Document NE7QoeXJnR8Zn1OzpRmDNZL8

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (various concentrations) Typically used casing material PP, PE-UHMW, PVDF Typically used impeller material PP, PE-UHMW, PVDF Typically used secondary seals Options after PFAS-restriction Used casing material Used impeller material Used secondary seals Consequences without PFAS EPDM, FKM+, FFKM PP, PE-UHMW (lower temperatures and concentrations only!), Hastelloy-C and Titanium PP, PE-UHMW (lower temperatures and concentrations only!), Hastelloy-C and Titanium EPDM for lower temperatures, but no options for higher temperatures Handling of HCl at higher temperatures and concentrations will be much more expensive, complicated and insecure due to missing alternatives, that are chemically evenly resistant. Materials for secondary seals are missing! Use of Fluid and Application Examples Pickling and others In steel pickling where the acid is used to remove iron oxide and scale from the metal surface prior further processing such as coating. The extraction of crude oil requires hydrochloric acid for injection into rock and for cleansing of impurities in the well. Hydrochloric acid is also used in the production of many food ingredients such as corn syrup, gelatine, sauces and preservatives. Production of leather products PVC material The production of household cleaning products. Producing organic and inorganic compounds in waste water treatment, polymers and battery manufacture. Hydrochloric acid can be used to process steel for the building and construction industry. It is used in the chemical industry in the large-scale production of vinyl chloride used to make PVC, and it is one of the chemicals used to produce polyurethane foam and calcium chloride. Common end uses for hydrochloric acid include household cleaners, pool maintenance and food manufacturing. Mixed acids (HNO3/HF/HCl) in various combinations and concentrations PE-UHMW (only in special cases), PVDF PE-UHMW (only in special cases), PVDF FKM+, FFKM PE-UHMW (only in special cases) PE-UHMW (only in special cases) No known options on the market As per our research there are no known metallic or non-PFAS containing materials, that are resistant at mixed acids (HNO3/HF at different concentrations). Thus, the industry around Stainless steel (sheets, coils, other semi-finished parts) will be impacted by shortages, lower quality products and increased market prices. Pickling and others In stainless steel pickling where the acid is used to remove iron oxide and scale from the metal surface prior further processing such as coating. Concentrated Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) 96-98% Bromine (Br2) PVDF, PFA, PTFE PVDF, PFA, PTFE PVDF, PFA, PTFE PVDF, PFA, PTFE FKM+, FFKM FPM, FKM+, FFKM Hastelloy C, Titan No known options on the market Hastelloy C, Titan No known options on the market No known options on the market No known options on the market Without the usage of PFAS containing materials the handling of H2SO4 will be much more expensive, complicated and insecure due to missing alternatives, that are chemically evenly resistant along the different concentrations Without the usage of PFAS containing materials the handling of Br2 will be much more expensive, if possible at all, complicated and insecure due to missing alternatives, that are chemically evenly resistant along the different concentrations. Sulfuric acid is also a key substance in the chemical industry. It is most commonly used in fertilizer manufacture but is also important in mineral processing, oil refining, wastewater processing, and chemical synthesis. Bromine is used in the production of catalysts, such as aluminum bromide. Production of hydrochloric, nitric and phosphoric acids The chief commercial source of bromine is ocean water, from which the element is extracted by means of chemical displacement (oxidation) by chlorine in the presence of sulfuric acid through the reaction For Ocean water, H2SO4 and Chlorine plastic pumps with PFAS-containing materials are state of the art technologies, without non-PFAS containing options, as shown in this table. Phosphate fertilizer, where sulphuric is converted into phosphoric acid Petroleum production where impurities are removed by the acid Paper industries where sulphuric is used as part of chlorine dioxide generation and pH correction Sugar bleaching Wastewater treatment Synthetic textiles production such as cellulose fibres Pickling of metals Catalyst agent for crude oil and petroleum production Agrichemicals for potato crop spraying Production of Rayon as a reagent with the pulped wood product Concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) 65% and higher PVDF, PFA, PTFE PVDF, PFA, PTFE FKM+, FFKM Hastelloy-C and Titanium subject to a degree of corrosion Hastelloy-C and Titanium subject to a degree of corrosion No known options on the market Without the usage of PFAS containing materials the handling of Nitric Acid will be much more expensive, complicated and insecure due to missing alternatives, that are chemically evenly resistant. Nitric acid is used in the production of ammonium nitrate for fertilizers, making plastics, and in the manufacture of dyes. It is also used for making explosives such as nitroglycerin and TNT. When it is combined with hydrochloric acid, an element called aqua regia is formed. Used in compounds for explosives and munitions Processed with ammonia for the production of ammonium nitrate for fertilizer As an oxidizer in liquid rocket fuel Treatment of wood for ageing/aesthetics Nylon/Polyurethane Pickling of stainless steel CIP solutions Processing of spent nuclear fuel Nitric acid is one of the three most important acids in the chemical industry. It is mainly used for the production of nitrogen fertilizers. It is also used as a starting material for the synthesis of explosives, plastics and man-made fibers, and it is used for pickling metals. Concentrated Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) 95% Sodium Hypohlorite (NaOCl) up to 15% PP, PE-UHMW, PVDF, PFA, PTFE PP, PE-UHMW, PVDF, PFA, PTFE FPM, FKM+, FFKM PE-UHMW (depending on concentration), PVDF, PFA, PTFE PE-UHMW (depending on concentration), PVDF, PFA, PTFE FPM, FKM+, FFKM Lower temperature (40C): PE-UHMW, PP. Higher temperatures: Hastelloy-C, specifically B-3, G-30 and G-35 Lower temperature (40C): PE, PP. Higher temperatures: Hastelloy-C, specifically B-3, G-30 and G-35 No known safe options especially at higher temperatures PE-UHMW (depending on concentration) PE-UHMW (depending on concentration) EPDM (more or less chemical attack) Without the usage of PFAS containing materials the handling Without the usage of PFAS containing of Phosphoric acid will be much more expensive, complicated materials the handling of NaOCl will be much and insecure due to missing alternatives, that are chemically more expensive, complicated and insecure evenly resistant. due to missing alternatives, that are Especially for the secondary sealings there are no suitable chemically evenly resistant. non PFAS-containing options. Especially for the secondary sealings there are no suitable non PFAS-containing options. Phosphoric acid is used in the manufacture of superphosphate fertilisers, livestock feeds, phosphate salts, polyphosphates, soaps, waxes, polishes and detergents Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution referred to as liquid bleach, which is a household chemical widely used (since the 18th century) as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent. The majority of phosphoric acid is used in the production of Disinfection fertilizer where the acid is reacted with the minerals found in phosphate rock to produce phosphate salts. For use in rust treatment, phosphoric acid solutions are created as a dipping bath or gel to applied to rusted areas. Bleach/Whitening Phosphoric acid also used for the etching of metal and the roughing of tooth enamel during dental treatments such as root canals and tooth whitening. For its sharp, tangy taste, phosphoric acid is used as a flavouring in many soft drinks, typically colas. Other uses include pharmaceuticals, cleaning products and as a chemical reagent. Chromic acid (H2CrO4) Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) PE-UHMW, PVDF PVDF, PFA, PTFE PE-UHMW, PVDF PVDF, PFA, PTFE FPM, FKM+ FFKM FPM, FKM+, FFKM PE-UHMW (depending on concentration) PE-UHMW (depending on concentration) No known options on the market stainless steels, Hastelloy, a lot of other metals stainless steels, Hastelloy, a lot of other metals No known options on the market A handling especially at higher temperatures No suitable secondary seals would be would not be possible any more. available. Chromic acid or sulfochromic is a strong oxidizing agent that is used to clean laboratory glassware. It has the ability to brighten raw brass and therefore it is used in the instrument repair industry. Biodiesel The production of potassium dichromate, ammonium dichromate and chromium dioxide Prroduction of biodiesel Toluene PVDF, PFA, PTFE Brine, containing chlorine (from Chlorine-Alkali-Electrolysis) PVDF, PFA, PTFE Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) 50%, 180 C (Chlorine-AlkaliElectrolysis) PFA, PTFE PVDF, PFA, PTFE PVDF, PFA, PTFE PFA, PTFE FPM, FKM+ FFKM FPM, FKM+, FFKM FFKM stainless steels, Hastelloy, a lot of other metals stainless steels, Hastelloy, a lot of other metals No known options on the market Hastelloy C types Nickel Hastelloy C types Nickel No known options on the market No known options on the market broadly used solvent for many Most important: Chlorine applications manufactuing, cooling fluids Chlor-Alkaline Electrolysis Important base chemical for the Sea water desalination chemical Industry Vaporating caustic soda Chlor-Alkaline Electrolysis