment of function, and there is no predisposition to pulmonary tuberculosis. The radiographic shadow ing is caused, for the most part, by the deposition of radio-opaque materials in relation to the lymphatic system of the lung, where they remain, causing no injury. The lung changes produced by the inert dusts are of importance chiefly because of the difficulty they present in differential diagnosis, since their radiographic appearances some times closely resemble those due to silica. Included in the group of inert dusts and fumes are: CARBON DUSTS Graphite is a crystalline form of carbon; ash-free anthracite coal is an amorphous form of the same element. In the pure state, these dusts cause no fibrosis of the lung; as they occur in nature, however, graphite and anthracite frequently contain considerable amounts of ST 0853887 102 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES free silica, and workers exposed may develop a modified form of silicosis, or anthracosilicosis, Like true silicosis, anthracosilicosis may.produce a disabling fibrosis of the lung. The incidence of the* disease has been shown to be related to the concentration of silica dust in the air and to the length of the exposure. IRON DUSTS AND FUMES Exposure to these materials occurs in haematite miners, welders, polishers (who use the red oxide of iron, or rouge), tool makers, cutlery makers, and many other occupations. The deposition of these dusts or fumes in the lungs produces a non-disabling condition known as siderosis, which is characterized radiologically by a fine, generalized mottling of the lung fields. There are usually no symptoms or impairment of health. Certain exposures to iron dusts and fumes are associated with exposure to silica. Thus silicosis is a recognized hazard in iron and steel foundries, and the mining of iron ores in certain regions, particularly in England', is associated with the pro duction of a modified form of silicosis which may be disabling if infected. DUSTS OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS Calcium carbonate occurs naturally as limestone,, marble and chalk. Gypsum is calcium sulphate. Calcined magnesium car bonate is used in making bricks for furnace linings and other types of insulating material. Inhalation of the dusts of these materials may produce radiographic changes, but there is no evidence that any disabling lung fibrosis results, even after prolonged exposures. Talc, a hydrated magnesium silicate, is discussed below (see Group V). CEMENT DUST Cement is essentially a mixture of calcium silicate and calcium aluminate, with an excess of lime. Though there may be up to 23 per cent of silica in cement, this silica is present as silicate, combined with the calcium. There is no definite evidence that prolonged exposure to cement dust causes any disability. Characteristic radiographic changes do not occur. SILICATE DUSTS Most of the silicate dusts including clay and kaolin (aluminum silicate), sodium silicate (or "water glass", an adhesive used in sealing cardboard cartons), and the dusts of fibrous glass insulating materials (composed of silicates of sodium, potassium, calcium and ST 0853888 HARMFUL CONDITIONS AND SUBSTANCES 103 other metals) produce no fibrosis of the lungs even after long exposure. The only silicate which at present is definitely known to cause dis abling lung fibrosis is asbestos, a fibrous silicate of magnesium and other metals (see Group IV). In the case of two other silicates, mica and talc, their role in producing pulmonary disease is still under investigation (see Group V). Recommended M.A.C.: For inert dusts, such as cement, limestone, chalk, iron, etc., containing no free silica, the recommended maximum allowable concentration is regarded by most authorities as being 50 M.P.P.C.F. (million particles per cubic foot of air). Group II. Dusts and Fumes Producing Systemic Effects: Some metallic dusts and fumes are absorbed through the lungs, causing systemic effects in other parts of the body while the lungs escape damage. Inhalation of lead dust and fumes plays an important part in the causation of lead poisoning, and mercury poison;ng may follow the inhalation of mercury vapour. The chronic form of manganese poisoning usually follows inhalation. While the lungs are generally not affected in such cases, mice exposed to manganese dust have developed a pneumonitis, and British and European reports have indicated a higher incidence of pneumonia and other respiratory infections in persons exposed to manganese dusts and fumes than in the general population. The inhalation of fumes of certain other metals causes a general systemic effect known as "metal fume fever". While zinc oxide is regarded as the commonest cause, the oxides of magnesium, copper, lead, antimony, arsenic, nickel, silver and cobalt have been reported as capable of producing the condition. Some investigators think that the fever is a reaction to proteids liberated following the destruction of epithelial cells of the respiratory tract by the action of the metallic oxide. The only respiratory symptoms reported are a dry cough and tightness of the chest. In any case, the effects on the respiratory system cause little discomfort, and no permanent disability is produced. See Section K, for further details regarding systemic poisons and metal fume fever. Group III. Dusts and Fumes Producing Inflammatory Lung Changes: Inhalation of dusts or fumes of cadmium, vanadium, osmium and beryllium may produce acute inflammatory changes in the lungs. Exposure to certain compounds of beryllium may result in the develop ment of an acute pneumonitis, or the worker may apparently escape injury and have no symptoms while in exposure, only to develop a ST0853889 104 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Hiflahling and sometimes fatal lung condition after leaving exposure. The latent period may be as long as five years. Cadmium, beryllium and vanadium are discussed in Section K, since their effect upon the body is not restricted to the respiratory system. Group IV. Dusts and Fumes Producing Disabling Lung Fibrosis: Two dusts and one fume are known to produce disabling pulmonary fibrosis--silica, asbestos, and the fume produced during the fusion of bauxite in the manufacture of artificial alumina abrasives. SILICA From the point of view of numbers of men exposed and cases of disability produced, silica is still the chief cause of pulmonary dust disease. The distinction between "free" silica (silicon dioxide, SiOi) and "combined" silica (or silicate, having the radicle --SiO<) is most important, since the silicates, with the exception of asbestos, are probably inert. The prolonged inhalation of dusts containing free silica, on the other hand, may result in the development of a dis abling pulmonary fibrosis known as silicosis. The Committee on Pneumoconiosis of the American Public Health Association defines silicosis as "a disease due to the breathing of air containing silica (SiOj), characterized by generalized fibrotic changes and the develop ment of miliary nodules in both lungs, and clinically by shortness of breath, decreased chest expansion, lessened capacity for work, absence of fever, increased susceptibility to tuberculosis (some or all of which symptoms may be present), and characteristic X-ray findings." Silica occurs in the pure state in nature as quartz. It is the main constituent of sand, sandstone, tripoli and diatomaceous earth, and is present in high amounts (up to 35%) in granite. Several ores, especially iron and coal, may contain a variable amount of silica. Exposure to silica occurs in hard rock mining, in foundries, in the manufacture of porcelain and pottery, in the spraying of vitreous enamels, in sandblasting, in granite-cutting and tombstone-making, in the manufacture of silica firebrick and other refractories, in grinding and polishing operations where natural abrasive wheels are used, and other occupations. The duration of exposure which is associated with the development of silicosis varies widely for different occupations. Thus, the average duration of exposure required for the development of silicosis in sand-blasters is 2 to 10 years, in moulders and granite cutters ST 0853890. | HABMFUL CONDITIONS AND SUBSTANCES 105 about 30 years, and in hard rock miners 10 to 15 years. There is, i also, much variation in individual susceptibility, certain workers i showing radiological evidence of the disease years before their fellow workmen who are similarly exposed. Such susceptible individuals are fortunately rather rare. In the absence of pulmonary tuberculosis, silicosis does not com monly cause symptoms or disability. The action of silica on the lungs results in the production of a diffuse, nodular fibrosis in which the parenchyma and the lymphatic system are involved. This fibrosis is, to a certain extent, progressive, and may continue to increase for several years after exposure is terminated. It would appear that the- fibrosis is commonly self-limiting, a point of equili brium being reached where the reparative processes of the lungs effect ively counteract the irritant action of the retained and dissolved silica. The exact point of equilibrium is determined chiefly by the amount of silica retained in the lungs, and by the effectiveness of the response elicited in the individual's lung tissue. In most instances, the pulmonary reserve greatly exceeds the amount of lung tissue which is replaced by the fibrotic process, and no symptoms or disability result. Where the pulmonary reserve is sufficiently reduced, the worker complains of shortness of breath on exertion. This is the first and most common symptom in cases of uncomplicated silicosis. If severe, it may incapacitate the worker for heavy, or even light, physical exertion, and in extreme cases there may be shortness of breath even while at rest The most common physical sign of silicosis is a limitation of expansion of the chest. There may be a dry cough, sometimes very troublesome. The characteristic radiographic appearance is one of diffuse, discrete nodulation, scattered throughout both lung fields. Where the disease advances, the shortness of breath becomes worse, and the cough more productive and troublesome. There is no fever or other evidence of systemic I reaction. Further progress of the disease results in marked fatigue, extreme dysnopea and cyanosis, loss of appetite, pleuritic pain and total incapacity to work. If tuberculosis does not supervene, the condition may eventually cause death either from cardiac failure or from destruction of lung tissue, with resultant anoxaemia. In the later stages, the X-ray may show large, conglomerate shadows, due to the coalescence of the silicotic nodules, with areas of emphysema between them. Such advanced cases are rare, and are usually the ST085389I 106 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES result of prolonged massive exposures occurring in individuals who are unduly susceptible. The most serious feature of silicosis lies in the fact that its presence predisposes to tuberculous infection, and that tuberculosis in persons with silicosis tends to progress regardless of any therapeutic measures taken, although rest may delay the process. In some silicotics the tuberculosis runs an acute course; more commonly, the combination of tubercle bacilli and inhaled quartz produces chronic fibrosis of the lungs, which slowly spreads over a period of many years. Contraction of the masses of fibrosis results in the formation of areas of compen satory emphysema. Such disease causes shortness of breath, and if severe, may produce total disability. The usual symptoms of tuberculosis, such as fever, night sweats, loss of weight and productive cough may make their appearance only a year or so before death, The dyspnoea and disability which were formerly believed to be characteristic of silicosis were in most instances due to the massive fibrosis and emphysema which followed the combined action of tubercle bacilli and silica. Silicosis, alone, rarely causes significant emphysema, with its resultant shortness of breath and disability. In making a diagnosis of silicosis, it is essential to ascertain whether the man worked in a silica exposure, and if he has, whether he had sufficient exposure to cause the disease. Though this seems ele mentary, cases have been labelled silicosis where there was never any exposure to silica, or where there had been exposure for only several months. The tendency to rely solely upon a single chest film, with no enquiry made as to past exposure, frequently results in such mistakes in diagnosis. Much harm can be done a man in telling him that his disability is due to silicosis, if it should be shown subsequently that he does not have the disease. Recommended M.A.C.: For dusts containing over 50% free silica, the recommended maximum allowable concentration for prolonged exposure is 5 million particles per cubic foot (M.P.P.C.F.) For dusts containing 5 to 50% free silica, the recommended M.A.C. is 20 M.P.P.C.F. For dusts containing less than 5% free silica, the recommended M.A.C. is'50 M.P.P.C.F. ASBESTOS Canada is one of the principal countries producing asbestos. This material is chiefly hydrated magnesium silicate, occurring as a white * I ST0853892 HARMFUL CONDITIONS AND SUBSTANCES 107 fibrous ore. The fibres, when separated, may be spun into yarn and woven in much the same manner as ordinary textiles or they may be ground and mixed with other materials to form insulating boards or sheets. Exposure to the dust occurs in the crushing, carding, spinning and weaving of the material, and in the manufacture of brake linings and asbestos insulating products. The essentia] lesion produced is a diffuse fibrosis which probably begins as a "collar" about the terminal bronchioles. Usually, at least 4 to 7 years of exposure are required before the production of a seri ous degree of fibrosis. There is apparently less predisposition to tuberculosis than is the case with silicosis. Clinically, the most striking sign is shortness of breath of gradually increasin intensity, often associated with a dry cough. In the early stages physical signs are absent or slight; in the later stages r&les may be heard, the diastolic blood pressure is raised, the second ' pulmonary sound is accentuated, and in long-standing cases there is frequently clubbing of the fingers. In the early stages of the disease the chest X-ray reveals a ground-glass or granular change, chiefly in the lower lung fields; as the condition progresses the heart outline becomes, "shaggy" and irregular patches of mottled shadowing may be seen. At autopsy, the pleurae are thickened and adherent and thick subpleural fibrous plaques are often present. Where the disease is far advanced there are usually large areas of fibrosis, with emphy sematous changes in the apices and bases. The alveolar walls are thickened, and the characteristic "asbestos bodies" are found. Recommended M.A.C.: 5 to 10 M.P.P.C.F. FUME PRODUCED DURING THE FUSION OF BAUXITE In 1942 an occupational lung disease caused by the fumes produced during the fusion of bauxite in the manufacture of artificial alumina abrasives was discovered by Dr. C. G. Shaver, Superintendent of the Niagara Peninsula Sanatorium. Bauxite is a natural hydrated alumina or aluminum oxide (AUOj) containing small amounts of silica. When fused, a crystalline alumina or artificial corundum is formed. In the manufacture of corundum the bauxite is heated in open metal pots by means of an electric arc. During the fusion, dense white fumes are given off. The fumes consist chiefly of alumina (40 to 60%) and amorphous silica (30 to 45%). The greatest exposure occurs among men operating overhead cranes and among those who shovel mix into the furnaces. ST 0853893 108 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES The lesion produced is essentially a diffuse interstitial fibrosis. The nodule formation, which characterizes silicosis, is absent. In the early stages there are no symptoms or clinical signs. The radiographic changes consist Qf an indefinite granular or lace-like appear ance in the apices and sub-apical regions. As the condition pro gresses, the lace-like shadowing extends into the lower lung filelds In the later stages the whole lung field may present a granular, or irregular, nodular appearance. The diaphragm is distorted and the mediastinum widened. Up to this point, the patient has usually had no complaints, and the only physical sign is a decreasing vital capacity. In such cases, spontaneous pneumothorax, frequently bilateral, may occur, with complaint of sudden extreme dyspnoea and/or severe chest pain. With the occurrence of the pneumothorax the man is nearly always totally incapacitated. The heart is retracted to the uncollapsed side, and the periphery of the collapsed lung may show large emphysematous blebs or bullae. The lungs of cases coming to autopsy have shown massive strands of interstitial hyaline fibrosis, with areas of compensatory emphysema. The pleurae are thickened or adherent, and sub-pleural bullae are usually present. There is no nodule formation. Extensive lung fibrosis may follow as little as 2 or 3 years of exposure, though usually the period of exposure is longer. The exact factor in the fumes which is responsible for causing the condition has not yet been isolated. The possibility that the fibrosis may be due to silica, modified in its action by the presence of alumina or of other materials present in the fumes, has to be considered. On the other hand, exposure of workmen in Germany during the past war to aluminum powder resulted in the development of a lung condition which, from the reports published, appears to be essentially the same as that discovered by Shaver. There is some suggestion that similar cases have also occurred in Sweden following exposure to aluminum powder. These exposures are being inves tigated. Recommended M.A.C.: No values have been set, as yet. Periodic chest X-ray is essential to the early detection of cases. Group V. Dusts and Fumes of Undetermined Pathogenicity to the Lung: The effect of certain dusts and fumes on the body and the role they play in causing lung disease has not yet been clearly determined. ST 0853894 HARMFUL CONDITIONS AND SUBSTANCES 109 TALC Talc or soapstone, a hydrated magnesium silicate, is used as a filler in rubber, plastics, paints, insulating materials, cosmetics and dusting powders. Exposure may occur in the mixing, crushing and milling of the material, and in its use as a filler. Reports published indicate that exposure to talc dust may be associated with the development of a diffuse fibrosis, with symptoms of dyspnoea, cough and fatigue, and with the production of disability. Radiologically there may be a diffuse, fine granular shadowing throughout both lung fields, or the shadowing may be of a nodular type, resembling silicosis. Autopsy reports describe irregular areas and bands of cellular fibrosis sur rounding the vessels and bronchi, producing thickening of the alveolar walls. No silicotic nodules were found. Though some investigators believe that talc, per se, is responsible, the possibility that the con dition is produced by a modified action of free silica present in the talc has to be borne in mind. Further investigation is needed to decide the question. Recommended M.A.C.: It is felt by some authorities that the concentration of talc dust in air should not exceed 20 M.P.P.C.F. where men are exposed repeatedly for 8 or more.hours each day. MICA A potassium-aluminum or magnesium-aluminum silicate. There is no definite evidence that exposure to mica dust causes pulmonary fibrosis. The possibility of free silica being present in the earth from which mica is obtained must be remembered. Recommended M.A.C.: 50 M.P.P.C.F., where the mica contains less than 5% silica. DIATOMACEOUS EARTH Natural diatomaceous earth is an amorphous form of silica. In the amorphous state, the material does not cause disabling lung fibrosis. When calcined with certain fluxes, a portion of the amorphous silica is converted into crystalline silica, and men exposed to this form of the earth have been reported to develop a lung fibrosis which does not exhibit the nodule formation characteristic of silicosis. Pneumo thorax has been reported to occur frequently in the men affected. Recommended M.A.C.: No limit has been set. ARSENIC, CHROMIUM AND RADIOACTIVE DUSTS There is some evidence that exposure to dusts of arsenic, chromium and radioactive materials has been associated with a higher incidence ST0853895 110 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES of pulmonary cancer than occurs in the general population. In the case of arsenic and the radioactive dusts, the evidence that these materials may cause carcinoma of the lung is fairly strong. How ever, in the case of an individual with lung cancer, it is as yet impos sible to say that the carcinoma is the result of his exposure, even where there has been prolonged exposure to one or more of these materials. The role played by exposure to dusts and fumes in the development of pulmonary carcinoma is extremely difficult to assess and it may be many years before the relationship is clear. Section K. Harmful Chemicals Acetaldehyde (Acetic Aldehyde; Acetyl Hydride; Aldehyde; Ethanal; Ethyl Aldehyde). Formula: CH*CHO. Properties: A colourless liquid, having a strong, pungent, fruity odour. Inflammable. Specific Gravity: 0-78 times as heavy as water. Boiling Point: 69*4 F. Vapour Density: 1-5 times heavier than air. Volatility: Is quite volatile at ordinary room temperatures. Acetaldehyde is miscible with water, alcohol, benzol, ether, acetone and gasoline. Uses and Occurrence: Used in the manufacture of chemicals and dyes, plastics, synthetic rubber, disinfectants and preservatives, drugs and perfumes. Is employed in photography and in the silvering of mirrors. Mode of Entry into Body: As a vapour, through inhalation. Physiological Action and Toxicity: Acetaldehyde is eliminated in the bile by the liver. The vapour is irritant to the mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and respiratory tract. The majority of subjects find 50 ppm irritating to the eyes, and a concentration of less than 200 ppm is definitely irritating to the nose and throat. Acetaldehyde possesses anaesthetic properties, but this action is masked by the more intense irritant action on the upper respiratory tract. Continued exposure to very high concentrations may result in death from respiratory paralysis. Acetaldehyde is less toxic than ST0853896 310 DIAGNOSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. (Two volumes). Frank A; Patty. IntendeOoe Publishers, Inc., New York, 1949. Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene. Rutherford T. Johnstone. C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, 1948. Toxicity of Industrial Organic Solvents. Summaries of published work. Ethel Browning; Medical Research Council, Industrial Health Research Board. , Report No. 80. His. Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1937. Toxicology and Hygiene of Industrial Solvents. K. B. Lehmann and F. Flury. William & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 1943. Industrial Toxicology. Alice Hamilton. Harper & Bros. New York, 1934. Industrial Toxicology. " Alice Hamilton and Rutherford T. Johnstone. Oxford University Press. New York, 1945. Noxious Gases, 2nd Edition. Yandell Henderson and Howard W. Haggard. Reinhold Publishing Co. New York, 1943. Manual of Industrial Hygiene. Division of Industrial Hygiene, National Institute of Health, U.S. Public Health Service. W. B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia, 1944. Industrial Hygiene. A. J. Lanza and Jacob A. Goldberg. Oxford University Press. New York, 1939. Silicosis and Asbeetosis. A. J. Lanza. Oxford University Press. New York, 1938. Industrial Maladies. Sir Thomas Legge. Oxford University Press. London, 1934. Occupational Diseases of the Skin, 2nd Edition. Louis Schwartz, Louis Tulipan and Samuel N. Peck. Lea & Febiger. Philadelphia, 1947. The Dermatergosea; or Occupational Affections of the Skin. R. Prosser White. H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd. London, 1934. Condensed Chemical Dictionary. Chemical Engineering Catalog. Reinhold Publishing Corp. New York, 1942. Factory Mutual Data Sheet No. 34.10. Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and Solids. The Associated Factoiy Mutual Fire Insurance Companies, 184 High Street, Boston, Mass., 1940. National Fire Codes, Vol. 1, Flammable Liquids, Gases, Chemicals and Explosives. National Fire Protection Association, Boston, Mass., 1945. ST0853897 INDEX B Acetaldehyde, 110-11 Babbitt metal, 133 Acetanilide, see Amino compounds of Bagaaspais, 100-1 benzol, `toluol, xylol Banana oil, see Amyl acetate Acetic aldehyde, see Acetaldehyde Barium and its compounds, 133 Acetic ether, see Ethyl acetate Bauxite, 107-8 Acetone, 111-12 Benzene, see Benzol Acetylene, 112 Benzine, see Petroleum hydrocarbons Acetylene dichloride, see Dichloroethyfene under Chlorinated hydrocar* Benzino-form, see Carbon tetrachloride Benzol, 134-6 bons Beryllium and its compounds. 136-8 Acetylene tetrachloride, see Tetra- dust, 103-4 chloroethane Bebuiaphthyiamine, see Naphthyla- Acetylene trichloride, see Trichloroe mines thylene Bleaching powder, see Chloride of lime Acetyl hydride, see Acetaldehyde Brass ana bronze, 138 Acraldehyde, see Acrolein Bromic ether, see Ethyl bromide under Acridine, 113 Brominated hydrocarbons Acrolein, 113-14 Brominated hydrocarbons, 139-40 Acrylic aldehyde, see Acrolein Bromine, 141 Acrylonitrile, 114-15 Bromoetbane, see Ethyl bromide under Adorin, see Formaldehyde Brominated hydrocarbons Air pressure, abnormalities of, 77 Alconols, 115 Bromomethane, see Methyl bromide under Brominated hydrocarbons Aldehydes, 115 Butadiene, 141-2 Aldoform, see Formaldehyde Butane, see Aliphatic hydrocarbons Aliphatic hydrocarbons, 116-18 Butanol, see Butyl alcohol Alkalies, 118 . Butanone, 142-3 Ally! aldehyde, see Acrolein Butylene, see Aliphatic hydrocarbons Aluminum, 118-19 Butyl acetate, 143 . daft, 119 Butyl alcohol, 144-5 Aminooenzene, aminobenzol, resAniline Butyl hydride, see Butane under Amino compounds of benzol, toluol, xylol, 119-22 Ammonia, 122-3 Amylacetate, 123-4 Aliphatic hydrocarbons Butyric alcohol, see Butyl alcohol Byssinosis, 99-100 Amyl acetic ester, see Amyl acetate Amyl.alcohol, 124 Amyl anhydride, see Pentane under , Aliphatic hydrocarbons Amyl hydride, see Pentane under A'ilipnhaati'c hydrocarbons Armaylene, see Aliphatic hydrocarbons Aniline, 125-6 Cadmium and its compounds, 145-6 dust, 103-4 Calcium cyanamide, 146-7 Calcium hypochlorite, see Chloride of lime Anthracene, see Aromatic hydrocar bons Anthrax, .91 Antimony and its compounds, 126-7 dust, 103 Cauadol, see Benzine under Petroleum hydrocarbons Caproyf hydride, see Hexane under Aliphatic hydrocarbons Carbolic add, see Phenol Aromatic hydrocarbons, 128-9 Arsenic and its compounds (except arsine), 129-31 dust, 109-10 Arseniuretted hydrogen, see Arsine Arsine, 131-2 Asbestos, 106-7 Carbon bichloride, see Tetrachloroethylene Carbon dioxide, 147-8 Carbon disulphide, 148-50 Carbon dusts, 101-2 Carbon monoxide, 150-2 Carbon^ tetrachloride, 152-4 Azotic add, see Nitric add Carbonic add, see Carbon dioxide 311 ST0853898 312 INDEX Carbonyl chloride, ;m Phoegene Carrene No. 2, see Monofluoro-tri- chlorometfaane under Freon Caustics, see Alkalies Cellosolve, see Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Cement dust, 102 Chloride of lime, 154-5 Chlorinated diphenyls, 155-6 Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 156-60 Chlorinated lime, see Chloride of lime Chlorinated naphthalenes, 160-1 Chlorine, 161-2 ChloroaniHnes, see Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Chlorobenzols, 162-3 Chlorobutadiene, 163-4 Chloro-dinitrobenzol, see Nitro com pounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Chloroethane, see Ethyl chloride under Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chloroetfiylene, see Vinyl chloride Chloroform, see Chlorinated hydro carbons Chlorohydric add, see Hydrogen chloride Chlororoethane, see Methyl chloride Chloro-nltrobenrol, see Nitro com pounds of benzol, toluol, xylol Chloroprene, see Chlorobutadiene Chlonotoluidines, see Amino com pounds of benzol, toluol, xylol Chlorylene, iw Trichloroethylene Chromic' add and the chromates, 164-5 Chromium, 165 Cinnamene, res Styrene Cinnamol, see Styrene Chlorex, see Dichloroethyl ether Coal dust,-101--2 Coal naphtha, see Benzol Cobalt and its compounds, 166 dust, 103 Cologne spirits, seeEthyl alcohol Colonial spirits, see Methyl alcohol Columbian spirits, see Methyl alcohol Copper and its compounds, 166 dust, 103 Cotton dust, 99-100 Cresol, 167-8 Cresyiic add, see Cresol Cyanamide, see Caldum cyanamide Cyanides, 168--9 Cyanhydric add, see Hydrocyanic add Cyanogen and its compounds, 169-70 Cydohexa'ne, see Cydoparaffins Cycloparaffins, 170-1 D D.D.T., 172-3 Dampness, 79 _ Decane, see Aliphatic hydrocarbons Definitions, 10-14 Dermatoses, occupational, 279-97 diagnosis of, 284-5 from adds and alkalies, 282 from chromic add, 282 from cyanide solutions, 283 from drags, 284 from explosive chemicals, 283-4 from nickel, 282 from plastics and waxes, 282-3 from oils and greases, 281-2 from rubber ingredients, 283 from solvents, 282 list of occupations with their skin irritants, 289-97 prevention of, 285-88 Diagnosis of occupational diseases, 7-9 Diaminobenzol, see Phenylene diamine under Amino compounds of benzol, toluol, xylol Diatomaceous earth, 109 Dibromoethane, see Ethylene dibro mide under Brominated hydro carbons Dichlorobenzene, dichlorobenzol, see Chlorobenzol Dichloro-difluoro-methane, see Freon Dichloroethane, see Ethylene dichlor ide Dichloroethylene, see Chlorinated hydrocarbons Djchloroethyl ether, 173-4 Dichloromethane, see Methylene chloride Dichloro-monofluoro-methane, see Freon 2, 4, Dichlorophenoxy acetic add (2, 4-D), 174-5 Dichloro-tetrafluoro-ethane, see Freon Diethylene dioxide, 175-6 Diethylene glycol, see Glycols Difluoro-mooochloro-methane, see Freon Dimethyl benzene, dimethyl benzol, res Xylol Dimethyl ketal, see Acetone Dimethyl ketone, see Acetone Dimethyl methane, res Propane under Aliphatic hydrocarbons Dimethyl sulphate, 176-7 Dinitrobenzol, see Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol, xylol Dinitrophenol, 177--8 Dioxan, see Diethylene dioxide Diphenyl, 179 ST0853899 INDEX 313 Dry ice, see Carbon dioxide Dusts, 96-110 aluminum, 107-8, 119 antimony, 103 arsenic, 109--10 asbestos, 106-7 bagasse. 100-1 beryllium, 103-4, 137-8 cadmium, 103-4 carbon, 101-2 cement, 102 chemical composition of, 96 chromium, 109-10 cobalt, 103 concentration of, 97 copper, 103 cotton, 99-100 definition of, 10-11 diatomaceous earth, 109 grain, 100 inorganic, 101-10 iron, 102 lead, 103 length of exposure to, 98 manganese, 103 mercury, 103 mica, 109 nickel, 103 of calcium compounds, 102 of magnesium compounds, 102 organic, 98-101 osmium, 103 radioactive, 109-10 silica. 104-6 silicate, 102-3 silver, 103 size of, 97 talc, 109 vanadium, 103-4 wheat, 100 zinc, 103 Dutch liquid, dutch oil, see Ethylene dichloride E Elayl chloride, see Ethylene dichloride Electricity, bums and shocks from, 88-9 Ervsipeloid, 92 Ethane, see Aliphatic hydrocarbons Ethanal, see Acetaldehyde Ethanol, see Ethyl alcohol Ethine, see Acetylene Ethyl acetate, 179-80 Ethyl alcohol, 180--1 Ethyl aldehyde, see Acetaldehyde Ethyl benzene (ethyl benzol), 181-2 .. Ethyl bromide, see Brominated hydro carbons Ethyl chloride, see Chlorinated hydro carbons Ethyl hydroxide, see Ethyl alcohol Ethyl mercury phosphate, see Mercury Ethyl silicate, 182-3 Ethylene, see Aliphatic hydrocarbons Ethylene bromide, see Ethylene dibro mide under Brominated hydro carbons Ethylene chloride, see Ethylene di chloride Ethylene chlorohydrin, 183-4 Ethylene dibromide, see Brominated hydrocarbons Ethylene diehloride, 184-5 Ethylene glycol, see Glycols Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, 185-6 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, 186-7 Ethylene oxide, 187-8 Ethylene trichloride, see Chlorinated hydrocarbons Festoform, see Formaldehyde Fluorine and the fluorides, 188-9 Fluorohydric add, see Hydrogen fluoride Formaldehyde, 189-91 Formalin, see Formaldehyde Formal!th, see Formaldehyde Formic add, 191 Formic aldehyde, see Formaldehyde Formitrol, see Formaldehyde Formol, tee Formalddiyde Formolyptol, see Forinaldehj'de Formonitrile, see Hydrocyanic add Formyl trichloride, see Chloroform under Chlorinated hydrocarbons Freon, 191-3 Fumes (see Dusts) definition of, 11 from bauxite, 107-8 nitrous, 230-2 Fungus infections, 92-3 Furfural, 193-4 Gasoline, see Petroleum hydrocarbons Glanders, 92 Glycol chlorohydrin, see Ethylene chlorohydrin Glycols, 194-5 Grain alcohol, see Ethyl alcohol Grain dust, 100 Graphite dust, 101-2 1 ST 0853900 314 INDEX H "Halowax", see Chlorinated naphtha lenes Hearing, noise and, 80-1 Heat, illness from, 78-9 Heptane, see Aliphatic hydrocarbons Hexahydrobenzene (hexahydroben- zol), see Cyclohexane under Cyclo paraffins Hexamethylene tetramine, 195-6 Hexanaphthene, see Cyclohexane under Cycloparaffins Hexane, see Aliphatic hydrocarbons Hexanone, see Ketones Hexone, see Ketones Hexylene, see Aliphatic hydrocarbons Hexyl hydride, see Hexane under Aliphatic hydrocarbons Hydrobromic ether, see Ethyl bromide under Brominated hydrocarbons Hydrochloric add, 196-7 Hydrochloric ether, see Ethyl chloride under Chlorinated hydrocarbons Hydrocyanic add, 197-8 Hydrofluoric add, 198-9 Hydrogen arsenide, see Arsine Hydrogen chloride, see Hydrochloric add Hydrogen cyanide, see Hydrocyanic add Hydrogen fluoride, see Hydrofluoric add Hydrogen nitrate, see Nitric add Hydrogen sulphide, 199-200 Hydroxybenzene (hydroxybenzol), see Phenol I Illumination, defective, 79-80 Infections, 91-5 fungus, 92-3 septic, 95 Iodine, 200-1 Infrared rays, 86-7 Iron carbonyl, 201 Iron dust, 102 Isoprene, 201-2 K Kerosene, see Petroleum hydrocarbons Ketones, 202 L Leaching powder, see Chloride of lime Lead and its compounds, 202-6 dust, 103 Lead arsenate, see Lead Litharge, see Lead M Magnesium and its compounds, 206-7 dust, 102 Manganese and its compounds, 208-9 dust, 103 March gas, see Methane under Ali phatic hydrocarbons Maximum allowable concentration, definition of, 12-13 M.E.K., see Butanone Mercury and its compounds, 210-11 dust, 103 Metal fume fever, 212 Methane, see Aliphatic hydrocarbons Methanol, see Methyl alcohol ' Methenyl, see Methyl formate Methyl-acetal, see Acetone Methyl acetate, 213 Methyl alcohol, 213-5 Methyl aldehyde, see Formaldehyde Methyl aniline, see Amino compounds of benzol, toluol and xylol Methyl benzene (methyl benzol), see Toluol Methyl bromide, see Brominated hydrocarbons Methyl butyl ketone, see Hexanone under Ketones Methyl cellosolve, see Ethylene glycol mooomethyl ether Methyl chloride, 215-6 Methyl ethyl ketone, see Butanone Methyl ethyl methane, see Butane under Aliphatic hydrocarbons Methyl ethylene glycol, see Propylene glycol under Glycols Methyl formate, 216-7 Methyl glycol, see Propylene glycol under Glycols Methyl hydrate, see Methyl alcohol Methyl hydride, see Methane under Aliphatic hydrocarbons Methyl hydroxide, see Methyl alcohol Methyl iaobutyl ketone, see Hexone under Ketones Methyl mercury phosphate, see Mer cury Methyl propanone, see Pentanone Methyl propyl ketone, see Pentanone Methyl trichloride, see Chloroform under Chlorinated hydrocarbons STO85390I INDEX 315 Methylene chloride, 217-8 P Methylene dichloride, see Methylene chloride Paracetaldehyde, see Paraldehyde Metol, 218-9 Mirbane, eaaence of, oil of, see Nitro- Paraldehyde, 233-4 Paraphenylene-diamine, see' Amino benzol Monochlorobenzene (raonochloroben- zol), see Chlorobenzols Monochloroethane, see Ethyl chloride under Chlorinated hydrocarbons Monochloromethane, see Methyl chlor ide Monofluoro-trichloro-methane, see compounds of benzol, toluol, xylol Paris green, see Arsenic Pear oil, see Amyl acetate Pentane, see Aliphatic hydrocarbons Pentanol, see Amyl alcohol Pentanone, 234-5 Perchloroethylene, see Tetrachloro- ethylene Freon Monohydroxybenzol, see Phenol Perchloromethane, see Carbon tetra chloride Monomeric styrene, see Styrene Mononitrobehrol, see Nitrobenzol Muriatic add, see hydrochloric add Muriatic ether, see Ethyl chloride under Chlorinated hydrocarbons Petroleum hydrocarbons, 235-9 Petroleum ether, see Petroleum hydro carbons Petroleum naphtha, see Petroleum hydrocarbons Phenic add, see Phenol N Phenol, 239-41 Phenyiamine, see Aniline Naphtha, 219 Naphthois, 219-20 Naphthyiamines, 220-1 Neoprene, see Chlorobutadiene Phenyl ahiBne, see Amino compounds of benzol, toluol, xylol Phenyl ethane, see Ethyl benzene Phenyl ethylene, see Styrene Nickel and its compounds, 221-2 Phenyl hydrate; see Phenol dermatitis from, 282 Phenyl hydrazine, 241-2 dust, 103 Phenyl hydride, see Benzol Nickel carbonyl, 222-3 Nicotine and tobacco, 224-5 Nitric add, 225-6 Phenyl methane, see Toluol Phenylic add, see Phenol i! Nitroanilines, see Amino compounds of benzol, toluol, xylol Phosgene, 242-3 Phosphine, 243-4 Nitrobenzene, see Nitrobenzol Nitrobenzide, see Nitrobenzol Nitrobenzol, 226-7 Nitrochlors, see Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol, xylol Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol, xylol, 228-9 Nitroglycerine, 229-30 "Nitrous fumes", 230-2 Noise, 80-1 Phosphorus and its compounds, 244-7 Phosphor*tted hydrogen, see Phos phine Picric add, see Trinitrophenol Pitch, see Tar and pitch Potassium cyanide, see Cyanides Potassium hydroxide, see Alkalies Preservaline, see Formaldehyde Propane, see Aliphatic hydrocarbons Nonane, see Aliphatic hydrocarbons Nystagmus, 80 Propanol, see Propyl alcohol Propanone, see Acetone Propenal, see Acrolein O Propyl alcohol, 247;-8 Occupations and their potential haz ards, list of 15-76, with their skin irritants, list of, 289-97 Propylene, see Aliphatic hydrocarbons Propylene glycol, see Glycols Prussic add, see Hydrocyanic add Psittacosis, 93 Octane, see Aliphatic hydrocarbons Pyridine, 248-9 Oxalic add, 232-3 Oxides of nitrogen, see "Nitrous fumes" Oxymethylene, see Formaldehyde Pyroraudc aldehyde, see Furfural 0 Ozone, 233 Quicksilver, see Mercury. ST 0853902 316 INDEX R Rabies, 93 Radiant energy, 81-8 from infrared rays, 86-7 from ultra high frequency radiations, 87-8 from ultra violet rays, 85-6 from x-rays, 83 Radioactive substances, 84-5 dusts from, 109-10 Radium, 84-5 S Scheel's green, see Arsenic Schweinlurth green, see Arsenic Selenium and its compounds, 249-50 Siderosis, 102 Silica, 104-6 Silicate dusts, 102-3 Silicosis, 104-6 tuberculosis and, 105-6. Silver and its compounds, 250-51 dust, 103 Sodium hydroxide, see Alkalies Solder, 251 Stoddard solvent, see Petroleum hydro carbons Styrene, 251-2 Styrol, stvrolene, see Styrene Sugar of lead, see Lead Sulphur chloride, 252-3 Sulphur dioxide, 253-4 Sulphur monochloride, see Sulphur chloride Sulphur subchloride, see Sulphur chlor ide Sulphur trioxide, 254 Sulphuretted hydrogen, see Hydrogen sulphide Sulphuric add, 255 Sulphuric anhydride, see Sulphur tri oxide Sulphurous add anhydride, see Sul- hur dioxide etic rubber, 255-6 T Talc dust, 109 Tar and pitch, 256-7 Tellurium and its compounds, 257-8 Temperature, abnormalities of, 78-9 Tetanus, 94 Tetrachloroethane, 258-9 Tetrachloroethylene, 260 Tetrachloromethane, see Carbon tetra chloride Tetraethyl lead, see Lead Tetryi, 260-1 Thallium and its compounds, 261-2 Thorium and its compounds, 262-3 Thresher's lung, 100 Tin and its compounds, 263 Titanium dioxide, 264 Tobacco, see Nicotine and tobacco dust, 98 Toluene, see Toluol Toluidine, see Amino compounds of benzol, toluol, xylol Toluol, 264-5 "Tri'\ see Trichloroethylene Trichloroethane, see Ethylene tri chloride under Chlorinated hydro carbons Trichloroethylene, 265-6 Trichloromethane, see Chloroform under Chlorinated hydrocarbons Trichloro-trifluoro-ethane, see Freon Trimethylene glycol, see propylene glycol under glycols Trimtrobenzol, see Nitro compounds of benzol, toluol, xylol Trinitroglycerine, see Nitroglycerine Trinitrophenol, 266-7 Trinitrotoluol, 267-9 Triorthocresyl phosphate, 269-70 Tuberculosis, 105-6 Tularaemia, 94 Turpentine, 270-2 Type metal, 272 U Ultra high frequency radiations, 87-8 Ultraviolet rays, 85-6 Undulant fever, 94-5 Uranium and its compounds, 272-3 Urotropine, see Hexamethylene tetra- mme V Vanadium and its compounds, 273-4 dust, 103-4 Vibration, 89-90 tools causing, 90-1 Vinegar naphtha, see Ethyl acetate Vinyl benzene, see Styrene Vinyl chloride, 274-5 Vinyl cyanide, see Acrylonitrile Vinyl ethylene, see Butadiene Vitriol, oil of, see Sulphuric add W Weil's disease, 95 `Westrosol", see Trichloroethylene Wheat dust, 100-1 ST 0853903 INDEX 317 Wood alcohol, see Methyl alcohol Wood naphtha, wood spirits, see Methyl alcohol Workmen's compensation acts, 299- 309 accidents covered by, 301 accident fund, 299-300 administration of, 299 choice of doctor under, 303 first aid regulations under, 303 industries covered by, 300-1 medical aid under, 302-3 employers' schemes, for, 302-3 occupational diseases covered by, 301-2 reporting of, 304 table of, 306-7 physicians' functions under, 303 purpose of, 299 rehabilitation under, 303 submission of claims under, 304 waiting period under, 302 X X-rays, 83-4 Xylene, see Xylol Xylidine, see Amino compounds of benzol, toluol, xvlol Xylol, 275 Z Zinc and its compounds, 275-7 dust, 103