Document N2rQOJvp8dN67JZM04eQ2reNR

REFERENCES Abram ow icz, D. (1990) Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of PCBs: A review. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 10 (3 ):2 4 1 -2 5 1 . Achman, D.A.; Hornbuckle, K.C.; Eisenreich, S.J. (1993) Volatilization of polychlorinated biphenyls from Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27(1):75-87. Addink, R.; Van Bavel, B.; Visser, R.; W ever, H.; Slot, P.; Olie, K. (1990) Surface catalyzed form ation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans during municipal waste incineration. Chemosphere 20(10 -12 ):1929 -1 934. Addink, R.; Drijver, D .J.; Olie, K. (1991) Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins/dibenzofurans in the carbon/fly ash system . Chemosphere 23(81):1205-121 1. Addink, R.; Olie, K. (1995) M echanisms of form ation and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in heterogeneous systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29: 1425-1435. Addink, R.; Bakker, W .C .M .; Olie, K. (1995) Influence of HCl and Cl2 on the form ation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in a carbon/fly ash m ixture. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 9 :2 0 5 5 -2 0 5 8 . Addink R.; A ltw icke r, E.R. (1999) Formation experim ents of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins/dibenzofurans w ith Na 37Cl. Organohalogen Compounds 4 :6 9 -7 2 . Adriaens, P.; Grbic-Galic, D. (1992) Effect of cocontam inants and concentration on the anaerobic biotransform ation of PCDD/F in m ethanogenic river sediments. Organohalogen Compounds 8:209-21 2. Adriaens, P.; Grbic-Galic, D. (1993) Reductive dechlorination of PCDD/F by anaerobic cultures and sediments. Organohalogen Compounds 1 2 :1 0 7 -1 1 0 . Adriaens, P.; Fu, Q.; Grbic-Galic, D. (1995) Bioavailability and transform ation of highly chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in anaerobic soils and sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 9 (9 ):2 2 5 2 -2 2 6 0 . Advanced Technology System s, Inc. (1995) Report on m easurement of hazardous air pollutants from aluminum melt furnace operations at Ravenswood Aluminum Corporation. M onroeville, PA: Advanced Technology System s, Inc. AGES. Applied Geotechnical and Environmental Services Corp. (1992) Source sampling report - comprehensive emissions testing; blast furnace, M ay/June 1992, Franklin Smelting & Refining Corp. Valley Forge, PA: AGES. Report No. 4 2 6 1 4 .0 1 -0 1 . DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-1 December 2003 AHA. American Hospital Association. (1995) Comments by the American Hospital Association in review of Estim ating Exposures to Dioxin-Like Compounds (EP A /600/688/005C a-c; June 1994; External Review Draft). Public Comment Number EXP-48-A1, received January 17, 1995. AHA. American Hospital Association. (1997) Letter dated January 20, 1997, from V. James McLarney, Associate Vice President, American Hospital Association (AHA), Chicago, IL, to Mr. John Schaum, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, W ashington, D.C. (w ith attachments). Ahlborg, V.G .; Becking, G.C.; Birnbaum, L.S.; Brower, A .; Derks, H .J.G .M .; Feeley, M.; Golor, C.; Hanberg, A .; Larsen, J.C.; Liem, A.K.D .; Safe, S.H.; Schlatter, C.; W aern, F.; Younes, M .; Yrankeikki, E. (1994) Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin like PCBs. Chemosphere 2 8 (6 ):1 0 4 9 -1 0 6 7 . Ahling, B.; Bjorseth, A .; Lunde, G. (1978) Formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons during combustion of polyvinyl chloride. Chemosphere 7:799-806. Ahling, B.; Lindskog, A. (1982) Emission of chlorinated organic substances from com bustion. In: Hutzinger, O.; Safe, S., eds, Chlorinated dioxins and related com pounds, im pact on the environm ent. New York, NY: Pergamon Press. AISI. Am erican Iron and Steel Institute. (1990) Annual statistical report - 1989. W ashington, D.C.: American Iron and Steel Institute. AISI. Am erican Iron and Steel Institute. (1995) Annual statistical report - 1994. W ashington, D.C.: American Iron and Steel Institute. Aittola, J.; Paasivirta, J.; Vattulainen, A. (1992) Measurements of organochloro compounds at a metal reclamation plant. Organohalogen Compounds 9:9-12. A ittola, J.P. (1993) Environmental emissions from landfill fires, preliminary investigation. Viatek Topiola Og, Espoo, Finland. Albro, P.W .; Parker, C.E. (1979) Comparison of the com positions of Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1016. Journal of Chromatography 169:161-166. Albro, P.W.; Corbett, J.T.; Schroeder, J.L. (1981) Quantitative characterization of polychlorinated biphenyl m ixtures (Aroclors 1248, 1254, and 1260) by gas chrom atography using capillary columns. Journal of Chromatography 2 0 5 :1 0 3 111. A ltw ic k e r, E.R., Konduri, R.; Lin C.; M illigan, M.S. (1993) Formation of precursors to chlorinated dioxin/furans under heterogeneous conditions. Combust. Sci. And Tech. 88:349-368. DRAFT- DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-2 December 2003 A ltw icker, E.R.; Milligan, M.S. (1993) Formation of dioxins: Competing rates between chem ically similar precursors and de novo reactions. Chemosphere 27 (1-3): 301 -3 0 7 . Am endola, G .A .; Barna, D.R. (1989) USEPA petroleum refinery dioxin screening survey: BP Oil-Lima, Ohio Refinery. W estlake, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, Environmental Sciences Division. Am erican Forest & Paper Association (1997) Paper, paperboard & w ood pulp statistics: data through 1996. W ashington, DC: Am erican Forest & Paper Association. Am erican Paper Institute (1992) S tatistics of paper, paperboard & w ood pulp: data through 1991. New York, NY: Am erican Paper Institute. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (1995) The relationship between chlorine in w aste streams and dioxin emissions from w aste com bustor stacks. ASME, 45 East 4th Street, NY, NY. Report number CRTD-Vol. 36. American Wood Preservers Institute (1977) Pentachlorophenol--a wood preservative. McLean, VA: Am erican W ood Preservers Institute. March 1, 1977. American Wood Preservers Institute (1995) 1994 Wood preserving industry production statistical report. McLean, VA: American Wood Preservers Institute. A tkinson, R. (1987) Estimation of OH radical reaction rate constants and atm ospheric lifetim es for polychlorobiphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21 :3 0 5 -3 0 7 . A tkinson, R. (1991) A tm ospheric lifetim es of dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. The Science of the Total Environment. 104:17-33. A tkinson, R. (1995) Personal com m unication w ith Greg Schweer (Versar, Inc.): estim ated congener-specific gas phase reaction rate constants of OH radical w ith PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs. ATSDR. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1993) Toxicological profile for selected PCBs (A roclor-1260 , -1 2 5 4 , -1 2 4 8 , -1 2 4 2 , -1 2 3 2 , -1 2 2 1 , and -1016). A tlanta, GA: Public Health Service, ATSDR. NTIS Publication No. PB 93-182517. A yris, S.; Harrad, S. (1997) Factors affecting the volatilization of PCBs from soil. Organohalogen Compounds 3 3:250 -2 54. BAAQMD. Bay Area Air Q uality Management District. (1996) Air em issions of dioxins in the Bay area. San Francisco, CA: Bay Area Air Quality Management District. March 27, 1996. Bacci, E.; Gaggi, C. (1985). Polychlorinated biphenyls in plant foliage: translocation or volatilization from contam inated soils? Bulletin of Environmental Contam ination and Toxicology 35:673-681. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-3 December 2003 Bacci, E.; Calamari, D.; Gaggi, C.; V ighi, M. (1990a) Bioconcentration of organic chemical vapors in plant leaves: experim ents measurem ents and correlation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 4 (6):8 85-889. Bacci, E.; Calamari, D.; Gaggi, C.; Vighi, M. (1990b) Bioconcentration of organic chemical vapors in plant leaves: the azalea model. Chemosphere 2 1 (4 -5 ):5 2 5 -5 3 5 . Bacci, E.; Cerejeira, M .J.; Gaggi, C.; Chemello, G.; Calamari, D.; Vighi, M. (1992) Chlorinated dioxins: volatilization from soils and bioconcentration in plant leaves. Bulletin of Environmental Contam ination and Toxicology 4 8 :4 0 1 -4 0 8 . Bacher, R.; Swerev, M .; Ballschmiter, K. (1992) Profile and pattern of m onochlorothrough octachlorodibenzodioxins and -dibenzofurans in chim ney deposits from wood burning. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 6 (8 ):1 6 4 9 -1 6 5 5 . Baker, J.E.; Eisenreich, S.J. (1990) C oncentrations and fluxes of polycyclic arom atic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls across the air-water interface of Lake Superior. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 4 (3 ):3 4 2 -3 5 2 . Ball, M .; Ppke, O.; Lis, A. (1990) Polychloridibenzodioxine und polychlordibenzofurane in cigaretterauch. Beitrge zur Tabakforschung International 14 (6 ):3 9 3 -4 0 2 . Ballschmiter, K.; Buchert, H.; Niemczyk, R.; M under, A .; Swerev, M. (1986) A utom obile exhausts versus municipal w aste incineration as sources of the polychlorodibenzodioxins (PCDD) and -furans (PCDF) found in the environm ent. Chemosphere 15(7):901-915. Barkovskii, A .L.; Adriaens, P. (1995) Reductive dechlorination of tetrachloro-dibenzo-pdioxin partitioned from Passaic River sedim ents in an autochthonous microbial com m unity. Organohalogen Compounds 24:17-21. Barkovskii, A .L.; Adriaens, P. (1996) Microbial dechlorination of historically present and freshly spiked chlorinated dioxins and diversity of dioxin-dechlorinating populations. Applied and Environmental M icrobiology 6 2 (1 2 ):4 5 5 6 -4 5 6 2 . Battelle (1999) Source characterization for sewage sludge incinerator emissions. Volume I. Draft te st report. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. EPA Contract No. 68-D -99009, Work Assignment 1-05. Beard, A .; Krishnat, P.N.; Karasek, F.W. (1993) Formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans by chlorination and de novo reactions w ith FeCl3 in petroleum refining processes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27 (8 ):1 5 0 5 -1 5 1 1. Bedard, D.L.; Unterm an, R.; Bopp, L.H.; Brennan, M .J.; Haberl, M .L.; Johnson, C. (1986) Rapid assay for screening and characterizing m icroorganisms for the ability to degrade polychlorinated biphenyls. Applied and Environmental M icrobiology 51(4):761-768. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-4 December 2003 Bedard, D.L.; Smullen, L.A.; DeWeerd, K.A.; Dietrich, D.K.; Frame, G.M.; May, R.J.; Principe, J.M .; Rouse, T.O.; Fessler, W .A .; Nicholson, J.S. (1995) Chemical activation o f m icrobially-m ediated PCB dechlorination: a field study. Organohalogen Compounds 24:23-28. Bedard, D.L.; May, R.J. (1996) Characterization of the polychlorinated biphenyls in the sediments of W oods Pond: evidence for microbial dechlorination of Aroclor 1260 in situ. Environ. Sci. Technol. 3 0 (1 ):2 3 7 -2 4 5 . Behrooz G.S.; A ltw ic k e r, E.R. (1995) Formation of polychlorinated dioxins, furans, benzenes and phenols in the post-com bustion region of a heterogeneous com bustor: Effect of bed material and post-com bustion tem perature. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29:1 156-1 162. Behrooz G.S.; A ltw ic k e r, E.R. (1996) Rapid form ation of polychlorinated dioxins/furans during the heterogeneous com bustion of 1,2-dichlorobenzene and 2,4dichlorophenol. Chemosphere 32 (1):133-144. Berenyi, E.B.; Gould, R.N.(1993) Municipal w aste com bustion in 1993. W aste Age 24:51-56. Berenyi, E.B. (1993) A decade of municipal w aste com bustion in the United States: prospects and problems. In: Municipal w aste com bustion, proceedings of an international specialty conference of the Air and W aste Management Association. W illiamsburg, Va; March 1993. pp. 51-66. Bergstrm, J.; Bjrner, B. (1992) Dioxiner ock brnder vid ovfallsuplag. Mamo, M iljkonsulterna i Studsvik AB. Stiftelsen reforsk. FoU nr 68. 94 p. (English summary). Bingham, A.G .; Edmunds, C.J.; Graham, B.W.; Jones, M.T. (1989) Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in car exhaust. Chemosphere 1 9 (1 -6 ):6 6 9 -6 7 3 . Birmingham, B. (1990) Analysis of PCDD and PCDF patterns in soil samples: use in the estim ation of the risk of exposure. Chemosphere 20(7-9):807-814. Blum enstock, M .; Zim m erm ann, R.; Schraumm, L-W; Kaune, A .; Henkelmann, B.; Kettrup, A. (1998) Presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), biphenyls (PCB), chlorinated benzenes (PCBz) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) under various com bustion conditions in a post com bustion chamber. Organohalogen Compounds 36:59-63. Boers, J.P.; de Leer, E.W .B.; Gramberg, L.; de Koning, J. (1993) Levels of coplanar PCBs in flue gases of high tem perature processes and their occurrence in environm ental samples. Organohalogen Compounds 11:233-236. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-5 December 2003 Born, J.G.P.; Mulder, P.; Louw, R. (1993) Fly ash mediated reactions of phenol and m onochlorophenols: O xychlorination, deep oxidation, and condensation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27: 1849-1863. Boschi, G.; Cocheo, V .; Giannandrea, G.; Magagni, A. (1992) Hospital and municipal solid w aste incinerators: Correlation between PVC present in w aste feed and emitted organic m icropollutants. Organohalogen Compounds 9:37-38. Bowes, G.W .; M ulvihill, M .J.; Simoneit, B.R.T.; Burlingame, A .L.; Risebrough, R.W. (1975a) Identification of chlorinated dibenzofurans in Am erican polychlorinated biphenyls. Nature 256:305-307. Bowes, G .W .; M ulvihill, M .J.; DeCamp, M .R.; Kende, A.S. (1975b) Gas chrom atographic characteristics of authentic chlorinated dibenzofurans; identification of tw o isomers in Am erican and Japanese polychlorinated biphenyls. J. Agric. Food Chem. 23(6):1222-1223. Bramley, M.J. (1998) Dioxin and hexachlorobenzene releases from magnesium production in North America: lessons from Noranda's project in Asbestos, Quebec. Greenpeace Canada. Bremmer, H.J.; Troost, L.M .; Kuipers, G.; DeKoning, J.; Sein, A.A. (1994) Emissions of dioxins in The Netherlands. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM) and Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO). Report No. 7 7 0 5 0 1 0 1 8 . Brker, G.; Geueke, K.J.; Hiester, E.; Niesenhaus, H. (1992) Emission polychloierter dibenzo-p-dioxins und -furane aus hausbrand-feuerungen. Essen, Germany: Landesanstalt Fr Im m issionsschutz Nordhein-W estfalen. ISSN 0 7 2 0 -8 4 9 9 . Brown, J.F. (1994) Determ ination of PCB m etabolic, excretion, and accum ulation rates for use as indicators of biological response and relative risk. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28(13):2295-2305. Brown, J.F.; Bedard, D.L.; Brennan, M .J.; Carnahan, J.C .; Feng, H.; W agner, R.E. (1987) Polychlorinated biphenyl dechlorination in aquatic sediments. Science 2 3 6 :7 0 9 712. Brown, J.F.; Carnahan, J.C.; Dorn, S.B.; Groves, J.T.; Ligon, W .V ., May, R.J.; Wagner, R.E.; Ham ilton, S.B. (1988) Levels of bioactive PCDF congeners in PCB dielectric fluids from capacitors and transform ers. Chemosphere 1 7 (9 ):1 6 9 7 -1 7 0 2 . Brown, J.F.; Frame, G.M .; Olson, D.R.; W ebb, J.L. (1995) The sources of the coplanar PCBs. Organohalogen Compounds 2 6 :4 2 7 -4 3 0 . Bruce, K.R.; Beach, L.O.; Gullet, R.K. (1991) The role of gas-phase Cl2 in the form ation of PCDD/PCDF during w aste com bustion. W aste Management 11:97-10 2. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-6 December 2003 Brunner, C.R. (1984) Incineration system s, selection and design. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Brunner, C.R. (1992) Sewage sludge. In: Buonicore, A .J ., Davis, W .T ., eds., Air pollution engineering manual. Air and W aste M anagem ent Association. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 296-311. Bruzy, L.P.; Hites, R.A. (1995) Estimating the atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 9 :2 0 9 0 2098. Bryant, J.G. (1993) Chlorinated benzenes. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Vol. 6. pp. 8 7-10 0. Buckland, S.J.; Dye, E.A., Leathem, S.V.; Taucher, J.A. (1994) The levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in soil samples collected from conservation areas follow ing brush fires. Organohalogen Compounds 20:85-89. Buekens, A .; Stieglitz, L.; Huang, H.; Dinova, C.; Cornelis, E. (1997) Preliminary investigation of form ation mechanism of chlorinated dioxins and furans in industrial and m etallurgical processes. Organohalogen Compounds 3 1 :5 1 6 -5 2 0 . Bumb, R.R.; Crum m ett, W .B.; Cutie, S.S.; Gledhill, J.R.; Hummel, R.H.; Kagel, R.O.; Lamparski, L.L.; Luoma, E.V.; Miller, D.L.; Nestrick, T.J.; Shadoff, L.A.; Stehl, R.H.; W oods,J.S. (1980) Trace chemistries of fire: a source of chlorinated dioxins. Science 210(4 468):3 85-390. Buonicore, A.J. (1992a) Control of gaseous pollutants. In: Buonicore, A .J ., Davis, W .T ., eds., A ir pollution engineering manual. Air and W aste Management Association. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Buonicore, A.J. (1992b) Medical w aste incineration. In: Buonicore, A .J ., Davis, W .T ., eds., Air pollution engineering manual, Air and W aste Management Association. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Burton, B.K.; Kiser, J.V.L. (1993) Status and directions of the U.S. municipal w aste com bustion industry. In: Municipal w aste com bustion, proceedings of an international specialty conference of the Air and W aste Management Association. W illiamsburg, Va.; March 1993. pp. 3-11. Buser, H.R.; Bosshardt, H.P. (1976) Determ ination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in commercial pentachlorophenols by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of the AOAC 59(3):562-569. Buser, H.R. (1979) Formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dibenzo-pdioxins (PCDDs) from the pyrolysis of chlorobenzenes. Chemosphere 8 :4 1 5 -4 2 4 . DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-7 December 2003 Cains, P.W .; Dyke, P. (1994) Emissions of chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans from w aste com bustion plants in the UK. Organohalogen Compounds 2 0 :2 7 1 -2 7 6 . Calamari, D.; Bacci, E.; Focardi, S.; Gaggi, C.; M orosini, M .; Vighi, M. (1991) Role of plant biomass in the global environm ental partitioning of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 5 (8):1 489-95. Calcagni, J.; Ciolek, M .; M ulrine, P. (1998) Dioxin emissions from U.S. sinter plants. A bstract. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of A ir Q uality Planning and Standards. California Regional W ater Quality Control Board (CRWQCB) (1996) M emorandum to David Cleverly (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) from Lila Tang (California Regional W ater Q uality Control Board). Capes, C.E. (1983) Size enlargement. In: Kirk-Othm er Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed. 2 1 :7 7 -1 0 5 . New York, NY: John W iley and Sons. CARB (California Air Resources Board) (1987a) Determ ination of PCDD and PCDF emissions from m otor vehicles. Draft report. October 1987. Test Report No. C86-029. CARB (California Air Resources Board) (1990a) ARB evaluation test conducted on a hospital w aste incinerator at Los Angeles Co. - USC Medical Center Los Angeles, California. Engineering Evaluation Branch, M onitoring and Laboratory Division. Test Report C-87-122. CARB (California Air Resources Board) (1990b) Evaluation on a w oodw aste fired incinerator at Koppers Company, O roville,California. Test Report No. C -88-065. Engineering Evaluation Branch, M onitoring and Laboratory Division. May 29, 1990. CARB (California Air Resources Board) (1990c) Evaluation test on tw o propane fired crem atories at Camellia Memorial Lawn Cemetery. Test Report No. C -90-004. Engineering Evaluation Branch, M onitoring and Laboratory Division. Preliminary Draft. CARB (California Air Resources Board) (1990d) Compliance testing for non-criteria pollutants at a landfill flare. Confidential Report No. ERC-2. Engineering Evaluation Branch, M onitoring and Laboratory Division. [As reported in U.S. EPA, 1997b.] CARB (California Air Resources Board) (1990e) Evaluation test on a wood waste fired incinerator at Pacific Oroville Power Inc. Test Report No. C -88-050. Engineering Evaluation Branch, M onitoring and Laboratory Division. May 29, 1990. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-8 December 2003 CARB (California Air Resources Board) (1 9 9 0 f) Evaluation te st on tw in fluidized bed w ood w aste fueled com bustors located in Cental California. Test Report No. C -87 042. Engineering Evaluation Branch, M onitoring and Laboratory Division. February 7, 1990. CARB (California Air Resources Board) (1990g) Evaluation test on a wood waste fired incinerator at Louisiana Pacific Hardboard Plant, Oroville, CA. Test Report No. C88 -0 6 6 . Engineering Evaluation Branch, M onitoring and Laboratory Division. [As reported in NCASI, 1995.] CARB (California Air Resources Board) (1991a) Emissions test of the Modesto Energy Project tires-to-energy facility. Project No. C -87-072. Engineering Evaluation Branch, M onitoring and Laboratory Division. May 24, 1991. CARB (California Air Resources Board) (1991b) Evaluation test of a hospital refuse fired incinerator at American Environmental Management Corporation. Engineering Evaluation Branch, M onitoring and Laboratory Division. Test Report No. C -89 001. CARB (California Air Resources Board) (1992a) Dioxin/furan estimates from a secondary aluminum fa cility. Confidential Report No. ERC-9. Engineering Evaluation Branch, M onitoring and Laboratory Division. [As reported in U.S EPA, 1997b.] CARB (California Air Resources Board) (1992b) Emission measurements on delacquering system. Confidential Report No. ERC-32. Engineering Evaluation Branch, M onitoring and Laboratory Division. [As reported in U.S EPA, 1997b.] CARB (California Air Resources Board) (1993a) Emissions measurement of toxic com pounds from a cupola baghouse at a steel foundry. Confidential Report No. ERC-61. Engineering Evaluation Branch, M onitoring and Laboratory Division. [As reported in U.S. EPA, 1997b.] CARB (California Air Resources Board) (1999) Determ ination of emissions from the No. 3 reform er as Tosco Refining Company San Francisco Area Refinery at Avon. Project No. C -96-03 96. Engineering and Laboratory Branch, M onitoring and Laboratory Division. Carlberg, G.E.; O fstad, E.B.; Drangsholt, H. (1983) Atm ospheric deposition of organic m icropollutants in Norway studied by means of moss and lichen analysis. Chemosphere 12(3):341-356. Carpenter, A. (2001) Telefax from Andrew Carpenter, Resource Management, Inc. to Stephen Schwartz, Versar, Inc. January 23, 2001. Carpenter, C.; Schweer, G.; S tin nett, G.; Gabel, N. (1986) Exposure assessment for hexachlorobenzene. W ashington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Toxic Substances. EPA 5 6 0 /5 -8 6 -0 1 9 . DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-9 December 2003 Carroll, W.F. (1996) Is PVC in house fires the great unknow n source of dioxin? Fire and Materials 20:161-166. Cash, G. (1993) Docum ent on dioxin/furan data call-ins [m em orandum to John Schaum, U.S. EPA, O ffice of Research and Development]. W ashington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. May 4, 1993. CEQ (Council on Environmental Quality) (1997) Environmental Quality 1990. 25th Annual Report. W ashington, DC: Council on Environmental Quality. Executive Office of the President of the United States. ChemRisk (1993) Critique of dioxin factories. Prepared for: The Vinyl Institute, September 1993. Chen, Y.R.; Chen, C.J.; Lee, C.C.; Chuong, C.Y. (1986) Reproductive e ffe cts of emissions from waste electrical products com bustion. Presented at: Dioxin '8 6 , 6th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds; Fukuoka, Japan. Chen, M .; Hong, C.S.; Bush, B.; Rhee, G.Y. (1988) Anaerobic biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by bacteria from Hudson River sediments. Ecotoxicol. and Environ. Safety 1 6 :95-10 5. Chinkin, L.R.; W eir, B.R.; Latimer, D.A. (1987) Inventory of chlorophenol use in the forest products industry and investigation of related em issions of chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. Sacram ento, CA: California Air Resources Board. Contract No. A 5 -1 2 5 -3 2 . Choudhry, G.G.; Hutzinger, O. (1983) M echanistic aspects of the therm al form ation of halogenated organic compounds including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. New York, NY: Gordon and Breach. Choudhry, G.G.; W ebster, G.R.B. (1989) Environmental photochem istry of PCDDs. 2. Quantum yields of direct phototransform ation of 1,2,3,7-tetra-, 1,3,6,8-tetra-, 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,6 ,7 ,8 -h e p ta -, and 1 ,2 ,3,4 ,6,7,8,9-o ctach lorodiben zo-p -dioxin in aqueous acetonitrile and their sunlight half-lives. J. Agric. Food Chem. 3 7 :2 5 4 -2 6 1 . Christmann, W .; Klppel, K.D.; Partscht, H.; Rotard, W. (1989a) Tetrachlorobenzoquinones, a source of PCDD/PCDF. Chemosphere 1 8 (1-6):7 89792. Christmann, W .; Kasiske, D.; Klppel, K.D.; Partscht, H.; Rotard, W. (1989b) Com bustion of polyvinyl chloride - an im portant source for the form ation of PCDD/PCDF. Chemosphere 19 (1 -6 ):3 8 7 -3 9 2 . Clark, T.; Clark, K.; Paterson, S.; Mackay, D.; Norstrom, R.J. (1988) W ildlife m onitoring, m odeling, and fugacity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 2 (2 ):1 2 0 -1 2 7 . DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-10 December 2003 Clement, R.E.; Tosine, H.M ; Osborne, J.; Ozvacic, V .; W ong, G. (1985a) Levels of chlorinated organics in a municipal incinerator. In: Keith, L.H.; Rappe, C.; Choudhary, G., eds., Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in the total environm ent II. Boston, MA: B u tterw orth Publishers. Clement, R.E.; Tosine, H .M .; A li, B. (1985b) Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in w ood burning stoves and fireplaces. Chemosphere 14:815-819. Clement, R.E.; Tosine, H .M .; Osborne, J.; Ozvacic, V .; W ong, G. (1988) Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in incinerator stack emissions and fly-ash: a 13-test study. Biomedical and Environmental Mass Spectrom etry 17:81-96. Clement, R.E.; Boomer, D.; Nalkwadi, K.P.; Karasek, F.W. (1990) Study of the relationship between trace elements and the form ation of chlorinated dioxin on flyash. In: Clement, R.E.; Kagel, R.O., eds, Emissions from com bustion: origin, measurement, control. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers, Inc. pp. 57-64. Clement, R.E.; Tashiro, C. (1991) Forest fires as a source of PCDD and PCDF. Presented at: Dioxin '9 1 , 11th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds; Research Triangle Park, NC; September 1991. Cleverly, D.; Schaum, J.; Schweer, G.; Becker, J.; W inters, D. (1997) The congener profiles of anthropogenic sources of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorinated dibenzofurans in the United states. Organohalogen Compounds 3 2 :4 3 0 -4 3 5 . Cleverly, D.H. (1984) Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in incineration of municipal solid waste. Proceedings of workshop on energy from municipal waste research: A technical review of thermochemical systems, February 22-24 ,19 84, Kissimmee, FL. Argonne National lab, U.S. Departm ent of Energy, pp. 295 -3 19. Cleverly, D.H.; M orrison, R.M.; Riddle, B.L.; Kellam, R.G. (1991) Regulatory analysis of pollutant em issions, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and dibenzofurans (CDFs), from municipal w aste com bustors. In: Hattem er-Frey, H .A.; Travis,C ., eds., Health effe cts of municipal w aste incineration. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 47-65. Commoner, B; McNamara, M; Shapiro, K; W ebster, T. (1984) Environmental and economic analysis of alternative municipal solid waste disposal technologies, part II: The origins of chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans em itted by incinerators th a t burn unseparated municipal solid w aste, and an assessment of m ethods of controlling them. Center for the Biology of Natural Systems, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York. December 1, 1984. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-1 1 December 2003 Commoner, B.; W ebster, T., Shapiro, K; McNamara, M. (1985) The origins and m ethods of controlling polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran emissions from MSW incinerators. Presented at: 78th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Assoc.; Detroit, MI; June 1985. Commoner, B.; Shapiro, K.; W ebster, T. (1987) The origin and health risks of PCDD and PCDF. W aste Management and Research 5: 3 2 7 -3 4 6 . Commoner, B. (1990) Making peace w ith the planet. New York, NY: Random House, Inc. Costner, P.K. (1998) Correlation of chlorine input and PCDD/PCDF em issions at a full-scale hazardous waste incinerator. Organohalogen Compounds 3 6:147 -1 51. Cramer, P.H.; Heiman, J.; Horrigan, M .; Lester, R.; A rm strong, S. (1995) Results of a national survey for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in municipal biosolids. Organohalogen Compounds 24:305-308. CRE (1994) Emissions of environm ental concern from coal utilisation. United Kingdom: Coal Research Establishment. ECSC 7220-E C /011. June 1994. Crosby, D.B. (1981) Environmental chem istry of pentachlorophenol. Pure & Appl. Chem. 53:1051-1080. Crummett, W.B. (1982) Environmental chlorinated dioxins from combustion - the trace chem istries of fire hypothesis. In: Hutzinger, O.; Frei, R.W .; Merian, E.; Pocchiari, F., eds. Chlorinated dioxins and related com pounds: im pact on the environm ent. New York NY: Pergamon Press. Cull, M .R.; Dobbs, A .J .; Goudot, M .; Schultz, N. (1984) Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in technical pentachlorophenol-results of a collaborative analytical exercise. Chemosphere 13(10):1 157-1 165. Curlin, L.C.; Bommaraju, T.V. (1991) Alkali & chlorine products. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4 th ed. pp. 9 3 8 -1 0 2 5 . deBoer, J. de; Stronck, C .J.N .; Traag, W .A .; van der Meer, J. (1993) Non-ortho and m ono-ortho substituted chlorobiphenyls and chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans in marine and freshw ater fish and shellfish from The Netherlands. Chemosphere 26(10):1832-1842. De Fre, R.; Rymen, R. (1989) PCDD and PCDF form ation from hydrocarbon com bustion in the presence of hydrogen chloride. Chemosphere 19 (1-9): 331-336. Dempsey, C.R.; Oppelt, E.T. (1993) Incineration of hazardous waste: A critical review update. Air & Waste 43:25-73. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-1 2 December 2003 Deutsch, D.G.; G oldfarb, T.D. (1988) PCDD/PCDF contam ination follow ing a plastic fire in a university lecture hall building. Chemosphere 1 7 (12 ):2423 -24 31. DeVoogt, P.; Brinkman, U.A. (1989) Production, properties and usage of polychlorinated biphenyls. In: Halogenated biphenyls, terphenyls, napthalenes, dibenzodioxins and related products. Kimbrough, R.; Jensen, A .A ., Eds. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishers. Dickson, L.C.; Karasek, F.W. (1987) Mechanism of form ation of polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins produced on municipal incinerator flyash from reactions of chlorinated phenols. J. Chromatography 3 8 9 :1 2 7 -1 3 7 . Dickson, L.C.; Lenoir, D.; Hutzinger, O. (1992) Q uantitative comparison of de novo and precursor form ation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins under simulated municipal solid waste incinerator post com bustion conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26:1822-1828. Domalski, E.S.; Churney, K.L.; Ledford, A.E.; Bruce, S.S. (1986) Monitoring the fate of chlorine from MSW sampling through com bustion. Part 1: Analysis of the waste stream for chlorine. Chemosphere 15(9-12):1339-1354. Donnelly, J.R. (1992) W aste incineration sources: refuse. In: Buonicore, A .J .; Davis, W .T ., eds, Air pollution engineering manual. Air and W aste Management Association. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 263-275. Douben, P.E.T.; Eduljee, G.H.; Dyke, P. (1995) A review of potential PCDD and PCDF emission sources in the UK. Organohalogen Compounds 2 4 :1 3 1 -1 3 6 . Doucet, L.G. (1995) Reassessment of dioxin em issions from MWIs. In: Comm ents subm itted by the American Hospital Association to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on EPA's Reassessment Document for 2,3,7,8-TC D D and Related Compounds. January 13, 1995. Dow Chemical Co. (unknown) A closer look at the pesticide question for those w ho w a nt the facts. Duarte-Davidson, R.; Sewart, A .; A lcock, R.E.; Cousins, I.T.; Jones, K.C. (1997) Exploring the balance between sources, deposition and the environm ental burden of PCDD/Fs in the U.K. terrestrial environm ent: an aid to identifying uncertainties and research needs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(1):1-11. Duinker, J.C .; Hillebrand, M .T.J. (1983) Characterization of PCB com ponents in Clophen form ulations by capillary GC-MS and GC-ECD techniques. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17(8):449-456. Duinker, J.C .; Schulz, D.E.; Petrick, G. (1988) M ultidim ensional gas chrom atography w ith electron capture detection for the determination of toxic congeners of polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures. Analytical Chemistry 60:478-482. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-1 3 December 2003 Dumler-Gradl, R.; Thoma, H.; Vierle, O. (1995a) Research program on dioxin/furan concentration in chim ney soot from house heating system s in the Bavarian area. Organohalogen Compounds 24:115 -1 18. Dumler-Gradl, R.; Tartler, D.; Thom a, H.; Vierle, O. (1995b) Detection of polybrom inated diphenylethers (PBDE), dibenzofurans (PBDF) and dibenzodioxins (PBDD) in scrap of electronics and recycled products. Organohalogen Compounds 2 4 :1 0 1 -1 0 4 . Dung, M.; O'Keefe, P.W. (1992) Comparative rates of photolysis of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in organic solvents and in aqueous solutions. Organohalogen Compounds 8:233-236. Dyke, P.; Coleman, P. (1995) Dioxins in am bient air, Bonfire Night 1994. Organohalogen Compounds 24:213 -2 16. Eastern Research Group, Inc. (1998) Report of the meeting to peer review the Inventory of Sources of Dioxin in the United States. W ashington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Research and Development. EPA Contract No. 68D 5 -00 28, W ork Assignm ent No. 98-05. Edelstein, D.L. (1995) Minerals yearbook - copper. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Division. Edelstein, D.L. (1999) Personal com m unication between D. Edelstein (U.S. Geological Survey) and G. Schweer (Versar, Inc.), A ugust 17, 1999. Eduljee, G.H.; Dyke, P. (1996) An updated inventory of potential PCDD and PCDF emission sources in the UK. The Science of the Total Environment 1 7 7 :3 0 3 -3 2 1 . EER (Energy and Environmental Research Corp.) (1993) Engineering analysis and technical support to control metal and organic emissions from com bustion of hazardous w aste in incinerators and BIFs. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Solid W aste. EPA Contract No. 68 -C 0 -0 0 9 4 , W ork Assignm ent No. 2-6. EIA (Energy Inform ation Adm inistration) (1991) Estimates of U.S. biofuels consumption in 1990. W ashington, DC: U.S. Departm ent of Energy, O ffice of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and A lternate Fuels. DO E/EIA-0548(90). EIA (Energy Inform ation A dm inistration) (1992) Fuel oil and kerosene sales 1991. W ashington, DC: U.S. Departm ent of Energy, O ffice of Oil and Gas. DOE/EIA0535(91). EIA (Energy Inform ation Adm inistration) (1993) Petroleum supply annual 1992, volume 1. W ashington, DC: U.S. Deprtm ent of Energy, O ffice of Oil and Gas. DOE/EIA0340(92)/1. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-14 December 2003 EIA (Energy Inform ation Adm inistration) (1994) Estimates of U.S. biomass energy consum ption 1992. W ashington, DC: U.S. Departm ent of Energy, O ffice of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternative Fuels. DO E/EIA-0548(92). EIA (Energy Inform ation Adm inistration) (1995a) Fuel oil and kerosene sales 1994. W ashington, DC: U.S. Departm ent of Energy, O ffice of Oil and Gas. DOE/EIA0535(94). EIA (Energy Inform ation Adm inistration) (1995b) M onthly energy review - October 1995. W ashington, DC: U.S. Departm ent of Energy, O ffice of Energy M arkets and End Use. DO E/EIA-0035(95/10). EIA (Energy Inform ation Adm inistration) (1995c) Annual energy review 1994. W ashington, DC: U.S. Departm ent of Energy, O ffice of Energy M arkets and End Use. DO E/EIA-0884(94). EIA (Energy Inform ation Adm inistration) (1997a) Fuel oil and kerosene sales 1996. W ashington, DC: U.S. Departm ent of Energy, O ffice of Oil and Gas. DOE/EIA0535(96). EIA (Energy Inform ation Adm inistration) (1997b) Annual energy review 1996. W ashington, DC: U.S. Departm ent of Energy, O ffice of Energy M arkets and End Use. DO E/EIA-0384(96). EIA (Energy Inform ation Adm inistration) (1997c) Petroleum supply annual 1996, Volume 1. W ashington, DC: U.S. Departm ent of Energy, O ffice of Oil and Gas. DOE/EIA0340(96/1). Eitzer, B.D.; Hites, R.A. (1987) Reply to com m ent on "Airborne dioxins and dibenzofurans: sources and fa te ." Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 1 :9 2 4 . Eitzer, B.D.; Hites, R.A. (1987) Reply to com m ent. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 1 (9):9 24. Eitzer, B.D.; Hites, R.A. (1989) Dioxins and furans in the am bient atmosphere: A baseline study. Chemosphere 18(1-6):593-598. Eklund, G; Pedersen, J.R; Strom berg, B. (1986) Phenol and HCl at 5 5 0 C yield a large variety of chlorinated toxic compounds. Nature 320: 155-156. March 13. Eklund, G.; Pedersen, J.R.; Strom berg, B. (1988) Methane, hydrogen chloride and oxygen form a w ide range of chlorinated organic species in the tem perature range 4 0 0 C 95 9 C . Chemosphere 17 (3): 575-586. Environm ent Canada (1985) The national incineration testing and evaluation program: Tw o-stage com bustion (Prince Edward Island). Environm ent Canada, O ttaw a, O ntario, Canada. Report EPS 3/UP/1. September 1985. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-1 5 December 2003 Environmental Risk Sciences, Inc. (1995) An analysis of the potential for dioxin emissions in the primary copper sm elting industry. Prepared for the National Mining Association. Envisage Environm ental, Inc. (1995) Test result sum mary for developm ent of MACT standards. Testing location: Wabash Alloys. Richfield, OH: Envisage Environmental Inc. EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) (1994) Electric u tility trace substances synthesis report. Palo A lto , CA: EPRI. EPRI TR -104614. EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) (1995) Pentachlorophenol (PCP) in soils adjacent to in-service u tility poles in New York State. Palo A lto , CA: EPRI. EPRI TR104893. Erickson, M. (1986) Analytical chem istry of PCBs. Boston, M A, B utterw orth Publishers. Erickson, M .D .; Cole, C.J.; Flora, J.D .; Gorman, P.G.; Haile, C.L.; Hinshaw, G.D.; Hopkins, F.C.; Swanson, S.E. (1984) Thermal degradation products from dielectric fluids. W ashington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances. EPA-560/5-84-009. Esposito, M.P.; Tiernan, T.O .; Drydent, F.E. (1980). Dioxins. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. November, 1980. EPA-600/280-197. Fangmark, I.; Stom berg, G.; Berge, N.; Rappe, C. (1994) Influence of postcom bustion tem perature profiles on the form ation of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBzs, and PCBs in a pilot incinerator. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28 :6 2 4 -6 2 9 . Federal Register (1979) Decision and em ergency order suspending registrations for certain uses of 2 ,4 ,5 -T and Silvex. F.R. (March 15) 4 4 :1 5 8 7 4 -1 5 9 2 0 . Federal Register (1982a) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) use in electrical equipm ent. F.R. (April 22) 4 7 :1 7 4 2 6 . Federal Register (1982b) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) m anufacturing, processing, distribution in com merce and use prohibitions; use in electrical equipm ent. F.R. (August 25) 47:37342. Federal Register (1982c) F.R. (October 29) 4 7 :4 9 3 2 2 . Federal Register (1984) Pentachlorophenol, and inorganic arsenicals; intent to cancel registrations of pesticide products containing creosote, pentachlorophenol (including its salts) and the inorganic arsenicals; determ ination concluding the rebuttal presumption against registration of the wood preservative uses of pesticide products; availability of position docum ent. F.R. (July 13) 4 9 :2 8 6 6 6 -2 8 6 8 9 . DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-1 6 December 2003 Federal Register (1985a) Regulation of fuels and fuel additives; Gasoline lead content: final rule and supplem ental notice of proposed rulemaking. F.R. (March 7) 50:9386-9408. Federal Register (1985b) Polychlorinated biphenyls in electrical transform ers. F.R. (July 17) 50:29170. Federal Register (1986) Creosote, pentachlorophenol, and inorganic arsenicals; am endment of notice of intent to cancel registrations. F.R. (January 10) 5 1 :1 3 3 4 1348. Federal Register (1987a) Pentachlorophenol; am endment of notice of intent to cancel registrations. F.R. (January 2) 5 2 :1 4 0 -1 4 8 . Federal Register (1987b) Final determ ination and intent to cancel and deny applications for registrations of pesticide products containing pentachlorophenol (including but not limited to its salts and esters) for non-w ood uses. F.R. (January 21) 5 2 :2 2 8 2 2293. Federal Register (1987c) Polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans; testing and reporting requirements; final rule. F.R. (June 5) 5 2 :2 1 4 1 2 -2 1 4 5 2 . Federal Register (1987d) Appendix A to part 60 (Amended). F.R. (December 16) 5 2 :4 7 8 5 3 -4 7 8 5 6 . Federal Register (1990) National sewage sludge survey: availability of inform ation and data, and anticipated im pacts on proposed regulation. F.R. (November 9) 55:47210-47283. Federal Register (1991a) Standards of perform ance for new stationary sources and final guidelines for municipal w aste com bustors. F.R. (February 1 1) 5 6 :5 4 8 8 -5 5 2 7 . Federal Register (1991b) Standards of perform ance for new stationary sources and guidelines for control of existing sources: municipal solid waste landfills: proposed rule and guideline. F.R. (May 30) 5 6 :2 4 4 6 8 . Federal Register (1991c) F.R. (February 21) 5 6 :7 1 3 4 . Federal Register (1993a) 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione; proposed significant new use of a chemical substance. F.R. (May 12). 5 8 :2 7 9 8 0 -2 7 9 8 6 . Federal Register (1993b) Standards for the use or disposal of sewage sludge; final rules. F.R. (February 19) 5 8 :9 2 4 8 -9 4 0 4 . Federal Register (1993c) Chemicals; to xic chemical release reporting; com m unity right-toknow ; significant new use rule. F.R. (December 1) 5 8 :6 3 5 0 0 -6 3 5 1 8 . DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-17 December 2003 Federal Register (1995a) Proposed standards of perform ance for new stationary sources and emission guidelines for existing sources: medical w aste incinerators. F.R. (February 27) 60:106 54-0106 91. Federal Register (1995b) Hazardous w aste management system ; identification and listing of hazardous waste: petroleum refining process w astes; land disposal restrictions for new ly identified w astes; and CERCLA hazardous substance designation and reportable quantities. F.R. (November 20) 6 0 :5 7 7 4 7 -5 7 8 0 0 . Federal Register (1995c) National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants from secondary lead sm elting: final rule. F.R. (June 23) 6 0 :3 2 5 8 7 -3 2 6 0 1 . Federal Register (1995d) National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP); secondary lead sm elters; PVC in feedstock: proposed rule; amendments. F.R. (April 19) 6 0 :1 9 5 5 6 . Federal Register (1995e) Standards of perform ance for new stationary sources and emission guidelines for existing sources: municipal w aste com bustors, final rule. F.R. (December 19) 6 0 :6 5 3 8 7 -6 5 4 3 6 . Federal Register (1996a) Standards of perform ance for new stationary sources and guidelines for control of existing sources: municipal solid w aste landfills: final rule and guideline. F.R. (March 12) 6 1 :9 9 0 5 -9 9 4 4 . Federal Register (1996b) Revised standards for hazardous w aste com bustors: proposed rule. F.R. (April 19) 61: 1 7 3 5 7 -1 7 5 3 6 . Federal Register (1997a) Toxic chem icals; PCBs; subm ission of IRC No. 1000 to OMB; inform ation collection activities. F.R. (January 21) 6 2 :3 0 3 5 -3 0 3 6 . Federal Register (1997b) Standards of perform ance for new stationary sources and emission guidelines for existing sources: hospital/m edical/infectious waste incinerators; final rule. F.R. (September 15) 6 2 :4 8 3 4 7 -4 8 3 9 1 . Federal Register (1998a) Hazardous w aste management system ; identification and listing of hazardous w aste; petroleum refining process w astes; land disposal restrictions for new ly identified w astes; and CERCLA hazardous substance designation and reportable quantities. F.R. (August 8) 6 3 :4 2 1 1 0 -4 2 1 8 9 . Federal Register (1998b) Source category listing for Section 112(d)(2) rulemaking pursuant to Section 112(c)(6) requirements. F.R. (April 10) 6 3 :1 7 8 3 8 -1 7 8 5 5 . Federal Register (1998c) National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants for source category: pulp and paper production; effluent lim itations guidelines, pretreatm ent standards, and new source perform ance standards: pulp, paper, and paperboard category. F.R. (April 15) 6 3 :1 8 5 0 4 -1 8 7 5 1 . DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-1 8 December 2003 Federal Register (1999a) National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants for source categories; Portland Cement m anufacturing industry. F.R. (June 14) 6 4 :3 1 8 9 7 -3 1 9 6 2 . Federal Register (1999b) NESHAPS: Final standards for hazardous air pollutants for hazardous w aste com bustors. F.R. (September 30) 6 4 :5 2 8 2 8 -5 3 0 7 7 . Federal Register (1999c) Emission guidelines for existing stationary sources: small municipal w aste com bustion units; proposed rule. New source performance standards for new small municipal w aste com bustion units. F.R. (August 30) 6 4 :4 7 2 3 3 -4 7 3 0 7 . Feil, V .J .; Tiernan, T. (1997) Pentachlorophenol as a source of dioxins and furans. Organohalogen Compounds 3 3:353 -3 54. Fenton, M. (1996) Minerals yearbook - iron and steel. W ashington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Ferrario, J.; Byrne, C.; Lorber, M .; Saunders, P.; Leese, W .; Dupuy, A .; W inters, D.; Cleverly, D.; Schaum, J; Pinsky, P.; Deyrup, C.; Ellis, R.; W a lco tt, J. (1997) A statistical survey of dioxin-like com pounds in United States poultry fat. Organohalogen Compounds, 3 2:245 -2 51. Ferrario, J.; Byrne, C. (2000) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in the environm ent from ceramics and pottery produced from ball clay. Presented at the 20th International Sym posium on Halogenated Environemntal Organic Pollutants and POPs, M onterey, California, August 13-17, 2000. Ferrario, J.; Byrne, C.; Cleverly, D. (2000) 2,3,7,8-D ibenzo-p-dioxins in mined clay products from the United States: evidence for possible natural form ation. Environ. Sci. and Technol. 3 4 :4 5 2 4 -4 5 3 2 . Fiedler, H.; Hutzinger, O. (1992) Sources and sinks of dioxins: Germany. C h em o sp h e re ,2 5 :1 4 8 7 -1 4 9 1 . Fiedler, H. (1993) Formation and sources of PCDD/PCDF. Organohalogen Compounds 1 1 :2 2 1 -2 2 8 . Fiedler, H.; Hutzinger, O.; Hosseinpour, J. (1993) Analyses and remedial actions follow ing an accidental fire in a kindergarten. Organohalogen Compounds 1 4 :1 9 22. Fiedler, H.; Lindert, M. (1998) Dsseldorf A irport fire 1996: results and comparison w ith accidental fires. Organohalogen Compounds 36:69-72. Firestone, D.; Ress, J.; Brown, N.L.; Barron, R.P.; Damico, J.N. (1972) Determ ination of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and related com pounds in com mercial chlorophenols. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 55(1):85-92. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-1 9 December 2003 Fisher, T.S.; Hayward, D.G.; Stephens, R.D.; Stenstrom , M.K. (1998) Polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and di-benzo-furans in Los Angeles urban runoff. Subm itted for publication. Frame, G.M. (1995) A com prehensive, m ulticenter study of PCB elution on capillary GC columns. Pittcon '95 . New Orleans, LA; March 8, 1995; Paper 717. Frame, G .M .; Cochran, J.W .; Bow adt, S.S. (1996a) Complete PCB congener distributions for 17 aroclor m ixtures determined by 3 HRGC system s optim ized for com prehensive, quantitative, congener-specific analysis. J. High Resol. Chromatogr. 19(12):657-668. Frame, G.M .; Wagner, R.E.; Carnahan, J.C .; Brown, J.F.; May, R.J.; Smullen, L.A.; Bedard, D.L. (1996b) Comprehensive, quantitative, congener-specific analyses of eight aroclors and com plete PCB congener assignm ents on DB-1 capillary GC columns. Chemosphere. 33(4):603-623. Frame, G.M. (1997) A collaborative study of 209 PCB congeners and 6 aroclors on 20 different HRGC columns. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 3 5 7 (6 ):7 1 4 722. Frame, G.M. (1999) Improved Procedure for Single DB-XLB Column GC MS-SIM Q uantitation of PCB Congener D istributions and Characterization of Tw o Different Preparations Sold as "A roclor 1 2 5 4 " J. High Resol. Chrom atogr. 2 2 (1 0 ):5 3 3 -5 4 0 . Frank, H.; Frank, W. (1989) Uptake of airborne tetrachloroethane by spruce needles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 3 (3):3 65-367. Freeman, R.A.; Schroy, J.M . (1985) Environmental m obility of dioxins. Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Eighth Sym posium , ASTM STP 8 9 1 , R.C. Bahner and D.J. Hansen, Eds. Am erican Society for Testing and M aterials, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 4 2 2 -4 3 9 Fries, G.F.; Dawson, T.E.; Paustenbach, D.J.; M athur, D.B.; Luksemburg, W .J. (1997) Biosynthesis of hepta- and octa-chlorodioxins in cattle and evidence for lack of involvement by rumen microorganisms. Organohalogen Compounds 3 3:296 -3 01. Friesen, J.K .; Muir, D.C.G.; W ebster, G.R.B. (1990) Evidence of sensitized photolysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in natural w aters under sunlight conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 4 (1 1 ):1 7 3 9 -1 7 4 4 . Friesen, K.J.; Loewen, M .D.; Foga, M .M. (1993) Environmental aquatic photodegradation of chlorinated dibenzofurans and their photoproducts. Organohalogen Compounds 12:135-137. Froese, K.L.; Hutzinger, O. (1994) The form ation of chlorinated benzenes and phenols in fly ash catalysed reactions of trichloroethylene. Chemosphere 28 (1 1): 1 9 7 7 1987. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-20 December 2003 Froese, K.L.; Hutzinger, O. (1996a) Polychlorinated benzene and polychlorinated phenol in heterogeneous com bustion reactions of ethylene and ethane. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30:1009-1013. Froese, K.L.; Hutzinger, O. (1996b) Polychlorinated benzene, phenol, dibenzo-p-dioxin, and dibenzofuran in heterogeneous com bustion reactions of acetylene. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30: 998-1 008. Froese, K; Hutzinger, O. (1997) M echanisms of form ation of polychlorinated benzenes and phenols from heterogeneous reactions of Cs aliphatics. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:542-547. Fuchs, R.; Tow ara, J.; Hutzinger, O. (1990) PCDD/F in the dry-cleaning process. Organohalogen Compounds 3:441-44 4. Funcke, W .; Theisen, J.; Balfanz, E.; Konig, J. (1988) Polychlorierte Dibenzofurane (PCDF) und polychlorierte Dibenzo(p)dioxine (PCDD) in Ruckstanden und emissionen eines Brandes in Anw esenheit von PBC-haltigen materialien. Staub Reinhaltung der Luft 48. 393-396. Funk, S. (1996) Memorandum from S. Funk (EPA/OPP/HED) to W m. Hazel (EPA/OPP/HED). W ashington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs. May 28, 1996. Gaggi, C.; Bacci, E.; Calamari, D.; Fanelli, R. (1985) Chlorinated hydrocarbons in plant foliage: An indication of the tropospheric contam ination level. Chemosphere 14(11-12):1673-1686. Galson Corporation (1995) Source test report: Source emission testing at Roth Brothers Smelting Corporation. East Syracuse, NY: Galson Corporation. Gambogi, J. (1996) Minerals yearbook - titanium . Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Division. Gan, D.R.; Berthouex, P.M. (1994) Disappearance and crop uptake of PCBs from sludgeamended farmland. W ater Environment Research 66(1):54-69. Gertler, A .W .; Sagebiel, J.C.; Dippel, W .A .; Sheetz, L.H. (1996) A study to quantify on road em issions of dioxins and furans from mobile sources: phase 2. Reno, NV: Desert Research Institute. Gertler, A .; Sagebiel, J.; Dippel, W .; Faring, R. (1998) Measurement of dioxin and furan emissions factors from heavy duty diesel vehicles. J. of the Air and W aste M gmt. Assoc. 48:276-278. Gillespie, W .J. (1994) A sum mary of data reflective of U.S. pulp and paper industry progress in reducing the TCDD/TCDF content of effluents, pulps and w astew ater treatm ent sludges. Organohalogen Compounds 20:255 -2 60. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-21 December 2003 Gillespie, W .J. (1995) Progress in reducing the TCDD/TCDF content of effluents, pulps and w astew ater treatm ent sludges from the m anufacturing of bleached chemical pulp. Research Triangle Part, NC: National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Im provem ent, Inc. Gillespie, W .J. (1997) Letter to G. Schweer (Versar, Inc.) dated February 10, 1997. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Im provem ent, Inc. Gillespie, W .J. (1998) Letter to G. Schweer (Versar, Inc.) dated October 8, 1998. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Im provem ent, Inc. Gilman, A.P.; Douglas, V .M .; Newhook, R.C.; Arbuckle, T.E. (1988) Chlorophenols and their im purities: a health hazard evaluation. Health and W elfare Canada. Docum ent No. H 46-2/88-110E . Gobran, T .; Khurana, V .; MacPherson, K.; W addell, D. (1995) PCDD/PCDF levels in raw sewage, final effluent, sludge, and ash samples from an Ontario w astew ater treatm ent plant. Organohalogen Compounds 24:75-80. G oldfarb, T.D .; M alloy, T .A .; Surico, M. (1992) PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, chlorophenols (CPs) and chlorobenzenes (CBzs) in samples from various types of com posting facilities in the United States. Organohalogen Compounds 8:253-25 6. Green, L.C.; Lester, R.L.; Arm strong, S.R. (1995) Comm ents on Estimating Exposures to Dioxin-Like Compounds: Review Draft. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Environmental Inc. Dated January 12, 1995, and May 1 1, 1995. Greenpeace (1993) Dioxin factories: a study of the creation and discharge of dioxins and other organochlorines from the production of PVC. Am sterdam , The Netherlands: Greenpeace International. Greer, W .L.; Johnson, M .D .; Raught, E.C.; Steuch, H.E.; T rusty, C.B. (1992) Portland cement. In: Buonicore, A .J .; Davis, W .T .; eds. Air pollution engineering manual, Air and W aste Management Association. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Gribble, G.W. (1994) The natural production of chlorinated com pounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28(7):310A -319A . Guerin, M.R.; Jenkins, R.A.; Tomkins, B.A. (1992) The chem istry of environmental tobacco smoke: com position and measurement. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers. G ullett, B.K., Bruce, K.R., Beach., L.O. (1990a) Formation of chlorinated organics during solid w aste com bustion. W aste Management and Research 8 :2 0 3 -2 1 4 . DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-22 December 2003 G ullett, B.K.; Bruce, K.R., Beach, L.O. (1990b) The e ffe ct of metal catalysts on the form ation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran precursors. Chemosphere 20: 1945-1952. G ullett, B.K.; Bruce, K.R.; Beach. L.O. (1991a) The e ffe ct of sulfur com pounds on the form ation mechanism of PCDD and PCDF in municipal w aste com bustors.U .S. EPA, Research Triangle Park,NC; Acurex Corp., Research Triangle Park,NC. In: Conference papers from the second international conference on municipal waste com bustion, April 15-19, 1991, Tampa, FL. Air and W aste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA. pp.16-34. G ullett, B.K.; Bruce, K.R.; Beach. L.O; Drago, A. (1991b) M echanistic steps in the production of PCDD and PCDF during w aste com bustion. Presented at: Dioxin '9 1 , 11th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds; Research Triangle Park, NC; September 1991. G ullett, B; Bruce, K.; Beach, L. (1992) M echanistic steps in the production of PCDD and PCDF during w aste com bustion. Chemosphere 2 5 (7 -1 0 ):1 3 8 7 -1 3 9 2 . G ullett, B.K.; Lemieux, P.M. (1994) Role of com bustion and sorbent parameters in prevention of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran form ation during w aste com bustion. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 8 (1 ):1 0 7 -1 1 8 . Gullett, B.K.; Ryan, J.V. (1997) On-road sampling of diesel engine emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran. Organohalogen Compounds 32:451-456. G ullett, B.K.; Lemieux, P.M.; Lutes, C.C.; W interrow d, C.K.; W inters, D.L. (1999) PCDD/F emissions from uncontrolled, dom estic waste burning. Organohalogen Compounds 41:27-30. G ullett, B.K.; Lemieux, P.M .; W interro w d, C.K.; W inters, D.L. (2000a) PCDD/F emissions from uncontrolled, domestic waste burning. Organohalogen Compounds 4 6 :1 9 3 196. G ullett, B.K.; Lemieux, P.M.; Lutes, C.C.; W interrow d, C.K.; W inters, D.L. (2000b) Emissions of PCDD/F from uncontrolled, dom estic w aste burning. Chemosphere (in press). Gurprasad, N.; Constable, M .; Haidar, N.; Cabalo, E. (1995) Polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins (PCDDs) leaching from pentachlorophenol-treated u tility poles. Organohalogen Compounds 24:501 -5 04. Gutenmann, W .H .; Rutzke, M .; Kuntz, H.T.; Lisk, D.J. (1994) Elements and polychlorinated biphenyls in sewage sludges of large cities in the United States. Chemosphere 28(4):725-728. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-23 December 2003 Hagenmaier, H. (1986) Determ ination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in commercial chlorophenols and related products. Fresenius Z Anal Chem. 3 2 5 :6 0 3 -6 0 6 . Hagenmaier, H. (1987) Belastung der um w elt m it dioxinen. In stitu t fr Organische Chemie der Universitt Tbingen. Hagenmaier, H. (1994) C ontributions of diesel-powered vehicles and w ood burning to overall PCDD/PCDF emissions. Organohalogen Compounds 2 0 :2 6 7 -2 7 0 . Hagenmaier, H.; Kraft, M .; Jager, W .; Mayer, U.; Lutzke, K.; Siegel, D. (1986) Comparison of various sampling m ethods for PCDDs and PCDFs in stack gas. Chemosphere 15:1 187-1 192. Hagenmaier, H.; Brunner, H. (1987) Isom er-specific analysis of pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenate for 2 ,3 ,7 ,8 -su b stitu te d PCDD and PCDF at sub-ppb levels. Chemosphere 1 6 :1 75 9-1764. Hagenmaier, H.; D awidowsky, V .; Weber, U.B.; Hutzinger, O.; Schwind, K.H.; Thoma, H.; Essers, U.; Buhler, B.; Greiner, R. (1990) Emission of polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans from com bustion-engines. Organohalogen Compounds 2:329-334. Hagenmaier, H.; Lindig, C.; She, J. (1994) Correlation of environmental occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans w ith possible sources. Chemosphere 29(9-11):2163-2174. Haghunathan, K.; G ullett, B.K. (1996) Role of sulfur in reducing PCDD and PCDF form ation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30: 1827-1834. Haglund, P.; Egeback, K.-E.; Jansson, B. (1988) Analysis of PBDD/F in vehicle exhaust. Presented at: Dioxin '8 8 , 8th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds; Umea, Sweden; A ugust 1988. Halonen, L.; Tarhanen, J.; Ollikainen, S.; Ruokojarvi, P. (1994) The e ffe ct of inorganic and organic chlorine on form ation of highly chlorinated organic compounds during incineration: Laboratory pilot study. Chemosphere 28 (12): 2129-2138. Hammerstrom, K.; Schweer, G.; Adkins, L.; Freed, J.; Chambers, T. (1985) Exposure assessment for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): incidental production, recycling, and selected authorized uses. W ashington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Toxic Substances. EPA Contract No. 6 8 -0 1 -6 2 7 1 , Task No. 21. Harner, T.; M ackay, D.; Jones, K.C. (1995) Model of the long-term exchange of PCBs between soil and the atmosphere in the southern U.K. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29(5):1200-1209. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-24 December 2003 Harnly, M .; Stephens, R.; M cLaughlin, C.; M arcotte, J.; Petreas, M .; Goldman, L. (1995) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran contam ination at metal recovery facilities, open burn sites, and a railroad car incineration facility. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29(3):677-684. Harrad, S .J.; M alloy, T .A .; Khan, M .A .; G oldfarb, T.D. (1991) Levels and sources of PCDDs, PCDFs, chlorophenols (CPs) and chlorobenzenes (CBzs) in com posts from a municipal yard waste composting facility. Chemosphere 23(2):181-191. Harrad, S .J.; Sew art, A.P.; Jones, K.C. (1992a) PCDD/CDFs in the British environm ent: sinks, sources and temporal trends. Organohalogen Compounds 9 :8 9 -9 2 . Harrad, S .J.; Jones, K.C. (1992b) A source inventory and budget for chlorinated dioxins and furans in the United Kingdom environm ent. The Science of the Total Environment 126:89-107. Hay, D .J.; Finkelstein, A .; Klicius, R. (1986) The national incineration testing and evaluation program: An assessment of tw o-stage incineration and pilot scale emission control. Paper presented to U.S. EPA Science A dvisory Board, W ashington, DC. Environm ent Canada, O ttaw a, O ntario, Canada. June 1986. Headrick, M .; Hollinger, K.; Lovell, R.; M atheson, J. (1999) PBBs, PCBs, and dioxins in food animals, their public health im plications. Chemical Food Borne Hazards and Their Control, 15:109-131. Heath, E. (1995) Memorandum from Elizabeth Heath of Research Triangle Institute, to Joseph Wood of Emission Standards Division, OAQPS, EPA, August 23, 1995. "Assignm ent of Existing Cement Kilns to Model Kilns by Type of Process." Heindl, A .; Hutzinger, O. (1987) Search for industrial sources of PCDD/PCDF. III. Shortchain chlorinated hydrocarbons. Chemosphere 16(8/9):1949-1957. Helble, J.J. (1993) Analysis of dioxin emissions from the incineration of hazardous waste. W ashington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Solid W aste, Permits and State Programs Division. Hengstmann, R.; Hamann, R.; W eber, H.; Kettrup, A. (1990) Impact of sewage sludge and sewer slimes by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Organohalogen Compounds 4:4 0 7 -4 1 2 . Hickey, W .J. (1995) Enhancing PCB biodegradatin in soil w ith chlorobenzoate-degrading inoculants. Organohalogen Compounds 24:29-32. Himberg, K.; Sippola, E. (1990) M ultidim ensional gas chrom atography - mass spectrom etry as a method for the determ ination of coplanar PCB congeners. Organohalogen Compounds 4 :183-18 6. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-25 December 2003 Hites, R.A. (1991) A tm ospheric transport and deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans. Prepared for the U.S. Environm ental Protection Agency, M ethods Research Branch, A tm ospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, O ffice of Research and Developm ent, Research Triangle Park, NC. E P A /6 0 0 /3 -9 1 /0 0 2 . HMIP (1995) A review of dioxin emissions in the UK. Her M ajesty's Inspectorate of Pollution. HMIP/CPR2/41/1/38. Ho, A .K .W .; Clement, R.E. (1990) Chlorinated dioxins/furans in sewage and sludge of municipal water pollution control plants. Chemosphere 20(10 -12 ):1549 -1 552. Hoekstra, E.J.: De Leer, W .B .; Brinkman, U.T. (1999) Natural form ation of chlorinated phenols, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans in soil of a Douglas Fir forest. Environ. Sci. and Technol. 3 3 :2 5 4 3 -2 5 4 9 . Holderman, T.S. (1995) Dioxin levels from D/F test rule data subm ittals. Memorandum from T.S. Holderman (EPA/OPPT/CMD) to A. Adenuga (Versar, Inc.). Dated Aug. 2, 1995. Holderman, T.S.; Cramer, P.H. (1995) Updated results of polyhalogenated dibenzo-pdioxin/dibenzofuran testing and reporting under the Toxic Substances Control A ct (TSCA). Organohalogen Compounds 24:137 -1 40. Hornbuckle, K.C.; Achm an, D.R.; Eisnreich, S.J. (1993) O ver-water and over-land, polychlorinated biphenyls in Green Bay, Lake M ichigan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27(1):87-97. Horstmann, M.; McLachlan, M.S. (1992) Initial development of a solid-phase fugacity meter for semivolatile organic compounds Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 6(8):1 6431649. Horstmann, M .; McLachlan, M .; Reissinger, M. (1992) Investigation of the origin of PCDD/CDF in municipal sewage. Organohalogen Compounds 9 :9 7 -1 0 0 . Horstmann, M .; McLachlan, M .; Reissinger, M. (1993a) Further investigations of the sources of PCDD/CDF in municipal sewage sludge. Organohalogen Compounds 1 1 :2 9 3 -2 9 6 . Horstmann, M .; McLachlan, M .; Reissinger, M .; M orgenroth, M. (1993b) An investigation of PCDD/CDF form ation during textile production and finishing. Organohalogen Compounds 11:417-420. Horstm ann, M .; McLachlan, M.S. (1994a) Textiles as a source of polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/CDF) in human skin and sewage sludge. Environ. Sci. & Pollut. Res. 1(1):15-20. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-26 December 2003 Horstm ann, M .; McLachlan, M.S. (1994b) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in textiles and their transfer to human skin, sewage sludge and other matrices. Organohalogen Compounds 2 0:251 -2 54. Horstmann, M.; McLachlan, M.S. (1995) Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) in urban runoff and household wastewaters. Chemosphere 31(3):2887-2896. Hryhorczuk, O.D.; W ith ro w , W .A .; Hesse, C.S.; Beasly, V.R. (1981) A wire reclamation incinerator as a source of environm ental contam ination w ith TCDDs and TCDFs. Archives of Environmental Health 36(5):2 28-234. Huang, C.W .; M iyata, H.; Lu, J.; Ohta, S.; Chang, T.; Kashimoto, T. (1992) Levels of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in soil samples from incineration sites for metal reclam ation in Taiwan. Chemosphere 2 4 (1 1 ):1 6 6 9 -1 6 7 6 . Huang, H.; Buekens, A. (1995) On the m echanisms of dioxin form ation in com bustion processes. Chemosphere 31 (9 ):4 0 9 9 -4 1 1 7 . Huang, H.; Biesemans, M ., Buekens, A. (1999) Characterization of the nature of de novo synthesis by 13C NMR. Organohalogen Compounds 4 1 :1 0 5 -1 0 8 . Huckins, J.N.; Stalling,D.L.; Petty, J.D. (1980) Carbon-foam chromatographic separation of non-o-o'-chlorine substituted PCBs from Aroclor m ixtures. J. Assoc. O ff. Anal. Chem. 63(4):750-755. Hlster, A .; M arschner, H. (1993) Soil-plant transfer of CDD/PCDF to vegetables of the cucum ber fam ily (Cucurbitaceae). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 8 (6 ):1 1 1 0 -1 1 1 5 . Hlster, A .; Marschner, H. (1994) The influence of root exudates on the uptake of CDD/PCDF by plants. Organohalogen Compounds 20:31-34. Hutzinger, O.; Fiedler, H. (1991a) Formation of dioxins and related com pounds in industrial processes. In: Bretthauer, E.W .; Kraus, H.W .; di Domenico, A ., eds. Dioxin perspectives. A pilot study on international inform ation exchange on dioxins and related com pounds. New York, NY: Plenum Press. Hutzinger, O.; Fiedler, H. (1991b) Formation of dioxins and related com pounds from com bustion and incineration processes. In: Bretthauer, E.W .; Kraus, H.W .; di Domenico, A ., eds. Dioxin perspectives. A pilot study on international inform ation exchange on dioxins and related com pounds. New York, NY: Plenum Press. Hutzinger, O.; Fiedler, H. (1992) From source to exposure: some open questions. Organohalogen Compounds 9:1-4. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-27 December 2003 Hutzinger, O; Essers, U.; Hagenmaier, H. (1992) Untersuchungen zur emission halogenierter dibenzodioxine und dibenzofurane aus verbrennungsmortoren beim betrieb m it handelsblichen betriebsstoffen. Universities of Bayreuth, S tu ttg a rt and Tbingen, Germany. GSF-Forschungszentrum, M unich, Germany, ISSN 0 9 3 7 9932. Huwe, J.K .; Feil, V .J .; Tiernan, T.O. (1998) In vivo form ation of octachlorodibenzo-pdioxin from a predioxin. Organohalogen Compounds 36:93-95. Jager, J.; W ilken, M .; Zeschmar-Lahl, B. (1992) Dioxin und furan emissionen in Berlin eine hochrechnung. Staub-Reinhaltung der Luft. 5 2:99-10 6. Jansson, B.; Sundstrom , G; Ahling, B. (1977). Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins during com bustion of chlorophenol form ulations. Science in the Total Environment 10: 209-217. Jarmoham ed, W .; Mulder, P. (1994) O xychlorination and com bustion of propene on flyash form ation of chlorinated benzenes, dibenzodioxins and mono- and dibenzofurans. Chemosphere 29 (9-11): 1911-1917. Jensen, S.; Sundstrm , G.; Frescati, L. (1974) Structures and levels of most chlorobiphenyls in tw o technical PCB products and in human adipose tissue. Ambio 3(2):70-76. Jobst, H. Aldag, R. Um weltchem . Okotox. 2 0 0 0 , 1, 2-4. Jones, K.C.; A lcock, R.E. (1996) Dioxin inputs to the environm ent: A review of temporal trend data and proposals for a m onitoring programme to detect past and future change in the U.K. Departm ent of Environm ent report. Jury, W .A .; Spencer, W .F.; Farmer, W .J. (1983) Behavior assessment model for trace organics in soil: model description. J. Environ. Qual. 1 2 :5 5 8 -5 6 4 . Kannan, N.; Tanabe, S.; W akim oto, T.; Tatsukaw a, R. (1987) Coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in Aroclor and Kanechlor m ixtures. J. Assoc. O ff. Anal. Chem. 70(3):451-454. Kanters, J.; Louw, R. (1994) Chlorine input and o u tput in com bustion of municipal solid w aste in a lab-scale m ini-reactor system. Chemosphere 29 (9-1 1): 1 9 1 9-1925. Kao, A .S .; Venkataram an, C. (1995) Estimating the contribution of reentrainm ent to the atmospheric deposition of dioxin. Chemosphere 31(10):4317-4331. Karasek, F.W .; Dickson, L.C. (1987) Model studies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin form ation during municipal refuse incineration. Science 237: 754-756. August 14. DRAFT- DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-28 December 2003 Kearney, P.C.; W oolson, E.A.; Isensee, A.R.; Helling, C.S. (1973) Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin in the environm ent: sources, fate, and decontam ination. Environmental Health Perspectives. 5:273-277. Kieatiwong, S.; Nguyen, L.V.; Hebert, V.R.; Hackett, M.; Miller, G.C.; Miille, M .J.; Mitzel, R. (1990) Photolysis of chlorinated dioxins in organic solvents and on soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 4 (1 0 ):1 5 7 5 -1 5 8 0 . Kirby, R. (1994) Petroleum refining industry - presence of dioxins and furans in wastew ater generated by reforming operations. W ashington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of W ater, Engineering and Analysis Division. May 1994. Kirsbaum, I.Z.; Domburg, G.E.; Sergeyeva, V.N. (1972) Extension of application range of gas chrom atography to analysis of lignin pyrolysis products. Latv. PSR Zinat. Akad. Vestis, Khim. Ser., pp 7 0 0 -7 0 7 . Cited in : Choudhry,G .G .; Hutzinger, O. (1983). Mechanistic aspects of the thermal form ation of halogenated organic com pounds including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. New York, NY: Gordon and Breach. Kjeller, L.; Jones, K.C.; Johnston, A.E.; Rappe, C. (1991) Increases in the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and -furan content of soils and vegetation since the 1840s Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 5 (9 ):1 6 1 9 -1 6 2 7 . Klasmeier, J.; McLachlan, M.S. (1995) A screening method for detection of OCDD/F in textiles. Organohalogen Compounds 23:131 -1 34. KM G-Bernuth, Inc. (1997) Letter from Thomas H. M itchell (KMG-Bernuth) to M atthew Lorber (U.S. EPA/ORD/NCEA). March 5, 1997. Houston, TX: KMG-Bernuth, Inc. Knepper, W .A . (1981) Iron. In: Kirk-Othm er Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed. 1 3 :7 3 5 -7 5 3 . New York, NY: John W iley and Sons. Knittel, D. (1983) Titanium and titanium alloys. In: Kirk-Othm er Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed. 2 3 :9 8 -1 3 0 . New York, NY: John W iley and Sons. Koester, C .J.; Hites, R.A. (1992) Photodegradation of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans adsorbed to fly ash. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 6 (3):5 02-507. Konduri, R.; A ltw ic k e r, E. (1994) The e ffe ct of the electric field on the form ation of PCDD in electrostatic precipitators. Hazardous W aste & Hazardous M aterials 11 (1): 1 45 156. Koning, J.; Sein, A .A .; Troost, L.M .; Bremmer, H.J. (1993) Sources of dioxin emissions in the Netherlands. Organohalogen Compounds 1 4 :3 1 5 -3 1 8 . Kramer, D.A. (1995) Minerals yearbook - magnesium. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Division. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-29 December 2003 Krauss, T.; Krauss, P.; Hagenmaier, H. (1994) Formation of PCDD/PCDF during composting? Chemosphere 28(1):155-158. Kuck, P.H. (1995) Minerals yearbook - nickel. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Division. Kutz, FW; Barnes, DG; Bretthauer, EW; et al. (1990) The International T o xicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF) method for estim ating risks associated w ith exposures to com plex m ixtures of dioxins and related com pounds. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 26:99-109. Kw ok, E.S.C.; A tkinson, R.; Arey, J. (1995) Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of the OH radical w ith dichlorobiphenyls, 1-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 1,2dim ethoxybenzene, and diphenyl ether: estim ation of OH radical reaction rate constants for PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 9 (6 ):1 5 9 1 -1 5 9 8 . Lahl, U.; W ilken, M .; Zeschmar-Lahl, B.; Jager, J. (1991) PCDD/PCDF balance of different municipal waste management methods. Chemosphere 23(8-10):1481-1489. Lahl, U. (1993) Sintering plants of steel industry - the m ost im portant therm ical PCDD/CDF source in industrialized regions. Organohalogen Compounds 1 1 :3 1 1 314. Lahl, U. (1994) Sintering plants of steel industry - PCDD/F emission status and perspectives. Chemosphere 29(9-1 1):1939-1945. Lamparski, L.L.; Stehl, R.H.; Johnson, R.L. (1980) Photolysis of pentachlorophenoltreated wood. Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin form ation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 14(2):196-200. Lamparski, L.L.; Nestrick, T .J.; Cutie, S.S. (1990) The im pact on the environm ent of airborne particulate m atter from the eruption of M ount Saint Helens in May 1980. In: Clement, R.; Kogel, R., eds, Emissions from com bustion processes: origin, measurement, control. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers. Lane, J.C. (1980) Gasoline and other m otor fuels. In: Kirk-Othm er Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed. Vol. 11, pp. 6 5 2 -6 9 5 . Larsen, B.; Bow adt, S.; Facchetti, S. (1992) Separation of to xic congeners from PCB m ixtures on tw o series coupled narrow-bore colum ns (50 m SIL-8 and 25 m HT-5). International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry (47):147-166. Larsen, B.R. (1995) HRGC separation of PCB congeners. J. High Resol. Chromatogr. 18:141-151. Larsson, P.; Lemkemeier, K. (1989) Microbial mineralization of chlorinated phenols and biphenyls in sedim ent-w ater system s from humic and clear-w ater lake. W ater Research 23(9):1 081-108 5. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-30 December 2003 Larssen, S.; Brevick, E.M.; Oehme, M. (1990) Emission factors of PCDD and PCDF for road vehicles obtained by a tunnel experiment. Organohalogen Compounds 1 :4 5 3 456. Lasagni, M .; Collina, E.; Tettam anti, M .; Pitea, D. (2000) Kinetics of MSWI fly ash therm al degradation. 1. Empirical rate equation for native carbon gasification. Environ. Sci. Technol. 3 4 :1 3 0 -1 3 6 . Lebeuf, M .; Gobeil, C.; Brochu, C.; Moore, S. (1996) Direct atm ospheric deposition versus fluvial inputs of PCDD/Fs to the sediments of the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary. Organohalogen Compounds 28:20-24. Lee, R.G.; Hung, H.; M ackay, D.; Jones, K.C. (1998) Measurement and modeling of the diurnal cycling of atm ospheric PCBs and PAHs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(14):2172-2179. Leifer, A .; Brink, R.H.; Thom , G.C.; Partymiller, K.G. (1983) Environmental transport and transform ation of polychlorinated biphenyls. W ashington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances. EPA-560/5-83-025. Lemieux, P.M. (1997) Evaluation of emissions from the open burning of household waste in barrels. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory. EPA-600/R-97-134a. Lemieux, P. (2000) Barrel burn experim ent results. E-mail from P. Lemieux (EPA/ORD) to D. Cleverly (EPA/ORD) dated September 7, 2000. Lemieux, P.M.; G ullett, B.K.; Lutes, C.C.; W interrow d, C.K.; W inters, D.L. (2000) Parameters influencing emissions of PCDDs/Fs from open burning of household w aste in barrels. Presented at: AW M A /E nvironm ent Canada Specialty Conference "Recent Advances in the Science and Management of Air T o xics," April 10-12, 2000, Banff, Alberta, Canada. Lepine, F.; M ilot, S.; V incent, N. (1992) Formation of to xic PCB congeners and PCBsolvent adducts in a sunlight irradiated cyclohexane solution of Aroclor 1254. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 4 8 :1 5 2 -1 5 6 . Lew, G. (1993) Letter to John Schaum concerning CARB (1987) draft report on CDD/CDFs in vehicle exhausts. Sacram ento, CA: California Air Resources Board, M onitoring and Laboratory Division. Available for inspection at: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Research and Developm ent, National Center for Environmental Assessment, W ashington, D.C. Lew, G. (1996) Letter to G. Schweer (Versar, Inc.) dated January 1 1, 1996. Sacram ento, CA: State of California Air Resources Board, Engineering and Laboratory Branch. Available for inspection at: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Research and Developm ent, National Center for Environmental Assessm ent, W ashington, D.C. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-31 December 2003 Lexen, K.; De W it, C; Jansson, B.; Kjeller, L.O.; Kulp, S.E.; Ljung, K.; Soderstrom , G.; Rappe, C. (1993) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran levels and patterns in samples from different Swedish industries analyzed w ith in the Swedish dioxin survey. Chemosphere 27(1-3):163-170. Liberson, G.L.; Belanger, W .D. (1995) An analysis of dioxin production as a function of chlorine feed. In: Solid W aste Management: Thermal Treatm ent & W aste-to-Energy Technologies, Kilgroe, J., ed. Proceedings of an interantional specialty conference sponsored by the Air and W aste Management Association, W ashington, D.C. April 18-21, 1995, pp. 425-432. Liberti, A .; Brocco, D. (1982) Formation of polychlorodibenzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans in urban incinerator emissions. In: Hutzinger, O.; Frei, R.W .; Merian, E.; Pocchiari, F., eds., Chlorinated dioxins and related com pounds. New York, NY: Pergamon Press. Liberti, A .; G oretti, G.; Russo, M.V. (1983) PCDD and PCDF form ation in the com bustion of vegetable wastes. Chemosphere 12(4/5):661-663. Ling, H.; Diamond, M .; M ackay, D. (1993) Application of the QWASI fugacity/aquivalence model to assessing sources and fate of contam inants in Hamilton Harbour. Journal of Great Lakes Research 19 (3): 582-602. Liss, P.S.; Slater, P.G. (1974) Flux of gases across the air-sea interface. Nature 247:181-184. Lockheed M artin Corp. (1998) Urbanized areas rainfall. EPA Contract No. 68-C 5 -0 091. Lockw ood, L.F.; Ansel, G.; Haddad, P.O. (1981) Magnesium and magnesium alloys. In: Kirk-Othm er Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed. 1 4 :5 7 0 -6 1 5 . New York, NY: John W iley and Sons. Lofroth, G.; Zebuhr, Y. (1992) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in m ainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 4 8 :7 8 9 -7 9 4 . Lorang, P.A. (1996) Comm ents on the API docum ent: A study to quantify on-road emissions of dioxins and furans from mobile sources: phase 2. Ann Arbor, MI: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory. Memorandum dated December 1996. Lorber, M .; Braverman, C.; Gehring, P.; W inters, D.; Sovocoal, W. (1996) Soil and air m onitoring in the vicin ity of a municipal solid w aste incinerator. Part I: soil m onitoring. Organohalogen Compounds 28:255 -2 61. Lorenz, W .; W ichm ann, H.; Bahadir, M. (1996) Balancing of the release of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in fire accidents--a contribution to the discussion. Reinhaltung der Luft. 56:49-53. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-32 December 2003 LUA (Landesumweltamt Nordrhein-Westfalen) (1997) Identification of relevant industrial sources of dioxins and furans in Europe. Materialien No. 43. Essen, Germany: North Rhine-Westphalia State Environm ent Agency. ISSN 0 9 4 7 -5 2 0 6 . Luijk, R.; Govers, H .A .; Neilssen, L. (1992) Formation of polybrom inated dibenzofurans during extrusion of high im pact polystyrene/decabrom odiphenyl ether/antim ony (III) oxide. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26(1 1):2191-2198. Luijk, R.; Akkerm an, D.M .; Slot, P.; Olie, K.; Kapteljn, F. (1994) M echanism of form ation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the catalyzed com bustion of carbon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28: 3 1 2 -3 2 1 . Lustenhouw er, J .A .; Olie, K; Hutzinger, O. (1980) Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and related com pounds in incinerator effluents. A review of measurements and mechanisms of form ation. Chemosphere 9:501-522. Luthe, C.; Karidio, I.; Uloth, V. (1996) Controlling dioxins em issions in coastal pow er boilers: a status report. Pulp and Paper Canada. 9 7 (9 ):7 6 -8 2 . Luthe, C.; Karidio, I.; Uloth, V. (1998) Dioxins form ation in salt-laden pow er boilers: a mass balance. Chemosphere 36(2):2 31-249. Lykins, B.W .; Clark, R.; Cleverly, D.H. (1987) Polychlorinated dioxin and furan discharge during carbon reactivation. Journal of Environmental Engineering 114(2): 330-316. Mahle, N.H.; W h ittin g , L.F. (1980) The form ation of chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins by air oxidation and chlorination of bitum inous coal. Chemosphere 9 :6 9 3 -6 9 9 . M alisch, R. (1994) Determ ination of PCDD/PCDF in PCB products and m ilk samples; correlation between PCB- and PCDD/PCDF-contamination of m ilk samples. Organohalogen Compounds 20:209 -2 14. Malloy, T .A .; Goldfarb, T.D .; Surico, M .T.J. (1993) PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, chlorophenols (CPs) and chlorobenzenes (CBzs) in samples from various types of com posting facilities in the United States. Chemosphere 2 7 (1 -3 ):3 2 5 -3 3 4 . M aniff, K.; Lewis, M. (1988) MISA m onitoring discovers dioxins and furans in w astew ater stream of petroleum refinery. M inistry of the Environment Communique. December 5, 1988. Mannsville (1983) Mannsville chemical products synopsis. Cortland, NY: Mannsville Chemical Products Corp. December 1983. Marklund, S.; Kjeller, L.O.; Hasson, M.; Tysklund, M .; Rappe, C.; Ryon, C.; Collazo, H.; Dougherty, R. (1986) Determ ination of PCDDs and PCDFs in incineration samples and pyrolytic products. In: Rappe, C.; Choudhary, G.; Keith, L.H., eds. Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in perspective. Lewis Publishers Inc., M ichigan. pp. 79-94. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-33 December 2003 M arklund, S.; Rappe, C.; Tysklind, M .; Egeback, K.E. (1987) Identification of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxins in exhausts from cars run on leaded gasoine. Chemosphere 16(1):29-36. M arklund, S.; Andersson, R.; Tysklind, M .; Rappe, C. (1989) Emissions of PCDDs and PCDFs from a PVC-fire in Holmsund, Sweden. Chemosphere 1 8 (1 -6 ):1 0 3 1 -1 0 3 8 . M arklund, S.; Andersson, R.; Tysklind, M .; Rappe, C.; Egeback, K.E.; Bjorkman, E.; Grigoriadis, V. (1990) Emissions of PCDDs and PCDFs in gasoline and diesel fueled cars. Chemosphere 20(5):553-561. Mathur, D.B.; Stephenson, M .J.; W enning, R.J.; Paustenbach, D.J.; Folwarkow , S.; Lursemburg, W .J. (1997) PCDD/PCDFs in storm w ater outfalls adjacent to urban areas and petroleum refineries in San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Organohalogen Compounds 32:1-5. Matsueda, T.; Kurokawa, Y.; Nakamura, M .; Takada, S.; Fukamachi, K. (1994) Concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs and coplanar PCBs in cigarettes from various countries. Organohalogen Compounds 20:331 -3 34. M attila, H.; Virtanen, T.; Vartiainen, T.; Ruuskanen, J. (1992) Emissions from com bustion of w aste plastic material in fixed bed boiler. Organohalogen Compounds 9:147-150. M aw , K. (1998) E-mail to G. Schweer (Versar, Inc.) dated July 13, 1998. Research Triangle Park, NC: Pacific Environmental Services. McCord, A.T. (1981) A study of the emission rate of volatile com pounds from lagoons. Presented at the National Conference of Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites. M cCorm ack, W .B .; Moore, R.; Sandy, C.A. (1981) Organolead com pounds. In: KirkOthmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed. Vol. 14, pp. 180-195. M cCrady, J.K .; Maggard, S.P. (1993) Uptake and photodegradation of 2 ,3 ,7 ,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin sorbed to grass foliage. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 7 :3 4 3 350. McLachlan, M. (1996) Bioaccum ulation of hydrophobic chem icals in agricultural food chains. Environ. Sci. Technol. 3 0 :2 5 2 -2 5 9 . McLachlan, M .S.; W elsch-Pausch, K.; Tolls, J. (1995) Field validation of a model of the uptake of gaseous SOC in Lolium m u ltiflo ru m (rye grass). Environ. Sci. Technol. 29(8):1998-2004. Merk, M.; Schramm, K.W .; Lenoir, D.; Henkelmann, B.; Kettrup, A. (1995) Determination of the PCDD/F concentration in the fum es from a PVC fire. Organohalogen Compounds 23:491-494. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-34 December 2003 Metal Producing (1991) Sinter plant roundup. 33 Metal Producing. May 1991. p. 24. Metal Producing (1996) Census of the North American steel industry. 33 Metal Producing. March 1996. pp. 39-52. M icklewright, J.T. (1994) Wood preservation statistics, 1993. A report to the wood preserving industry in the United States. M idw est Research Institute (MRI) (1996) Updated medical w aste incinerator data base. M emorandum from B. Strong/B. Hardee (MRI) to R. Copeland (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ESD Com bustion Group). EPA Contract No. 68-D 1 -0 115. M ill, T.; Rossi, M .; M cM illen, D.; Coville, M .; Leung, D.; Spang, J. (1987) Photolysis of tetrachlorodioxin and PCBs under atm ospheric conditions. Internal report prepared by SRI International for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Health and Environmental Assessment, W ashington, D.C. Miller, A. (1993) Dioxin emissions from EDC/VCM plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27:1014-1015. M iller, G.C.; Hebert, V.R .; M iille, M .J.; M itzel, R.; Zepp, R.G. (1989) Photolysis of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on soils: production of 2,3,7,8-TC DD . Chemosphere 18:1265-1274. M illigan, M .S.; A ltw icke r, E.R. (1995) M echanistic aspects of the de novo synthesis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in fly ash from experim ents using isotopically labeled reagents. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29: 1353-1358. M illigan, M .S.; A ltw ic k e r, E.R. (1996) Chlorophenol reactions on fly ash. Equilibrium surface coverage and global kinetics. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30: 230 -2 36. M itchell, D.; Loader, A. (1993) Investigation of pollutant emissions from crematoria. United Kingdom. Warren Spring Laboratory. Report No. LR908(PA). M oche, W .; Thanner, G. (1998) PCDD/F emissions from coal com bustion in small residential plants. Organohalogen Compounds 3 6:329 -3 32. M orim oto, K.; Kenji, T. (1995) Effect of humic substances on the enzymatic form ation of OCDD from PCP. Organohalogen Compounds 2 3 :3 8 7 -3 9 2 . Muir, C.G.; Yarechewski, A.L.; Corbet, R.L.; W ebster, G.R.B.; Smith, A.E. (1985) Laboratory and field studies on the fate of 1 ,3 ,6 ,8 - tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in soil and sediments. J. Agric. Food Chem. 3 3 :5 1 8 -5 2 3 . Musdalslien, V .I.; Nokleby, P.H.; W allevik, O. (1998) Formation of dioxins from carbonaceous m aterials in production of anhydrous magnesium chloride. Organohalogen Compounds 36:81-84. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-35 December 2003 M uto, H.; Takizawa, Y. (1989) Dioxins in cigarette smoke. Archives of Environmental Health 44(3):1 71-174. M uto, H.; Takizawa, Y. (1992) Potential health risk via inhalation/ingestion exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 49:701-707. Naf, C.; Broman, D.; Ishaq, R.; Zebuhr, Y. (1990) PCDDs and PCDFs in w ater, sludge and air samples from various levels in a w aste w ater treatm ent plant w ith respect to com position changes and total flux. Chemosphere 2 0 (1 0 -1 2 ):1 5 0 3 -1 5 1 0 . Naikwadi, K.P.; Karasek, F.W. (1989) Prevention of PCDD form ation in MSW incinerators by inhibition of catalytic a ctivity of fly ash produced. Chemosphere 19 (1-6): 2 9 9 304. Nakamura, M .; Matsueda, T .; Kurokawa, Y.; Takada, S., Fukamachi, K. (1994) Levels and profiles of CDDs and PCDFs in soils and plants. Organohalogen Compounds 20:103-106. Nash, R.G.; Beall, M.L. Jr. (1980) Distribution of silvex, 2,4-D , and TCDD applied to tu rf in chambers and field plots. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chem istry 2 8 :6 1 4 623. NATO (North A tlantic Treaty Organization) (1988) Pilot study on international inform ation exchange on dioxins and related com pounds: Emissions of dioxins and related com pounds from com bustion and incineration sources. North A tla ntic Treaty Organization, Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society. Report #172. August 1988. NCASI (National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement) (1993) Summary of data reflective of pulp and paper industry progress in reducing the TCDD/TCDF content of effluents, pulps and w astew ater treatm ent sludges. New York, NY. NCASI. June 1993. NCASI (National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement) (1995) NCASI sum mary of PCDD/F emission from w ood residue and black liquor combustion. A ttachm ent 2 to com ments subm itted on January 13, 1995, to EPA's O ffice of Health and Environmental Assessment concerning the draft document entitled "Estimating Exposure to Dioxin-Like Compounds." Nestrick, T .J.; Lamparski, L.L. (1982) Isomer-specific determ ination of chlorinated dioxins for assessment of form ation and potential environm ental emission from wood combustion. Anal. Chem. 5 4(13 ):2292 -22 99. Nestrick, T .J.; Lamparski, L.L. (1983) Assessm ent of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin form ation and potential emission to the environm ent from w ood com bustion. Chemosphere 12(4/5):617-626. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-36 December 2003 Nestrick, T.J.; Lamparski, L.L., Crummett, W.B. (1987) Therm olytic surface-reaction of benzene and iron (III) chloride to form chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurnas. Chemosphere 16(4):777-790. Nies, L.; Vogel, T.M. (1990) Effects of organic substrates on dechlorination of Aroclor 1242 in anaerobic sediments. Applied and Environmental M icrobiology 56(9):2612-2617. Nito, S.N.; Akim oto, Y.; Imagawa,T.; Inouye,Y. (1997) Comparative study on formations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, chlorinated dibenzofuran and related com pounds by pyrolysis of some precursors on unused sand for fluidized bed incinerator and long term used sand. Chemosphere. 3 5 :1 7 1 7 -1 7 2 7 . Oberg, T.; W arman, K.; Berstrom, J. (1989) Production of chlorinated arom atics in the post-com bustion zone and boiler. Chemosphere 1 9 (1 -6 ):3 1 7 -3 2 2 . Oberg, L.G.; Glas, B.; Swanson, S.E.; Rappe, C.; Paul, K.G. (1990) Peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of chlorophenols to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19:930-938. Oberg, L.G.; Rappe, C. (1992) Biochemical form ation of PCDD/Fs from chlorophenols. Chemosphere 25(1-2):49-52. Oberg, L.G.; Andersson, R.; Rappe, C. (1992) De novo form ation of hepta- and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins from pentachlorophenol in municipal sewage sludge. Organohalogen Compounds 9:351-35 4. Oberg, L.G.; W agm an, N.; Andersson, R.; Rappe, C. (1993) De novo form ation of PCDD/Fs in com post and sewage sludge - a status report. Organohalogen Compounds 11:297-302. Oberg, L.G., W agm an, N.; Koch, M .; Rappe, C. (1994) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and non-ortho PCBs in household organic-w aste com post and mature garden waste compost. Organohalogen Compounds 20:245 -2 50. Oehme, M .; Mano, S.; Bjerke, B. (1989) Formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins by production processes for magnesium and refined nickel. Chemosphere 18(7-8):1379-1389. Oehme, M .; Larssen,S.; Brevik, E.M. (1991) Emission factors of PCDD/CDF for road vehicles obtained by a tunnel experiment. Chemosphere 23:169 9-1708. Office of Nature Conservancy (1991) Organochlorine compounds from dishwashing detergents and bleach? Sweden O ffice of Nature Conservancy Report No. 400 9. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-37 December 2003 O 'Keefe, P.W .; Sm ith, R.M. (1989) PCB capacitor/transform er accidents. In: Kimbrough, R.D.; Jensen, A .A ., eds. Halogenated biphenyls, terphenyls, napthalenes, dibenzodioxins and related products. N e w York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishers. Olie, K.; Berg, M .v.d .; Hutzinger, O. (1983) Formation and fate of PCDD and PCDF from combustion processes. Chemosphere 12(4/5):627-636. O patick, R.E. (1995) Chlorobenzene Producers Association com m ents on EPA's external review draft of Estimating Exposure to Dioxin-Like Compounds. Chlorobenzene Producers Association. January 10, 1995. Orazio, C.E.; Kapila, S.; Puri, R.K.; Yanders, A.F. (1992) Persistence of chlorinated dioxins and furans in the soil environm ent. Chemosphere 2 5 (7 -1 0 ):1 4 6 9 -1 4 7 4 . O'Rourke, K. (1996) M emorandum to David Cleverly dated December 16, 1996, concerning MWI phone survey summary. Available for inspection at: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, W ashington, D.C. Ozvacic, V. (1985) A review of stack sampling m ethodology for PCDDs/PCDFs. Chemosphere 15(9-12):1173-1178. Paciorek, K.L.; Kratzer, R.H.; Kaufman, J.; Nakahara, J.; Hartstein, A.M . (1974) Oxidative therm al decom position of poly (vinyl chloride) com positions. J. Appl Polym. Sci. 18:3723-3729. Palmer, F. H.; Sapudar, R.A.; Heath, J .A .; Richard, N .J.; Bowes, G.W. (1988) Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran contam ination in California from chlorophenol wood preservative use. California State W ater Resources Control Board. Report No. 88-5W Q . Papke, O.; Ball, M .; Lis, Z .A .; Scheunert, K. (1989) PCDD and PCDF in indoor air in kindergartens in Northern W. Germany. Chemosphere 18 :6 1 7 -6 2 6 . Pardue, J.H .; Delaune, R.D.; Patrick, W .H. (1988) Effect of sedim ent pH and oxidationreduction potential on PCB m ineralization. W ater, Air and Soil Pollution 3 7 :4 3 9 447. Patterson, S. H.; M urray, H.H. (1984) Kaolin, refractory clay, ball clay, and halloysite in North Am erica, Hawaii, and the Caribbean region. U.S. Geological Survey. Professional Paper No. 1306. Paterson, S.; M ackay, D.; Bacci, E.; Calamari, D. (1991) Correlation of the equilibrium and kinetics of leaf-air exchange of hydrophobic organic chemicals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25(5):866-871. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-38 December 2003 Paustenbach, D.; Wenning, R.J.; Lau, V.; Harrington, N.W .; Rennix, D.K.; Parsons, A.H. (1992) Recent developm ents on the hazards posed by 2,3,7,8-TC D D in soil: im plications for setting risk-based cleanup levels at residential and industrial sites. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 3 6 :1 0 3 -1 4 9 . Paustenbach, D .J.; W enning, R.J.; M athur, D.; Luksemburg, W. (1996) PCDD/PCDFs in urban storm w ater discharged to San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Organohalogen Compounds 28:111 -1 16. Pentachlorophenol Task Force (1997) Letter from John W ilkinson (Pentachlorophenol Task Force) to M atthew Lorber (U.S. EPA/ORD/NCEA). February 7, 1997. W ashington, DC: Pentachlorophenol Task Force. Persson, P.E.; Bergstrm, J. (1991) Emission of chlorinated dioxins from landfill fires. Proceedings Sardinia 91: Third International Landfill Symposium. pp. 1635-1641. Peters, J.A. (1983) Evaluation of hazardous w aste incineration in cem ent kilns at San Juan Cement Company. Prepared for Incineration Research Branch, Industrial Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Pitea, D.; Lasagni, M .; Bonati, L.; M oro, G.; Todeschini, R.; Chiesa, G. (1989a) The com bustion of municipal solid w astes and PCDD and PCDF emissions. Part 1. PCDD and PCDF in MSW. Chemosphere 1 8 (7 -8 ):1 4 5 7 -1 4 6 4 . Pitea, D.; Lasagni, M .; Bonati, L.; M oro, G.; Todeschini, R.; Chiesa, G. (1989b) The com bustion of municipal solid w astes and PCDD and PCDF emissions. Part 2. PCDD and PCDF in stack gases. Chemosphere 1 8 (7 -8 ):1 4 6 5 -1 4 7 4 . Plimmer, J.R. (1980) Herbicides. In: Kirk-Othm er Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed. Vol. 12, pp. 297 -3 51. Pohlandt, K.; M arutzky, R. (1994) Concentration and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) in w ood ash. Chemosphere 28(7):1311-1314. Prinn, R.G.; Weiss, R.F.; Miller, B.R.; Huang, J.; Alyea, F.N.; Cunnold, D.M .; Fraser, P.J.; Hartley, D.E.; Simm onds, P.G. (1995) 2 6 9 :1 8 7 . Puri, R.K.; Clevenger, T.E.; Kapila, S.; Yanders, A.F.; M alhotra, R.K. (1989) Studies of parameters affecting translocation of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in soil. Chemosphere 18(1-6):1291-1296. Quab, U.; Fermann, M. (1997) Identification of relevant industrial sources of dioxins and furans in Europe. North Rhine-W estphalia State Environment Agency. Report No. 43. Quab, U.; Fermann, M .W .; Brker, G. (1998) Steps tow ards a European dioxin emission inventory. Organohalogen Compounds 36:7-10. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-39 December 2003 Quensen, J.F.; Tiedje, J.M .; Boyd, S.A. (1988) Reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls by anaerobic microorganisms from sediment. Science 242:752-754. Quensen, J.F.; Boyd, S.A.; Tiedje, J.M. (1990) Dechlorination of four commercial polychlorinated biphenyl m ixtures (Aroclors) by anaerobic microorganisms from sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 5 6 (1 ):2 3 6 0 -2 3 6 9 . Radian Corporation (1991) Results of dioxin testing on the catalytic reform er unit #1 exhaust Texas Refinery; Bakersfield, California. Radian Corp.: Sacram ento, CA. August 8, 1991. Radian Corporation (1994) Memorandum from R. Harrison, C. Blackley to W. Stevenson, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, N.C. Radian Corp., Research Triangle Park, N.C. February 16, 1994. Randall, D. (1995) Memorandum dated April 8, 1995, from David Randall and Brian Hardee, M idw est Research Institute, Cary, North Carolina, to Richard Copland, Com bustion Group, O ffice of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Subject: Emission factors for medical w aste incinerators (MW Is), EPA Contract No. 6 8 -0 1 0 1 1 5 ; EPA Docket Number A -9 1 -6 1 ; IV B 042. Rappe, C. (1991) Sources of human exposure to CDDs and PCDFs. In: Biological Basis for Risk Assessment of Dioxin and Related Compounds, Banbury Report No. 35, M. Gallo, R. Scheuplein, and K. van der Heiden (Eds), Plainview, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Rappe, C. (1992a) Sources of PCDDs and PCDFs. Introduction. Reactions, levels, patterns, profiles and trends. Chemosphere 25 (1 -2 ):4 1 -4 4 . Rappe, C. (1992b) Sources of exposure, environm ental levels and exposure assessment of PCDDs and PCDFs. Organohalogen Compounds 9:5-8. Rappe, C. (1993) Sources of exposure, environm ental concentrations and exposure assessment of PCDDs and PCDFs. Chemosphere 27(1-3):21 1-225. Rappe, C. (1995) Comm ents on the USEPA draft docum ent. In: Comm ents subm itted to EPA by the Integrated W aste Services Association on EPA's Estimating Exposure to Dioxin-Like Compounds. W ashington, DC: Integrated W aste Services Association. January 13, 1995. Rappe, C.; M arklund, S.; Buser, H.R.; Bosshardt, H.P. (1978a) Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) by burning or heating chlorophenates. Chemosphere 3:269-281. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-40 December 2003 Rappe, C.; Gara, A .; Buser, H.R. (1978b) Identification of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in com mercial chlorophenol form ulations. Chemosphere 1 2 :9 8 1 -9 9 1 . Rappe, C.; Andersson, R.; Berggvist, P.A.; Brohede, C.; Hansson, M .; Kjeller, L.O.; Lindstrom , G.; M arklund, S.; Nygren, M .; Swanson, S.E.; Tysklind, M .; W iberg, K. (1987) O verview of the environm ental fate of chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans. Sources, levels and isomeric pattern in various matrices. Chemosphere 16(8-9):1603-1618. Rappe, C.; Kjeller, L.O.; Bruckmann, P.; Hackhle, K.H. (1988) Identification and quantification of PCDD/CDFs in urban air. Chemosphere 17(1):3-20. Rappe, C.; Kjeller, L.O.; Andersson, R. (1989a) Analyses of PCDDs and PCDFs in sludge and w ater samples. Chemosphere 19(1-6):1 3-2 0. Rappe, C.; Swanson, S.; Gals, B.; Kringstad, K.P.; de Sousa, P.; Zensaku, A. (1989b) Formation of PCDDs and PCDFs by the chlorination of w ater. Chemosphere 19(12):1875-1880. Rappe, C.; Kjeller, L.O.; Kulp, S.E. (1990a) Sampling and analysis of PCDDs and PCDFs in surface w ater and drinking w ater at 0.001 ppq levels. Organohalogen Compounds 2:207-210. Rappe, C.; Glas, B.; Kjeller, L.O.; Kulp, S.E. (1990b) Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in products and effluent from the Swedish pulp and paper industry and chloralkali process. Chemosphere 20(10-12):1701-1706. Rappe, C.; Andersson, R.; Lundstrm , K.; W iberg, K. (1990c) Levels of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in com mercial detergents and related products. Chemosphere 21(1-2):43-50. Rappe, C.; Kjeller, L.; Kulp, S.; deW it, C.; Hasselsten, I.; Palm, O. (1991) Levels, profile and pattern of PCDDs and PCDFs in samples related to the production and use of chlorine. Chemosphere 23(11-12):1629-1636. Rappe, C.; Andersson, R.; Karlaganis, G.; Bonjour, R. (1994) PCDDs and PCDFs in samples of sewage sludge from various areas in Switzerland. Organohalogen Compounds 20:79-84. Ree, K.C.; Evers, E.H.G.; Van Der Berg, M. (1988) Mechanism of form ation of polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) from potential industrial sources. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 17:171-195. Remmers, J.; Dupuy, A .; M cDaniel, D.; Harless, R.; Steele, D. (1992) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran contam ination in chloranil and carbazole violet. Chemosphere 25(7-10):1505-1508. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-41 December 2003 Rhee, G .Y.; Bush, B.; Brown, M .P.; Kne, M .; Shane, L. (1989) Anaerobic biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls in Hudson River sediments and dredged sediments in clay encapsulation. W ater Research 23(8):957-964. Riederer, M. (1990) Estimating partitioning and transport of organic chemicals in the foliage/atm osphere system : discussion of a fugacity-based model. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24(6):829-837. Rieger, R.; Ballschmiter, K. (1992) Search for sources of CLxDD/CLxDF in sewage sludge of mixed industrial/dom estic origin. Organohalogen Compounds 9:203-20 6. Riggs, K.B.; Brown, T.D .; Schrock, M.E. (1995) PCDD/PCDF em issions from coal-fired power plants. Organohalogen Compounds 24:51-54. Rigo, G.H.; Chandler, J .A .; Lanier, S.W. (1995) The relationship between chlorine and dioxin emissions from w aste com bustors. In: Solid W aste Management: Thermal Treatm ent & W aste-to-Energy Technologies, Kilgroe, J., ed. Proceedings of an international specialty conference sponsored by the Air and W aste Management Association, W ashington, D.C. April 18-21, 1995. ASME/CRTD-Volume 36. Rigo, H.G. (1998) Dioxin and chlorine: New evidence of no material relationship in a commercial scale system. Organohalogen Compounds 3 6:261 -2 64. Risatti, J.B. (1992) Rates of microbial dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in anaerobic sediments from W aukegan Harbor. Champaign, IL: The Illinois Hazardous W aste Research and Inform ation Center. HWRIC RR-061. Riss, A .; Aichinger, H. (1993) Reduction of dioxin em issions and regulatory measures in Austria. Organohalogen Compounds 14:341-344. Robbins, J .A .; Edgington, D.N. (1973) Geochim Cosmochim Acta 39, p.285. As cited in: Czuczwa, J.M ; Hites, R.A. (1985). Historical record of polychlorinated dioxins and furans in Lake Huron sediments. In: Keith, L.H.; Rappe. C.; Choudhary, G, eds. Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in the total environm ent II. Boston, MA: Butterw orth Publishers. Rotard, W. (1993) Fires. In: Current view s on the im pact of dioxins and furans on human health and the environm ent. W ashington, D.C.: Toxicology Forum, Inc. Rubin, A .; W hite, C. (1992) Com puter printout from National Sewage Sludge Survey Data Base. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Science and Technology, Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Sludge Risk Assessment Branch. December 21, 1992. Ruokojarvi, P.; Ettala, M .; Rahkonen, P.; Tarhanen, J.; Ruuskanen, J. (1995) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDDs and PCDFs) in municipal waste landfill fires. Chemosphere 30(9):1697-1708. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-42 December 2003 Safe, S. (1992) Development, validation and lim itations of to xic equivalency factors. Chemosphere 25(1-2):61-64. Safe, S. (1994) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): environm ental im pact, biochemical and to xic responses, and im plications for risk assessment. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 21(1):51-88. Safe, S. (1995) Human dietary intake of aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor agonists: mass balance estim ates of exodioxins and endodioxins and im plications for health assessment. Organohalogen Compounds 26:7-13. SAIC (Science Applications International Corporation) (1994) Identification of sources of dioxin in catalytic reform ers and potential m itigation. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. EPA Contract No. 68-C 0 -0 044. Sakai, S.; Hiraoka, M .; Takeda, N.; Shiozaki, K. (1993a) Coplanar PCBs and PCDD/PCDFs in municipal w aste incineration. Chemosphere 2 7 (1 -3 ):2 3 3 -2 4 0 . Sakai, S.; Hiraoka, M .; Takeda, N.; Shiozaki, K. (1993b) On emission and form ation of non-ortho CBs and m ono-ortho CBs in municipal w aste incineration. Organohalogen Compounds 11:245-248. Sakai, S.; Hiraoka, M .; Takeda, N.; Shiozaki, K. (1994) Behavior of coplanar PCBs in oxidative condition of municipal waste incineration. Organohalogen Compounds 20:309-313. Santl, H.; Gruber, L.; Sthrer, E. (1994) Some new sources of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in w aste papers and recycled pulps. Chemosphere 29(9-1 1):1995-2003. Schfer, K.; M cLachlan, M .S.; Reissinger, Ml; Hutzinger, O. (1993) An investigation of PCDD/F in a com posting operation. Organohalogen Compounds 1 1 :4 2 5 -4 2 8 . S chatow itz, B.; Brandt, G.; Gafner, F.; Schlum pf, E.; Biihler, R.; Hasler, P.; Nussbaumer, T. (1993) Dioxin emissions from wood com bustion. Organohalogen Compounds 11:307-310. Schaub, W .M .; Tsang, W. (1983) Physical and chemical properties of dioxins in relation to their disposal. In: Tucker, R.E.; Young, A .L., Gray, A .P., eds. Human and Environmental Risks of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds. New York, NY: Plenum Press. Schecter, A .; Papke, O.; Isaac, J.; Hrim at, N.D.; Neiroukk, F.; Safi, J.; El-Nahhal, Y. (1997) 2 ,3 ,7 ,8 Chlorine substituted dioxin and dibenzofuran congeners in 2,4-D , 2 ,4 ,5 -T and pentachlorophenol. Organohalogen Compounds 3 2 :5 1 -5 5 . DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-43 December 2003 Schecter, A .J .; M ichalek, J.E.; May, J.; Ppke, O. (1998) Dioxin and dibenzofuran congeners in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and A gent Orange. Organohalogen Compounds 3 6 :2 8 5 -2 8 8 . S chm itt, R. (1993) Comm ents on pesticide data call-in [m em orandum to John Schaum, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Research and Development]. W ashington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs. April 27, 1993. Schoonenboom , M .H .; Trom p, P.C.; Olie, K. (1993) The form ation of coplanar PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in a fly-ash model system . Organohalogen Compounds 11:277-280. Schoonenboom , M .H .; Olie, K. (1995) Formation of PCDDs and PCDFs from anthracene and chloroanthracene in a model fly ash system. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29: 2 0 0 5 2009. Schramm, K.; Reischl, A .; Hutzinger, O. (1987) Chemosphere 1 6 :2 6 5 3 -2 6 6 3 . Schramm, K.W. (1998) Personal com m unication between Dr. Karl-Werner Schramm and Greg Schweer, Versar, Inc. September 29, 1998. Schreiner, M .; Reifenhuser, W ; Vierle, O. (1992) Measurements of the emission concentrations of PCDD/PCDF in a digester-torch of a municipal sewage plant. Organohalogen Compunds 9:255-25 7. Schreiner, G.; Schimmel, H.; Ballschmiter, K. (1995) Influence of the substitution pattern on the microbial degradation of mono- to tetrachlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins. Organohalogen Compounds 24:43-46. Schulz, D.E.; Petrick, G.; Duinker, J.C. (1989) Complete characterization of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in com merical Aroclor and Clophen m ixtures by m ultidim ensional gas chrom atography-electron capture detection. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23:852-859. S chw artz, T.R.; T illitt, D.E.; Feltz, K.P.; Peterman, P.H. (1993) Determ ination of monoand non--o-o'-chlorine substituted polychlorinated biphenyls in Aroclors and environmental samples. Chemosphere 26(8):1 4 4 3 -1 4 6 0 . Schwind, K-H.; Thoma, H.; Hutzinger, O.; Dawidowsky, N.; Weberuss, U.; Hagenmaier, H.; Buehler, U.; Greiner, R.; Essers, U.; Bessey, E. (1991) Emission halogenierter dibenzodioxine (PXDD) und dibenzofurane (PXDF) aus verbrennungsm otoren. UWSF-Z. Umweltchem. Oekotox. 3, 291-298. [English translation] Schw ind, K.H.; Hosseinpour, J.; Fiedler, H.; Lau, C.; Hutzinger, O. (1995) Human exposure to consumer products: analysis of chlorinated organic com pounds in candles and their exhaust fumes. Organohalogen Compounds 2 6 :1 1 3 -1 1 6 . DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-44 December 2003 Secor International, Inc. (1995a) Emission measurement results for furans and dioxins from the main stack at the Phelps Dodge-Hidalgo Smelter, Playos, New Mexico. Prepared for the Phelps Dodge M ining Company. Secor International, Inc. (1995b) Furans and dioxins emission measurement results for Cyprus Miami Mining Corporation. Prepared for the Cypress Am ax Minerals Company. Sedlak, D.L.; Andren, A.W . (1991) Aqueous-phase oxidation of polychlorinated biphenyls by hydroxyl radicals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 5 (8 ):1 4 1 9 -1 4 2 7 . Sew art, A .; Harrad, S .J.; M cLachlan, M .S.; M cGrath, S.P.; Jones, K.C. (1995) PCDD/Fs and non-o-PCBs in digested U.K. sewage sludges. Chemosphere 30 (1 ):5 1 -6 7 . Shane, B.S.; Henry, C.B.; Hotchkiss, J.H .; Klausner, K.A.; Gutenmann, W .H .; Lish, D.J. (1990) Organic toxican ts and mutagens in ashes from eighteen municipal refuse incinerators. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19:665-673. Shaub, W .M .; Tsang, W. (1983) Dioxin form ation in incinerators. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17: 721-730. Shin, K-J.; Chang, Y-S. (1999) Characterization of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls, and heavy metals in fly ash produced from Korean municipal solid waste incinerators. Chemosphere 3 8 :2 6 5 5 -2 6 6 6 . Sidhu, S. (1999) Role of aliphatic precursors in the form ation mechanism of PCDD/F, PCB/ and PCN. Organohalogen Compounds 4 1 :5 9 -6 2 . Silk, P.J.; Lonergan, G.C.; Arsenault, T.L.; Boyle, C.D. (1997) Evidence of natural organochlorine form ation in peat bogs. Chemosphere. 3 5 :2 8 6 5 -2 8 8 0 . Simonich, S.L.; Hites, R.A. (1994) Vegetation-atmosphere partitioning of polycyclic arom atic hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 8 (5 ):9 3 9 -9 4 3 . Sivils, L.D.; Kapila, S.; Yan, Q.; Elseewi, A.A. (1994) Studies on gas-phase phototransform ation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Organohalogen Compounds 19:349-353. Sivils, L.D.; Kapila, S.; Yan, Q.; Zhang, X.; Elseewi, A.A. (1995) Studies on vapor phase phototransform ation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs): effect of environmental parameters. Organohalogen Compounds 24:167 -1 72. Sm ith, R.M.; O'Keefe P.; Briggs, R.; Hilker, D.; Connor, S. (1992) Measurement of PCDFs and PCDDs in air samples and lake sediments at several locations in upstate New York. Chemosphere 25(1-2):95-98. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-45 December 2003 Sm ith, R.M.; O 'Keefe, P.W .; Hilker, D.; Connor, S.; Posner, E. (1995) Direct and indirect contribution of atm ospheric PCDDs and PCDFs to Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve sediment cores. Organohalogen Compounds 24 :1 4 1 -1 4 5 . Solid W aste Technologies. (1994) A comprehensive status report on MSW w aste-toenergy facilities, incinerators refuse-derived-fuel, and tire processing facilities throughout North America. Kansas C ity, MO: HCI Publications. 84 pp. Som eshwar, A .V .; Pinkerton, J.E. (1992) W ood processing industry. In: Buonicore, A .J ., Davis, W .T ., eds., Air pollution engineering manual. Air and W aste Management Association. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 835-847. Southerland, J.H .; Kuykendal, W .B.; Lamasan, W .H .; Miles, A.; Oberacker, D.A. (1987) Assessm ent of com bustion sources as em itters of chlorinated dioxin compounds: A report on the results of tier 4 of the National Dioxin Strategy. Chemosphere 16(8/9):2161-2168. Springer, J.M . (1997) Personal com m unication w ith A. Paintal, Versar, Inc. Cremation Association of North America. January 7, 1998. Stehl, R.H., Papenfuss, R.R., Bredeweg, R.A., Roberts, R.W. (1973) The stability of pentachlorophenol and chlorinated dioxins to sunlight, heat, and com bustion. In: E.H. Blair ed., Chlorodioxins - origin and fate. W ashington, DC: American Chemical Society. Stehl, R.H.; Lamparski, L.L. (1977) Com bustion of several 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy compounds: form ation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Science 197:1008-1009. Stieglitz, L.; Z w ick, G.; Beck, J.; Bautz, H.; Roth, W. (1989a) Carbonaceous particles in fly ash--a source for the de novo synthesis of organochlorocompounds. Chemosphere 19(1-6):283-290. Stieglitz, L.; Z w ick, G.; Beck, J.; Roth, W .; V ogg, H. (1989b) On the de-novo synthesis of PCDD/PCDF on fly ash of municipal w aste incinerators. Chemosphere 18:1219-1226. Stieglitz, L; Vogg, H.; Z w ick, G.; Beck, J.; Bautz, H. (1991) On form ation conditions of organohalogen compounds from particulate carbon of fly ash. Chemosphere 23(810):1255-1264. Storherr, R.W.; W atts, R.R.; Gardner, A .M .; Osgood, T. (1971) Steam distillation technique for the analysis of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in technical 2 ,4 ,5 T. Journal of the AOAC. 54(1):218-219. S tow e, R.A. (1996) A needle in a haystack. Environmental Protection. A ugust 1996. pp. 22-25. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-46 December 2003 Strachan, Eisenreich, S.J. (1988) Mass balancing of to xic chemicals in the Great Lakes: the role of atmospheric deposition. W indsor, Ontario: International Joint Commission. Strandell, M.E.; Lexen, K.M .; deW it, C.A.; Jarnberg, U.G.; Jansson, B.; Kjeller, L.O.; Kulp, E.; Ljung, K.; Sderstrm , G.; Rappe, C. (1994) The Swedish Dioxin Survey: Summary of results from PCDD/F and coplanar PCB analyses in source-related samples. Organohalogen Compounds 20:363 -3 66. Stringer, R.L.; Costner, P.; Johnston, P.A. (1995) PVC m anufacture as a source of PCCD/Fs. Organohalogen Compounds 2 4 :1 1 9 -1 2 3 . Strong, B. (1996) M emorandum dated January 31, 1996, from Brian Strong and Brian Hardee, M idw est Research Institute, Cary, North Carolina, to Richard Copland, Com bustion Group, O ffice of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Subject: Updated medical w aste incinerator data base, EPA Contract No. 6 8 -0 1 -0 1 1 5 ; EPA Docket Number A -91-61 ; IV B 022. Stuart, B.; Carter, D.; Hoodless, R.A. (1993) Report on the examination of sewage sludges for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. London, England: Laboratory of the Government Chemist. Suter-Hofmann, M.; Schlatter, C.H. (1986) Toxicity of particulate emissions from a municipal incinerator: critique of the concept of TCDD-equivalents. Chemosphere 15:1733-1743. Svenson, A .; Kjeller, L.O.; Rappe, C. (1989) Enzyme-mediated form ation of 2 ,3 ,7 ,8 tetrasubstituted chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23(7):900-902. Sverdrup Corp. (1991) Chemetco, Inc., compliance testing, final report. St. Louis, MO: Sverdrup Corp. April 19, 1991. Swackham er, D.L.; Arm strong, D.E. (1986) Estim ation of the atm ospheric and nonatm ospheric contributions and losses of polychlorinated biphenyls for Lake Michigan on the basis of sediment records of remote lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20 (9): 879-883. Swackham er, D.L.; M cV eety, B.D.; Hites, R.A. (1988) Deposition and evaporation of polychlorobiphenyl congeners to and from S iskiw it Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 2 (6):6 64-672. System s Application International (1995) MSWI database of all existing facilities in the U.S. Prepared in Sept. 1995 for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Policy Analysis. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-47 December 2003 Takeda, N.; Takaoka, M .; Fujiwara, T.; Takeyama, H.; Eguchi, S. (1998) Research on PCDDs/DFs emissions from crem atories in Japan. Organohalogen Compounds 36:167-170. Takizawa, Y.; Asada, S.; M uto, H. (1994) Dioxins in dust fall and volcanic ash from the active volcanos Fugendake and Sakurajima. Organohalogen Compounds 2 0 :3 5 9 362. Tanabe, S,; Kannan, N.; W akim oto, T.; Tatsukaw a, R. (1987) Method for the determ ination of three to xic non-orthochlorine substituted coplanar PCBs in environmental samples at part-per-trillion levels. Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 29:199-213. Tanabe, S. (1988) PCB problems in the future: foresight from current knowledge. Environ. Pollut. 50:5-28. Tashiro, C.; Clement, R.E.; Stocks, B.J.; Radke, L.; Cofer, W .R .; W ard, P. (1990) Preliminary report: dioxins and furans in prescribed burns. Chemosphere 2 0 :1 5 3 3 1536. Taylor, A.; Zannes, M. (1996) The 1996 IWSA municipal waste combustion directory of United States facilities. Integrated W aste Services Association. 16 pps. The Alum inum Association (1997) U.S. aluminum industry plant directory, November 1997. W ashington, DC: The Alum inum Association. The Tobacco Institute (1995) Tobacco industry profile 1995. W ashington, DC: The Tobacco Institute. The Vinyl Institute (1998) Dioxin characterization program. Phase I Report. M orristow n, NJ: The Vinyl Institute. A ugust 10, 1998. Thiesen, J.; Funcke, W .; Balfanz, E.; Knig, J. (1989) Determ ination of PCDFs and PCDDs in fire accidents and laboratory com bustion tests involving PVC-containing materials. Chemosphere 19(1-6):423-428. Thoma, H.; Hutzinger, O. (1989) Content and form ation of to xic products in flame retardants. Presented at: W orkshop on Brominated Arom atic Flame Retardants. Slokloster, Sweden; October 24-26, 1989. Thomas, V .M .; Spiro, T.G. (1995) An estim ation of dioxin emissions in the United States. Toxicological and Environmental Chem istry 5 0 :1-37. Thomas, V .M .; Spiro, T.G. (1996) The U.S. dioxin inventory: are there missing sources. Environ. Sci. Technol. 3 0 (2):8 2A -85A . DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-48 December 2003 Thom pson, T.S.; Clement, R.E.; Thornton, N.; Luty, J. (1990) Formation and emission of PCDDs/PCDFs in the petroleum refining industry. Chemosphere 2 0 (1 0 -1 2 ):1 5 2 5 -1 5 3 2 . Thub, U.; Popp, P.; Ehrlich, C.; K alkoff, W .D. (1995) Dom estic lignite com bustion as source of polychlorodibenzodioxins and furans (PCDD/F). Chemosphere 31(2):2591-2604. Tiernan, T.O.; Wagel, D.J.; Garrett, J.H .; Van Ness, G.F.; Solch, J.G.; Ernes, D.A. (1995) Determ ination of PCDD/PCDF in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and in related manufacturing process samples. Organohalogen Compounds 23:65-68. Tolls, J.; McLachlan, M.S. (1994) Partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds between air and Lolium m u ltiflo ru m (Welsh rye grass). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 8 (1 ):1 5 9 166. Tong, H.Y.; Gross, M .L.; Schecter, A.; Monson, S.J.; Dekin, A. (1990) Sources of dioxins in the environm ent: second stage study of PCDD/Fs in ancient human tissue and environm ental samples. Chemosphere 2 0 (7 -9 ):9 8 7 -9 9 2 . Tosine, H.; Clement, R.; Osvacic, V .; Osborne, J.; W ong, C. (1983) Levels of chlorinated organics in a municipal incinerator. Presented before the Division of Environmental Chem istry, American Chemical Society 186th National M eeting, September, 1, 1983. Tow ara, J.; Hiller, B.; Hutzinger, O.; Kurz, J.; Klein, P. (1992) PCDD/F in distillation residues from dry cleaning machines. Chemosphere 25:150 9. Trapp, S.; M atthies, M .; Scheunert, I.; Topp, E.M. (1990) Environ. Sci. Technol. 24:1246-1252. Tw o Rivers Region Council of Public O fficials and Patrick Engineering, Inc. (1994) Emission characteristics of burn barrels. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V. Tysklind, M .; Sderstrm ; Rappe, C.; Hagerstedt, L-E.; Burstrom , E. (1989) PCDD and PCDF emissions from scrap metal m elting processes at a steel mill. Chemosphere 19(1-6):705-710. Tysklind, M .; Rappe, C. (1991) Photolytic transform ation of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in fly ash. Chemosphere 2 3 (8 -1 0 ):1 3 6 5 -1 3 7 5 . Tysklind, M .; Carey, A.E.; Rappe, C.; M iller, G.C. (1992) Photolysis of OCDF and OCDD on soil. Organohalogen Compounds 8:2 9 3 -2 9 6 . Um lauf, G.; Horstm ann, M .; Klein, P.; Kurz, J. (1993) Mass balance of PCDD/F in a dry cleaning machine. Organohalogen Compounds 11:413 -4 16. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-49 December 2003 Umweltbundesamt (1996) Determination of requirements to lim it emissions of dioxins and furans. Report from the W orking Group of the Subcom m ittee A ir/Technology of the Federal Government/Federal States Immission Control Comm ittee. Berlin, Germany. Urhahn, T.; Ballschmiter, K. (1998) Chem istry of the biosynthesis of halogenated m ethanes: Cl-Organohalogens as pre-industrial chemical stressors in the environment. Chemosphere 37:1017-1032. U.S. Department of Agriculture (1970) Restricting the use of phenoxy herbicides - costs to farmers. W ashington, DC: Economic Research Service and A gricultural Research Service. Agricultural Economic Report No. 194. U.S. Departm ent of A griculture (1971) Farmer's use of pesticides in 1971 and quantities. W ashington, DC: Economics Research Service. Agricultural Economic Report No. 252. U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture (1977) The pesticide review - 1975. W ashington, DC: Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service. U.S. Departm ent of A griculture (1980) The biologic and econom ic assessment of pentachlorophenol, inorganic arsenicals, and creosote. W ashington, DC: U.S. Departm ent of A griculture. Technical Bulletin No. 1658-1. U.S. Departm ent of A griculture (1995) Graphic highlights of natural resource trends in the United States between 1982 and 1992. W ashington, DC: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Resources Inventory. U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture (1996) Major land uses: 1 9 4 5 -1 9 9 2 . W ashington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture (1997) Tobacco leaf and products statistics and analysis. W ashington, DC: U.S. Departm ent of A griculture, Economic Research Service. U.S. Departm ent of Commerce (1990a) 1987 Census of m anufactures. Smelting and refining of nonferrous metals and alloys. W ashington, DC: Bureau of the Census. Report No. 33C -18. U.S. Department of Commerce (1990b) 1987 Census of manufacturers. Soap, cleaners, and to ile t goods. W ashington, DC: Bureau of the Census. Report No. M C-87-I28D. U.S. Department of Commerce (1990c) 1987 Census of manufactures. Industrial inorganic chemicals. W ashington, DC: Bureau of the Census. Report No. M C 87-I-28 A . U.S. Department of Commerce (1995a) Statistical abstract of the United States, 1995. 118th ed. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-50 December 2003 U.S. Department of Commerce (1995b) 1992 Census of transportation. Truck inventory and use survey. W ashington, DC: Bureau of the Census. Report No. TC 92-T-52. U.S. Departm ent of Commerce (1995c) 1992 Census of m anufactures. Smelting and refining of nonferrous metals and alloys. W ashington, DC: Bureau of the Census. Report No. M C92-I-33C. U.S. Department of Commerce (1995d) 1992 Census of manufactures. Blast furnaces, steel w o rks, and rolling and finishing mills. W ashington, DC: Bureau of the Census. Report No. M C 92-I-33A. U.S. Departm ent of Commerce (1996) 1992 Economic census report series - disc 1G. W ashington, DC: Bureau of the Census. CD-EC92-1G. U.S. Department of Commerce (1997) Statistical abstract of the United States, 1997. 117th edition. W ashington, DC: Bureau of the Census. U.S. Departm ent of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (1989) Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of tw o pentachlorophenol technical-grade m ixtures in B6C3F1 mice (feed studies). Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Departm ent of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program. NIH Publication No. 8 9 2804. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Environment Canada (1991) The environmental characterization of RDF com bustion technology. M id-C onnecticut fa cility, Hartford,CT. Test program and results, volum e II., June 1991. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1975) Production, distribution, use and environm ental im pact potential of selected pesticides. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Pesticide Programs and O ffice of W ater and Hazardous Materials. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1977) Pesticide usage survey of agricultural, governm ental, and industrial sectors in the United States, 1974. W ashington, DC: Office of Pesticide Programs. EPA-540/9-78-007. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1979) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in m anufacturing, processing, distribution in com merce, and use prohibition: Final rule. Federal Register 4 4 :3 1 5 1 4 -3 1 5 6 8 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1980) Materials balance for chlorophenols. Level I-preliminary. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Toxic Substances. E P A -560/13-80-004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1982a) Development document for effluent lim itations guidelines and standards for the inorganic chem icals m anufacturing point source category. W ashington, DC: O ffice of W ater Regulations and Standards. EPA 4 4 0 /1 -8 2 /0 0 7 . DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-51 December 2003 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1982b) Development docum ent for effluent lim itations guidelines and standards for the iron and steel m anufacturing point source category. Volum e II. W ashington, DC: O ffice of W ater. EPA-440/182/024. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1984) Thermal degradation products from dielectric fluids. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Toxic Substances. E P A -560/5-84-009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1987a) National dioxin study Tier 4 - com bustion sources. Engineering analysis report. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. E P A -450/4-84-014h. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1987b) Municipal waste com bustion study. Characterization of the municipal w aste com bustion industry. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Air and Radiation. EP A/530-SW -87-021b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1987c) Locating and estim ating air emissions from sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards, E P A -450/4-84-007n. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1987d) Hospital waste com bustion study: Data gathering phase. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. EPA-450/3-88-017. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1987e) Interim procedures for estimating risks associated w ith exposures to m ixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs). E P A /625/3-87/012 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1988a) Estimating exposure to 2,3,7,8-TC DD . W ashington, DC: O ffice of Health and Environmental Assessment. EPA/600/68 8 /0 0 5 A . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1988b) Pesticide assessment guidelines, subdivision D - product chem istry. Series 61-4, addendum 1 on data reporting. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Pesticide Programs. NTIS No. PB 88-191705. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1988c) Pesticide industry sales and usage: 1987 m arket estim ates. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Pesticide Programs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1988d) U.S. EPA cooperative dioxin screening study. W ashington, DC: O ffice of W ater Regulations and Standards. EPA-440/188-025. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1989a) Interim procedures for estim ating risks associated w ith exposures to m ixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs) and 1989 update. W ashington, DC: Risk Assessment Forum. EPA/625/3-89/016. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-52 December 2003 U.S. EPA. (1989b) Review of draft docum ents: a cancer risk-specific dose estim ate for 2,3,7,8-TC D D . W ashington, DC. EPA Science Advisory Board Ad Hoc Dioxin Panel. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1990a) Summary report on USEPA/Industry Cooperative Dioxin Study. "The 104 Mill S tudy." W ashington, DC: O ffice of W ater Regulations and Standards. July 1990. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1990b) Medical waste incineration emission test report. AM I Central Carolina Hospital, Sanford, North Carolina. Volum e I. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. EMB Report No. 90-M W I-5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1990c) Characterization of municipal waste com bustion ash, ash extracts, and leachates. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Solid W aste and Emergency Response. EPA 530 -S W -90 -02 9A . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1990d) Operation and maintenance of hospital medical w aste incinerators. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. E P A /625/6-89/024 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1990e) Pesticides industry sales and usage: 1988 m arket estimates. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1990 f) Emissions of metals, chrom ium and nickel species, and organics from municipal w a stew ater sludge incinerators. Cincinnati, OH: O ffice of Research and Developm ent, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. EPA C ontract No. 68 -C 0 -0 0 2 7 , W ork Assignm ent No. 0-5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1991a) Regulatory determ ination-landfills and surface im poundm ents receiving pulp and paper mill sludge. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Solid W aste and Emergency Response. EP A/530-SW -91-077. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1991b) M ethodology for assessing environmental releases of and exposure to municipal solid w aste com bustor residuals. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Research and Development. E P A /600/8-91/031 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1991c) Medical waste incineration emission test report: Jordan Hospital, Plym outh, Massachusetts. Volum e 1. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. EMB Report 90-M W I-6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1991d) Medical and in stitutional w aste incineration: regulations, m anagement, technology, em issions, and operations. Cincinnati, OH: Center for Environmental Research Inform ation. EP A/625/491/030. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-53 December 2003 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1991e) Medical waste incineration emission test report. M orristow n Memorial H ospital, M o rristo w n , New Jersey. Volum e I. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice o f Air Q uality Planning and Standards. EMB Report No. 91-M W I-8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1991f) Medical waste incineration emission test report. Borgess Medical C enter, Kalam azoo, M ichigan. Volum e I. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. EMB Report 91MWI-9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1991g) Medical waste incineration emission test report: Cape Fear Memorial H ospital, W ilm ington, NC; Volum e I-III. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. EMB Report 90M W I-05. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1991h) Pesticides industry sales and usage: 1989 m arket estim ates. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1991i) W orkshop report on to xicity equivalency factors for polychlorinated biphenyls congeners. EP A/625/3-91/020. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1992a) M arkets for scrap tires. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Solid W aste and Emergency Response. E P A /530-S W -90-074A . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1992b) Industry agrees to sw itch to low-dioxin chloranil from contam inated chloranil. Chemicals in Progress Bulletin 12(2):23. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1992c) 1990 National census of pulp, paper, and paperboard m anufacturing facilities. Response to 308 questionnaire. Part A: Technical Inform ation. W ashington, DC: O ffice of W ater. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1992d) Economic im pact and preliminary regulatory im pact analysis for proposed MACT-based emission standards and guidelines for municipal w aste com bustors. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Quality Planning and Standards. E P A -450/3-91-029. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1992e) Secondary lead sm elter emission test report, East Penn M anufacturing, Lyon Station, Pennsylvania. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards, Emission Measurement Branch. EMB Report No. 92-SLS-3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1 9 9 2 f) Pesticides industry sales and usage: 1990 and 1991 market estim ates. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. 733 -K -9 2-0 01. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-54 December 2003 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1993a) Interim report on data and m ethods for assessment of 2,3,7,8--tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin risks to aquatic life and associated w ild life. W ashington, DC : O ffice of Research and Developm ent. E P A /6 0 0 /R -9 3 /0 5 5 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1993b) States support e ffo rts on forming voluntary agreement on pulp and paper mill sludge. Chemicals in Progress Bulletin 14(3):20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1993c) EPA publishes proposed rule for chloranil. Chemicals in Progress Bulletin 14(2):26. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1993d) Development document for proposed effluent lim itations guidelines and standards for the pulp, paper and paperboard point source category. W ashington, DC: O ffice of W ater. EPA-821-R -93-019. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1993e) Economic analysis of im pacts of integrated air/w ater regulations for the pulp and paper industry on disposal of w a ste w a te r sludge. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Regulatory Impacts Branch. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1 9 9 3 f) Press advisory: EPA term inates special review of non-w ood pesticide uses of pentachlorophenol. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Pesticide Programs. January 8, 1993. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1993g) Report to Congress on cement kiln dust. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Solid W aste. December 1993. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1993h) 1991 Toxics release inventory - public data release. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. EPA7 4 5 -R -9 3 -0 0 3 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1993i) 1992 Needs survey report to Congress. W ashington, DC: O ffice of W ater. EPA-832-R -93-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1993j) W ildlife exposure factors, Vol. I. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Health and Environmental Assessm ent, O ffice of Research and Development. EP A/600/R -93/187a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1994a) Health assessment for 2,3,7,8-TC D D and related compounds. Public Review Draft. EPA/600/EP-92/001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1994b) Pesticide industry sales and usage: 1992 and 1993 m arket estim ates. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. EPA 733 -K -9 4-0 01. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-55 December 2003 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1994c) Medical waste incinerators background inform ation fo r proposed standards and guidelines: Industry profile report fo r new and existing facilities. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice o f Air Q uality Planning and Standards. EPA-453/R-94-042a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1994d) Medical waste incinerators-background inform ation fo r proposed standards and guidelines: Environmental im pacts report for new and existing facilities. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice o f Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA-453/R-94-046a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1994e) Universe of hazardous waste com bustion facilities. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Solid W aste and Emergency Response. EPA530-F-94-030. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1994f) Combustion emissions technical resource docum ent (CETRED). W ashington, DC: O ffice of Solid W aste and Emergency Response. Draft Report. EPA/530-R-94-014. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1994g) Preliminary source assessment for the secondary copper smelting industry. Draft report. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA Contract No. 6 8 -D 1 -1 1 8 , W ork Assignm ent Nos. 25, 4 0 , and 46. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1994h) Secondary lead sm elting industry: background inform ation document for proposed standards. Final report. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. EPA-450/R-94024. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1995a) An SAB report: A second look at dioxin. Review of the O ffice of Research and Developm ent's reassessment of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds by the Dioxin Reassessment Review Committee. Science Advisory Board (1400) September 1995. EPA-SAB-EC-95-021. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1995b) Compilation of air pollutant emission factors. 5th edition. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Quality Planning and Standards. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1995c) Locating and estim ating air emissions from sources of dioxins and furans. Draft final report. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. C ontract No. 68-D 2 -0 160. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1995d) Final emission te st report, HAP emission testing on selected sources at a secondary lead sm elter, Tejas Resources, Inc., Terrell, Texas. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Emission Measurement Branch. EMB Report No. 93-SLS-1. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-56 December 2003 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1995e) Final emission test report, HAP emission testing on selected sources at a secondary lead sm elter, Schuylkill M etals Corporation, Forest C ity, Missouri. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Emission Measurement Branch. EMB Report No. 93-SLS-2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1995f) SRRD's dioxin/furan status report. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Pesticide Programs, Special Review and Reregistration Division. September 12, 1995. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1995g) 1993 Toxics release inventory - public data release. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. EPA7 4 5 -R -9 5 -0 1 0 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1995h) Secondary aluminum plant emission test report: Rochester Alum inum Smelting Corporation. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. EMC Report 95-SAL-01. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1995i) Draft technical support document for HWC MACT standards. Volum e II: HWC em issions database, Appendix A. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Solid W aste and Emergency Response. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1996a) Percentile estimates used to develop the list of pollutants for round tw o of the Part 503 Regulation. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Science and Technology. EPA Contract No. 68-C 4-0046. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1996b) Municipal solid waste factbook, version 3.0. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Solid W aste. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1996c) EPA OSW hazardous w aste com bustion data base. W ashington, DC: U.S. EPA, O ffice of Solid Waste. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1996d) National dioxin emission estimates from municipal w aste com bustors. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. EPA, O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. June 1996. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1996e) National dioxin emissions from medical w aste incinerators. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. Docket #A -91-61, Item IV-A-007. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1996f) Emissions inventory of Section 112(c)(6) pollutants: polycyclic organic m atter (POM), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCD D)/2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), polychlorinated biphenyl com pounds (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene, m ercury, and alkylated lead. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. September 1996. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-57 December 2003 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1996g) PCBs: Cancer dose-response assessment and application to environm ental m ixtures. W ashington, D.C.: O ffice of Research and Development. EP A /600/P -96/001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1996h) Draft technical support document for hazardous w a ste com bustor M A C T standards. Volum e I: Description of source categories. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Solid W aste and Emergency Response. February 1996. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1996i) EIIP. Volum e II: Chapter 3 - Preferred and alternative m ethods for estim ating air em issions from hot-m ix asphalt plants. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1997a) Chapter 8. Dose-response modeling for 2,3,7,8-TCDD. January 1997 W orkshop Review Draft. EPA/600/P-92/001C8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1997b) Locating and estim ating air emissions from sources of dioxins and furans. Research Triangle Park, NC: O ffice of Air Q uality Planning and Standards. DCN No. 9 5 -2 9 8 -1 3 0 -5 4 -0 1 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1997c) 1996 Clean W ater Needs Survey Report to Congress. W ashington, DC: O ffice of W ater. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1997d) Draft technical support document for hazardous w aste com bustors M ACT standards (NODA). Volum e I: MACT evaluations based on revised database. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Solid W aste and Emergency Response. April 1997. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1997e) Pesticide industry sales and usage: 1994 and 1995 m arket estim ates. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. EPA-733-R-97-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1997f) Supplemental technical development docum ent for effluent lim itations guidelines and standards for the pulp, paper, and paperboard category. W ashington, DC: O ffice of W ater. EPA-821-R -97-011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1998a) Inventory of sources of dioxin in the United States. National Center for Environmental Assessment, O ffice of Research and Development. W orkshop Review Draft. EP A/600/P -98/002A a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1998b) 1996 Toxics release in ve n to ry-p u b lic data release. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. EPA 7 4 5 -R -9 8 -0 0 5 . DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-58 December 2003 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1998c) AP-42: Compilation of air pollutant em issions factors. Volum e I: stationary point and area sources. Supplement D to the 5th edition. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. EPA, O ffice of A ir Quality Planning and Standards. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1999a) M onthly reporting of CDD/CDF content in technical pentachlorophenol m anufactured by KM G -Berm uth, Inc. and Vulcan Chemicals, 1987 to 1999. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Pesticide Programs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1999b) Technical background docum ent for the Report to Congress on remaining wastes from fossil fuel combustion: waste characterization. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Solid W aste and Emergency Response. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1999c) Technical background document for the Report to Congress on remaining w astes from fuel combustion: industry statistics and w a ste management practices. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Solid W aste and Emergency Response. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1999d) EPA OSWER hazardous w aste com bustor emissions data base. W ashington, DC: O ffice of Solid W aste and Emergency Response. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000a) E-mail from John Bachmann (EPA/OAQPS) to Dwain W inters (EPA/OPPT). Revised MW I, MWC dioxin estim ates. May 1, 2000. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000b). Exposure and human health reassessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related com pounds. Part 1: Estimating exposure to dioxin-like com pounds. W ashington, DC: National Center for Environmental Assessm ent, O ffice of Research and Development. EPA/600/P-00/001B(b-d). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000c). Exposure and human health reassessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related com pounds. Part 2: Health assessment for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related com pounds. W ashington, DC: National Center for Environmental Assessm ent, O ffice of Research and Development. EPA/600/P00/001Be. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000d). Exposure and human health reassessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related com pounds. Part 3: Dioxin: Integrated sum m ary and risk characterization for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related com pounds. W ashington, DC: National Center for Environmental Assessm ent, O ffice of Research and Development. EPA/600/P-00/001Bf. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-59 December 2003 U.S. Geological Survey (1997a) Minerals yearbook: recycling - nonferrous metals chapter. Reston, VA: U.S Geological Survey, Geologic Division. U.S. Geological Survey (1997b) Mineral com m odity survey - iron and steel scrap. W ashington, DC: U.S. Departm ent of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey (1997c) Statistical com pendium : copper. W ashington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey (1997d) Statistical com pendium - aluminum. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Division. U.S. Geological Survey (1997e) Mineral com m odities summary - aluminum. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Division. U.S. Geological Survey (1 9 9 7 f) Statistical com pendium - titanium . Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Division. U.S. International Trade Commission (1946 through 1994) Synthetic organic chemicals United States production and sales. W ashington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission. U.S. International Trade Commission (1984) Im ports of benzenoid chem icals and products 1983; investigation no. 3 3 2 -1 3 5 . W ashington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission. USITC Publication No. 1548. Van den Berg, M .; Birnbaum, L.; Bosveld, A .T .C .; Brunstrom , B.; Cook, P.; Feeley, M .; Giesy, J.P.; Hanberg, A .; Hasegawa, R.; Kennedy, S.W .; Kubiak, T.; Larsen, J.C .; van Leeuwen, F.X.R.; Liem, A.K .D .; Nolt, C.; Peterson, R.E.; Poellinger, L.; Safe, S.; Schrenk, D.; T illitt, D.; Tysklind, M .; Younes, M .; W arn, F.; Zacharewski, T. (1998) Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environmental Health Perspectives. 106:775-792. Van Dort, H .M .; Bedard, D.L. (1991) Reductive ortho and meta dechlorination of a polychlorinated biphenyl congener by anaerobic microorganisms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:1576-1578. Van Oostdam, J.C .; W ard, J.E.H. (1995) Dioxins and furans in the British Columbia environm ent. V ictoria, British Columbia: BC Environm ent, Environmental Protection Department. Van W ijnen, J.H .; Liem, A .K .D .; Olie, K.; van Zorge, J.A . (1992) Soil contam ination w ith PCDDs and PCDFs of small (illegal) scrap w ire and scrap car incineration sites. Chemosphere 24(2):127-134. Verm ont Air Pollution Control Division (1996) Source emission test at Safety Medical Systems, Colchester, VT. W aterbury, VT: State of Verm ont, Agency of Natural Resources, Air Pollution Control Division. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-60 December 2003 Versar, Inc. (1976) PCBs in the United States: industrial use and environm ental distribution. W ashington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Toxic Substances. EPA Contract No. 6 8 -0 1 -3 2 5 9 , Task I. Versar, Inc. (1985) List of chemicals contam inated or precursors to contam ination w ith incidentally generated polychlorinated and polybrom inated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. EPA Contract No. 6 8 -0 2 -3 9 6 8 , Task No. 48. Versar, Inc. (1988) PCB exposure assessment of scrap/salvage facilities. W ashington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, O ffice of Toxic Substances. EPA Contract No. 6 8 -0 2 -4 2 5 4 . Task No. 136. Vikelsoe, J.; Madsen, H.; Hansen, K. (1993) Emission of dioxins from Danish w o o d stoves. Organohalogen Compounds 11:405-408. Vikelsoe, J.; Lassen, P.; Johansen, E.; Carlsen, L. (1994) Formation of PCDD/PCDFs via an enzym atically mediated chlorination of humic acids. Organohalogen Compounds 20:351-354. Villanueva, E.C.; Jennings, R.W .; Burse, V .W .; Kimbrough, R.D. (1974) Evidence of chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and chlorodibenzofuran in hexachlorobenzene. J. Agr. Food Chem. 22(5):916-917. Viraraghavan, T .; Slough, K. (1999) Sorption of pentachlorophenol on peat-bentonite mixtures. Chemosphere 39:1487-1496. V irta, R. L. (2000) Clays. U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral C om m odity Summaries. February 2000. Available on the USGS Internet site: h ttp ://w w w .u s g s .g o v /. Vogg, H.; Metzger, M .; Steiglitz, L. (1987) Recent findings on the form ation and decom position of PCDD/PCDF in municipal solid w aste incineration. W aste Management and Research 5 (3 ):2 8 5 -2 9 4 . Vogg, H; Nunsinger, H., Merz, A; Stieglitz, L. (1992) Influencing the production of dioxin/furan in solid w aste incineration plants by measures affecting the com bustion as well as the flue gas cleaning systems. Chemosphere 2 5 (1 -2 ):1 4 9 152. V ollm uth, S.; Zajc, A .; Niessner, R. (1994) Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans during the photolysis of pentachlorophenol-containing water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28 (6 ):1 1 4 5 -1 1 4 9 . W addell, D.S.; Boneck-Ociesa, H.; Gobran, T.; Ho, T.F.; Botton, J.R. (1995) PCDD/PCDF form ation by UV photolysis of pentachlorophenol w ith and w ith o u t the addition of hydrogen peroxide. Organohalogen Compounds 23:407 -4 12. W agner, H.C.; Schramm, K.W .; Hutzinger, O. (1990) Biogenic polychlorinated dioxin and furan from trichlorophenol. Organohalogen Compounds 3:453-45 6. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-61 December 2003 Wagner, J.C .; Green, A.E.S. (1993) Correlation of chlorinated organic compound emissions from incineration w ith chlorinated organic input. Chemosphere 26 (11): 2039-2054. W alsh, P.J.J.; Brimblecombe, P.; Creaser, C.S.; O lphert, R. (1994) Biomass burning and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins & furans in soil. Organohalogen Compounds (20):283-287. W an, M.T. (1995) Treated w ood as a source of dioxin/furan releases. Organohalogen Compounds 24:109-114. W an, M .T.; Van Oostdam , J. (1995) U tility and railw ay rights-of-w ay contam inants: dioxins and furans. J. Environ. Qual. 2 4 :2 5 7 -2 6 5 . Ward, D.E.; McMahon, C.K.; Johansen, R.W. (1976) An update on particulate emissions from forest fires. Presented at: 69th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association. Portland, OR. June 27-July 1, 1976. W ard, D.E.; Peterson, J.; Hao, W .M . (1993) An inventory of particulate m atter and air to xic emissions from prescribed fires in the USA for 1989. Presented at: 86th Annual Meeting & Exhibition, Air & Waste Management Association; Denver, Colorado; June 1993. W ashington State Department of Ecology (1998) W ashington State dioxin source assessment. Publication No. 98-320. W atanabe, I; Tatsukaw a, R. (1987) Formation of brominated dibenzofurans from the photolysis of flam e retardant decabromobiphenyl ether in hexane solution by UV and sun light. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 3 9 :9 5 3 -9 5 9 . W ater Pollution Control Federation (1990) Operation of municipal wastew ater treatm ent plants. Manual of Practice No. 11. Alexandria, VA: W ater Pollution Control Federation. W eber, H.; Disse, G.; Hamann, R.; Haupt, H.J. (1995) Influence of the aerobic and anaerobic digestion on the levels of chlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins in sewage sludge. Organohalogen Compounds 24:81-85. W eber, P.; A ltw icke r, E.; Dinjus, E.; Stieglitz, L. (1999) The role of aliphatic organic chlorine in the form ation of PCDD/PCDF on fly ash in com parison to inorganic chlorine. Organohalogen Compounds 41:11-14 . W eber, R.; Hagenmaier, H. (1999) Mechanism of form ation of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans from chlorophenols in gas phase reactions. Chemosphere 38:529-549. Welsch-Pausch, K.; McLachlan, M.S. (1995) Photodegradation of PCDD/Fs on pasture grass. Organohalogen Compounds 24:509 -5 12. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-62 December 2003 W elsch-Pausch, K.; M cLachlan, M .S.; Um lauf, G. (1995) Determ ination of the principal pathw ays of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to Lolium m u ltiflo ru m (Welsh Ray Grass). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 9 :1 0 9 0 -1 0 9 8 . W enning, R.J.; Harris, M .A .; Paustenbach, D .J.; Bedbury, H. (1992) Potential sources of 1,2,8,9-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the aquatic environm ent. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 23:133-146. W estern Environmental Services and Testing, Inc. (2000) Magnesium Corporation of Am erica,R ow ley, Utah. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. M elt reactor and cathode stacks. May 2000. File Number 0 0 1043. W evers, M .; De Fre, R.; Rymen, T. (1992) Dioxins and dibenzofurans in tunnel air. Volume 9 (Sources of Exposure) of Extended Abstracts. Organohalogen Compounds 9:321-324. W evers, M .; De Fre, R. (1995) Estimated evolution of dioxin emissions in Belgium from 1988 to 1995. Organohalogen Compounds 24:105 -1 08. W hitm an, W.G. (1927) The tw o-film theory of gas absorption. Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering. 29 (4): 146-148. WHO (World Health Organization) (1991) IARC m onographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: occupational exposures in insecticide application, and some pesticides. Geneva, Switzerland: W orld Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. W ichm ann, H.; Zelinski, V.; Scholz-Bttcher, B.; Lorenz, W .; Bahadir, M. (1993) Sampling strategy to investigate the distribution behavior of low volatile pollutants like "dioxins" during vehicle fires in tra ffic tunnels. Chemosphere 26(6):1 1 59 1166. W ichm ann, H.; Lorenz, W .; Bahadir, M. (1995) Release of PCDD/F and PAH during vehicle fires in tra ffic tunnels. Chemosphere 3 1 (2 ):2 7 5 5 -2 7 6 6 . W ienecke, J.; Kruse, H.; W assermann, O. (1992) Organic com pounds in the flue gas from a pow er station w ith circulatory fluid bed com bustion of coal. Chemosphere 25(12):1889-1895. W ikstrom , E.; Lofvenius, G.; Rappe, C.; M arklund, S. (1996) Influence of level and form of chlorine on the form ation of chlorinated dioxins, dibenzofurans, and benzenes during com bustion of an artificial fuel in a laboratory reactor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30: 1637-1644. W ikstrom , E.; Persson, A .; M arklund, S. (1998) Secondary form ation of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, PCBzs, PHPhs and PAHs during MSW com bustion. Organohalogen Compounds 36:65-68. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-63 December 2003 W ilken, M .; Cornelsen, B.; Zeschmar-Lahl, B.; Jager, J. (1992) Distribution of PCDD/PCDF and other organochlorine com pounds in d iffe re n t municipal solid w aste fractions. Chemosphere 25:1517-1523. W illiam s, C.H.; Prescott, C.L.; S tew art, P.B.; Choudhary, G. (1985) Formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and other potentially to xic chlorinated pyrolysis products in PCB fires. In: Keith, L.H.; Rappe, C.; Choudhary, G., eds., Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in the total environm ent II. Boston, MA: B utterw orth Publishers. W illiam s, D.T.; LeBel, G.L.; Benoit, F.M. (1992) Polychlorodibenzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans in dioxazine dyes and pigments. Chemosphere 24(2):169-180. W ittsiepe, J.; Kullmann, Y.; Schrey, P.; W ilhelm , M .; Selenka, F. (1998) Myeloperoxidase - catalyzed form ation of PCDD/F from chlorophenols. Organohalogen Compounds 36:351-356. W oolson, E.A.; Thomas, R.F.; Ensor, P.D.J. (1972) Survey of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin content in selected pesticides. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2 0 (2 ):3 5 1 -3 5 4 . W unsch, P.; Leichsenring, S.; Schramm, K.; Kettrup, A. (1994) Temperature dependence of PCDD/F-formation in boiler ash. Chemosphere 29 (6): 123 5 -1 2 4 3 . Yamamoto, T.; Fukushima, M. (1992) Modeling study on contribution of combustion source com plex to PCDD/CDF levels in urban air. Organohalogen Compounds 9:343-346. Younes, M. (1998) WHO to xic equivalency factors (TEFs) for dioxin-like com pounds for humans and w ildlife. Summary of WHO meeting held in Stockholm , Sweden on June 15-18. World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety. Young, A.L. (1983) Long-term studies on the persistence and m ovem ent of TCDD in a natural ecosystem . In: Human and environm ental risks of chlorinated dibenzodioxins and related com pounds. Tucker, R.E.; Young, A .L.; Gray, A.P., Eds. Plenum Press. Zenith Research Group (2000) Summary report on burn barrels. Prepared for the W estern Lake Superior Sanitary District (Minnesota). January 18, 2000. Zheng, M-H.; Liu, P-Y.; Xu, X-B. (1999) Mechanism of form ation of polychlorinated biphenyls from the pyrolysis of chlorobenzenes. Organohalogen Compounds 41:15-18. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE R-64 December 2003