Document NE9w548nMBjMZwvqjdmLKB0qb

i- t-i'i i =.ri i s G--ICERS AND DIRE-ICCRS p. 4-3 OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE p. 117-126 LESSER KNOWN FACTS p. 117-121 ='RE-EMPLOYMENT EXAM p. 121-121 dust diseases, enoe p. 121,123 WRAT ENGINEERS CAN DO TO SLIMTNATE HAZARDS p. 124-12: F.E== :F.A~0RY EQUIPMENT A2A INS " DL-S^ p. 145-146 CDrini e<-; Ill I.L A.E.S.E. ENGINEERING SECTION p. 131, 192 CHEMICAL SECTION p. 241 OVERS LIABILITY uNDER OCIURA~ZONAL DI 3EA3E LAWS 11 i NEW v .Tien' = .' iTl v pp X 2 -- 1 p> f and other dust d i seases p. 227,223 ON 3E2~TDN p 'ir:E 3EC"T2N p. 2S3," 2*'O' "AL3 SE.TDON p. 233 "" S~ATU3 OF DUST IN IND'JSTPY p. asbestosis p. 313 C.' inker p. 314 asbestos dust p. 312 312-317 MINING SECTION p. 31'- FETR'CLEUM SECTION p. 361, 262 FUEL IC UTILITIES p.405, 406 QUARRY SECTION p. 425 SILICOSIS: AN OCCUPATIONAL 21 CEASE HAZARD p. 432-43; c i b r s i s p. 433 4a i 25th National Safety Congress OC "Vf\AA\V 'jrrroo NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY OCTOBER 5 to OCTOBER 9, 1936 Ambassador, Chelsea, Ritz-Carltofet^otels and Atlantic City Auditorium && If:e%***.i. fe OOOOCf; Copynfht, 1936, National Safety Council, Inc. 4' Foreword THE Transactions of the Twenty - fifth Xat::-na! Safety Congress, 1936, are published by the XatHnal Safety Council in two volumes. This, the first, contains the general, the special subject, and the Industrial Section sessions. The second volume contains the ses sions of the Child Education, Home Safety, Street ant; Highway Traffic and Vehicle Fleet Sections. All industrial members of the Council automatical:" receive Volume I. Volume II is sent to members be lieved to be interested chiefly in the sessions it covers. Other Council members, however, may obtain it rtcr request. Many members have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, me others in an administrative or supervisory position vho may make practical use of them for reference purposes. The following quantity prices are quoted on e.rrra copies: 1 to 10.copies of the large volume. S1.50 each: 11 copies or more, S1.25 each; copies of the smaller volume, 50 cents each. THE Transactions are published as a condensed record of the proceedings at the National Congress. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter me to abbreviate the less essential portions because of stace limitations. Thus the material herein presented is r.:t a verbatim report of all the speeches presented at the Congress, but rather an abridged version made as com pact as possible, yet without injury to the techrccai aspects of any address. The original manuscripts art- on file in the Council's Bureau of Information, where ctey are available for additional reference. Where illustra tions were sent by the speakers to the Council, these also are on file. The Xational Safety Council at its Congresses seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not ptrtinent to the aim of the Congress or which are cofvrrmy to Council policies. It cannot accept responsibility tor the views expressed either in the papers presented cr in the discussions based upon the papers. NATIONAL SAFETY QUNCIL, Inc. 20 North Wacker Drive Chicago * u, , ' fe** 0000."' 1227900 3 31.82- NUS me Contents Council Officers and Directors............................................ . ....... 4 Council Purposes and Policies.................................... ...... >-- 9 Annual Meeting of Members.................................................... 11 Annual Banquet........................................................................... 31 Subject Sessions-- Exhaust Systems.................................. 37 Fire Prevention......................................................................... S3 Industrial Health--American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons........................................... 61 Industrial Nursing................................................................... 69 Industrial Safety Lectures................................................................ 79 Injured Worker, The.............................................................. rt.. 99 Maintaining Interest in Safety....................................---... 109 Occupational Diseases..................................-......... ....... .. 117 Safety Belts .............................................................. ...,: . 127 Safety Equipment ..........................................................;..-nrr.. 141 Safety Exchange .................................... .................... xx.. lJl Safety Fundamentals for Beginners.................. 159 Safety Training .................................................................... .*... 171 Aeronautical Section.........................................................................-h-. . 181 A, S. S. E.--Engineering Section........................................................191 Automotive and Machine Shop Section................................. . 197 Cement Section.................................................... . 205 Chemical Section.............................*........ .............. ..........223 Construction Section...............................................................siss , 241 Food Section................................. ........... -----c.*%."253 Marine Section.......... .................... ...............................................^7:. 269 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section____ 287 Metals Section....................................................................................... 299 Mining Section.............. . 319 Paper and Pulp Section.................................................................. 347 Petroleum Section............................................................. 361 Power Press Section....................... 395 Public Utilities Section.............................................................. .TM-^. 405 Quarry Section.................................................................................... 425 Refrigeration Section................................................. ........--;* 443 Rubber Section.................................................................................... 461 Safety Equipment Section............................................................... 483 Steam Railroad Meeting.......................................................................... 489. I Uatiosaal "' SafeiY Ccsssasil/ laic;. HONORARY MEMBERS Association' of Iron' and Steel Electrical Engineers Robert W. Campbell Arthur Williams ... Lew R. Palmer OFFICERS (1936-1937) Dr. C. H. Watson, President D. D. Fennell. Vice-President for Public Relations Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Vice-President tor Health John B. Gibson, Vice-President for Community Safety Councils Hon. Harold G. Hoffman, Vice-President tor Public Safety Albert S. Regula, Vice-President for Engineering A. V. Rohwecer, Vice-President for Industrial Safety R. T. Solensten, Vice-President for Membership Albert W. Whitney, Vice-President for Education W. E. Worth, Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer. W. H. Cameron, Secretary and Managing Director EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1936-1937) George J. Adams, Paper and Pulp Section C. M. Allen, Metals Section C. B. Auel, Past President J. L Banash, Past President C. W. Bergquist, Past President Harold S. Buttenheim, The American City Magazine W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. Robert W. Campbell, Past President Robert I. Catlin, Aetna Casualty & Surety Company Lewis A. DeElois. Past President C. W. DF.MrESY, Food Section Marcus A. Dow, Past President D. D. Fennell. Consulting Engineer Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Chicago Rapid Transit Company R. B. Fortuin, Lehigh Valley Safety C. W. Gcbrs, MVii.,' section John B, Gibson, Western Electric Co Harry Guilbert, The Pullman Compa Hon. Harold G. Hoffman, Governor t jersey 4 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued E, C. Holden, Jk.. Marino Section Harry J. Kelley, Wood Products Section Walter G. Kinc, Past President Wm. C. Knoelk, Milwaukee Safety Commission John* E. Long, Past President Thos. H. MacDo.vald, United States Department of Agriculture E. J. Mehren, Portland Cement Association W. J. Melville, Chippewa County Safety Council I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Corporation Harold L, Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company E. J. O'Brien, Jr., Louisville Safety Council Lew R. Palmer, Past President C. E. Pettibone, Past President Albert S. Recula, Industrial Relations Counselors. Inc. Lt. Col. Henry A. Reninger, Past President A. V. Ron weder, Duluth, Missabe & Northern Railway Company D. L. Royer. ASSE-Enginccring Section George E. Saneord, General Electric Company Charles E. Scott, Past President Carl L. Smith, Cleveland Safety Council C. W. Smith. Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Walter Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Company C P. Tolman, Past President George G. Traver, Chicago Safety Council Robert R. Wallace, Worcester Safety Council Dr. C. H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Company A. W. Whitney, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters W, E. Worth, International Harvester Company Arthur H. Young, Past President DIRECTORS (1936-1937) George J. Adams, Paper & Pulp Section C. M. Allen, Metals Section Nelson R. Anderson, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council Frederick Archer, Child Education Section A. L. Armstrong, Chemical Section J. I. BaNash, Consulting Engineer John J. Barada, Public Utilities Section V Ernest W. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc. C. W. Bergquist, Western Electric Co. David S. Beyer, Liberty Mutual Inuyn.'W.i.. __ Clifford M. Bishop, Brooklyn SaietJ^touncil k' OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. 1 C. F. Borkenhagex, Kenosha Safety Council ) S. D. Boyd, York County Safety Council __ -- A. W. Breeland, Petroleum Section- " s F. S. Brown, Standard Accident Insurance Co. r S. \V. Burchiel, Automobile Club of Rhode Island t Harold S. Buttenheim, The American City Magazine : Preston D. Callum, Baltimore Safety Council ! W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council i Rodert I. Catlin, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. ' M. A. Clark, Automotive and Machine Shop Section H. Herbert Corson. Safety Department, Nashville Chamber of ConL merce Frank Emery Cos, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission ' Rodert W. Crowther. Springfield, Massachusetts Safety Council f J. E. Culliney, Bethlehem Steel Co. Lewis A. DeBlois, Consulting Engineer Jay E. Decker, Mason City Safety Council C. W. Dempesy, Fooil Section James B. Douglas, Philadelphia Gas Works Co. Dr. Louis I. Dublin, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. D. D. Fennell, Consulting Engineer Donald A. FrNKr.Erxrjt. Toledo Safety Council Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Howard B. Fonda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U. S. A.) 'Inc. William Forsyth, Superior, Wisconsin Safety Council R. B. Fortuin, Lehigh Valley Safety Council Alexander Foster, Jr., Quarry Section C. W. Gibds. Mining Section John B. GinsoN, Western Electric Co. Harry Gltl3Ert, The Pullman Co. ' Isaiah Hale, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. Major Bolling H. Handy, Richmond Safety Council D. T. Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines R. C. Haven, Vehicle Fleet Section G. T. Hellmuth, Cuicago, North Shore & Milwaukee R. R. Co. Chas E. Hill, New York Central Lines Hon. Harold C. Hoffman, Governor of New Jersey E. C. Holden, Jr., Marine Section Frederick B. Hunt, Cement Section P. G. Hunter, Power Press Section Morris E. Hurley, Eastbay Safety Council tl } OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued K. T. Keller, Detroit Industrial Safety Council Harry J. Kelley, Wood Products Section Tnos. L. Kfxley, Paterson Safety Council J. M. Kerrigan, Rubber Section Wm. C. Knofxk, Street & Highway Traffic Section C. L. LaFouxtaixs, Great Northern Railway Co. A. H. Lacf.r. Madison County Safety Council J. E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation W. R. Loyd, Safety Div. Birmingham Chamber of Commerce L. T. McArthur, Peoria, Illinois Safety Council Thos. H. MacDonald, United States Department of Agriculture Miller McClintocx, Traffic Audit Eureau T. H. McKsnney, Retired F. W. Matson, Minnesota Safety Council Jamf.s R. Mays, Elizabeth Safety Council E. J. Mehren, Portiand Cement Association W. J. Melville, Chippewa County Safety Council I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Corporation E. M. Miller, Employees Publication Section James K. Miller, Grand Rapids Safety Council Harold L. Miner, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. R. B. Mgrley, Industrial Accident Prevention Association Ernf.st Murphy, Albany Safety Council E, J. O'Brien, Jr.. Louisville Safely Council George C. A. Opp. The Detroit Eiison Co. G. -.o, Oppenheimer, Kansas City Safety Council Lew R. Palmer, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States Wilson Palmer, Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Industries Sec tion A. E. Parker, Transit Section David A. Patton. Newark Safety Council Mrs. G. M. Pelton, Evanston Safely Council Charles W. Pendock. Safety Division, Milwaukee Assn, of Com merce C. E. Petti3one. American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Gen. Georce B. Pillsbury, United States Engineer Office Arthur Potterton. Hudson County Safety Council Albert S. Regula. Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lr. Col. Henry A. Reninger, Lehigh Portland Cement Co. A. V. Rohsveder, Duluth. Missabc & Northern Railway Co. D. L. Royer, ASSE-Engir.eerir.g Section G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co. Henry C. Schaftner, Eric Safety Council Karl G. Schoeffler. Rahway S.uety Council OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Harry A. Scijultz, United States Steel Corp. Earl S. Suartzer, Utica Safety Council Gen. John" H. Sherburne, Massachusetts Safety Council Dr. L. A. Shoudy, Bethlehem Steel Co. ' Ernest L. Simonds, New Haven Safety Council Carl L. Smith, Cleveland Safety Council C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. find.) Edwin C. Smith, Blackstone Valley Safety Council Walter Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council W. A. Snow, Construction Section R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Co. P. Earl Spitzkr, Contra Costa County Safety Council E. C. String, Lansdale, Pa. Georce R. Stephens, Safety Bureau. Buffalo Chamber of Commcrcdiatic Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Marine Engineer -t.-- Harold M. Toomrs, Refrigeration Section Geo. G. Traveh. Chicago Safety Council \V. \V. Trench, Schenectady Safety Council \V. D. Turbeville, San Antonio Safety Council Robert R. Wallace, Worcester Safety Council Dr. C. H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Harry M. Webber, Retired E. T. Whiter, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. A. W. Whitney, Xational Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters^ T. A. Willson, Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Sec tion T. A. Wilson, Textile Section W. H. Winans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation E. W. Wirth, Rochester Safety Council Harry Wise. Sr., Chattanooga Safety Council J. M. Woltz, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. W. \V. Wood, Steam Railroad Section W. E. Worth, International Harvester Co. E. J. Zauft, Safety Bureau. Duluth Chamber of Commerce ; Earl W. Zimmerman, Safety Div. Syracuse Chamber of Commerce- G. L, Zwick. St. Joseph Safety Council S Occupational Diseases FRIDAY MORNING SESSION October 9, 1936 Tas session was called to order by the ~nm:an, Dr. Hart E. Fisher. Vice-Presitest for Health, National Safety Council, and Chief Surgeon, Chicago Rapid Transit Co., Chicago, who presided, introducing the speakers. The Lesser Known Facts About Common Occupational Diseases By DR. ROBERT B. HUNT Medical Advisor, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston Probably the leader in the parade of iruuitrfal diseases is an acute or chronic rfe--.-nation of the skin which we call cematitis. This disease may present itP-'f ha any type of shop, factory or foun dry, Any paste, powder, gas or liquid *=ch comes in contact with the cmjicyee's skin, even the water supplied by ie town in which he lives or works, mas se tie potential cause of such a skin csturbar.ee. Tee wide diversity of causes together *xa the varying susceptibility of differ ent individuals makes the problem of tcctrol difficult. IXuch investigation is under way to ictc--ir.e why one person may be sus ceptible to a certain substance While an other is not. It has been proved many t=tes that a poisonous substance formed witbia the body has been able to prolong tee action started by some external influ- A printer de'veloped a marked tecuatitis from ink which persisted for t't'3 rears. Finally food tests were made f*1- thowed that he was susceptible to lettuce, which, when removed from his et cleared the skin. He returned to his ttual occupation without a return of ryruptoms. tee poisoning of allergic substances is ^uahv an accumulative process. It takes t~s to produce a manifestation of dis^e-._but let any other substance cause J~e cisease, and the irritating food may of sufficient strength to magnify its lction. All cases of dermatitis cannot be cured by eliminating offending foods, but fur ther investigation along these lines may give us a clue with which to lessen the loss of time from work and the discom fort now produced by industrial derma titis. Lead Metals The distribution of lead poisoning is quite extensive. The skin of the body is a protective covering, and as long as it remains in tact it does a good job except in the case of tetraethyl lead, which is used in blend ing gasoline and which is readily absorbed through the skin, having a tendency to create changes in the nervous system. The effect of other forms of lead, through that avenue of entrance, is practically nil, which explains the extremely low poisoning rate in typesetters, painters and others who continually come in contact with metallic lead. Lead in any form, introduced through the mouth, acts rather slowly when com pared with the inhaiation of lead dust or fumes. However, no matter what the portal of entry may be, lead is acted upon by the body fluids. and so converted that it may eventually be deposited with in the bones. Those bony safe deposit vaults may retain their lead contents for days or for years, and if the J'expo'Swe is removed, may also free- the, Employee of all signs i 117 r 00U0-J-1 118 Tzccnty-fifth National Safety Congress and symptoms of lead poisoning. But imagine the surprise of that supposedly cured person when years later, perhaps following some type of infectious disease or the excessive use of alcoholic bever ages, he awakes to find that he suffers 1 the aches and pains and paralyses of an acute lead poisoning. As the body fluids alter lead that it may be deposited, so may those fluids attempt to de-lead the body, and too rapid absorption may pro duce the original disease with all its dis comforts. One can readily see, then, that in some cases investigation of previous occupa tions is quite necessary to determine the original contact with lead. Heating of molten lead causes a black scum of lead suboxide to form on its sur face, and the heat from the metal dis burses the fine powder into the air. Hence, in the process of smelting ores such as zinc, copper and silver, mixed with lead, we find a rather high lead poisoning rate. Those engaged in the manufacture of lead wire and cables, batteries, glass, pottery and rubber industries, plumbers and users of dry colors offer their share of lead poisoning. Probably the greatest source of lead poisoning may be found among those who sandpaper, scrape, chip or burn lead paint, for the dust and fumes caused by those activities are rather rapid in their action. Such workers may become in capacitated in a few days because the inhalation of lead dust causes the maxi mum amount of absorption into the'blood stream in the minimum space of time. Chromium Chromium is a metal widely used as a foundation for colors, and dusts, from its various salts may produce lesions of the skin and mucous membranes of the nose. Chromium plating by electrolysis maycause fumes which are similarly irritat ing. Although chromium poisoning does not usually cause death, the number of days of absence from work on account of incapacity which it causes is gradu ally increasing. Other dletaU The most efficient portals of entry of foreign substances into the body are. the nose and mouth. The smaller the dust (the size of smoke particles for example) the greater the speed of absorption (,y the blood. Fumes from hot metals carry not only poisons but numerous minute dust particles. This explains the inca. parities occurring among those engage in acetylene and electric cutting and welding. When men are so employ^ over a prolonged period of time, the constant inhalation of fumes and dust might produce symptoms of the metal upon which they work, in the ship, building trade, particularly in the con struction of metal ships, we find occa sional cases of metal-fume fever. "Brass chills" and "spelter shakes" from zinc are names applied by the lay people to such diseases. The terrific heat ap plied to some of our common metals and alloys by acetylene torches produces suf ficient fumes to cause a temporary inca pacity in 24 hours. Permanent disability from such causes is rare, however. Diseases Due to Dust Twenty-five per cent of all workers exposed to high concentrations of inor ganic dust are expected to develop changes within their lungs due to that agency. We are at a loss to explain why the other seventy-five per cent are not so affected. Mining, quarrying, foundry work, grinding, sandblasting, abrasive soap manufacturing, asbestos work, the mak ing of emery and carborundum products and many other occupations offer op portunities for employees to inhale mic roscopic dust particles and create a foun dation for possible future incapacity. We are interested particularly in those men who work with sandstone, quartz, flint, granite, and sand, because they ex pose themselves to silica, and the chem ical changes between that dust and the body fluids, in the presence of tubercu losis, may and usually do lead to a fatal ending. It is safe to say, in light of our present knowledge, that the action of other in organic dusts is much less virulent and incapacitating. That, however, does not allow us tS^^-en the vigilant methods to improve aiist control and protect em ployees, &jcause all dusty occupations are potential trouble makers. 000015 Occupational Diseases 119 Although the actions of various dusts Jiffer within the body, the exposure to isbestos. fibres, present in the weaving ind grinding of dry asbestos material, jffers another type of dust which may :ause fatalities among workers. The organic dusts from cotton, silk, wool. tobacco, flour and similar sub stances are practically harmless. Such dusts rarely reach the lungs but may cause irritation of the windpipe and larg er air tubes and result at the most in a mild bronchitis.' The factor which should be borne in mind, particularly when dealing with silicosis and afbestosis, relates to the progression of such disease. When changes occur within the lungs as a re sult of the presence of such dusts, nature forms scar tissue to heal suph lesions but may fail to stop when the job is finished. As a result, the continuation of that heal ing process may lead to such structural changes within the lungs that partial or total incapacity. may follow months or years after the employee has been re moved from his dusty occupation. Benzole-Benzene Benzol is a distillate of coal tar used extensively in industry. It is an essen tial ingredient in the manufacture of ex plosives. It is an excellent solvent for grease, oils and cements, and because of that `property it is important in many phases of the rubber and cleaning indus tries. In the manufacture of shoes ben zol may 'be an ingredient of the dressing applied to the leather and of the cement which fastens the heels and soles. Xot only in the shoe trade but in other branches of industry where' employees work with gummy, sticky material, the workers soon learn of the solvent and cleansing action of this liquid and use it freely for that purpose upon' themselves. The subsequent r 'break of skin af flictions may be tr.e first indication of such unauthorized use. Benzol is extremely poisonous, enter ing either through the nose or mouth or absorbed through the skin. Its action within the body is varied and may pro duce a multitude of signs and symptoms. The bone marrow becomes affected which in turn alters the character of the blood: hemorrhages are common; it may cause 'death. The fumes from benzol are heavier than air and lie near the flqor, which is an im portant point in the engineering prob lem of ventilation. The members of the benzene group are absorbed through the skin, and more cases oi poisoning are found when men perspire than when their bodies are cool. Probably the answer to that is that the fumes may solidify as they cool and the powder may settle on the skin. The sweat on the body may dissolve this dust so that it is more readily absorbed through the increased surface blood supply. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons This group of petroleum derivatives has been known to science for years but during the past decade its advance into the industrial field has been widely dis tributed and most important. Led by carbon tetrachloride and its chemically associated members,- it has furnished in dustry with refrigerants for ice chests, excellent solvents for rubber, wax, oil and grease, thinners for lacquers and a very fine household necessity for the re moval of spots from clothes. Hospitals have been using it more and more tor the removal of adhesive plaster. Due to the non-flammability of car bon tetrachloride, it is used in fire ex tinguishers. The rapid evaporation pro duces fumes which may smother a small blaze, but we must not forget that ex cessive heat of the actual fire may bring about combustion sufficient to produce such biproducts as hydrochloric acid and phosgene, gas. Like its associated mem ber, chloroform, it may produce sleep when inhaled by an individual, and only 1/350 of an ounce in a quart of air is necessary to produce such action. That thought must be remembered when a large quantity of those liquid products is spilled on the floor, perhaps accidentally. Action should be started at once before the liquid gasifies, and employees should be notified to keep their heads up to avoid the low ceiling of gas. Chemists have developed and intro duced to indust^',"many new products, the basis of whffch is the chlorinated hy drocarbon:.. These derivatives of petro- OOCObfi 120 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress leum distillation are frequently combined others of the danger. Even if remov^ with those from coal tar to form valua from the poisonous gas at that period ble chemical combinations. They have the damage actually done by the gas raar been placed on the market so rapidly result in permanent physical damage. that medical science has been unable to determine their physiological effect upon Infection the health of man. We have known that some of these chemicals are capable of creating changes in the liver, and only recently in a city in Massachusetts one of these newer products caused the death of two employees and a battle to retain life among two others. The skin is a protective covering of the body against infection and is ex tremely efficient as long as it remains in tact. but allow it to be broken or punc tured, introduce bacteria, and a battle ensues between the offensive agencies <r infection and the defensive powers of the Carbon Monoxide body. The winning of such a struggle may determine the presence'or absence of You remember the adage, "Where there is smoke, there is lire." We might add to that, "Where there is fire there -is carbon monoxide." This odorless but poisonous gas may occur in any industry or in any home, but the poorer the ventilation the better the chance of producing physical incapacity. Since the advent of the motor C3r, whose exhaust pipe may pour forth as high as 6% of carbon monoxide, we are all exposed to that gas. particularly in crowded cities. The ordinary passenger car liberates about two cubic feet per minute, and one can readily estimate the physical damage that may be done if such a motor is allowed to run within the doors of a poorly ventilated garage or shop. Fortunately, serious cases of such poisoning are not common among those employed in public garages, but many of those employees are likely to complain of headache and faintness at the end of a day's work, especially in colder weather when doors and windows remain closed. In the steel industry, where gas is used as the heating agency in the blast fur naces, care must be used to provide proper ventilation. Within the mines, workers are warned to allow enough time incapacity. Infections are common throughout industry, but two .types are particularly prominent -- infection result ing from anthrax and infection among meat packers and fishermen. Many of our fur, hair or wool-covered animals may contract anthrax. The germs of that disease defy the ordinary methods of sterilization and may linger on hides, bristles or hairs for long periods of time. Tanners, wool sorters, and hair or bristle workers may introduce the anthrax spore beneath their skin and undergo much physical suffering and sometimes death. Infections are frequently found among meat and fish packers and those engaged in deep sea fishing. Although death rarely occurs,"the loss of fingers, hands and nasty septic wounds are the result. Punctured wounds, cuts, abrasions, burns and scratches are potential avenues of entrance for bacteria which would seem to be waiting everywhere at ail times for such a break in the skin. Early medical treatment might often save later surgical interference, not to mention the accompanying discomfort, incapacity ar.d perhaps the loss of an essential body part. Summary following blasts for the escape of this gas. Being a colorless, odcriess and taste less gas, quick of action within the hu man body, the manifestation of the very first symptom may be too late to save a workman from partial or total incapacity or perhaps death. Because the exposed person suffers first from motor paralysis, he may be unable to help himself or c. m to warn I feel that the time has come when an employer must demand of a manufacturer the answers to two questions: 1. How will your product affect my business? 2. How will your product affect the health of my employees? That eSSTtO^er is entitled, to honest . answers paied upon sufficient chemical and physiological examinations of the questionaliie product. That manufacturer | 0000C7 - i Occupational Diseases 12L -- held responsible for the ills --w: v by the use of his product and ^ czn guarantee its safety, it has -2 nuce in industry. Too many lives 3-,-e leer, lost or jeopardized by too S: mcwledge of a product's action jen nose who handle it. Tat incidence of lost time due to ill~ss me injury in industry has been lessened by the many agencies Tonatg along lines of safety. When in dustry has been made fool-proof by the substitution of non-toxic preparations tor those now found to be harmful, and when each employee is imbued with the idea that constant thoughtfulness and care are most necessary for the maintenance of health and happiness, then, and not un til that idealistic stage has been reached may vigilance and perseverance to main tain and preserve health, limb and life be lessened. pr-j-Employment Examination as an Aid to the Control of Industrial Diseases By DR. W. C. TEMPLER Medical Director, Coming Glass Works, Corning, N. Y. '.Ve may well ask whether or not phvscsl culmination is of any value to the Tcric at large, rather than limit the disrcssioi to the control of industrial di m's In the conservation of life and real" much progress has been made in e emiication or control of such diseases s occur in epidemic form, as well as .car type of disease which is not truly tcicemc. but occurs in such frequency mar mr.eral health programs arc neces sary. Much has been done to control inch tisabling illnesses as heart disease, artem-sclerosis, kidney disease and dia betes: and something has been accomiisiieL in the control of morbidity, which --cs to. at least, make people happier mrcugi good health, even though an inrreasei span of life is not gained. Pirsical examination has played a large ~ie k accomplishing these things, be muse-- evas through physical examination >---d ptysical observations that investiga"n vere led to exert themselves to find 1 remedy for the cause of such conditjnes. Small-pox is no longer prevalent, --e t: such observations, which led to 3 cmtrol by vaccination. Malaria and rtlcTr fever have been brought largely '=;ier control, and knowledge is now i7aiiaiie in the control of venereal di-zzses.. if the proper physical examination laboratory methods are used to arrive a dagnosis. We are all familiar with --e results obtained in decreasing the death rate due to tuberculosis. In'fact, in the treatment of all epidemic-type diseases that have so far been eradicated, the examination of patients to determine the severity of symptoms and the im provement has been of foremost value. Knowing that the average span of life has been increased eight years in the last quarter century and assuming that the above mentioned factors have had some bearing on it, could we decry the value of physical examinations for the general population? If we know that examinations made by insurance companies and their associating examining institutions, the clinics run by the United States Public Health Service, and the great mass of physicians, who ail carefully examine their clientele, have been of value in the control of disease, may we not assume that examinations !n industry will help control the incidence and extent of industrial disease, particu larly when the life expectancy of in dustrial workers is less than that of the general population? In fact on April 14. 1936, at the Na tional Conference on Silicosis and Similar Dust Diseases, called by the Secretary of La^or, Dr. R. R. Sayers of the United States Public Health Service said, "Pre liminary and periodW' and roent- genological examination should be made of all employees engaged in industrial processes where there is a potential if i- fif, 000GG8 122 Tzvcnty-fifth National Safety Congress not actual exposure to excessive concen trations of silica in the atmosphere." Naturally in the early work of industry, only basic materials were used, ingredients had not arrived at a state of development and complexity, when intricate chemical compounds and other toxic materials were even known of, much less used. At the present time over S00 materials are listed which can, under certain conditions, cause industrial disease and the list is by no means complete, inasmuch as experimental work is being done by the personnel of practically every plant or industry to im prove or enlarge its manufactured products by taking advantage of the great amount of knowledge science has given us: Industrial examinations are of two kinds. First, the pre-employment ex amination, which consists of a very care ful history, not only of the family, but also of the previous occupations with length of service in each, previous health and illnesses and present habits. N'aturally such a history is of no value unless truth fully given and a reasonable amount of time must be taken to acquire details, which are often vague in a workman's mind or considered by him to be unim portant. The physical examination, of course, varies with the type of industry, and should be given with the knowledge of what the man's exact occupation is to be, and by a physician familiar with the industrial processes in which he is to be employed. In this way selected employ ment can be obtained for men who have some basic disqualification for one job. but which does not impair their ability for useful employment and the conserving of health in another. The physical examination must be thorough. It should include all methods of determining a latent disability or one that is already present. Many examina tion forms are available from insurance companies or other health services, which have been designed entirely for industrial work. It has been the experience of men interested in this work, that all the special senses of the body must be tested as well as the measurement of motion in all joints. The cardio-vascular system is of great importance as is the respiratory and gastro-intestinal tract. Re-examination and periodical checks, because of particular industrial hazards. must be correlated as to time spent the hazard, although a period of one is, perhaps, proper for persons who fe^ in good health and have no complain or who are not working in toxic stances or with other materials wl^"' would under some conditions impair thej. health and usefulness. The objectives of pre-employment post-employment examinations are g* same, that is: the establishment of a physical standard in which the employt- can pursue his trade or labor, having ^ discomfort or ill effect due to industrsl. exposure to harmful products. Sari products and materials are, as we hat* mentioned, of great number and variety.: Attempts have been made to chssSr- workmen as to age. sex, color and na tionality. Whether or not any of thea classifications are of value, it still remain*. '. that the primary effort is to have healthy workmen and the benefit is of as gresc value to the workman as to the industry. . The benefits of individual and community good health are numerous and obvious; and the benefits of good health to industry are equally important. The employee iril be more productive, receive higher wages and be happier. The labor turn-over rare because of poor health will be lowered as will the costs of insurance. The wording personnel will be more erScte.ot and con tented. and will dislike to be exposed a the overt acts of people who ate epileptic, insane or who disregard ccmmumcabie disease, and will use them endeavors to work safely among hazards tr.ey have been taught to respect. The harmful exposure to eacn '-acard is. of course, different, ranging trrm a tew days as, for example, an acute potsoniug from toxic gases, to that ci 1: or 2? years in some of the less cum: therefore the period before teexamtrattua for each class of employee . . be de ferent. However, indiv.d.ta.s -let also and it is hard to state a revtnd which may be satisfactory ,t -.:c em ployee in a single class of -az.tr: ; _oer- visors can often be of great .* .e .-. .end ing employees out for ph-. < .a. -vamtez- tion whenever there is a : c zt- fSMhce or work abiluu,___ r ?< S&e been off on account r BJeh as those self-diagnosed i> .ruas oId,. lagrippe. cough, sore . . r z.ac fjwation. Such obser-. z- - E 0000'. 1 Occupational Diseases 123 c rr* -i. where there is not a full-time -. and they are of the greatest "jit r. the early determination of a srse- -- dity to or the beginning of an :ni :=- - disease. 7*'i are fortunate in having had a large --3-1-- of research work done on in- zz-ers- diseases, until at the present time, from acetaldehyde to zinc are jisaei. together with the processes in uctci; they are used and the symptoms they cause, and an estimate of the ,cares of exposure in nearly every case errsssiry to produce symptoms. It is redly tot too much of a problem for an ctresred physician to accumulate a sup- rf such knowledge, particularly when cz itir-vs the processes involved during the smufacturing procedure of his incssttT- It thus becomes relatively a -.terse matter of observation, together examination for specific signs or syzptctrts at the time of the periodical -re-examination, to obtain some degree of coerrt of the hazard. TV; rannot discuss the benefits of pre-icTtr.ent examination and periodic re- erumation without mentioning some of tie "factions to it. If a man has a dis:rr~--. he naturally is anxious to keep it to hrroielf, and in some casts we find thar ire workman is disinterested to a ;pcax irat he would rather not know of a esac-k'ty even though he has' it. Cer am sreial groups regard each man as cri-f to employment whether he is psysamlly fit or not. on the assumption irdustry hires labor, not health, and that rejection because of physical dis- causes a class of artisans to become "grailced against and become charity It is also alleged that the quality `y =ai:cal service in industry is such ire results of examinations are mis*=dmg and of no value. Another objec- U voiced by labor unions, it being cji==ed that pre-employment examina- are use(i t0 discriminate against anion workers or members. Many "^r leaders realize, however, that pre- 'pilcyanent examination and periodical cneci-ups are the only means of prevent- disability from certain industrial Competent and honest medical ?erv'-ee renders all these objections quite ^Potent; for if an endeavor is made to properly place employees,, such a small percentage is finally rejected, and that percentage is so obviously unfit to work, that no fair-minded person can fail to see the justice of it. These objections, however, are being noticed by legislative bodies, and in one State a law is in force which says: "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the legislature of this State, in enacting this article, to prohibit through every law ful means available, any requirement as a pre-requisite to employment which com pels an applicant for employment in any occupation coming within the purview of this article to undergo a medical examina tion." This statement is in a paragraph labeled. "Prevention of Silicosis and Other Dust Diseases." and the. logic of it is entirely non-understandable. even though at the present time there is no lawful means available to enforce the stated policy. If physical examinations are of benefit to the population at large, they certainly must be to the industrial workers, who may be exposed to special hazards; periodical check-up examinations are necessary in any hazardous work or trade, in order to protect the workers as well as the industry; and the benefits to the workers of proper and fair-minded ex aminations, in all ordinary cases, outweigh the objections. I have purposely omitted any reference to the economics of pre-employment and periodic re-examination, which apply either to the individual or the industry. However, one of the great public health problems of today is the question of the cost of medical care. If industry assumes some of this cost by periodical examina tion in connection with the prevention of industrial disease, it relieves the individual of this responsibility and allows more room in his budget for the care of his family. The benefits to industry, of course, are those of a better personnel and a lower rate of insuran-e. This rate, due to industrial disease hazards, is in many States very high and the logical conclu sion is that the real remedy lies in the prevention of finaus!rial disease--bat--my method, one which, I believe, is pre- employmnet akd periodical examinations. U. 000070 y 124 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress What Can the Engineer Do to Eliminate the Hazards of Occupational Diseases? By REUEL C. STRATTON Supervising' Chemical Engineer, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. If I were asked, "Can the engineer pre vent the majority of occupational disease cases" my answer would be, "yes." Ob viously, with the exception of those diseases brought about through a sudden or accidental contact with a poisonous material or a virulent disease-producing organism, if the exposure were controlled by engineering technique, then there would be no occupational disease. The engineer must rely upon the medical director to place individuals capable of working in hazardous occupa tions and to assist him in controlling these individuals through periodic physicalexaminations when the men are exposed to occupational disease hazards; but the engineer alone is responsible for reducing generation of harmful substances and for the control of employees' contact with processes using harmful materials. The ascribing of many and new occupa tional diseases to industrial environment has produced a problem for him. The engineer generally works with materials which he can see, but the study of in dustrial disease control may require the handling of invisible materials. It is a common fault to focus attention upon one object to such an extent that others of equal importance may thereby be rele gated to obscurity. Today safety en gineers and industrial hygienists are con centrating their attention upon diseases caused by the inhalation of dust, but I do not believe the safety engineer is war ranted in confining himself to the preven tion of diseases caused by dust alone. His consideration should extend to include all materials produced in any manner that they may cause an effect upon a worker. The question of whether a material exists as a gas, a vapor, or a dust is but one of particle size and chemical ,make-up. He must not forget that many such diseases are produced by exposure to vapors and gases as well as to dust, and that the control of these industrial diseases may be brought about by the application of certain fundamental principles common to all. While the problem confronting vidual safety engineers varies accordauj to the industry, there are certain fs-rf- : r mentals common to all such prob'o* which provide a workable basis cpcm which an occupational disease prevetuxa program may be developed. Once t"-~- J fundamentals are set in motion towari a safe working environment, continuance i much the same whether the engineer x engaged with a large organization or win a small one. The fundamentals follow t5ai sequence: (1) An occupational disease inventory is required. (2) A plan for correction of the erposures shown by the inventory requits development. (3) A concentrated attack upon the major exposures first, following tirougx until all are corrected or eliminated. An inventory of all materials used in 2 plant will astound the average enginenn. He will find many items about whichjbr -I may have little or no knowledge, ne j may be confronted with items he had run recognized previously, even though he has been associated with the plant perhaps many years. When this inventory is craplete, he should card index it, pis.ring against the name of the material the hears hazard associated with it both from imaterial and a process viewpoint. Stui a card index should contain the erc.ponent parts or constituency o: ex pounds. Process exposures should be studied hi conjunction with hazardous materials Assistance in compiling such data may r= obtained in the bulletin "Occupanttr Hazards and Diagnostic Signs," preparer by Dublin and Vane of the Metrcroiitas Life Insurance Company, and in a pu'tracation of the United States Public I-Irrdn Service, Public Health Bulletin N'c. Z'.'"The Potential Problems of Ir.cttstrsr Hvrryji1* in a. Typical Industrial .Area hr the {Snited*States."------------ -t--Ty lafaddition the engineer should cbtrtr l, all ("available information upon the X-J 000071 ' 1 Occupational Diseases 125 chemicals, solutions, dusts, degreasing agents, condensation products, paints, lac quers. dyes, abrasives, and other products too numerous to mention are being placed upon the market daily, and the average engineer's knowledge of their possible effects upon health is slight. Academic research determining the effect of these new materials upon humans is progressing slowly, and serious injuries may be sus tained in industrial application long before the toxicologist is able to determine the properties of the material and the maxi mum permissible amount to which a worker may be exposed. In seeking this information it is essential to determine in so far as possible the maximum per missible amount of contaminants which may exist in a work place without causing ar. occupational disease. Armed with this information, the en gineer is in a position to' locate properly in his own plant the process and the operation in which the exposure may exist. The engineer should study together with the plant physician the length of employ ment of exposed individuals and they should jointly determine the normal ex pectancy or average length of employment ter the specific exposure. From such data may be developed a factor of safety, and the maximum allowable period of em ployment in certain areas may be assigned. Xaturally this study should be focused upon the mote hazardous locations first, and when these are corrected, attention turned toward minor conditions. Housing. One of the most important considerations in attempting to control oc cupational disease is housing. Whenever practical, any hazardous manufacturing process should be separately housed and isolated; every effort should be made to arrest harmful substances--dust, vapors, or gases--at their source of generation. Buildings should be so constructed that accumulations of dust may be avoided. When physical separation of depart ments is required, such physical divisions should be dust or vapor tight. Floors should be tight to prevent transfer of materials to floors or departments below. The engineer should give study to the complete enclosure of machinery or Process units as individual units and, if so required, vent each one separately. The transfer of hazardous operations into the open air does not always eliminate the danger; in fact, it may increase the number of workers affected. Process Revision. To reduce transpor tation of materials and exposure to harm ful substances it is desirable to have all processes mechanically continuous and. if possible, enclosed. When this cannot be accomplished, suitable physical divisions should be provided. The engineer should consider the substitution of wet processes for dry processes, providing at the same time for the disposal of the moist col lected material in a safe place. He should consider the substitution of automatic operations for hazardous hand work or machine work. A change of abrasive material will often reduce the quantity of dust produced. I can cite an example of how a little thought can cure a hazardous machine operation with little or no expense; A plant producing a finely pulverized material created large amounts of dust in bagging the material, using porous sacks. This high concentration of dust, not neces sarily toxic, inconvenienced the workers. The cost of ventilating the department would have been prohibitive. By careful study the engineer determined that the fail of the material into the sacks forced the air out through the interstices of the material, carrying with it a quantity of the pulverized product. His problem, thus, was to provide a means whereby this air could he harmlessly expelled from the sack prior to filling. Study led him to suggest and apply the use of a collapsed paper bag which contained little or no free air. The problem was solved. Dust generation was practically eliminated by this simple change. Many hazardous processes in ordinary manufacturing opera tions may be cured in like manner if the engineer exercises his ingenuity. Ventilation. Proper ventilation is of paramount importance in the control of any occupational exposure. Most of the chiei occupational diseases other than dermatitis arise through the inhalation or the ingestion of foreign material. If ven tilating equipment can reduce the concen tration of contaminating materials to a safe hmtt. the problem is solved. The en gineer should TstudJ^-each procesi.separatelv and ve/itilate each separately. It is seldom wisc^ to rely upon general ven- 000072 126 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress tilation. Instead, high velocity ventilating apparatus should be installed, functioning as closely to the point of generation of the harmful substance as is possible. Individual machines should be so equipped if possible. Baffles may be in troduced to prevjnt air stream disturb ances or to increase the intake efficiency at the nozzle. Down-draft systems should be preferred for the collection of dust or gases of high specific gravity. Even after the installation of exhaust systems, the engineer must study the type of maintenance required to keep them operating at peak efficiency. Mor ales should not be permitted to become covered nor moved out of proper, posi tion. Exhaust piping must be kept dust tight. Blower efficiencies must be con stantly checked to insure that intake- ve locities are proper. The best ventilating system is a false protection if it does not function properly or if it is so poorly maintained that it falls below its designed rating. The engineer must exercise ex treme care to provide a clean source of replacement air for the work place. He may find it necessary to install filtering and heating devices. The engineer must study the proper disposal of the collected or expelled material to be positive it will not drift back into the work place. Employee Protection. While the pri mary engineering means of protection against possible occupational diseases should be mechanical correction, the en gineer will find instances where even the best systems must be supplemented by individual protection. He must carefully study such exposures to provide the high est efficiency of protection, yet obtain a device easy for the operator to wear con tinuously. When the engineer has been successful in obtaining such a device, he must educate workers to use it. Sanitation. Clean washing facilities and toilets should be provided. Lunch rooms should be not only clean but also well lighted and attractive and should be un der the supervision of the plant physician. Scientific Tests. Up to this point the engineer has deduced that an exposure exists, and from accumulated data has devised his means of prevention. How ever, the engineer interested in ascer taining not only exposure but also ciency of control should realize contig; cannot be fully effective nor the effioea^ of any protective device determined wigl out scientific tests. Assumption, guess work, unscientific procedure or apparatus have no place in an engineering program. The engineer must test each step unless i has been previously proved, carefully ^ culating in advance to avoid false protec tion. He must be familiar with dust countTM air sampling, and chemical analysis tech nique, having such determinations na* by established and proper methods. E such tests are beyond the scope of B, ability or equipment and if the engineer considers such tests absolutely essentiai then his executives should permit him ta obtain experts qualified to make such sur veys as his problem may require. Tie need for an accurate engineering approaci to any control measure cannot be over emphasized. Conclusion. Every engineer realizes control of any industrial disease expo sure is divided, part of such control fail ing within the jurisdiction of the indus trial physician and part within his owi engineering province. Medical knowledge is invaluable in the detection of early symptoms and in the administration of suitable preventive treatment. The en gineer should gladly obtain the services of an industrial physician to make a study of the plant, to assist in the classi fication of the hazardous operations ana working locations. By such coordination he will speed control of the exposure. Each individual occupational disease exposure must be studied, analyzed, ani controlled individually. While general data may be available upon common ex posures, the solution can be found only in individual treatment. Such exposures cannot be compared to ordinary safety engineering efforts. A circular saw is circular saw wherever it may be operat ing, but industrial disease exposure var.es within plants and certainly vanes between different manufacturing establishments, even thoiftftfcey may produce i lit product os'article. ~~ ~ ' ADJOURNMENT^ 000073 Safety Equipment. 145 Respiratory Protective Equipment for Use Against Dusts, Fumes and Gases By PHILIP DRINKER Boston, Mass. There appears to be some confusion as to the distinction between dusts, fumes, vapors, mists, and gases, with the result that respiratory equipment for pro tection against them occasionally is wrongly applied. The respirator manu facturers have many examples of such misunderstandings and often are blamed for errors which result solely from con fusion in nomenclature. Dusts include all types of dry earthy particles small enough to be blown about bv ordinary air .currents. Dust suspen sions may be generated as the result of a grinding, blasting, or comminuting pro cess: or they may result from the han dling of finely divided materials as in mixing processes, in sweeping, or the blowing about of wood flour, plant pol lens, or common road dust. There is no chemical limitation implied by the term "dust" while the range in size of dust particles extends from the sub-microscop ic to small sand grains. Such materials can be caught very effectively by the modern type of dust respirator. Fumes embrace two definite kinds of atmospheric suspensions. It is unfortu nate that such double-naming exists in the trade but one had best admit the fact. Thus, "lead fume" is a very old term used to describe the visible dark grey suspension which evolves from lead heated to high temperatures. The ma terial in such suspensions is mostly tiny Particles of lead (and lead oxide), much smaller in size than those of the average dust, with some lead in the gaseous state. When such a mixture is cooled down to the point where it can be breathed the contaminant is then the lead particles ilone without any gaseous lead. The word "fume" is also used to de scribe the mixture of gas and mist which come from a bath of hot nitric acid, *r example. None of the material in he suspension is dry--it is all in the form ` a true mist (liquid droplets) or as a as> yet it may have a thick brownish col?.r- One buys fuming sulfuric acid (a llu J) from any chemical supply house and one can see large plants lor recover ing lead fume--a dry powder. Obvious ly, one does not want the same kind of respiratory equipment for two such dif ferent substances yet the customer often asks for a resoirator to protect against fumes. Lead fume happens to be very difficult to filter out so that the ordinary respir ator which catches dust particles may be inadequate against lead fume. The acid fumes., containing hoth liquid particles and gas. require a filter to catch the drop lets and a gas absorbant to catch the gaseous constituent. Therefore, it usu ally happens that the respirator manufac turer, in self protection, advises the cus tomer to use an air-supplied or air-line respirator because he will then be ade quately protected whether the fume is of solid particles, like lead, or a liquid and gas mixture. If the customer stated ex actly what the suspension consisted of or told how it was generated he might be able to use less expensive equipment. . A vapor is a gas which can be con verted into a liquid at ordinary tempera tures and pressures. Thus, water vapor is a common constituent of the air and is contained in concentrations which vary with atmospheric conditions. Respira tory protective equipment is used against low concentrations of a great many va pors arising from common organic solv ents such as benzol. Many such sub stances are absorbed by activated char coal as in gas masks. There is a small cartridge type respirator in which the cartridge is filled with activated charcoal for absorbing a vapor such as benzol or with soda-lime for absorbing an acid gas such as carbon dioxide. Because these small cartridges contain comparatively little of *lv absorbant their use is lim ited to very low concentrations. They should not be used for emergency rescue work. A mist consists of a suspension of li quid droplets together with the gas from which the droplets condensed. The com monest example is atmospheric fog. 146 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress Droplets of mist are necessarily micro scopic in size or they would not remain in suspension. As soon as several drop lets collide and form a large drop the li quid settles out. Therefore, it is possi ble to dispel a true mist very readily by simoly stirring up the air--ventilation or dilution is unnecessary. Mist droplets can be filtered out by or dinary dust respirators--that is, the visi ble portion of a fog is easily removed by filtration--but the gaseous constituent may pass through the filter. If the mist happens to be corrosive to fabrics the re sultant effect upon a dust respirator is bad. Paint spraying generates a mist and a certain amount of vapor. Protec tion usually consists of an air-line res pirator but it is not at all uncommon to use cartridge respirators containing acti vated charcoal and a filter. A gas contains no solid or liquid par ticles under ordinary atmospheric condi tions. The filter units of any of the common makes of respirators are inef fective against gases. Respiratory pro- tective equipment which catches gases a[. ways consists in some chemical agent which either absorbs the gas or converts it into some other substance which can be absorbed. Because one can rarely be sure of the gas concentration to be en countered it is common practice in ex ploring man holes, for instance, to use devices supplied with air or oxygen in order that the wearer may be safe, re gardless of the conditions he finds. The gas mask, however, and its outgrowth, the chemical cartridge respirator have a definite place in industry and are in wide use today. The U. S. Bureau of Mines has helped in the manufacture and use of respiratory protective equipment greatly by its issu ance of specifications for permissible equipment. Their present schedules do not include the air-supplied respirators such as those used in paint .spraying or sand blasting but both the Bureau and the American Standards Association will issue such specifications presently. Discussion following the address was based on these points: 1. What protection is provided against a dangerous accumulation of air pressure in the ordinary fresh air hose mask? The helmet is not rigid. Air will leak out long before a dangerous pressure ac cumulates. or a safety link, provided in some types of hose mask, will blow out. 2. Would a protective mask approved for lead dusts filter out zinc oxide? Yes. However, almost any type of mask will filter out zinc oxide, since these particles are easily trapped. 3. Will the simple face mask filter out ordinary smoke or will it absorb it? It is impossible to answer such a ques tion. There are as many types of ordinary masks as there are ordinary dusts. A mask must be purchased to fit a specific need. This is not difficult, however, since all types are available. Glass Used for the Protection of the Eyes Against Injurious Radiation By E. D. TILLYER Southbridge, Mass. The effect of excess visible light on the eye is immediately felt. If there is too much, anyone except the sun gazc.s .m mediately turns away, closes the eyesjjr seeks some kind of relief. There is a tendency to use too dark glasses in weld ing, inherited from the days when even the blackest glasses gave practically no protection from the insidious invisible radiations. A proper rule i=. use a shade number which gives good, immediately comfortable vision and insist that this glass give protection against the invisible radiations. The effects of the ultra-violet and the infra-red radiationsjj^t not as quickly noticed as the visiT\?e cannot sayi-- as we said for the (fijtble, '"get good im mediately comfortallTt vision" because_the first noticed effect of- the ultra-violet oc- | f 0C007 r to. Safety Exchange General Round Table THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 8, 1936 ""feThe Safety Exchange Round Table, sponsored by the American Society of Safety -Xfjngineers--Engineering Section. National Safety Council, was designed to provide opportunity for all Congress delegates to ask questions concerning their accident xSreroblems and to present information of interest and value to others in the audience, i Jg-Panel participants included Cyril Ainsworth. American Standards Association, ' Qltw York City; J. I. Banash, Consulting Enginee:. Chicago: H. N. Blakeslee, I5fcmerican Petroleum Institute, New York City; H. J, Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel ; tfCorp., Pittsburgh; C. B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee; Roy i Sit, Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia; Wesley M. Graff, National Bureau i itqf Casualty and Surety Underwriters, New York City; Dan Harrington, U. S. Bureau i.Mines, Washington, D. C.; R. McA. Keown. Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, [tdison. _T. E. Lightioot, Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh; Dr. E. G. Meiter. Employers itttuais, Milwaukee; W. S. Paine. Aetna Casualty and Surety Co., Hartford. Conn.: VE. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.. Pittsburgh; D. L. Royer, Ocean Accident id Guarantee Corp., New York City; G. E. Sanford, Genera! Electric Co., Scheneciij. N. Y.; Reuel C. Stratton, Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford. Conn.; R. F. rhilner, Buick Motor Co., Flint, Mich.; and S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance CoT" Boston. irCtyde W. Smith, general chairman of the sponsoring group and also director of safety department. Standard Oil Co. (Indiana), Chicago, presided. fee S-Chairman Smith: We will try to an- all the questions we can in the time gW have. gjOne question submitted is: that the voltage is the same circuits, is a D. C. circuitm__o__re than an A. C. circuit from the St b ~ fe Po>nt-of-view?" K*r P- F*[e'rrrri'ss (Bell Telephone Labora?P*fcpho Ac0ut ten Yews ago the Bell s*e stem entered into a coopera'sation of electrical shock with Physiology of Columbia v.ftai Vaj t * ,hicct of this investiga 15a* tij,. ,0 ;:ain fundamental intorma- i' serve as 3 basis for dePractjcr )eUer protective measures Last summer before the meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engi neers we gave the results of that investi gation in a paper by Doctors Williams and King of Columbia: Mr. Spence and myself of the Laboratory. I am glad to repeat these insofar as they apply to this question. In our study we were primarily con cerned with the effects of electrical cur rents on the heart. I say current because we found that the current is much more significant in its effects than the intensity^ of the voltage. * As we raise the v^h-f a current, be ginning at a low vaftie an? increasing-it in steps, we come (o a point where its eriect on the heart* is very dangjypus. 0000 / Safety Exchange 157 j,ave considered all the facts t and my urders to you are that there shall not be my more accidents, and I mean it"--when the management takes that point of view, every employee understands. It then be comes a duty of the plant organization. The foreman is the man who is closest to the men and who should direct them in telligently. He is the man who explains frerything to the men. Why should the jnen have to go to the bulletin board to ind out what they should do? JLt. E. Lightfoot (Hoppers Coal Co., ^Pittsburgh): I don't think that you can disregard any of these various means of jetting information" to the men. Personal ^contact, of course, is the most important, itnd whether you have the gift of an *ntor or the gift for "button holing" a ifdlow and telling him what you know, it .`doesn't seem to make a great deal of dif ference. You can't ditch one in place of -Soother. !&>me men have to be "button holed" to j-pt the information across, and others are !A*1STvd by oratorv, if vou wish to call it y'tfaat. t- At the same time bulletin boards and Dtlns f that type have their place. It broad subject and it is a deep sub- ^and you have to tackle it according l>'Pe of men you have to deal with. ^Hny in this audience have entirely e"n,t types of men to deal with, but I "n t Put up one method against the Our thought is, "use them all-- ^tre they apply." -J.fui.rnun Ainsworth: "What should fca-1* et.-' engineer do to control dust in ' Vjtry` (Employers Mutuals. * raf-I" Ce^:. ne f the first things that )' 1 i*. xocjuy en?`neer can do to prevent dust : Wtpin,SIr^' 's t0 institute a good house- Sej t p[Sram and a program of orderren' PUnt- not tn vUlres a continued program and fi-'.'* Q e carried out at fever heat for 6,1, wo an<1 then forgotten. !?2clds Ainsworth: "Should all failsf;f' gardless of their use, have r- (Pittsburgh Steel Co.. f'ad J'!' The experience tliat I / ftn .V d maKe m= sa>- "yc^'- Some vve had a platform used as Som<= two feet from the ground. A fellow working otT this platform acci dently fell backward and hit a piece of iron. He broke his neck and died within ten or fifteen minutes. That is why I would say all scaffolds should have guard rails. Chairman Ainsworth: "When should brakemen ride or when should they not ride on switch engines used in yards to move cars?" Mr. Hanko: Xo, as far as the yard crew is concerned: they don't have any right in the engines, That is why we have foot boards on the wings. Only the firemen and the engineers are permitted in the cabs. Chairman Ainsworth: "Is there any efficient way to safeguard a guillotine paper cutter?" Mr. Royer: I have had this problem a number of times, and I don't know the answer to it. Practical printers and paper cutters will assure you that if you have a reliable non-repeat clutch, so that the knife will not descend when the work man's hand is under it. and then if you pull down your holding bar or a similar mechanism with your foot, you can't have amputation. The high speed jobs, where the bar and the knife descend under power, are protected by two-handed de vices, and I should say that they are rea sonably safe. The guillotine paper cutter that causes me to worry is the old timer. The clutches may repeat and they are not equipped with two-handed devices, and I certainly wouldn't like to put my hands under the knife. I was hoping that some practical paper cutter or printer in the audience might say what he thought about it. Walter A. Gleason CHammermill Paper Co.. .Erie. .Pa.): That depends on whether it is a mechanical device or is electrically operated. Of course, we know that with tl'.e old mechanicism there was an addi tional d-vicc that had to be released with one .and. On the electrical or the more mod-ro devices these are buttons and cor.-.ri :-! in series so that the operator ni l'' "inipulatc two dinerer.t points. Mr k .\ er: Is It true that you cannot have an -ujurv when the holding bar is down 'll the stock: The printers say that : *i"ii.I<r. Do you know whether American Society of Safety ngineers--Engineering Section Officers 1935-36 Chairman--C. XV. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, III. 'Vice-Chairmen-- C B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, \Vis._ i&'V. L. Rover, Ocean Accident and Guaranty Corp., New York, X. Y. decretory__W. Dean Keefer, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. jlentbers at Large Cvkie Ainsworth, American Standards Association, New Y'ork, N. Y. .r." C. B. Alta, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. r-rfj'l. Bamash, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, III. Vi g_ \V. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. Vii.H. R. Br.xt.ER, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New Y'ork, N. Y'. (Metropolitan Chapter.) . F. Boehner, J. B. Stetson Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter.) r E. \V. Bullard, E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter.) vjv; j>_ e. Donovan-, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco, Calif. Yyijxov M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Company, Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia **'- Chapter.) is..W. M. Graff, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters, New Y'ork, X. Y'. ^-iR. McA. Keown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Everett F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter.) Cs,;E. J. Kseit, Philadelphia Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council cc:. Chapter.) '-if.'-Thomas E. Ligiitfoot, Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. P?t\M- G. Lloyd, National Bureau of Standards. Washington, D. C. F'.\V. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. ytGio. F. Pressing, Union Oil Company of California. Los Angeles, Calif. C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc.. New York, N. Y. pSPJons- Russell. Jr.. Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. (Northern New f-fsp- Jersey Chapter.) E. Sanford. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. S. Smith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. SghR. C. Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. F. Thalner, Buick Motor Company, Flint, Mich. y1?.' S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston. Mass. illiam P. Yant, U. S. Bureau ot Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. , Officers Elected for 1936-37 hairman--D. L. Royer, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Cor-j[ York, N. Y. rman--C. B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Yffiwahkde. Wis. nnan--R. E. Donovan. Standard Oil Company of Calitorrfta, San Francisco. Calit --W. Dean Keefe*. National Safety Council, Chicago, I 191 000078 ft' 192 Twenty-fifth Xational Safety Congress Members at Large-- Cyril Ainsworth. American Standards Association, Xew York, X. Y. C. B. Auel, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa J. I. Ban-ash, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, 111. '' E. W. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc., Xe\v York, X. Y. H. R. Bi.xler, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., Xew York, X. Y. (Metronolihi' Chapter) ^ E. \V. Bullard, E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter! "2 H. F. Gilbert, American Cyanamid Co.. Linden, X. J. (Xew Jersey Chapter) Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter)-'^ W. M. Graff, Xational Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters, Xew York, X y3 H. J. Griffith, Jones S: Latighlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council Chapter) . - ----- R. McA. Keown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison. Wis. J. M. Kerrigan, United States Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, X. Y Frontier Chapter) Everett F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter) Thomas E. Ligiitfoot, The Koppcrs Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. M. G. Lloyd, Xational Bureau of Standards. Washington, D. C. H. L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Xemours & Co., Wilmington. Del. W. S. Paine. Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Geo. F. Trussing. Union Oil Company of California. Los Angeles, Calif. C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. A. S. Rf.gula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc.. Xew York, X. Y. G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co.. Schenectady, X. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, III. H. S. Smith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., Xew York, X. Y. R. C. Stratton. The Travelers Insurance Co.. Hartford, Conn. R. F. Thalner. Euick Motor Company, Flint, Mich. S. E. Whiting. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston. Mass. William P. Yant, Mine SafetyXXppliar.ccs Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. WEDNESDAY NOON SESSION October 7, 1936 The annual meeting of the ASSEEngineering Section of the Xational Safety Council followed a luncheon and convened with C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, general chair man, presiding. AH reports had been mimeographed, and copies were distrib uted at the luncheon. Dr. Francis F. Lucas, Member, Tech nical Staff, Bell Telephone Laboratories. Xew York City, and international au thority on microscopy and photomicrogra phy, spoke on "Late Developments in High Power and Ultra Violet -Micro scopy." The report of the nominating cotr.rr.n-. tee was presented by A. S. Regula, chair man. Other members of the comm::'-'4 were S. E. Whiting, R. F. Thalner, C. 3.^ Auel. and Dr. M. G. Lloyd. The cc=>-.' mittee's list of officers, as elected, wnl found elsewhere in this sectional Other sessions sponsored by the Ab~& . Engineering Section included those "Safety Belts," "Safety Training,' ^ _Svstems." "Safety Exchange R-" find ~l*9-yy>>aU0H.al pf these sessions will Jlf. in the Transactions. Chemical Section Officers 1935-36 f, cra[ Chairman--A. L. Armstrong, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, X. Y. I'icc-Chairman in Charge of Program--H. L. Mixf.r, E. I. duPont dc Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. \'tic-Chairman in Charge of Engineering--Ralph L. Rocers, Jr., Tennessee Eastman Corp., Kingsport, Tenn. Secretary--Ralph O. Keefer. Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. S'ews Letter Editor--E. L. Root. Celluloid Corporation, Newark, N. J. Membership and Pnldieity Committee Chairman--S.-D. Kirkpatrick, Chemical and Metal lurgical Engineering, New York, X. Y. Occupational Disease Committee Chairman--Dr. Leonard Greenbcrg, New York State Department of Labor, New York. X. Y. Statistics Committee Chairman.--R. C. Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. J[embers at Large-- -- F. E. Clancv, Jr.. Mathieson Alkali Works, Inc., Niagara Falls, X. Y. F. W. Dennis, Hooker Electrochemical Co.. Niagara Falls, X. Y. . *Ira V. Kepxer. Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co., Menominee, Mich. '. E. F. King, Lever Brothers Co.. Cambridge. Mass. -. H. P. LEWts, E. I. duPont dc Nemours & Co.. Wilmington. Del. John Roach, Deputy Commissioner of Labor, Trenton. X. J. : C. E. Sevrens, Merrimac Chemical Co.. Inc.. Boston. Xfass. ' John S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co.. Wilmington, Del. Plummer Wheeler. American Cvanamid Co., Linden, X. J. S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Officers Elected for 1936-37 ^hpcral Chairman--H. L. Miner. E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington. Del. `Xf`.'Chairman in Charge of Program--Ralph L. Rogers, Jr.. Tennessee Eastman Corp.. pA'ngsport, Tenn. r/Cf'Chairmar. in Charge of Engineering--J. J. B. Fltexwider, Hercules Powder Co., S-Tparlin, N. J. --^ALpH O. Keefer, Aluminum Company oi America. Pittsburgh, Pa. ^nes Letter Editor--F. W. Dennis. Hooker Electrochemical Co., Niagara Falls, X. Y. * , .'"Oership and Publicity Committee Chairman.--C. E. Sevrens, Merrimac Chemical Co., Q'cupaBtioonsatol nD. iMseaassse. Committee Chairman- -Dr. Leonard Greenberg, New York State PPJj ci'a--_tmeu'*t oW Sf 4LiallbwovIr,I NVeVw> 4YVoirIVk), X' ,. XY*. . Committee Chairman--E. L. Root. Celluloid Corporation, Newark, X. J > Committee Chairman--R. C. Stratton*. The Traveler.r>-*- 1 0000G0 gt- .;~J* 226 Tivcnty-fifth National Safety Congress chemical workers, handed down from Ihe age when chemical leaks and drips were frequent. 6. The chemical operator should realize that the control features on all chemical equipment are there not only for operat ing purposes, but, in most cases, for safety; and in the event that any pressure or vacuum- gage, thermometer, nr what not indicates abnormal change or a had condition, he should take steps immediate ly to rectify the condition as specified by his superior, usually by reporting the con dition promptly. However, there are emergencies when he must safeguard the situation before reporting. It is taken for granted that these emergency conditions arc provided for in his training. It is im possible to do more than generalize on this without the danger of misunderstand ing. 7. While "a little knowledge is a dan gerous thing," the more the worker knows about the reasons for following prescribed methods, the better worker lie is. He should acquaint himself with the reasons, and, if possible, be familiar with the sim ple chemistry and physics of his job, and not be afraid to ask questions; but he should never experiment without the ad vice of proper authority. Chemical control should not be treated lightly. Any changes to be made in the chemical process should take place only after the careful consideration and direc tion of those competent to make such changes. 8. When leaving his work, or outlin ing his duties to another at the termina tion of his shift, the chemical worker should fully familiarize his successor with the condition of the equipment and the status of the chemicals in process. This- should be in writing in a log book of op-i erations. By no means should he leave" any questionable condition whereby his fellow worker may meet with a mishap.' It is his full responsibility to live up to' this and to consider it as sacred as any-,' thing in life. The slightest deviation from this practice, whether deliberate or other-' wise, has meant disaster to chemical \ workers and monetary loss to plant; owners. '`si 9. The chemical plant is no place for' monkey business or horseplay. It must be remembered that the practical joker; in chemical work may be a potential killer. I have known chemical workers deliber-I ately to plug condensers in order to set! if their fellow workers could quickly dis- ' cover and locate the trouble. Such meth-\ ods should not be resorted to, even with only water in the equipment. 1 ~ 10. The chemical worker should thor- oughly appreciate the fact that safety is, sacred, that the safest method is generally the best method, and that the best method always embraces the safest way. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 7, 1936 Employers' Added Liability Under New Occupational Disease- Laws in New York ..5^ By J. W. NEWTON tfl: Compensation and Claims Departments, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. The New York State Workmen's Com pensation Law, adopted in 1014, covered only accidental injuries arising in the course of employment, diseases or infections as mi<ht nfiSjp&Iy* and unavoidably result therefrom Occupational diseases are not acci * injuries and were, therefore, not [nc in the coverage of the Workmen s pcnsatiou Ll-.v, In 1930 the Legislature'mended lhj; law to include 23 specified^ occupy 000081 Chemical Section 22 7 < arising out of and in the course designated employments or !" From time to time the law ^amended, increasing the occupations s covered and increasing the r ?5,r 0i diseases covered to 27 as the |-tIt3sor:"aa\"'vc;"m`l e"e!sjad_tlo)l,c!oneadt l ttaoost.cisetohanreycetwe,hnaawdsthoeidcvfehef1ircn9yo3itd4ue.illsdy.eaIhktseneisdokwirnaenocfwattlnioyr ,,ie out of. a process of employment was deluded in the Workmen's Compensation 'let with the exception of silicosis and similar dust diseases. The annual cost for occupational dis eases under that law to the employers of the state was comparatively small, there being added to premiums in most cases one per cent per hundred dollars of pay roll. a.-'d in a few industries, where the hazard was greater, a cost varying but not in excess of SI .00 per hundred dollars of pavroll. The total average cost in the State of New York was not over 1 per .cent of the total premium. A few years ago the medical profession in this country became particularly inter ested in the causes of the disability and death of employees engaged in occupa tions having a silica dust hazard, particu larly granite and foundry workers. A serious problem was presented to many industries in the state by the fact that another piece of legislation, the socalled "all-inclusive" occupational disease bill was actually put on the statute books and took effect September 1, 1935. Under this law some of the problems were: Would the term ``occupational dis ease" be construed by the courts to in clude any disease which might arise dur ing the employee's employment? Would an occupational disease under the law in clude the common cold, pneumonia, scar let fever, or any communicable disease? How would the courts of this state inter pret the law? If the law were inter preted to include as occupational diseases, only diseases peculiar and incident to the nature of an occupation or process in .which the hazards of such diseases actu*}'/ exist, then it was thought the cost ` occupational disease coverage should not increase by virtue of this all-inclusive _"w to any considerable extent over the resen; cost, except for silicosis and similsr dust diseases. May 21. 1955. Industrial Commis sioner Andrews issued a statement rela tive to the probable effect and cost of the all-inclusive occupational disease bill which became effective September 1, 1935. In this statement, the Commissioner said that the experience in New York State and in staTes having an ail-inclusive occu pational disease law, indicated that the new amendment would add less than 2 per cent and perhaps less, than 1 per cent to the insurance cost of workmen's com pensation Insurance in New York State. It is my understanding, however, that the Commissioner did not mean to in clude iff this estimate of 1 per cent and 2 per cent, the cost of silicosis and other dust diseases, but that the Commissioner referred to diseases brought under the act, other t an dust diseases. But whatever he meant the amendment has not been in operation long enough for an accurate accounting to be made as to the actual increase in cost of occu pational disease compensation. When employers examined this amend ment making all occupational diseases compensatable. the first feeling was one of alarm, and the insurance companies, apprehensive almost to the point of panic, added to this alarm by cancelling cover age mi certain plants, and notifying others that their premiums would be dra-tlcally increased. When, however, the new silicosis and dust disease law (which will be described iif a moment) was enacted alter a great number of con ferences among employers, insurance companies, the Department of Labor, and employees, the general alarm greatly sub sided. Another important cause of the subsidence of this alarm was the pro nouncement of the Industrial Commis sioner that it was not proposed to bring under tile occupational disease classifica tion every illness or disease suffered by an employee. To be compensatable, he said in effect, a disease must be shown to be a real occupational disease of a type peculiar to and caused by the occupation in whicli the worker was engaged. If the Commis-ioncr'a interpretation is sustained by the courts there may he. some justifica tion for tills occupational- disease amend ment nee an oc&jmntjion.nl disease so de fined i- gfnieran^g*^re?ult of -conditions. tin;.......! vn himAafebfS-employer, coidi- 'iticjeaEptiaif no control,CSiid 00003;; 223 Tieentx-fifth Xational Safety Congress from which lie cannot escape, except by leaving his job. The employer, therefore, it may be agreed, should be solely re sponsible for most of such occupational diseases and in all justice should accept the responsibility for injuries sustained. The more one studies this occupational disease amendment, in the light of the Commissioner's pronouncement, the more difficult it becomes to find any real occu pational disease that has been added to compensatability under the Workmen's Compensation Law other than silicosis and other dust diseases. Before "this amendment there were in the statute 27 named diseases coupled with descriptions of processes, and it seems probable that the only real occupational diseases added by the amendment are silicosis and other dust diseases. Undoubtedly in time, be cause of newly discovered processes and hazards in industry there will be addi tional occupational diseases discovered that are not represented in the twentyseven scheduled diseases, and tiiese new diseases will automatically be brought un der the law by the amendment covering all occupational diseases. Following the adoption of this allinclusive amendment a new silicosis and dust disease bill was introduced in the State Legislature in 1936, and was finally enacted June 6, 1936. This bill was in troduced primarily at the behest of the employers of the State because they felt strongly that the inclusion of silicosis and other dust diseases in the all-inclusive amendment placed an undue burden upon industries particularly subjected to the dust hazard. The reasoning was that the difficulties attendant upon the correct diagnosis of these dust diseases would open the way for numerous doubtful claims unless some extra requirements' were placed upon physical examinations, and special limitations put upon the amount of compensation payable for the various stages of these diseases. The bill as finally enacted is known as Article 4a of the Workmen Compensation Law, and section 222a of the Labor Law. The first paragraph of the Act is a declaration of policy and reads as follows: "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the legislature of this state, in enacting this article to prohibit through every law ful means available, any requirement as a prerequisite to employment which com pels an applicant for employment in auv occupation coming within the preview of this , article to undergo a medical exami nation." This measure was included ov"r the strong objections of many employers in the state who felt that any such pro vision was a step backward in the use of medical science in industry and if f0[. lowed out would be in the long run a detriment to employee and employer , alike. The declaration remained in the bill in spite of these objections. The Act itself provides that no compen sation is payable, for partial disability, due to silicosis or other dust diseases. X For temporary or permanent total dis-'i^ ability or for death from silicosis or other ./e dust disease, if disablement or death occur during the first calendar month in which this act became effective. $300 is payable;>l if disablement or death occur in the sec-vS] ond month $330 and for each month"*% thereafter the payment shall increase at^ the rate of $30 per month, but in no eventff^ shall payment exceed an aggregate ofy? $3,000. . Medical treatment and care arc pro-rYW vided for a period of 90 days from date_X of disablement and may be extended for i-tn an additional period of 90 days upon'.y: order of the Board. --.ytt The liability prescribed is in lieu of_:.f any other liability whatever. ''y If death occurs and there are depend-wg ents. the benefits will be the difference..^, between, what has been paid and S3,COO : but never more than S3,000. If there be /-V no dependents, payments cease, nothing.:.^to be paid into special funds as in the :y. case of accidental death from other com'i pensatable causes. If, for example, total disability com-.^i. menced in August, 1936. that is, three p Chemical Section 22') lice years following continuous Cwhiiil.v. /rl;c employer in whose employment the rt.'ilnvec was fast exposed shall be liable l-,f compensation. There is no splitting j compensation between two or more fltployccs. ,Vo\v, f am supposed to say something jo regard to the effect of these two new jiRt on the chemical industry. Let us luc a look a: the statute as it stood be fore the all-inclusive amendment became 'ffoctive, and we will find that the chemiril industry is well taken care of. In the ,!<cti{-.ational disease section are included ttsnning and other deleterious effects rejuiiing from contact with lead, zinc, raeriry, phosphorus, arsenic, wood alcohol, Icr.tol and its derivatives, carbon bisul phide. and any sulphide, nitrous fumes, 'oiefeti carbonyl, solvents for cellulose ._r.liraic and acetate, formaldehyde and its Preparations, chromic acid, tar, pitch, ,'twV.rraI oil, pa ratlin or any compound of jhtse substances, methyl chloride sul,'ptaric, hydro-chloric and hydro-fluoric cids, petroleum products and their fumes, ; itrmatitis from handling acids, alkalies ;tnd oils. Out of 27 processes described r? belong ;n tlio chemical industry. la my opinion, based upon the fact that rfncttcally every known occupational dis: .** in the chemical field was specifically covered in the N'civ York law prior in the adoption of the two amciKlnteiti, which I have described, and assuming th.it Commissioner Andrews' definition u( "occupational disease" under the "all inclusive'' amendment is sustained by tin, courts, tlmrc will not be any great in crease in < nrnpensation costs to cheinie.il manufacturers on account of these (ivu amendment, other than in those itnlu, tries which are definitely subject to a <ltt .< hazard. 'fheoretically, I think this i, true, but >" closing I want to point <un that then- is no assurance whatever th.u the rcfer<w> who conduct the hearings ,,, the courts will strictly and uniformly up ply }.fr. fiilrcws' conception, since theu- is. no den'-i!ion of "occupational disease" in, the statute. Judging by tendencies m the past, 'here will be a strong and su-, rained effort made to have the phrase in teryreird .tore liberally in the interest, of the cl ot.-.-'ints, and if that succeeds, tin, "ail-iitclus:-r" amendment may open the door to ail sorts of claims which 1mw< no true relation'to the legitimate burden, of ip.d-.istr/- such event the industries may be forced into the role of health insurers f'rr their employees, and the feai, of tlte rr.-.pmyers of New York State a, to the tr> mendous expense to be placed upon Ir.d .itries, chemical and otherwise by this --.'a'utc, would be realized. -'.Y-Gas Detectors for Determination of Flammability, Oxygen Deficiency and Toxicity in Rooms and Vessels ' By .'.f'r---' .. E. W. GILLILAND Chief Chemist, Mine Safety Appliances Co-, Pittsburgh, Pa. ^*7-Y. WILLIAM p. yamt *-i-- Director of Research, Mine Safety Appliance** Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. u t~-Cttrcst in public and i.ndus.trial.satety Vy*?* Explosions and occupational injuries ' 7 -diseases f_r_o_m_ gases and v,iappuorrss nhaass '/'-TA^adctj the development of gas deu-Wws,'indicators, and analyzing equip- A str'ible device for most field situ.*, tions rr.-.st be readily portable, rugged, easifv rr.a.ntained in condition for use, to. liable. ov`-rabIe by the personnel at hand to give results and _the desired inform,*, arc suitable for use at the site industrial situations in which the . and vapors occur. The ordinary 1 -, v procedures are usually cumber, ^-delicate, operable only in the hands 1 V,> teehnicians, and require consvd- '-ur.e for making determinations. tion, wi-f; the accuracy and sensitivity Vy. quired f'-r the situation under investig,*. tion. f-many uses, it is required th.*t .* obtained qiniuM.in order f.s avoid +ys that woulkgtfQlong hazard, inis wo- ami increase itS;.apd to detect rapid r -.-yes in atmo||&fP*i><'contamim,. 0000cc i - .v*-* *?.*T*-.. - Construction Section ; i 1 - Officers 1935-36 Chairman--W. A. Snow, Associated Genera! Contractors of America, Inc., 1329 N- '-V., Washington, D. C V'ce-Chairman far Heavy Construction and Railroad Contractors--R. J. Reigeluth, C. W. *' Bbkcslee & Sons, 3S Waverly St., New Haven, Conn. f r^c-Chairman for Highway Construction--F. I. Rowe, W. L. Johnson Construction Co., .7 IJicksvillc, Ohio. ! y;cc.Chairmau for L'. .S'. Engineer Departwent--Major Elliott Vandevanter, C. of E., ' 0#cc oi tite Giiei of Engineers, Washington, D. C. )ice-Chairman for Building Construction--Chester W. Wright, Wright & Kremers, Inc., Niagara Fails, N. \. r Secretary--Robert McKinley, General Accident Fire & Lite Assurance Corp., Detroit, Mich. . ,Veter Letter Editor--G. O. Giuefi;.'. Dravo Corp.. Neville Island, Pittsburgh, Pa. '.Engineering Committee C'nainnan--E. N. Goldstin'E,* San Francisco. Calif. '.Membership Committee Chairman--Thomas Bentley, The A. Bentley & Sons Co., Toledo, - _ Ohio. ' Pester Committee Chairman--R. A. Snow. Carolina Power & Light Co., Raleigh, N. C. . Program Committee Chairman--V. P. Aheakn, National Sand & Gravel Assn., Munscy Bldg., Washington. D. C. . Publicity Committee Chairman--W. P. Conn, Editor. "The Constructor," Washington, D. C. Statistics Committee Chairman--C. H. Black. Stone" & Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, Mass. Past General Chairmen-- W. F. Austin, Detroit. Mich. E. N. Goldstine. San Francisco. Calif. John Russell, Jr., Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--W. A. Snow, Associated General Contractors of America, Ir.c., Wash ington, D. C. f ice-Chairman for Heavy Construction.--R J "if' utii. C. W. Biakeslee S: Sons, New Haven, Conn. ^ `tc-Chairman for Highway Construction--F. I. Rowe W. L. Johnson Construction Co., Hicksvilie, Ohio. I 'ce-Chairman for U. S. Engineer Depart mem--Major Elliott Vandevanter, C. of E., Oshcc oi t!:c Chief of Engineers, Wa-hlngt. n. D. C. f `ee-Chiiirman for Building Construction--C:;'-attk W. Niagara Falls. N. V. But, Wrigitt 'Kna.'iirs, Incer Secretary--Ronntr McKinley, General Acetic:-.-.. Fire KiAaic. Assurance Corp., Detroit, Mid:.' -- yST. >i^-ViV'' lilkei OOOOdS 244 Twenty-fifth National Safety .Congress terially improve accident records in the construction industry is that, which other industries have been using for so long. Briefly, a program based on adequate accident records, consistent inspection and maintenance of plant, a complete medical program and the principle of supervisory responsibility, cannot help but succeed. Dust Diseases As They Affect the Construction Industry By A. J. LANZA, M. D. Assistant Medical Director, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York City With a possible single exception, there is but one dust disease and one dust causing that disease with which the con struction industry is concerned. The disease is silicosis and the dust causing it is dust containing free silica (SiO:). Dusts containing silica in combined form have not been shown to cause disability or disease, with the exception of asbes tos. which is a silicate. The outstanding facts with regard to silicosis have often been detailed and will be only briefly summarized here. The dust must be in a fine state of subdivi sion to reach the lungs. The particles which do the damage arc less than ten microns in diameter. In this country, the amount of dust in the air at any loca tion is determined by the standard meth od elaborated by the United States Bureau of Mines and the United States Public Health Service, using the impinger, the results being expressed in millions of particles per cubic foot. In order to estimate the hazard, we must know the number of particles and the percentage of silica, because a dust con taining 100 per cent pure silica would be more harmful than one containing SCTper cent silica. When we know the amount of dust- in terms of averages--the amount of sil ica. and the extent of exposure, we are in a position to evaluate the seriousness of the hazard. We know that silicosis is a chronic disease, taking usually years to develop, and as we see it in American industries, causing little or no disability unless there is superimposed upon it an im.-etion. This infection is most often tuberculosis, to which the individual with silica damaged lungs is very susceptible. The more severe the silica damage, the more apt tuberculosis is to develop. We do not as yet have permissable or safe standards of dustiness. There is such an extremely wide variation of in dustrial processes and environmental fac tors that any elaborate system of stand ards would be impracticable; but a simple workable standard is highly desirable. There is a rough standard,, which is based largely on the work of the Public Health Service, of ten million particles of dust per cubic foot. This is a convenient tar get to shoot at when dust control meas ures are undertaken in an industrial plant. That is not to say. however, that a threshold of ten million particles of a highly siliceous dust is safe. This stand ard was based on exposure to granite dust, containing about 35 per cent pure silica. The construction section of this Con gress embraces many types of industry and a multitude of processes. It is not practicable, therefore, to present a com plete scheme of all the hazards in these industries. We can. however, attain our object in a sufficiently satisfactory man ner by considering first, materials, and second, the processes in which these ma terials are used. The construction indus try uses enormous amounts of certain well known materials. Lime, gypsum, cement, sand, occur to everyone's mind when you mention construction. Many of these substances are used in processes which involve considerable amounts of dust, wherein lies the possibility of a health hazard. There is no silicosis without silica-- free silica. So right off, the manufac turer or wirtiyrrial company has the first clear-cut of the potential--harm full ness... of fcpQ5t-' which may be causing?-' concern wj&ifljlor his employees. Does 0CCOf*fi Construction Section 245 - contain free silica in appreciable counts? What is an appreciable amount? Prob ity in excess of 5 per cent. At least, ^at is well on conservative .side. Jun-silicious dusts may be a nuisance or in annoyance to employees or to neigh boring communities, but they are not Concerned with silicosis. If the employer does not know whether a dust to which bis employees are exposed contains silica --that is the first thing for him to deter mine. Should he find that the dust does contain free silica, in a determined per centage, 'hen the next step is to ascer tain the amount of such dust present in the air where his employees work. We are frequently asked whether dust arising irom gypsum, cement, lime, marble, talc, rock wool, mineral wool and many other substances, may cause silicosis. We say to the inquirer, "You know the materials * you are working with. Do they contain free silica?" He may reply, ".Vo," or "Only a trace." The conclusion then is obvious. There is no silicosis hazard. The type of process in which the dust is generated is of great practical import ance. If the process is conducted in a confined place, with poor ventilation, it Is apparent that the hazard is much more dangerous than if it were in the open air. because in the confined place, the work man gets a much bigger dose of silica. Recently I saw some X-ray films of brick masons. These masons handled only fire bricks--made irom a highly silicious material -- and they were em ployed in lining kilns and furnaces, Them films showed well developed sili cosis. Their job consisted in breaking up tne worn-out lining in furnaces and buildmg new ones. They were continuously exposed to a highly silicious dust in a Very close, confined place. The same material' could probably be handled in other types of construction work with httle or no hazard. The mention of close and confined Places brings to mind tunnels, about xxhich there has recently been much agi- ation. Without going into details con cerning this subject, the lesson to be earned is clear. The digging of a tunI*e `s not a permanent undertaking in ny locality but the work should be safe guarded as in more permanently estab lished industries. Where a tunnel is be ing constructed m a highly silicious rock, the dust hazard looms very large. It is similar to hard rock mining and everything conspires to make the con trol of dust difficult. It is interesting to note that tunnel work in various parts of the world has been followed by similar experiences. The report of the Director General of Public Health for N'ew South Wales in Australia. 1924, details an investigation concerning ventilation and sandstone dust present in the air of certain sewer tunnels in Sidney. Apparently there was an ex cessive amount of silicosis and tubercu losis among these tunnel workers. A report of the South African Institute for Medical Research. April, 1935, details a severe silicosis hazard among sewer tunnel workers in South Africa. We arc justified in concluding that tun nel work calls tor extraordinary precau tions tor safety and health with a super vision of the health of tunnel workers comparable to that followed in other in dustries. Grinding or pulverizing sand, gravel, and other highly silicious materi als are processes that need very careful control and supervision. The control of the dust hazard is an engineering problem and in the main de pends on an etTort to entrap the dust at its point of origin by using water, or suction exhaust systems, or both. Once the dust is in the air, reliance is placed upon further use of water, and or dilu tion of the silica dust by increased ven tilation and on protecting the individual by a suitable mask or respirator. The United States Bureau of Mines now cer tifies respirators that are safe for silica dust. The use of respirators should be restricted to exposures which are inter mittent or temporary. Where ventilation equipment designed to remove dust from the air is installed, its efficiency should be checked from time to time by dust counts, using the stand ard impimter method. As with other protectse devices, there is always danger that thu sort of apparatus becomes greatly impaired or useless because of failure to maintain it properly. I mem t.nrd an^gxccption to the state ment that unly fijSjTiSifcsja dust will pro duce di-ea-e of yWCtJqrigs. This--excep tion is i-!icstosJ-5g;triagnesium silicate. 0Q0f: 246 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress The inhalation of asbestos dust produces a condition of the lungs similar to sili cosis. The pathology is quite different and the appearance on X-ray films is distinct from silicosis. Asbestosis ap parently does not predispose to tubercuIpsis and in this country has not been shown to cause much disability, though a few deaths have been recorded. In the manufacture of construction material, as bestos is usually combined with other substances which, by reducing t h e amount of asbestos in the dust, tend to mitigate the hazard. A matter of great concern to the em ployer is what disposition to make of cases of silicosis among his employees. If active tuberculosis is present, it is to the interest of the individual and his fel low workmen that he be removed from his occupation and given proper care. If infection is not present, there will be little or no disability and the employer should protect the individual from further ex. posure through methods suitable to the situation involved. The important item to remember is the nature of the material and the process in which it is employed. Consideration of these two items will enable the employer to ascertain whether a silica hazard is present and to act accordingly. Again let me emphasize that where workmen are exposed to a highly silicious dust in confined places, the situation is extreme ly serious and calls for energetic and comprehensive measures of control and continued medical supervision of the men. Dust samples should be taken frequently and the men should be examined fre quently so that serious disease will not occur. Physical Examinations of Construction Employees on Public Works Programs By L. M. DEARDORF Superintendent of Construction, W. L. Johnson Construction Company, Hicksville, 0. If there ever was a time when em ployees on Public Works projects should be given physical examinations before per mitting their names on the payroll, it is now. Any .contractor who secures a Public Works project with the Highways, PWA. the U. S. Engineers, or any of the other department of the Federal Government is required, as a part of the labor regula tions. to submit a requisition for his em ployees to the Xationai Reemployment Service. The Xationai Reemployment Service is dominated by the WPA or ganization to the extent that all semi skilled and common labor are furnished only from relief lists. In the majority of cases those unfortunate individuals who are still on relief are there only by reason of a mental or physical deficiency. They have done very little work during, the past five or six years and are pretty thoroughly demoralized mentally; physi cally they have permitted their bodies to be run down about like an old paver that has been standing alpngside the road for a corresponding period of years. Our procedure in carrying out physical examinations for our employees is as fol lows: The contract having been award ed. and the superintendent assigned to the project, one of his first important preliminary instructions is to" talk to the doctors in the vicinity of the project and explain to them the problem which we face in securing competent .physicallyable workmen. If the M. D. shows any sympathy in our problems and troubles, we negotiate for mass examination of the employees. The price paid for the exam ination is fromSi.OO to $2.50. The findfogf haVe been wjry interest- Jj.--.. I - __ Y " Marine Section --~ --*w - -Ac Officers 1935-36 gi Chairman--E. W. Fiske, Jr., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. `:!U'n.-nrcr (fit Charge of Posters and Slides)--Robert F. Hand, Standard Shipping ; Yew'York, N. Y. '-^(Chairmen (In Charge of Publicity)--Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Marine Engineer, ' New York, N. Y. 'i-c-Cheirinan (For the Pacific Coast)--A. D. Woll, General Petroleum Corp. ot Calif., Terminal Island, Calif. frrrcttrv--Carl E. Vanoer Clute, Admiralty Attorney, New York, N. Y. Vi-rrr Letter Editor--Henry Elackstone, United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., 340 Pine St., San Francisco, Calif. 'tyiiucrinu Committee Chairman--B. C. Edwards, Consulting Engineer, New York, N. Y. i!{mber:hff> Committee Chairman--E. C. Holden, Jr., United States P. Sc I. Agency, Inc., ' New York, N. program Committee Chairman--H. L. Seward, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. S'.stis'ics Committee Chairman--Benjamin H. Self, Travelers Insurance Company, New York, N. Y. 'Streticrinn Committee Chairman--F. C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers Association, San Francisco, Calif. Members at Large-- ' . .Fpank E. Ames, Lykcs Bros.-Ripley Steamship Co.. New Orleans, La. r'.. .W, P. Biggs. Navy Department Safety Engineer, Washington, D. C. C",,...C. F. Blackton, Erie Railroad Co., Jersey City, X. J. >1-'- Frank II. Cogan, The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co., New York, N. Y. J. M. Griser, Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co., Mobile, Ala. A, "Y Groundwater, Union Oil Co. ot Calif.. Los Angeles, Calif. _ Henry J. Heidorn, Standard Shipping Co., New York, N. Y. C.^Joiin S. Hunter, The Alantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. V Vuillard F. Jones, Gulf Refining Co.. New York, N. Y. X'-. J. F Kavanagii, Grace Line, Ir.c.. New York, N. Y. 0 A' k* R- Kr.LLY, Tide Water Oil Co., New Y"ork, N. Y. V 1 "Lewart Lee, Jr,, New Y'ork Shipbuilding Corp., Camden, N. J. -- Luckendacii, American Bureau of Shipping, New Y'ork, N. Y. n ' 'FEaciiern, Standard Oil Co. of Calif.. SarUFrancisco, Calif. I- Ml-rphy, Murphy, Cook & Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. *' Petersen, Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., New York, N. Y. ' ??*_P' Pickard. Pacific Coast Marine Associations, San Francisco, Calif. Academy, New i^^Yrcsdal, Jr., South Atlantic S.S. Line. Savannah. Ga. 1)A CTE"R' ^a^or' Office ot" tne Chief of Engineers, Munitions Bldg., ^"ar Steamship Lines, San FraaciEjo. Calif. 'r'A'C. n 7.J' American Export Line. New York "__________ - f*n> Associated Oil Co., San Francisco, Ca* ___ rrr?||? 269 oooesa I *.: ' i-tjc-r. ' ' 270 Tzscnty-fifth National Safety Congress Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--E. C. Holden-, Jk., United States P. & I. Agency, Inc.. New York, N.Y. Vice-Chairman (In Charge of Posters and Slides)--Robert F. Hand, Standard Oil Co. ot N. J., Marine Dept., New York, N. Y. Vice-Chairman (In Charge of Publicity)--\V. E. Stewardsox, Colombian Steamship Co New York, N. Y. Vice-Chairman (For the Pacific Coast)--Albert O. Pegg. Union Oil Company ot Calif. Los Angeles, Calif. Secretary--Carl F. Vaxder Clute, Admiralty Attorney, New York, N. Y. News Letter Editor--Hen-re Blackstoxe, United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., San Fran cisco, Calit. Engineering Committee Chairman--B. C. Edwards, Atlantic Gulf and West Indies Steam ship Co., New York, N. Y. Membership Committee Chairman--E. W. Fiske, Jr., Socony-Vactnim Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. Program Committee Chairman--Bvron O. Pickard. Pacific Coast Marine Associations, San Francisco, Calif. J Statistics Committee Chairman--Bf.xjamix H. Self, Travelers Insurance Companv, New - York, N. Y. ! Stevedoring Committee Chairman--F. C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers Association, . San Francisco, Calif. .1 Members at Large-- t Frank E. Ames, Lykcs Bros.-Ripley Steamship Co.. New Orleans. La. W. P. Eiccs, Navy Department Safety Engineer, Washington, D. C. C. F. Blacktox, Erie Railroad Co., Jersey City, N. J. \ Frank H. Cocan, The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co., New York, , N. Y. J. M. Griser. Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co., Mobile, Ala. Henry J. Hf.idorx. Standard Oil Co. of N. }.. Marine Department, New York, N. Y. John S- Hunter, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ' Willard F. Jones, Gulf Oil Corp., New York, N. Y. T. F. Kavanagii, Grace Line, Inc., New York, N. Y. Frank C. Laurie, Lago Petroleum Corp., Maracaibo, Venezuela. Stewart Lee, Jr., New York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden. N. J. I. L. Luckenbacit. American Bureau of Shipping, New York, N. Y. A John McGrath, John W. McGrath Corp., New York, N. Y. _ -'f Carl E. Petersen. Newport News Shipbuilding S: Dry Dock Co., New York, N. Y. H. W. Proom, 1 Broadway, New York, N. Y. J. K. Robison, Sinclair Navigation Co., New York, N. Y. , j. A. Rumsey, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Richmond, Calif. S. A. Schramm. Black Diamond Steamship Co.. Pier K, Weehawkcn, N. J. H. L. Sfavard, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. A. J. Smith, Marine Office of America, New York, N. Y. Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Marine Engineer, New York, N. Y. G. E. Taylor, Federal Barge Lines. New Orleans, La. J. H. Tomb, New York State Merchant Marine Academy. New Y'ork. N. Y. Elliott Vandevanter, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Munitions Bldg.,-Washington. D, C. L. H. Westdahl, Dollar Steamship Lines, San Franc: A. O. Woll, General Petroleum Corp. ot Calif, Termt. John Wricht, American Export L:--e? New York, N. TUESDAY MORNING SE October 6, 1936 0000 lit) The opening session was called to order engineer, -New York by Arthur M. Tode, consulting marine tlie absence of E. W. Fiske, Jr- Metals Section Officers 1935-36 Cwral Chairman--H. W. Darr, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. tficc-Chairmait--A. Berquist, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., East Chicago, Inti. yt-c-Chainnan--C. M. Allen, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. Vice-Chairman {la Charge of Health)--Dr. R. C. Excel, Corrigan-McKinncy Div,, ,. {^public Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Secretary and Metis Loiter Editor--R. A. Chaffin', Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. Contest Committee Chairman--Rorert L. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. ' -- engineering Committee Chairman--J. E. CcllvsEY, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. Foundry Committee Chairman--Irwin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh, Hemphill Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Membership Committee Chairman--Mf.ll E. Trammell, Cult States Steel Co., Alabama ' City, Ala. Posier Committee Chairman--R. H. Ferguson. Republic Steel Corp.. Cleveland, Ohio. Program Committee Chairman--H. M. Crowiax. Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. Publicity Committee Chairman--C. W. Hanko, Pittsburgh Steel Co., Monesscn, Pa. Railway Car Builders Committee Chairman--P. J. Brand, Pullman Standard Car Manu facturing Corp., Pullman. Chicago, 111. Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--J. A. Oartei., Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. J. Breland, Kohler Co., Kohler, Wis. Members at Large-- F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co.. Columbus, Ohio. E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh. Pa. J. A. Coltrin. National Radiator Corp.. Johnstown. Pa. G. A. Davis, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Chicago. 111. M. W. Dundoue, Beloit Iron Works Co--Beloit. Wis. John P. Em. Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Joliet, 111. W. T. Filmer, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. A. C. GinsoN, Spang, Chalfant & Co., Inc., Pittsburgh. Pa. O. F. Harvf.v, American Car and Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. S. E. Hawkes, MacWhytc Co.. Kenosha, Wis. H. H. Henry, Otis Steel Co.. Cleveland, Ohio. H. G. Hensel, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Chicago, 111. W. A. J.vRvrs, The Chase Companies. Waterburv. Conn. F. A. Lauerman, Republic Steel Corp.. South Chicago, 111. T. H. McKenney, Chicago. 111. D. V. Medalie, Interlake Iron Corp.. Chicago, III. John O'Rourk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point. Md. C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Frank Rowe, Wheeling Steel Corp.. Portsmouth. Ohio. Herman Spoerer, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Evanston, 111. J. K. Stafford, Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co., Decatur, III. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. * Deceased. 312 Twenty-fifth Xationa! Safety Congress to think, inability to draw a personal les son from the experience of others, over confidence and a desire to make good on the job. These can only be overcome by careful and systematic handling on the part of the supervisor. His is the respon sibility of putting over to the worker the value and advantages resulting from a close observance of rigid safety inspec tions. Systematic Organized Safety Effort There should be little need to make a plea for more concerted action along this line. As safety men, we know how eas ily the small employer could be put out of business as the result of even a few accident losses. The l,aarrggeer well, cannot afford to overlook^3 tion--his losses, through wasted money and materials, will c..: e his profits and hold his compjj* the public as a very inefficient non. The ever increasing cost pensation insurance will undoubted^' factor m forcing more conside!iL well organized safety work, p, I emphasize the side of humanity the dollar and am satisfied from I perience that where humanity ru profits will be satisfactory. Where* safety program is followed, without efficiency and economy of the highetf der will also prevail. The Present Status of Control of Dust and Fumes in Industt^"| By H. B. MELLER Managing Director, Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc.; Head, Air PoDu Investigation, Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, Pittsburgh, Pa. The problem divides itself naturally into medical, preventive engineering and legis lative phases, and includes consideration of the responsibilities of employer and employee to each other and to the public. It is axiomatic that, in case of physical disorder, impairment of function or dis ability, the more thoroughly the cause and course of action are known, the more certainly can possible remedies be applied or preventive measures taken. In the diseases or affections under con sideration, there are tacts upon^which pre ventive methods are based, and upon which further studies now in course or contemplated are, at least in part, predi cated. During the development of the present state of knowledge of the influence of some air contaminants on health, natu rally many theories were advanced that later scientific work has modified or dis placed. However, not always has the correction been as widely and thoroughly disseminated as was the original theory; this condition, perhaps, has led to some confusion in the minds of many who have not followed too closely the evolution of. knowledge in this field. Clarsification of Dusts There are available different publij classifications of dusts. Included in s classifications are dusts, the exposure inhalation of which are, or are likely, be. occupational. Those that are in ently toxic when inhaled or otherwise sorbed and which cause systemic poisoi irig, include lead, arsenic, mercury, m: ganese. Examples of dusts which ha' the ability to penetrate the deep lung tit sues and to be retained there are quartz^ flint, chert, asbestos, talc, coal, iron, cla; slate, and other t5-pes of rock dust. Attention here will be centered upon, this last group and upon pneumoconiosis,? the general term used to designate lung'j conditions caused by dust. Silicosis, whidauj is caused by the inhalation of free sill. has been prominent recently in the publit. press, sometimes in a way that made mis^j understanding possible, if not probab! Aside from silica, many of the insoluble., mineral dusts may bring about siight the lung tissues, which may he d em--aJaa--- .I'.nlpnf'irna Itj, lica in the dust that is Inhatefljj-^i Sj.--.is known today, most of theJ^ . lively or entirely harmless.-'. . J 000002 Metals Section 313 Ability of Dusts to Cause Injury ft has been established that the potena'.ity of silicious dusts to cause lung :s".age is, with few exceptions, depend,at upon their content of free silica 5iO:)- The development of silicosis de;ends, therefore, upon the concentration i- dust containing free silica in the air jfeathed. In other words, the total imount of free silica breathed and re fined seems to be the primary factor; r.e length of time necessary for a suffident accumulation is important, but less ;o than the total load. Silica occurs also in chemical combinaflon in silicates. Some of these com pounds have been proved to be relatively harmless to health, some are still in the realm of doubt, and one--asbestos--may muse the industrial disease called asbestosis, which is the result of lung damage similar to, but not identical with nor as serious as, that produced by free silica. Importance of Particle Size. The size of dust particles in the air which an indi vidual may breathe is important. Mot often are particles larger than 10 or 12 microns found in the deep lungs, except in the case of asbestos dust, where fibers as long as 200 microns have worked their way down lengthwise. Uncomplicated Silicosis. Silicosis, un complicated by an infection, is more of an impairment than a disability. It is not seriously disabling until it reaches an ad vanced > stage, and does not of itself greatly shorten the life of a silicotic. Silico-Tuberculosis. When a silicotic <b'es, the immediate cause of death is usu ally some type of intervening lung infec tion. It is not known just why the pres ence of silica in the lungs increases sus ceptibility to tuberculosis, but when an adult with silicosis is exposed to tuber culosis, an active infection may occur, re gardless of the previous state of health, ft is thought probable that silica dust can reactivate healed tuberculous lung lesions ot the adult, type: how long after such lesions have healed the reactivation is Possible is not certain. Exposure of silicotics to tuberculosis or of tuberculous `individuals to silica dust is serious and should be avoided. After silicosis has become well estabhshed in the lungs, medical science has nt found a way to arrest the progress of the silicotic process toward the stage of disablement except through limiting or preventing further exposure to silica dust. Xor has medical science found a way to prevent tuberculosis from being super imposed upon silicosis, except through control of contact. The course of silicotuberculosis is chronic and is very dimcult to influence by treatment, according to phthisiologists. ' Medical Control. As a basis tor intelli gent determination of the physical fitness of a man for a job in a dusty trade, physical examination, with stereoscopic roentgenograms of the chest, is necessary. Along with this study goes, naturally, the preparation of an occupational history with detail as to the exact nature of previ ous work and of exposure to industrial dust--not a valueless recording of occu pations as "laborer," "machinist," etc. Dr. Sayers, of the U. S. Public Health Service, has developed a method of secur ing information for a proper occupa tional history; among others, Cummings, of Saranac Laboratory, also has worked out a psefu! history blank. Standards have been developed for the diagnosis of silicosis. There is also a suitable technic for taking roentgeno grams of the chest jn order to bring out the characteristic lung changes. From the considerable amount of work that has been done, it is possible to forecast with a reasonable degree of accu racy the silicosis potentiality of various dusts. Periodic physical examinations, includ ing roentgenograms, are essential if em ployers are to be enabled accurately to learn the effect of individual exposure and intelligently to transfer affected work men to lower dust concentrations before serious injury has been done, or to work out a system of rotation where indicated as desirable in order that exposure may be intermittent. Such examinations are helpful also in showing the efficiency of engineering control methods. The ability to place responsibility in case of claim for injury is no small part of the value of such initial and periodic examinations. Asbestosis. Cl i peri shown that the iniia^&aoS^if a stjtfeieTlt amount of asbestos wliJajses aysgjrious type of fibrosis, whieSitjjriot accompanied " ^:r'" 0 0 0 C 0 3 314 Tzocnty-fifth National Safety Congress by an unduly high incidence of tubercu tions in air are recorded gravimetrically j.fity for pote losis. -- as milligrams per cubic meter. Others manufacturer. Other dusts and silicate compounds so (as silica, where size is a factor in (Je. There is a- far studied produce, at most, only a mild termining dangerous particles), are given information u; non-progressive reaction in the lungs, by count. Xeither method gives the fihe design t provided there is no significant amount whole story, but in both cases it may he Engineering of free silica in their composition. While possible to secure the information neces foundation it not serious clinically, such conditions may sary for the purpose. a table of mi: give rise to considerable litigation. In one of the reports referred to earlier lure certain i Adequate statistics on morbidity and there occurs this statement: "There is granite cutti mortality from occupational disease, to no doubt in the mind of anyone familiar spraying, sat serve as a basis for effectively focussing with the present dust-sampling and dust welding). the efforts to study and control dust dis estimating methods that they will be For proter- eases of the lungs, are non-existent. amended and changed from time to time. respirators, a. In concluding this section, the follow At the present writing we would advise helmets, and ing quotation from a court decision in the use of the simplest possible procedures formation is a Wisconsin is pertinent (Schaefer v. In where dust control alone is in question, h of the U, S. dustrial Commission, 265 X. \V. 590 If one wishes to obtain values which can 'i reau of Sta (Supreme Court, February, 1936)): be compared with published data, it is : Standards A ". . . It will be necessary to distin generally necessary to copy with consid- issuing spec guish carefully between medical or patho erable care the technic used in the origi equipment is logical disability and actual physical in nal case. This is another way of admit where appro- capacity to work. The medical experts ting the annoying fact that results by Of course, apparently ignore this distinction, and so one method are usually not comparable ble, dust s. increase the difficulty of arriving at a just to those obtained by another method." ' - result under the law." In another place, the report says: "U:f source, and where this a is very doubtful if any useful purpose is Hg Preventive Engineering It would be needless repetition to dis cuss in a technical way the engineering phases of dust control. All interested are referred to "Industrial Dust," by Drinker and Hatch, which deals comprehensively with the subject: U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars 6840 and 6848, by Harrington and Davenport, a review of literature on "Prevention of Dust Dis eases": U. S. Public Health Service Bul letin 217, by Bloomfield and DallaValle, on "The Determination and Control of Industrial Dust"; Report 29 of the Amer ican Standards Association: and to the U. S. Bureau of Mines for a list 'of ap proved protective devices. It may be said that, in general, the engineering specialist can and will devise the necessary equipment to meet the con ditions specified to him. But the setting of limits of permissible dust concentra tion is not his but the physician's respon sibility. The engineer is concerned with served by determining accurately ex tremely dense dust concentrations--the -s- only excuse for such data is to show the (. skeptic that the workplace is much dustier than it should be. . . . "It is probable that any sampling pro- cedure which fixes concentrations in zyl groups 100 per cent apart is sufficient and -yg that the results of any attempts to come NX closer to the concentration at the moment ';8 of sampling are simply misleading. Thus ranges such as 0-3, 5-10. 10-20, 20-40, etc-- ff suffice for dust controt." I As dust particles in the lungs are of -71 the order of 1 micron, with rarely particle over 10 microns, dust control for hygienic reasons should be aimed at p3rtt- cles in the size range found to have been breathed and retained. Again quoting: ". . . if one could avoid use of the dusu of 1 micron or less or exclude them from the dust which passes a 325-mesh screen. nearly all dust diseases would be eunu- nated." Pe There are ir.d are beir ble dustines It should bt were not dquirement, good practic from a safe In South gram per per cubic c-. million per Dr. Lane Mo., distri. practice, a liters of ai: The U. : study in th vinia, foun cubic foot coarse dus cubic foot apparently keeping dustiness to or below the limits Dust Elimination attained. at present considered satisfactory. Qbviously, it is better, when possib.e. jg The figu Methods of Determining Du-t to purchase equipment already suppue J^.th exhaust-hexxdv rather^ttniTyto have cubic foot rent quart Some dusts (as lead) are determi tt worry to fit one to equipment not de- - . the Vermc by chemical methods and the concern rSilgned to be hooded. Thus the response- : Public He 000094 Metals Section 315 for potential efficiency is upon the - vTufacturer. rc is available comparatively little i^ZJnation upon which to base the scien- jjsJgn of hoods. The Preventive i'r^ineering Committee of Air Hygiene "Foundation includes in its recent report table of minimum air velocities to cap ture certain industrial dusts (for use in Granite cutting, grain elevators, paint praying, sand pulverizing and electric gelding)- . , S-rFor protective equipment such as dust Respirators, air supplied masks, sand blast ^helniets, and goggles, very complete in formation is available, because of the work "of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, the Bu- .peau of Standards, and the American Standards Association in preparing and "issuing specifications to be met if the ^equipment is to be used under conditions `where approval is necessary. Of course, all agree that, where possi ble, dust should be controlled at the source, and protective equipment used where this action cannot be accomplished. Permissible Dustiness There are various figures that have been and are being used as guides to permissi ble dustiness where free silica is present. It should be noted that many of the data were not determined as the medical re quirement, but as being attainable in good practice and apparently satisfactory from a safety standpoint. In South Africa the figure is 1 milli gram per cubic meter (or 300 particles per cubic centimeter, or approximately 8.5 million per cubic foot). Dr. Lanza found in 1917 in the Joplin, Mo., district that, with good engineering practice, a figure of 1 milligram per 100 liters of air could be attained. The L\ S. Public Health Service, in its study in the anthracite region of Pennsyl vania, found that 50 million particles per cubic foot with 5 per cent quartz in the coarse dust and 10 million particles per cubic foot with 35 per cent quartz were apparently satisfactory and often were attained. The figure of 10-20 million particles per cubic foot for granite dust with 35 per cent quartz content is often quoted from the Vermont granite studies of the U. S. Public Health Service. Some metal-mining companies have gone further, setting the maximum of permissible dustiness at 5 million particles per cubic foot. Certainly, there is a degree of air clean liness that is.jafe, front the standpoint of concentration of harmful dust. But the engineer may' find himself in the position of practically being forced to control any dust, harmful or otherwise, if he would protect his employers against suits at common law and the possibility of award of damages to men who have breathed dust containing little or no free silica. A dusty workplace is difficult to defend in court. X'either courts nor compensation boards, and certainly not juries, have seemed to be greatly impressed with a low silica dust count in an otherwise dusty atmosphere. Quoting from one of the reports re ferred to: "Each state is a unit--a sover eign--and it handles its problems in its own way. Uniformity is lacking, although of course the statutes of many states are similar. The courts of the various states follow such precedents as appeal to them: consequently, on any important question, there is likely to be a divergence of opin ion among the courts, and often the courts fall into two or more groups, each group following a different theory with respect to the same legal problem." Workmen's Compensation Acts Workmen's compensation acts have been passed in 46 states (all except Arkansas and Mississippi) and the Dis trict of Columbia. These acts are com pulsory as to private employers in 15 states and elective in 31 states. Insur ance to cover the risk is compulsory in seven states. A state fund, out of which compensa tion is paid, is maintained in 18 states: in two of these the employer may, by proving financial responsibility, carry his own risk with limited contribution to the state fund for the expense of administra tion: in 11 more of this group of states the employer is not required to avail himself of the privileges of the state fund and may provide compensation otherwise. In 28 states ther<^i_no provision for a state compensate Administration ihSTCompensafion :act is vested in-a_coir tipbr, board, oijungle 5: 0C000 316 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress commissioner in 40 states; in six states the acts are administered by the local courts. Again from the report: "The guiding principle in the early acts was the award ing of compensation for accidental injury, meaning thereby traumatic injury." (Traumatic means of or pertaining to a wound or wounds.) "In those years, the importance of disability due to occupa tional disease was not generally recog nized. It however became increasingly apparent that `injury' might be suffered gradually, and that the result of such gradual breaking down of the strength and resistance of the employee was more serious in many instances than traumatic injury. Courts therefore, in some states, wrestled with the problem of construing 'injury' so as to include disease and bring disease within the compensation acts." In one state a diseased condition is compensable under the act if caused by the negligence of the employer. Occupa tional disease is compensable, to some extent, in 16 states and the District of Columbia: in five of these states silicosis is not included among the compensable diseases: in one state silicosis is the onlyoccupational disease made compensable. There is a legal obligation on the part of the employer to provide a safe place to work, and usually the matter of ventila tion is featured. The mining laws ap proach uniformity as to air quantity and as to equipment for mechanical ventila tion. The right, at common law, to recover for occupational disease dueto negligence of the employer, is important. In three states it has been held by the courts that the right never did exist: in three states the right is extremely doubtful; in 12 states it probably exists, although there is some doubt: in 12 other states, the right seems well settled, but is limited in eight of this group; in the remaining states and the District of Columbia, no court de cisions can be found which decide the question as to whether or not such com mon law right exists. It should again be noted that occupational disease is com pensable in three states in this last group. "With the adoption of Occqpational Disease Acts, new medical problems arise and more adequate provision is required for medical examination and treatment. This is especially true with respect to dust skilled specialists experienced in it * field." Jt Examination Before Employment 1. Under Compensation Acts: T[,e Xew Mexico Act contains a provision re quiring the workman, at the time of his employment, or thereafter at the request of the employer, to submit himself to an ; examination. The Xew York Act of 1936, covering i silicosis and other dust diseases, provides `i* in 'the opening paragraph: '.Jf "It is hereby declared to be the policy ^ of the legislature of this state, in enact- 'n i ing this article, to prohibit through every'-! lawful means available, any requirement-': as a prerequisite to employment which : compels an applicant for employment in i any occupation coming, within the pur-~3 view of this article to undergo a medical'*, examination." The Xorth Carolina Act, effective March 26, 1935. contains a provision re\j quiring examination both prior to emplo; ment and from time to time during era-;5] ployment. In the compensation acts of no other5 states were found provisions with respects; to examination prior to. the time of cm ^ ployment. 2. Under Other Statutes: Five states rij (Louisiana, Maine. Xew Jersey, York arid Pennsylvania) have statutes ^ requiring physical examination before an^ employee is permitted to work under, compressed air or in caissons. Examination During Employment The five states mentioned in the Pre"^fl ceding paragraph r.equire periodic exam*^* inations during the course of employments under compressed air or in caissons. Missouri statutes provide for examina-^j tion, as often as once a month, by a com S petent licensed and reputable P^y5'?1 .,3 of all employees who come into "r.{4<3 contact with certain poisonous agenct v. Metals Section 317 r''gxtminaUon After Claim for Disability y-0 (Wo state acts contain identical pros but in all (including the District Columbia) that have compensation &cts, there is provision for physical ex'"^imination after claim for disability arises. In five states (Kentucky, Massachu-*!? jlSt New York, North Carolina, and 'West Virginia), definite recognition has ^ been given to the importance of some "sort of medical board composed of spe' dally qualified physicians and surgeons, and charged with the duty of diagnosing occupational disease and of advising the administrative board or commission with .respect thereto. The_ laws of these five states are quite different and should be studied separately for details, but in each occupational disease, including silicosis, is compensable. The importance of roentgenograms in any thorough physical examination for pneumoconiosis is well known. This im portance is recognized in the Acts of New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, and West Virginia. Medical Treatment In the 17 states (including Maryland) in which occupational disease is, to some extent, compensable, the acts usually en title the claimant to a limited amount of medical, s'u'rgical, and hospital care, meas ured in money cost or length of time covered by treatment. - These points were raised in the dis cussion following the addresses: 1. How much time is required for completing a training course? Mr. Davison said that the training course in their plant ordinarily covered a period of one and one-half years, but that some students completed it sooner. The time required depends upon the individ ual. 2. Is it advisable to limit the number of students , per teacher? Ten students per instructor is a good ratio. j. Which gases present the greatest harzards in welding? Silicon gases are the most harmful. The risk, however, has largely been over come by manufacturers of welding sup plies. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 8, 1936 Metals Section Safety Contest Two hundred and two units were reg istered in the 1936 Contest of the Metals Section. During the Contest period 367,792 employees worked 561,788,379 man-hours with an average frequency rate of 8.030, a decrease of 4 per cent from the 1933 rate of -8.354. Ninety-five units completed the Contest with a fre quency rate below the average, and 8 Per cent of the units finished with per fect records. Nineteen plaques and eight certificate* were awarded in the Contest. The plaques were presented by John B. Gibson. Publicity Director, Hawthorne works. \\ c-tern Electric Company, Chi cago. atid Vice President for Community Safety Councils. National Safety Council, as toliew- Steel Mills Division, Group A--Conti nental htce! CorporatWfcg,Eokomo Divi sion. Kxkomo. lndia$&s-<$iP3.306 man-- hour*. 13 injuries. 000 c Mining Section Officers 1935-36 Central Chairman--J. W. Alt, Calumet & Hccla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet. Mich. piee-Chairman in Charge of Membership--C. W. Gibbs, Harwich Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa, I'iee-Chairman in Charge of Engineering--C. J. Garrett, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Duluth, Minn. I'he-Chainnan in Charge of Health--Lef. Lcxc, Clindifield Coal Corp., Dante, Va. Secretary--Daxiel H.\RaixGT0x, United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. entertainment Committee Chairman--Wit. G. Metzger, Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. Program Committee Chairman--R. N'. Hoslkr, Coal Mine Section, Pennsylvania Com pensation Rating and Inspection Bureau, Harrisburg, Pa. Poster and Slide Committee Chairman--J. J. Forses, United States Bureau oi Mines. Pittsburgh, Pa. Publicity Committee Chairman--M. R. Buuo. The Explosives Engineer, Wilmington. Del. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. W. Adams, United States Bureau of Mines, Wash.; ington, D. C. Members at Large-- P. M. Arthur. American Zinc Co. ot Tennessee. Mascot, Tenn. Joit.v L. BoaRD.ma.v, Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Butte. Mont. Axous D. Campbell, McIntyre Porcupine Mines, Ltd., Schumacher, Ont., Canada. W. H. Comixs. National Pigments and Chemical Co., Potosi, Mo. Thomas E. Ligutfoot. Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. George Martixsox. Pickands Mather & Co.. Cleveland, Ohio. D. D. Moffat, Utah Copper Co.. Salt Lake City, Utah. Y. O. Murray, The Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyo. R. B. Paul, New Jersey Zinc Co.. Xcw York, N. Y. L. T. Sicka, St. Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo. Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--C. W. Gibus. Harwich Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Engineering---G. J. Barrett, U. S. Steel Corporation Sub sidiaries, Duluth, Minn. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Health--Lee Loxg, Clinchfield Coal Corp., Dante, Va. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership--Axcus D. Campbell, McIntyre Porcupine Mines, Ltd.. Schumacher, Ont., Canada. Petroleum Section Officers 1935-36 ' Cfiicra/ Chairman--R. B. RoArF.R, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. p'iee-Chainnan--A. W. Bkefxaxd, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. iilanlic Division Chairman--Archer Ashton, Socony-Vacuuni Oil Co., Paulsboro, N. J. Crcat Lakes Division Chairman--Glenn Bvers, Shell Petroleum Corp., St. Louis, Mo. ' i!t'i-Contincnt Division Chairman--R. S. Huffman-, Oklahoma -Vatural Gas Co., Tulsa, Okla. "'Rocky Mountain Division Chairman--A. T. Eckwall, Stanolind Oil and Gas Co., Mid' west, Wyo. Gulf Division Chairman--J. L. Maxes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. Pacific Division Chairman--R. B. Hecox. Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Taft, Calif. tYcar Letter Editor--\Y. B. Murpiiy, Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Engineering Committee Chairman--Cn.vs. A. Miller, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. Health Committee Chairman--Dit. V. C. Baird, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. Poster Committee Chairman--A. ]. MnKTr.vso.s', Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, - Calif. Program Committee Chairman--G. O. Lockwood, The Empire Companies Bartlesville. r Okla. 'Publicity Committee Chairman--J. H. Savage, -Mid-Continent Petroleum Ccrp., Tulsa. Okla. Statistics Committee Chairman--J. \Y. Myers, Standard Oil Co., (X.J.) New York, X. Y. Past General Chairmen-- R. W. Black. Standard Oil Co. of X. ]., Elizabeth, X. J. R. S. Boxsxa, Standard Oil Co. (X. J.) Xetv York, X. Y. V. R. CuRRrE. The Texas Co.. Houston. Texas. R. E. Do.vovax, Standard Oil Co. of California, San Francisco, Calii. C. L. Hiciitower. United Gas Co., Houston, Texas. G. O. Lockwood, The Empire Companies. Bartlesville, Okla. Geo. F. Trussing, Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, Calif. E. J. Sf.nne. Socony-Yacuum Oil Co., Inc, New York, X. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. find.), Chicago, 111. D. J. Wallace. Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa. Okla. .Secretary--H. X. Blakeslee. American Petroleum Institute. New York City. Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Citairmar.--A. \Y. Breeland. Lone Star Gas Co ` jcc-Chairman--A. J. Martinsox. Union Oil Co. of Ca Sc-.es Letter Editor--J. I". BkTavn', Tide Water Oil G . Texas. Angc!cvCYhi'.7'v 'e\v Ycr"1 361 oocc 362 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress Enainecring Committee Chairman- E. D. Murphey, Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp \ Okla. Health Committee Chairman- Dr. V. C. Baird, Humble Oil and Refining Co,, Ha Texas. -- Poster Committee Chairman--H. T. Markee. Phillips Petroleum Co,, Bartlesville, Program Committee Chairman--R. B. Roaper, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Ha ' Texas. -- Publicity Committee Chairman--Glen*x Byers, Shell Petroleum Corp., St. Louis, Statistics Committee Chairman--J. W. .Myers, Standard Oil Co. (X. J.), Xew York, Atlantic Division Chairman--R. L. Simpson*, The Texas Company, New York, X. Y. :5 Great Lakes Division Chairman--F. R. McLean*, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. \vl Star Div., Detroit, Mich. ,. "r Gulf Division Chairman--D. B._Hiatt, Texas Pacific Coal & Oil Company, Fort Wert' Texas. ... '" , Mid-Continent Division Chairman--Kraus Eariiart, The Texas Company, Tulsa, Olij" Pacific Division Chairman--L. K. Butler, Union Oil Company of Calif., Los Anni Calif. Rocky Mountain Dizision Chairman--B. V. OsnoRS*, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Casper, Wj Past General Chairmen-- R. W. Black, Standard Oil Co. of X. J., Elizabeth. X. J. R. S. Boxsm, Standard Oil Co. (X. J.), New York, X. Y. V. R. Currie, The Texas Company, Houston, Texas. R. E. Doxovax, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. C. L. Hightower, United Gas System, Houston, Texas. G. O. Lockwood. The Empire Companies, Bartlesville, Okla. Geo. F. Prussixg, Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles. Calif. R. B. RoArER, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E. J. Sexne, Soconv-Vacuum Oil Co.. Inc., Xew York, X. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. find.), Chicago, III. D. J. Wallace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Secretary--H. X. Blakesi.ee, American Petroleum Institute, Xew York, X. Y. v TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 6, 1936 The first session was called to order by General Chairman R. B. Roaper, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas, who presided. Chairman Roaper welcome! the delegates and reported on the progress, of the Section during the year. Accident Investigations By A. W. BREELAND Supervisor of Safety, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas Under our system an investigation is really made on every accident reported. To complete the report which we require on cacli injury, the foreman or supervisor niust.IJgg^fiSion'IB"BIVMSffa Metai1 erfScriptMHJf^She accic^utir answer a ^c**' 5 quest^ijfer&hich caixt&ssiti be answie1*0^ <? withoRffelB'least a partial itt.vvcestigatiot'-j 51 ife1' oooico iSlSEs - Public Utilities Section Officers 1935-36 far.cral Chairman--Roy M. Godwin-, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Pict-Chcirman for Telephone and Telegraph Interests--\V. P. Elstun, American Tele- phone and Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. 'fccCkairman for Gas Interests--John- J. Barada, The Laclede Gas Light Co., St. Louis, > ':ee-Chairman for Electric Interests--\\. H. Brown-, Northern States Power Co., Minne apolis, Minn. Secretary--H. A. Ptolemy, Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, Chicago, 111. Ins Letter Editoi--R. B. Ixman-, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co., Philadelphia, Pa. dgitteering Committee Chairman--W. H. Mulligan", Hydro-Electric Power Commission ',ef Ontario, Toronto, Ont., Canada. ftallh Committee Chairman--Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Chicago Rapid Transit Co., Chicago, 111. ftmbership Committee Chairman--C. H. Dinsmore, Wisconsin Power St Light Co., Madi son, Wis. Vagram Committee Chairman--H. W. Ll-eck, Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, 111. 'tilieity Committee Chairman--Ray A. Edwards, San Diego Consolidated Gas and Elecftric Co, San Diego, Calif. lolistics and Contest Committee Chairman--C. L. Hightower. United Gas Co.. Houston, /Texas. fnal Education Committee Chairman--E. P. Durfef, Consolidated Gas Co. ot New York. New York, N. Y. <r>. }trial Representatives-- <-'\t't- t;c!IAN'A.s> Appalachian Electric Power Co, Welch. W. Va. (E.E.I.). i , Caster, Lincoln Telephone and Telegraph Co, Lincoln, Nebr. Cr, *- Gilbert, Michigan Bell Telephone Co, Detroit, Mich. A t>` Atlantic City Electric Co, Atlantic City, N. J. t UUNGE> Public Service Co. ot Colorado, Denver, Colo. i,~p J- MoVay, Consolidated Electric and Gas Co, New York, N. Y. (A.G.A.). tFp " Noyes, Central Maine Power Co, Augusta. Maine. 4>:|r- Shedd, Appalachian Electric Power Co, Bluefield, W. Va. , otiles, Compania Cubana de Electricidad, Maximo Gomez (Antes Monte) No. 1 j Apartado 1715, Habana, Cuba. *v*ti!ors__ ;/ q p' P^umont, The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., Chicago. 111. <?.r a" tn LET' Wisconsin Public Service Corp, Milwaukee, Wis. CV ; ."OEI-LER, Dayton Power & Light Co.. Dayton, Ohio. UV/nj - \?H' Philadelphia Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1TB. R vr Electrical Engineer, Toronto, Ont, Canada. '.Geortv n'L;TL'x:H, Bureau of Safety, Chicago, 111. F. MVf pdk!PP' ^lrh:e Detroit Edison Co, Detroit. Midi. C. i 'p,.j'PEH' Illinois Bell Telephone Co, Chicago, 111. J. r" v.VND- "^exas Power &; Light Co, Dallas. Texas. R."9 1"he Chesapeake and Potomac Telephemtie Co, Washington, D. C. If. l,i li?28' "cst Penn System, Pittsburgh, Pa. S3BER, Illinois Bell Telephone Co, , .i.r , 4C6 'ficcrCy-fiftti Xational Sa, C Cittjress Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman.--John J. Earada, The Laclede Gas Light Co.. St. Louis. Mo. / lee-Chairman for Telephone ar.d Telegraph Interests--W. P. Elstun, American Telephone and Telegraph Co.. Xew York, X. Y. Ticc-Chcirman for Cos Interests--E. P. Durfee, Consolidated Edison Co. of X. Y., tnc Xew York. X". Y. Vice-Chairman for Electric Interests--\V.\r. H. Eitow.v, Xorthcrn States Power Co.. .Min neapolis, Minn. Secretary--H. A. Ptolemy, Public Service Co. of Xorthern Illinois. Chicago, III. Seres Letter Committee-- R. B. Ixmax. Chairman, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Charles S. Bowden, Ohio Public Service Co., Alliance. Ohio. James D. Hall. Atlantic City .Electric Co.. Atlantic City. X. J. E. R. Kkopp, Union Electric Light and Power Co.. St. Louis. Mu. Ei:i;inecring Committee-- W. H. Mer.Ui.AN, Chairman, Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, Toronto. Out., Canada. A. A. .[<LiN..r. Public Service Co. of Colorado, Denver, Colo. Paul K. Kcnv, Penn Central Light X: Power Co., Altoona. Pa. JoitN P. MiCa-. w Xew England Power As.-n.. Boston, Mass. W. J. McVav. Consolidated Electric and Gas Co., X'cw York, X. Y. Health Committee Citairnmn--Dk. Hart E. III. lira, Giicagu Rapid Transit Co., Chicago,t Visual Education. Committee Chairman--C. L. Hightower. United Gas System, Housed, ` Texas. I'uhlieity Committee Chairman--R. S. Metzger, The Toledo Edison Co.. Toledo. Ohio. X Membership Comn.titee-- If. W. Ll'.-A'K, f ChairmanL Commonwealth Edison Co.. Chicago. Iil. Hanky Buimw:. Consolidated Gas & Electric Co., Baltimore, Md. M. T. Cash's. I.mcoln Telephone and Telegraph Co.. Lincoln, Xebr. E. P. Xoycs. '"miral Maine Power Co.. Augusta, Maine. E. A. Rust, i'.r-.e County Electric Co., Erie. Pa. If. E. Shew. Appalachian Electric Power Co., Blueficld. W. Ya. R. Steele, Oklahoma Gas and Electric. Company, Oklahoma City, Okla. P. K. Stiles, v'omrania Cuhana de E'.ectricidad. Habana. Cuba. -" ';i - Ercmram Committee Chairman--C. H. Dix'SMORE. Wisconsin Power S: Liglit Co.. Madison, Wis. Special Represent.Hires--W. A. El'chaxax, Appalachian Electric Power Co., Welch. W..\. i Ya. (E. E. I.) . Charles J. (Iu-hrt. Chairman. Accident Prevention Committee. American Gxvb ^ Association. .-A Councilors-- E. S. Eeavm V'.r. Ti-.e Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co.. Chicago. 111. C. B. Bol'Let. i-'insjn Public Service Corp., Milwaukee. Wis. G. A. Doellek. I 'c Ihv.tun Power & Light Co., Dayton, Ohio. Roy M. Goiiw:n. Phiindclphia Electric Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. E. J. Kreh. 1 'I : .nVkihia Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. Wills Maclai ;m vs.,. Electrical Engineer, Toronto, Ont., Canada. B. B. McCun.- >. Bureau of Safety, Chicago, III. George Opp, I r it Edison Company, Detroit, Mich. F. M. Peiter. U is Bell Telephone Co., Chicag* C. J. Rl'tlan'l 1 -s..v Power &. Light Company, 1. J. L. Va,vm,i,.!i r I'hc Chesapeake and Potomac fe Co.','f'Sshing<on, H. F. Wf.::!!, W - t 1 You System, Pittsburgh, Pa. '' atrfj; seij.,. ooc c? ML, Quarry Section Officers 1935-36 ,; Chairman--Alexander Foster, Jr., Warner Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Chairman--Russell Rarev, The Marble Cliff Quarries Co., Columbus, Ohio, jry and Xetcs Latter Editor--X. B. Sirs. J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. r Committee Chairman--H. F. Yotter, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. :ily Committee Chairman--]. H. Boyd, National Crushed Stone Assn., Washington, C itics Committee Chairman--W. W. Adams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, C hers at Large-- V. P. Aheakn. Xational Sand and Gravel Assn., Washington, D. C. William H. Baker, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. 0. M. Graves. The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton. Pa. A. L. Wortiie.v. The Connecticut Quarries Co., New Haven. Conti. Officers Elected for 1936-37 vrai Chairman--Alexander Foster. Jr., Warner Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. ice-Chairman--Russell Rarev. The Marble Cliff Quarries Co., Columbus, Ohio. tertiary and -Veter Letter Editor--N. B. Sipe, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. utn Committee Chairman--H. F. Yotter. The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. ibUcity Committee Chairman--J. R. Boyd. National Crushed Stone Assn., Washington, C 'Misties Committee Chairman--W. W. Adams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. 1lewhers at Large-- >, V. P. Ahearn, National Sand and Gravel Assn.. Washington, D. C. .' " William H. Baker, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. i 0. M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. id- S. Walter Stauffer. National Lime Association, Washington, D. C. A L. Worthen, The New Haven Trap Rock Co.. New Haven, Conn. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 7, 1936 first session was called to order by nerjl Chairman Alexander Foster. Jr., lrr-er Company, Philadelphia, Pa., who presided, welcoming the delegates and outlining the activities ' ing the year. 425 432 Txacnty-fifth Xational Safety Congress Hazard.- in and about the plant are dis cussed and corrections recommended. A short study of first and is covered at each meeting, ft time permits, some Interest ing article from the N'ational Safety News is briefly covered or some new safety device is placed on display for consideration. The personnel and safety deartment issues a monthly "Foremen's Bulletin" which is distributed to alt plants. Each issue contains an editorial: a firsT aid in struction page; a Voice of Safety experi ence page, containing illustrated safetydevices that foremen have sent in. relat ing to some accident problems and how they were solved. This is followed byseveral pages showing competitive stand ing of foremen according to severityrates. The last few pages cover a sum mary of all lost-time and reported acci dents during the previous month. Employer-Employee Relations If an employee is happy with his work, his comrades, and general surroundings, he is proud of his company. He has been given a chance to help develop the safety program. Perhaps the company's house organ has honored him for a note worthy suggestion. Maybe he was in a group picture of no-accident workers. These are subjects of conversation when he is out with his friends. He is not only proud but interested in his sur roundings. He is part of the organiza tion. and that feeling of responsibility encourages co-operation. Good Housekeeping Every safety program contains a few thoughts on this topic, but it is one practice that is seldom seriously consid ered. It is so hard to use valuable time to clean up yard and plant. We have learned differently. About a half hour each day is spent in keeping our plant ship-shape. Our walkways are kept free from sand and gravel, lines, worn plates and screens. The spaces between the railroad tracks are cleaned so that the brakenten and firemen will run no risk of injury from falls while shifting cars. The decks of our tugs, scows, and dredges are kept free of material and lines arc properly coiled and placed to prevent one from stumbling. Where no other protection can be given, hand rails are placed on tugs and barges to prevent men from falling overboard. The plant is thoroughly illuminated for night opera tion. Floors, steps, and other walkway surfaces arc kept free of oil. water, ice. and snow. Materials are piled so that they will not easily fall or be displaced by vibration. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 8, 1936 Silicosis: An Occupational Disease Hazard By ROY R. JONES, M. D.* Passed Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Public Health Service, Division of Labor Standard* U. S. Department of Labor Silicosis is, in the strict sense of the als excep -those workers who, for a term, an occupational discs''. It has not period an 41-7 been reported as affecting; any individu- mospheq ` Passed Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Public Health Service. K. jai It the , ait^fbey brea'.--*.*** 00010 ! Quarry Section ontai'ued an excessive concentration of rce silica. frequently, reports have appeared in hj literature listing the chief occupations rhich are considered hazardous because if their silica exposure. These no doubt re true statements, but they cannot be aken to mean that all workers employed n these trades or industries are harmully exposed. In some cases few of the imployees in the cited industries are at vork with processes contributing to a jilica hazard. In other instances, alihough all the processes are dusty and potentially dangerous, effective control measures are in operation and no real hazard present. Perhaps it would be more proper to state that the following occupations are the "most potentially hazardous" from the viewpoint of silica exposure. Abrasive-powder makers Abrasive-soap makers Blasters (sand) Brickmakers Coal miners Core makers Foundry workers Glass makers Glass mixers Granite quarriers Hard-rock miners Metal grinders Pottery makers Pneumatic rock drillers Polishers Sanders Stone finishers Slate quarriers Slate finishers Sand pulverizers Tunnelers Vitreous enamelers In a survey carried out in a typical in dustrial area.1 it was found that about 9 Per cent of the workers were employed in occupations where a potential silicosis hazard is known to exist. Lanza and ^ ane' estimated, in 1934, that about 300,- 000 men were then working under condi tions which were harmful to their health from the viewpoint of silica inhalation, but such a statement does not mean that this number of men are doomed to die from the effects of such exposure. Many of these workers may in the near future be working under different conditions, either because they sought employment elsewhere, or because the existing haz ards will have been controlled. Occupational diseases are reportable by law in but a few states. As a result, ac curate information regarding the inci dence of silicosis is not available. Based upon-the data furnished by field studies and census reports, various estimates have been made as to the number of workers potentially and actually exposed to a silica hazard. Less than 25 per cent of the employees in the zinc and lead mines in the Tri-State Area,1 and of the workers in the hard coal mines of Penn sylvania,* were found to have developed silicosis in any form. In Massachusetts, according to a report of a Special Com mission,1 less than 33 per cent of repre sentative granite workers examined and less than 12 per cent of representative foundry workers had silicosis in any form. Causes of Silicosis The mere contact with silica dust does not. of course, result in silicosis. The development of silicosis in an individual is dependent upon: the concentration of dust in the air he breathes; the amount of free silica in the dust; the size of the siiica particles: and the length of time the worker is exposed to the dusty at mosphere. Some contributing forces are the presence of other irritating dusts and active pulmonary infection. The lung with impaired lymphatic drainage result ing from previous infection can less readily eliminate the silica particles in haled. and thus predisposes to a more ex tensive accumulation of silica in the lung. In the final analysis, only dust containing ' Public Health Bulletin No. 216. The potential problems .it industrial hygiene in a typical industrial *rea in the United States. ...== 5Lar.2a. A. J.. Vane. Robert J. The prevalence of s.'.iv the general population and its effect upon tr.e incidence ot tuberculosis. American Review of Tuoercuicscs, Jan., 5Savrs. R. R., Mertwetner, F. V.. Lanza, A. J., Adams. W \V. SihcodJJsKn^^BprcuIs miners ci the Tn*5tate District of Oklahoma. Kansas, anti Missouri. U\ S&Bpreau'oi Mines of the* Department of Commerce. Technical Paper, 345, 1928. rC `Public Health Bulletin No, 221. Anthraco-siiicosis amon* hard coal mid `Report to the Cenerai Court oi the Special Industrial Disease Comnai BL^CommonweaUh of Ma<acr.usetts. House No. 13:0. Feb.. 1934, 3 0C0iC5 434 Txeenty-fifth Xationa! Safety Congress free silica has been shown clinically and experimentally to be capable in itself of producing the nodular fibrosis character istic of silicosis. Our knowledge regarding the harm which may be expected from working in specific dust concentrations is rather lim ited. The question of mixed dusts has provoked considerable discussion. In field research and experimental studies to date, however, it has been found that the injury produced has closely paralleled the percentage of free silica present in the dust. In a general way, the greater the silica o>n- tent, the greater is the damage. Obvious ly, the inhalation of any dust in sufficient concentrations might exceed the ability of the lung to eliminate it. Fifty million particles of dust per cubic foot of air seems to be a rather excessive concentra tion. However, workers in the anthra cite mining operations who were exposed to air which contained concentrations up to that amount, the silica content of which ranged up to 5 per cent, experi enced no more respiratory trouble than industrial workers generally. Moreover, these anthracite workers did not develop silicosis despite prolonged exposure to such concentrations. In the haulageways of the anthracite mines; where the silica content amounted to about 13 per cent, a corresponding safe limit for workers ap peared to be between 10 and IS million particles of dust per cubic foot. For the rock workers in these mines, where the silica in the dust ran as high as 3S to 43 per cent, a relatively safe concentration of dust was judged to be about 10 mil lion particles per cubic foot. This latter finding compares with the 10 to 20 mil lion particles per cubic foot which was shown to be a reasonable safe maximum concentration for workers in granite, where silica constituted about 25 per cent of the dust inhaled. Only the very fine dust particles can gain entrance to the alveoli of the lung (small terminal air sacs), but these par-ticles that do get into these tiny air sacs can be eliminated only by means of the tissue cells (dust cells) carrying them away via the lymphatic circulation. Par ticles of silica longer than 10 microns in their longest dimension (a micron is 1/25,000 of an inch) cannot gain entrance to these small divisions of the lung, an<} those which may be present in the air inhaled are arrested along the upper res piratory tract and upon the mucous mem brane lining the trachea and larger bronchi. From these areas they are eliminated along with the mucous secre tion. However, research studies* have shown that about 60 per cent of indus trial dust is made up of much smaller particles, with an average diameter of be tween 1 and 3 microns. In fact, only about 7 per cent of industrial dust par ticles are of an average diameter greater than 3 microns. Thus, a large propor tion of industrial dust is of a size which can penetrate to the finer divisions of the lung. The irritating and toxic effect of these fine silica particles retained in the lungs is first to produce an inflammation in the tissues where they accumulate. Following this inflammatory reaction, young fibrous tissue cells, which harden as they ma ture, gradually replace the delicate lung tissue, forming a scar. This dense scar, tissue is functionless as. far as aiding in" respiration is concerned, and not only decreases the lungs' ability to obtain oxygen to pass into the blood but also, what is more important, lessens the na tural resistance of the lung tissue to in fection. The length of exposure to silica-con taining atmosphere necessary for the de velopment of silicosis is very indefinite. It would vary with the concentrations of silica to which an individual is exposed. Signs indicating the presence of silicosis might appear more quickly if the worker has previously suffered from extensive pulmonary infection, or if the pulmonary infection develops during the period ot employment. Where the exposure is ex cessive, typical silicosis has occasionally developed in such brief periods as l'/i to 3 years. However, except where infec tion has hastened the process, in the ma jority of cases silicosis is seldom estab lished in less than 10 to 15 years, and rarely develops to the point where me**' urable disabling effects are noted until after 15 to S?T*acs' exposure. Public Health Bulletin No. 217. The determination and cont! ***" OCCiCi; Quarry Section 435 Clinical Signs and Diagnosis : diagnosis of silicosis may some es be most difficult. There are no s or symptoms exhibited by the in- j'vidual with silicosis which may not also tj found upon examination of persons suffering from other respiratory diseases. Early in the development of silicosis, un kss the condition is complicated by pul monary infection there is little, df any thing, in the affected individual's general ' appearance to suggest the disease. The c,rdinal symptom is shortness of breath. At the beginning, this may be apparent only following exercise, but as fibrosis of the lung increases, shortness of breath is more marked and eventually may become manifest upon the least exertion. When silicosis is definitely established, the in dividual usuaiiy breathes in a manner characteristic of those whose lungs have lost elasticity. Xormally, the time re quired to inhale is longer than that re quired to exhale. The pulmonary fibrosis developed in the person with silicosis will not permit the lung to collapse as readily as the normal lung. The time required for breathing out may be two or three times greater than that required for in halation. In the advanced silicotic, this phenomenon may be as marked as in the case of chronic asthma. Commonly, the silicotic individual com plains of a dry cough, more marked in the morning and following exercise. The sputum may sometimes be blood-tinged, especially following severe coughing at tacks, Excessive coughing, with the rais ing of muco-purulent sputum, usually in dicates infection. When the person with silicosis develops an extensive complicat ing pulmonary infection, he will usually show constitutional evidence of the infec tion. Digestive ailments. loss of weight and strength, fever, and severe chest pain are commonly experienced. Particularly when these signs persist, they may gen erally be considered indicative of serious complicating pulmonary infection. The lung changes shown by means oi tbe X-ray are the most specific findings of the disease, but these, too, are similar to the him changes produced by other Pulmonary lesions. Xo diagnosis of sili cosis should be considered established in the living individual without an X-ray study being made. Considerable discussion has been cre ated by the question of the manner in which silicosis contributes to disability, and the methods used for determining the degree of disability. Detailed studies made upon large representative groups of workers have shown that in a majority of cases, a condition accurately diagnosed as silicosis may exist and yet there is no measurable decreased capacity for work. Therefore, it is important to remember that a diagnosis of silicosis does not al ways mean that the individual is dis abled. Individuals with silicosis have been shown to be more susceptible to pulmonary infection; and for that rea son, simple silicosis may be considered as contributing to disability which is pri marily tir^e result of a pulmonary infec tion. The fact that X-ray findings are so important has led to the erroneous con clusion by some that a positive diagnosis may be made by examination of the films alone. Such is not the case. Careful consideration of all the evidence avail able is essential, before an authoritative ante-mortem diagnosis may be estab lished. A complete occupational record should be obtained. The medical history and the individual's complaints are ot limited but definite value in all cases. The progress of the pulmonary changes serves to indicate the role.played by in fection. Since silicosis predisposes to pulmonary infection, particularly tubercu losis, every effort should be made to de termine if the infection is tuberculosis. In many instances, this will call for more than simple microscopic examina tion of the sputum. Guinea pig inocula tion with the formalin-treated sputum will frequently show tubercle bacilli that are not readily demonstrated otherwise. Some cases may require repeated exami nation in order to rule out the more com mon pulmonary ailments as causes of the pathological changes observed. Prevention of Silicosis The responsibility for the control of the silicosis hazard in a plant rests di rectly unon the employer. This differs sharply from the distribiteiTP^ai, responsibihtv in the field of indfeSria! accidents'." In the case of a cciden^the employee must -hare some oi t'5j|g|SponsibiUty. 436 Tzeenty-pfth Xational Safety Congress Silicosis, on the other hand, does not de velop from a temporary or single expo sure. and proper supervision of workers otters the management ample opportunity to deal summarily with the careless of fender before serious damage can result. Effective control may be stated primarily to depend upon the management's atti tude toward a sound comprehensive pro gram of prevention, based upon our pres ent knowledge of the disease. The prevention of silicosis is depend ent upon the application of cooperative medical and engineering methods. Sili cosis itself seldom advances to a degree which becomes disabling, unless the con dition is complicated by pulmonary in fection. Adequate medical supervision requires that provision be made for: 1. Medical staff with special training. It is not enough that the physicians be basically well-qualified in their profes sion. They must also be familiar with industry to such a degree that they know what health hazards are commonly as sociated with specific industries. More over, they must know the fundamentals of engineering control applicable to these hazards, so that they may cooperate ef fectively with the engineering staff. 2. An organized program, including detailed pre-employment physical exam inations; careful periodic physical exam inations, and adequate control and study of respiratory illnesses affecting employ ees: and an effective system of recording and reporting industrial accidents and oc cupational diseases. Pre-employment physicial examinations should be made for the purpose of placing workers in positions for which they are physically fit to carry on with safety to themselves and their fellow-workers. No convincing evidence is available to show that a non-disabling silicosis affecting a worker will progress more rapidly if the individual remains at work under condi tions reasonably controlled, than if he is given another type of work. Therefore, those without evidence of active pulmon ary infection may he safely employed in any capacity, provided the conditions under which they are working are rea sonably controlled. We have proof that individuals with active tuberculosis will have their condition aggravated by silica exposure, and that individuals with sili cosis are particularly susceptible to pul monary tuberculosis. When management fails to take the necessary precautions to guard against the placing of men with tuberculosis in a dusty environment, they increase the problem of controlling tu berculosis among the population as a whole. Since any pulmonary infection may be such an important contributing factor in disabling silicosis, the relation ship of the medical personnel to the em ployee should be such that he is assured immediate advice and early treatment, if necessary, for respiratory infections which may develop during the period of em ployment. Physical examinations made at regular intervals afford an opportunity for early detection of any harmful effects due to working environment. Where they are found, plant conditions may be corrected before serious injury results. The fre quency with which these examinations should be made will depend upon the physical condition of the men and the nature of the process in which they are engaged. For this reason, it is highly important that the medical personnel be familiar with the condition of the men upon entering employment, and with their later physical condition. They must also know the physical requirements ot the occupation, the particular health haz ards associated with it, and the practical means for rendering conditions of em ployment safe. There are many ways in which me chanical or engineering methods can be adapted to insure clean air in the work room. Where possible, dusty operations should be isolated from other plant ac tivities, thereby exposing as few workers as possible to even a potential silicosis hazard. Local exhausts, removing dust at its source and preventing its dissemina tion into the workroom atmosphere, are practical for many operations. To accom plish this, in some instances, may require complete enclosing of the process. When local exhaust or enclosed processes are not effective or practical, air filtering systems or simple general workroom ventilation, removing the dusty air and replaoMjj^ with clean air, may serve to ^ keep frgfpquarters safe. Attfiaplytt;ghould be given to the meth-r. ods <roj|pj!jih'ng the workrooms. Muc , 0C0IG3 Quarry Section 437 0I)iiecessary dust is created by careless uveepit'B procedures. Either wetting down before sweeping, or the use of moist sweeping or vacuum cleaning methods, le;>ens this source of atmospheric con tamination. In some operations, water sprays and other wetting-down methods serve to keep ceive periodic inspection to insure that they are properly maintained and work efficiently. That dust which is collected at its point of origin, and dust removed from the general atmosphere of the work room, should be so disposed of that there is no chance of its again being circulated in the workroom. die dusty particles out of the breathing Substitution of Product zone of the worker. These methods are particularly adapted to blasting and load Frequently, an effort has liccn made to ing operations. In mining and tunnel eliminate the silica hazard by relying work, where blasting may be the chief upon substitute materials which contain source of atmospheric contamination, reg ulating the time for doing such work is strongly recommended. This work should no silica. While this may in rare in stances be both necessary and practical, in many it has proven a measure of but be done betwen shifts or after regular little value; furthermore, it can seldom working hours. In either case, sufficient be considered a complete solution of the time for the air to clear should be al problem. \\ e have seen the results of lowed. Wet drilling or the use of drills similar attempts in the use of toxic solv with dust traps attached are practical in ents. Aside from the fact that the sub stitute may be less efficient, often fts use most drilling operations. It is sometimes impossible to operate certain processes in such a way that the is associated with a health hazard equally difficult to control. Effective and prac worker can avoid exposure to a dusty environment. Under such conditions, res piratory protection oi an approved type must be provided. The type oi equip tical control methods have been devel oped to insure the sate operation of most processes requiring the handling of sil iceous materials. It is a far wiser policy ment to be furnished will depend upon the duration oi exposure and the concen tration and type of dust to which the in to depend upon proper control measures and continue being a material whose toxic qualities, in controllable limits, are well dividual is exposed. For short periods of understood, than it is to omit the adop such exposure, or for emergency use, a simple filter type of respirator may be tion ot control measures and rely upon a product concerning which much less is satisfactory. For continuous employment in unsate atmospheres, the employee should be equipped with a positive pres sure helmet or an airiir.e respirator. All mechanical or engineering devices m nrevention should re known. It must be remembered that oc cupational diseases develop slowly, often only after years Qi exposure, and the fact that a substitute material proves safe for a few years is no guarantee that it is altogether harmless. What the Employer Should Know About Silicosis By THEODORE C. WATERS Mullikin, Stockbridge & Waters, Baltimore, Md. f'rior to the adoption of the workmen's compensation acts by our several state taidatures. an employee injured in the course of his employment could only reco\er from his employer for those in juries which could be attributed to the "eghccncc of his employer. A hue liable for his own negligence. the employer was not ItzAle for the dan gers of the employment, a r was assumed by the ein;,,o;>-.. The -.".tttrib- 000 43S T'vcnty-fifth National Safety Congress legal status, employees resorted to actions at common law to obtain compensation for injuries based upon the alleged neg ligence of the employer. The main purpose of the authors of the workmen's compensation acts enacted by our several state legislatures was to make the remedy granted thereby the exclusive remedy for injuries suffered by employees during the course of their employment. These acts stripped the employer of his common law defenses, including: 1. Failure to prove the employer's neg ligence. 2. Assumption of risk by the employer. 3. Contributory negligence of the em ployee and negligence of his fellow ser vants. In other words, the compensation acts made the employers insurers of the safety of their employees against accidental in juries. On the other hand, the compen sation acts deprived the employee of his right of common law action for accidental injuries sustained by him in the course of his employment. We must bear in mind, however, that the workmen's com pensation acts did not purport to cover occupational disease injuries, but solely accidental injuries, that is. those injuries which occurred at a specific place, at a certain time, and which could be ascer tained and determined coincidentally with the infliction of the injury. Forty-six states and the District of Co lumbia have enacted workmen's com pensation acts; Arkansas and Mississippi alone not having such acts %t the pres ent time. Compensation acts which ex clude compensation for occupational dis eases, either expressly or by judicial in terpretation, have been enacted in thirtytwo states. Fourteen states and the District of Columbia have (a) Work men's compensation acts which include compensation for occupational diseases, either expressly or by judicial interpre tation, or (b) specific occupational dis ease acts. With respect to those courts holding that the workmen's compensation acts do not provide an exclusive remedy to an employee, whereby the employee retains his common law right of action for in juries sustained by him in the course of his employment, such ruling is based substantially upon the reason that since workmens' compensation acts were de signed primarily to compensate for traumatic injuries, they replace the em ployer's common law liability solely for those injuries sustained by accidental means. Therefore, with respect to those per sonal injuries sustained by other means, as for example, silicosis, since it is not compensable under the compensation acts, the employee still retains his com mon law right of action therefor, based upon the negligence of his employer. With respect to those courts holding that the Workmen's Compensation acts do provide exclusive remedy, such ruling is based primarily upon the language of the act and the further ruling that an em ployee had no common law right of ac tion for occupational disease injury. Legal Basis for Recovery The usual form of declaration contains allegations that the defendant manufac turer caused the plaintiff to work in an atmosphere where silica dust existed: that the defendant knew or should have known that certain materials used by the defendant employer contained harmful or dangerous agencies of silica which were destructive to life and health in the human body; that the defendant was guilty of negligence in failing to warn the plaintiff of the danger and in failing to provide the plaintiff with a safe place in which to work or safe appliances with which to work; that thereby the silica became introduced into the plaintiffs lungs and body, causing him permanent injury. The defense pleadings set up the de fense of assumption of risk by the plain tiff. the plaintiff's contributory negligence, the negligence of the plaintiffs fellow servants and a general denial of the al legations of negligence as charged by the plaintiff. It is needless for me to emphasize the seriousness of this type of litigation. Class is arrayed against class. The local press in those places where the causes are tried.^i|L5arry sensational headlines with respBfcrftfrthe trial, .tbiscr.ib.ing terror of MEjlisease and emphasizing each compiainfi2jjSSnst the manufacturer. Suits are filed,tjfew^Tngly, but by the dozens. The wliqraj.cxnjjmunity wherein the in" ItC. oooi; o Quarry Section 439 justrial plant is located becomes aroused, w;th the attendant industrial chaos, and by the time trial day arrives, every citizen of the community is so prejudiced against the defendant that it is almost impossible to procure an impartial trial. Need for Compensation Legislation The ultimate solution of the problem of compensation for silicosis must be found in some type of legislation that nil! remove this dispute from the field of common law suits. In the same way that workmen's compensation acts elim inated such actions for accidental injuries, some legislation must be devised to elim inate such actions for occupational dis ease injuries. The honest employer desires to provide compensation for those injuries occurring to his employees as a result of the in dustrial processes in which the employee is engaged and which are peculiar there to. The honest employee similarly de sires compensation only when he has suf fered actual injury. To attempt any detailed discussion of the subject of silicosis in industry and preventive and compensatory legislation therefor would consume far more time than is available. However, there are certain basic principles relating to the subject to which I desire to call your attention. In the first place, the nation-wide pub licity that has been given to this problem has served a fortunate purpose in mold ing public opinion to eliminate such dis eases from industry so far as engineering control thereof is capable of doing so. Vou and I, as citizens, recognize the fact that industry should provide for its em ployees a safe place in which to work, and accept this obligation imposed upon us by law. In the second place, the problem itself is one that calls for the cooperative ef fort of both capital and labor. There are certain industrial processes wherein the hazard of silicosis exists, and today there lr? ava>!able mechanical improvements to eliminate or control this hazard. Upon capital rests the burden of the installation of such mechanical equipment as "-v.imize the hazard in so far as is Poss;o;e. An affirmative duty of constant care is imposed upon industry to perfect its mechanical improvements for control. However, for their part, those who labor must be educated m the ways and means of protection, to carry out the principles of good housekeeping that employers and responsible State agencies may suggest, and utilize such protective appliances that may be offered for their protection. If employers and employees alike rec ognize and discharge these duties, effec tive results should be obtained in mini mizing the hazard and controlling dis eases arising therefrom. Again, with re spect to compensatory legislation, occu pational disease compensation should not be permitted to become health insurance and upon industry should be imposed only those costs which compensate injuries that are peculiar to the particular indus tries in which the employees are engaged. Form of Silicosis Compensation Acts For many who have given but super ficial thought to this problem, it has been somewhat easy to say that compensation for silicosis injuries should take similar form to that for accidental injuries. The vice of such thought is in our failure to recognize the essential differences be tween the two types of injuries, to wit-- that accidents occur at a specific time, at a specific place, in a specific way, under a specific employer, while silicosis and other occupational disease injuries are the result of the accumulation of injurious substances over an extended period of time in different forms or types of em ployment and even under different em ployers. Therefore, the practical administration of the thought to compensate silicosis in juries in a manner similar to accidental injuries has not proved satisfactory and some other solution must be found. We have seen that in considerng the national development of compensation acts, their original design was to cover only accidental injuries; in form and in methods of administration they were not designed to cover occupational diseases. It may be true that certain occupational diseases have characteristics strikingly similar to traumatoj-mjuries, such as an thrax and lead wher~the His- ease develops imgB*&jly after exposure and the develo^ggpgjpf the disease is OCCili 440 Twciity-fiftli National Safety Congress rapid and become disabling-, fatal or cured within a limited period of time. On the other hand, there are certain forms of occupational diseases, for ex ample. silicosis, where the injuries sus tained represent the accumulation of in jurious substances over an extended pe riod of time and disablement may follow exposure to hazards under successive em ployers. Therefore, in considering legis lation for occupational diseases, we must recognize the fact that the problem with which we propose to deal is. of neces sity, different from the accidental injury problem and that the administrative pro visions of such legislation must be de signed especially to handle this particu lar problem. I am not a professional critic of Work men's Compensation Laws in effect in this country, but one thing is certain, none of them is perfect. Some of their provisions are perhaps unjust, either to the employer or the employee and. cer tainly, in the administration of these pro visions, the human clement therein may give rise to certain inequities. However, these acts were the result of the need of transferring the disputes arising between employer and employee to some State agency whereby they might be settled, other than that provided by our courts of law. From my own observation of silicosis litigation, I believe that from the standpoint of the employer, the employee, and the public, some agency other than our courts of law should be established to determine the liability of employers for occupational disease injuries sustained by their employees. I have mentioned the possible inequi ties that have existed under our compen sation acts and in the administration of their provisions. However, I believe to day it is fair to state that any attempt to effect the repeal of tho-c compensation acts would meet with the combined re sistance of employer and employee alike. Neither interest would desire to transfer back to our courts administering common law, the question of the legal liability of employers for accidental injuries sus tained by employees in the course of their employment. Therefore, in view <u ihc past admin istration of our compensation laws, un satisfactory to certain mterests as they may have been, it is not unreasonable to hope that intelligent occupational disease legislation may similarly meet svith the approval of employer and employee alike. Furthermore, it is reasonable to hope that such legislation may eliminate the possibility of expensive litigation that may arise and serve the social needs of all parties interested in this problem. The statutes providing compensation for silicosis injuries that have been heretofore adopted in several of the states vary both as to form and as to provisions for their administration. In my judgment, uni formity of legislation is not only impos sible of achievement, but distinctly inad visable. Industrial conditions vary greatly in the different sections of the country and what ntay be the answer to the prob lem in the state of N'ew York may be en tirely separate and distinct from the an swer to the problem in California. Any legislation proposed to be adopted must be suitable to the particular working con ditions in the particular State in which it , is to he applicable. A frank recognition of this fact will eliminate unnecessary contention with respect to such proposed legislation. Again, some of our friends who pur- port to speak for labor have been advo- ! cates of the so-called `'all-inclusive" oc- 1 cupational disease acts. In my judgment, the "all-inclusive" occupational disease . acts tend inevitably to health insurance and enable the Department charged with , the administration thereof to award com- -Y pensation to all the human ills that may .} occur to employees in the course of their yi employment. . V- Another phase of the problem of sili cosis compensation legislation is that of accrued liability. In most instances where silicosis is found to exist, the employees have accumulated the injurious substances that cause their condition during the term of their employment before such proposed legislation could become effective. With respect to that liability, I believe it inequitable to saddle the expense thereof upon industry at one given time and some method should be found for apportioning this accrued liability. AnothetVjUfUJl important. eleniuj..!0 H consideretj??}?;he drafting of silicosis coni' pensation vfyfj^dation should be a pro'1' siou for tftY*$(Sbitment of a compete-11 m 0001 -) Quarry Section 441 <jica! board. Neither lawyers nor lay- I do not believe that modern society eil are in the position to pass upon wilt countenance the continued failure of jdicai questions nor to determine the many industries to utilize such available xistence of occupational diseases in in methods of engineering control as will dustry nor the disabling effect thereof. tend to minimize the hazard and I hope The determination of such injuries must that in your industrial processes each of "be taken from lay juries and from com you here assembled will renew your in missions incompetent to determine such terest and activities with respect to your medical questions. own important departments of industrial Necessity of Prevention hygiene. Labor, for its part, must discharge its I wish to emphasize what to me.seems to be the most important aspect of this problem, namely, prevention. From the duties with full appreciation of the haz ards that are present in the particular in dustries wherein its members are en standpoint of those who labor, they should gaged. There must be no half-hearted be far more interested in the maintenance use of protective appliances with which of their health in their particular employ labor may be supplied. Similarly, there ment than in compensation for injuries to must be no half-hearted enforcement of that health. From the standpoint of em factory rules and regulations with respect ployers, the cost of prevention of occu to the use of such appliances. Again, pational disease injuries will be but a there must be a cooperative observance small fraction of the ultimate cost of com of rules and regulations that may be laid pensation for such injuries. down by safety engineers or state officials With respect to silicosis, through agen with respect to health conditions in your cies such as your own, the United States plants. Public Health Service and other state and The problem of health must become a I industrial organizations in which indus major consideration by all interests in try may have confidence, there is avail volved and I honestly believe that with able, to you as employers, scientific in full cooperation by* employer and em formation as to methods of eliminating ployee alike, industry may be well on its most of the silica hazard that exists in way to elimination of this hazard and your particular industries. If, for none may relegate the problem of compensa other than selfish reasons, you. as em tion for such injuries to such statutory ployers. should make use of this infor provisions as the state may see fit to mation. The initial cost may seem great, adopt, reasonable in their provisions, but but it will many times repay the cost of unnecessary to enforce because of the compensation for silicosis injuries. previous elimination of the hazard. The Thursday morning session was table discussion on "The Work of the brought to a close with a general round Quarry Section." ADJOURNMENT Safety Equipment Section 485 , 4Sjjmer;can Mutual Liability Insurance Company, Boston, Mass. vi-JS insurance. Workmen's Contpensation, Property Damage, and General Automobile. L'American Optical Company, Southbridge, Mass, v A Head and Eye Protection Products. ' Arntzen. Inc., Chicago, Illinois. Aux'bary Emergency Stretcher and First Aid Equipment. 'Arro'vay Traffic Signal Corporation, Kingsport, Tenn. Traffic Control Signals. ; ^ssociated Guard Manufacturers, Chicago. 111. Dust Control Units and Mechanical Safety Guards. r '. Frank E. Barnes Company, Chicago, Illinois. Electrician's Rubber Gloves, geacon Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Direction and Danger Signals for Motor Transport Vehicles. Bendix Products Corporation, South Bend, Indiana. Automotive Equipment. Robert A. Bernhard, Rochester, Xtiv York. First Aid Supplies. Blatchford Corporation, Chicago, Illinois. Traffic Signals and Markers. Bradley Washfountain Company, Milwaukee. Wisconsin Group Washing Equipment. Stewart R. Browne Manufacturing Company, Xew York City. Safety and Special Purpose Lights and Lamps. Brown Shoe Company, St. Louis, Missouri. Men's and Women's Safety Shoes. R. H. Buhrkc Company, Chicago, Illinois. Safety Equipment for Construction and Maintenance. E. D. Bullard Company, San Francisco. Calif. Industrial and Mining Safety Equipment. Burroughs Wellcome & Company. (U. S. A.), Inc.. Xew York City. First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment. H. Childs & Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Footwear. Cities Service Company, New York City. Oils and Gasoline. Columbus-McKinnon Chain Corporation. Tonawanda. X. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains. H. S. Cover. South Bend, Indiana. Respirators and Safety Goggles. Cronse-Hinds Company, Syracuse. Xew York. Traffic Signals and Flood Lights. Davis Emergency Equipment Company, Inc.. Xew York City. First Aid and Safety Equipment. C. H. Dockson Co., Detroit. Mich. Head and Eye Protection. Do-More Chair Company, Elkhart. Indiana. Posture-Health Chairs for Office and Factory. Dual Parking Meter Company, Oklahoma City, Okla. Parking Meter Equipment. Donald S. Duncan, Inc., Chicago. 111. Parking Meter Equipment. Eagle Signal Corporation. Moline. 111. Traffic Signals. , OCOi 486 Ttecnty-fifth Xatianal Safety Congress Elliott Service Company, Xew York City. Elimination of Waste. Promotion of Efficiency and Safety. I'airway Laboratories, Inc., Belleville, III. Anti-fatigue and Heat Exhaustion Antidote Tablets and Pi-pensing Equipmc General Electric Company, Schenectady, X. Y. Electrical Equipment. Louis Gerber, New York City. BOON' the Glove Invisible. Harley Davidson Motor Company, Milwaukee. Wis. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. The Highway Safety Signal Company, Baltimore, Md. Double Filament Traffic Lamps and Color Design Traffic Lenses. Holcomb Safety Garment Company, Chicago, 111. Industrial Safety Clothing. Hoof Products Company, Chicago, 111. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governors. Huntington Laboratories, Inc., Huntington, Ind. Disinfecting and Sanitation Products. Hynson. Westcott & Dunning, Inc.. Baltimore, Md. Mercurochrome Antiseptic for First Aid Application. Indian Motorcycle Company, Springfield, Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. Industrial Gloves Corporation, Danville, 111. Steel Grip Gloves and Safety Apparel. Industrial Products Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Accident Prevention Equipment. International Shoe Company. St. Louis. Mo. Safety Shoes. Keystone Coat & Apron Manufacturing Corporation, Philadelphia. Pa. Service Uniforms for Industrial Purposes. Keystone View Company, Mcadville, Pa. Visual Safety Tests. Walter Kidde & Company, Inc., X'ew York City. Fire Extinguishing Systems and Portable Extinguishers. Walter G. Legge Company, Xew York City. Compounds for Cleaning and Treating Floors. Lehigh Safety Shoe Company, Allentown, Pa. Leather and Rubber Safety Shoes. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston,. Mass. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. The Lima Cord Sole & Heel Co., Lima, Ohio. Non-slip Soles and Heels. Liquid Carbonic Corporation, Chicago, III. Fumigant for Intestation Control. Macwhyte Company, Kenosha. Wis. Wire Rope and Braided Slings. Martindale Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signals. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York Insurance, Industrial Group, etc. Milburn Company, Detroit, Mich. Protective Creams for Prevention of OccupatioJ Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Appliances and First-Aid Materials. iruufcP'-L : Diseases. 000 -t i.0 Safety Equipment Section 457 Monarch Governor Company, Detroit, Mich. Automobile Speed Control Devices. Rational Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters, New York City. Casualty Insurance. Rational Carbon Company, Inc., New York City. Equipment for Battery-Operated Devices. . National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, 111. Poster, Bureau of Information, Research and Education Divisions. parkrite Corporation, Houston, Tex. Parking Meter Equipment. Patent Scaffolding Company, Chicago, III. Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. Protectoseal Company, Chicago, 111. Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. . Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corporation, Brooklyn, N. Y. Respiratory Protection and General Safety Equipment. Pyrene Manufacturing Company, Newark, N. J. Fire Protection Equipment. Railway and Industrial Engineering? Co., Greensbgrg, Pa. Interlocking Systems. Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Company, Inc., Columbus, Neb. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Rose Manufacturing Company, Denver, Colo. Ladder Shoes, Window Cleaners' Safety Belts. Safeguard Electric Company, Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y. Shockproof Portable Lamp Guards. Saietv Engineering, Alfred M. Best Company, Inc., New York City. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. Safety Equipment Service Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Goggles and All Types of Accident Prevention Equipment. Safety First Shoe Company, Holliston, Mass. Safety Shoes. Safety Shoe Company, New York City. Safety Shoes. W. H. Salisbury & Company, Inc.. Chicago, 111. Linemen's Rubber Protective Devices. NY. W. Sly Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Control Equipment & Respiratory Protective Devices. Spencer Turbine Company, Hartford, Conn. Heavy Duty Vacuum Cleaners and Dust Collecting Equipment. Standard Safety Equipment Company, Chicago, III. Dust Protective and Safety Equipment Stonehouse Signs, Inc., Denver, Colo. Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. Strauss Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Belts, Foot Guards, Safety Hats. Sugar Beet Products Company, Saginaw, Mich. Industrial Soaps. Surety Rubber Company, Carrollton. Ohio. Linemen's Safety Equipment and Synthetic Rubber industrial Equipment. John S. Tilley Ladder Company, Inc.. Watervliet, N. Safety Ladders and Scatfolding. Traffic Toy. Inc., Canton. Ohio. Traffic Warning Signs. OCCiHi Textile Section --Officers 1935-36 craj Chairman--M. W. Hass, Proximity Manufacturing Co., Greensboro, N. C. (^.`"^Chainnan in Charge of Program--\V\ U. Gavdet, Liberty Mutual Insurance I ^ Roanoke, \ a. Co., f chairman in Charge of Membership--Geokce C. SnurORD, Cliffside Mills, Cliffside, ! I K- C. 1 c'r'/arv__H. H. Willis, Dean, Textile School, The Clcmsoji Agricultural College, Ciem- | son College, S. C. ! \'tes Letter Editor--J. T. Trouxger, American Bemberg Corp., and Xorth American 1 `'Rayon Corp., Elizabethton, Tenn. ! 0talisties Committee Chairman--Forrest H. S iiltord, Xorth Carolina Department of : i Labor, Raleigh, X. C. Fitaineering Committee Chairman--Charles H. Forsaitu, Jackson Mills, Xashua Manu facturing Co., Nashua, X. H. Members at Large-- H. R. Cory, The Beacon Manufacturing Co., Swannanoa. NT. C Charles H. Fames, I.owell Textile Institute, Lowell, Mass. Rltssell T. Fisher, The National Association of Cotton Manufacturers, Boston, Mass. J. E. Groce, Pacific Mills, Lyman, S. C, Walter Humphreys. National Association of Wool Manufacturers, Boston, Mass. W. H. XrCHELS, Jr., Virginia Industrial Commission, Richmond, Va. R. W. Phillip, Editor, Cotton, Atlanta, Ga. E. E. Place, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. T. A. Wilson*, Xorth Carolina Industrial Commission, Raleigh, X'. C. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 7, 1936 The first session was called to order by T. A. Wilson, member. Xorth Carolina Industrial Commission. Raleigh, X. C,, who acted as chairman in placeof M. W. Heiss, Proximity Manufacturing Co., - Greensboro, X. C., general chairman of ' the Section, who was unable to be present. Both the Wednesday morning and the Thursday morning sessions were held hi the form of panel discussions on "Safety ? in the Textile Industry." Since no iormal -addresses were presented, and since nc ^stenographic report was made of the '..'meetings, it is impoible to give a de", tailed account of the -e--ions here. --- Topics discussed in the Wednesday ses- sion included the following: 1. What methods arc recommeded to prevent or control fires in pickers and other textile machinery? 2. Hosv can the personnel department develop aood will with relation to acci dent prevention work? 3. What is the value of a safety com mittee? 4. Do guards slow down production? 5. Hosv can accident prevention work be developed so that interest is main tained at all times? 6. Whaj- does an accident have upon the eBKSa*5-of yam- _a- 7. In ufaB direct ways do personal in juries affeft|qperating costs? Participi^^Lia' the panel included J. W. 501 occ. t HZ\S ^;' \ '-V1 -l^L THE PUBLIC LIBRARY NEWARK, N. J. RErERiiNCh Do not remove dttc card from pocket aat jui< i938 -CO,