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FILE NAME Household Contact HC DATE 1949 Jan DOC HC044 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Trade Journal Article - Cancer in the Factory Civil Liberties in Germany Garfield Hays The Common Welfare Alice V. Keliher and others On Appeal in the Supreme Court Ted Poston January 1949 s ~ a a By RS Dame eae OOa cows as APE RONEN pp ntPLL AE S AD VGN IE A ne ae ir Se & a onkail amea MRE 50 cents a copy 1948 was a mighty big year for additions to the telephone world Your own particular telephone is more valuable today millions of calls go through clearer and quicker because of the many things that have been done to extend and improve service You can call more people and more can call you because nearly 3,000,000 Bell telephones were added to the telephone pop community ulation many in your own community community Long Distance is faster and there is more of it because 1,800,000 miles of new circuits were added A total of 1,500,000,000 was invested in new Local and Long Distance facilities in 1948 We broke all records for the volume of new telephone construction the dollars we put into the job and the number of tele- phone people on the job We're going to keep right on working and building in 1949 to make your tele phone service a bigger bargain than ever BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM (2) Ourselves Among - IRINATIONAL SKIP- exploring the sras of change change change change change change guiding OnOnOn course all these years at a On it was drawn by Rabert Cairns Cairns 1913 1913 present forfor the cover of October 4 size it was noted aneditorial caravel of Columbus sailing in wares of the New World Pack en kier 1931. The Spey CAPPINE * story by Katharine Schaub then serenely waiting death from radium poisoning con tracted as a painter of watch dials Thi the editors called a poignant argument for exposed far greater safeguards for workers to new chainicals and for compensation compensation aws covering not limited lists val diseases but any disability directly due t occupational hazard Today seventeen years later only sixteen states have generalized laws though the need for them generalized is more apparent Evidence is p daily vided in Marion Robinson's 44 alling of the hazards health and life from Robinson's orrice on . human inducing pagehealth inducing chemicals used Vol LXXXV CONTENTS No. I The Survey for January 1949 Editorial 2 PAUL KELLOGG me Civil Liberties in Germany ARTHUR GARPELO HATS Portrait in Question Marks GEORGE BRICE 12 Appeal On iin n the Supreme Court Attack on the BusinessCycle . ..TEL ..TEL POSTON 18 BEULAH AMIDON 22 Food for Europe but with an IF NATHAN KOENIG 26 PEGGY The Angel to the Virgin o poesi . 31 The Survey Through the Years 1909-1949 POND CHURCH 31 32 Apprenticeships for Laving KATIEREN CLOSE 35 Helping Another Country Isn't Easy ERNEST G. GRIFFIN 33 They Tax Themselves for Fun Hors d'Oeuvres a poem Cancer Cancer in the Factory FARNSWORTH CROWDER 42 HAROLD WILLARD GLEASON 4 . MARION ROBINSON 46 LETTERS AND Lire Report of a Citizen Other Reviews HARRY HANSEN 50 THE COMMON WELFARE Alice V. Keliber and Others PERSONALITIES AND PROEFT 35 TRAVELER'S TRAVELER'S NOTEBOOK JARET SABLOFF 59 Copyright 1949 by Survey Survey Associates Inc All rights reserved duction in MiriamVan Van Watery now under to attack by Massachusetts politicians nor Gertrude Springer by comes to di b-th fense in page 55 of this issue One of Dr. foremost penologists Dr. Vau country's Waters has been an jatermidepr contrib utorto Surtep pagespages since May 1923 when ne published published as a special section her re- port on a a national survey of penal institu tions for In the late Twenties when she was reface inthe fuvenile of Los Angeles she wrote 2 series articles on parentparent child child relationships later became parts of two successfullealks eaks Pre Youth in Conflict and Parents on bation in later article about Edward Edward Hickman a convicted murderer awatting awat ing hanging in a San Quentin prison she gained widespread attention for her analy sis of the ingredients of heredity and early neglect that combined to produce a vicious criminal Gertrude Springer is still known as Miss Kailey to the numerous public welfare workers who in the days of the great de- pressiopn ression used her Miss Bailey Says erkes of Sarveyarticles and pamphlets as * bible for client understanding Mrs. Springer whose authorship has by no means been limited to the Miss Bailey series was managing editor of S^,rreyMid- monthly from 1930 to 1942. From her pleasant retirement in Cape Cod and Brokline Mass she occasionally sends us book reviews and other requested items In het present statement Mrs. Springer Waters indicates that Dr. Van friend art ready ba put up a in keep her in present position Indizes Indizes thet be something in be reckoned Publication Elitorial and SURVEY ASSOCIATAES SSOCIATES INC Office 34 North Crystal Crystal StreetStreet East Stroudsburg Business Office 11 East 15 Street New York 3 527275 527275 & Y. 527275 527275 527275 527275 527275 527275 527275 Chairman of the board Joe P. CHAMBUATNY etre Agnes Brown Leson recovery ANY RED DENKER Presidente Town Plus Grant NCHETTELSON Bound of thetaret thetaret Ange AB AB J. Jcos B. B. P. CHAMBERLAIN CHAMBERLAIN HARI (1. RAISON SWEENY N. Efos Sr. Fr & Tiny B NCHETTELSON NCHETTELSON FRADINSKA WK W. LANCASTER AGNES BROWN LEE LEE LEE FRADINSKA Juris WRLIAN RUSENWALD LWELL SWAY VICTOR VICTOR WETORICH WETORICH 1. KELLOGG Manugive coliton; CHORGE BY saris editora B Ation ANN RO BREV KOTINA CHOP Micra MS Dash Chex Euw Fotr D. LASEER KATHLEEN SPROUL Confety ecitcre: Fanwea Gave A Lock Lock Warren tary Jose . Locy Leav Froewe Entious Moree S. RUSSELL RUSSELL Locy Entious Davies S. OnEMOR Suerz, BY BE BE s T. Shotway ad ertizing Lindet on and ad ertizing wRSAND fold sesentatives sesentatives sesentatives ad ertizing wRSAND wRSAND wRSAND LAR ateitising wRSAND cer, DOPOT PAY lodeved Lebar year $ 40 Digest Digest Index Cumulative Tes, Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus mouth sogles the Price of $ near 5 cyen years Readers Guide to Periodical sogles of this issue For and Foreign 3 Review Literature Book Review Abstracts Public Affairs Information Information Service BiographyBiography Index Current licoraphy Cooperative Membership in Survey Associates Inc including scriptum Year 10 ~ recent formation of the Friends of the Framingham Reformatory Larue Brown chairman 53 State Street Boston The committee which at present consists of about 200 prominent Massachusetts citizens is sending out some 10,000 letters to per- sons to be interested in likely supporting Dr. Van Waters her methods and admin istration NY OF THE ADF Sarey appreciated contributors to Graphic last last year was sictoriously swept into office or the tide of November 2 being elected to the State Senate by the largest vete ever received hv legislative candidate in Ore gon Two years before he was defeate for the same place but still an almost 9,060 votes ahead of any other Democratic candidate in Portland In 1940 be wys elected elected to the Oregon House of Representa- confirmed tives Although by this time apparenity in his political inclinations Mr. Neuberger is not renouncing his career as and is due to appear soon again The Survey SARLOVF or Tue Ser- tion Traveler's of the the the since Notebook since Hoping war yeayearrs sHHopoinpg ing entry in our the intereps w antique t as a regular StreStyrey feature theauthor selcomes selcomes any comment from prospective traders as in the type of they are interested in as well se their own experiences on the i Cancer in the Factory New industrial processes have sharply increased the danger of occupational cancer Whose the responsibility for prevention and control MARION ROBINSON WAS ONLY ON CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE THAT CIVILIZA- T tion was indicted for the crime of cancer Now comes conclusive evidence that cancer in part at least is today a disease of industrial civilization Modern man is faced with a tremendous penalty in human suffer- ing for what he achieved in his greatest pride as thougli the wrathful God of our forefathers were bringing vengeance upon man for daring to take nature's secrets for his own The discovery that hundreds of materials used for industrial manufacture contain producing agents will mean in the next few years many changes and new responsibilities in our personal and institutional lives Yet the very facts which uncover this new danger in modern living may possibly hold the secret of all cancer The work that will be done to roll back the threat of this environmental cancer may turn up the clue to the disease from which nearly 190,000 people cach year now die The first entry in the call of agents unleashed by in- dustrial processes was a mere commonplace In 1775 a London physician Percival Pott writing of the curious incidence of scrotal cancer among chimney sweeps sug gested a connection between it and the accumulations of soot on the bodies of the unwashed urchins During the next hundred years paraffin and shale oils pitch and tar were added to the list of suspected causes this tume of cancer of the skin way of medical writ ings in France Germany and the British Isles In 1895 a medical researcher went to work an cancer of the blad der among workers in the German dye industries He found the causative agent to be lurking in the aromatic naphthylamine and beazidine In the cobalt mines of Schneeberg Germany an occn- + _ By a recent staff member of Survey Associates who this month goes off on her own as a free lance writer A graduate of the New York School of Social Work with experience both in casework and in social work interpretation in Baltimore and New York Miss Robinson came to Survey Associates three years ago to carry a major portion of the responsibility for the Survey Midmonthly To this task she brought a com bination of technical knowledge in the social work field and a gift for lively expression Though her name has disappeared from The Survey masthead it will we hope continue to appear in the table of contents pational ailment called mountain disease has for centuries killed three out of four miners In the early 1900's it was discovered that mountain disease was really lung cancer caused by exposure to radioactive ores In 1926 a similar discovery was made about miners in the aranradium mines of Joachimsthal Germany About the same time radium disease made its appearance among young women workers in the luminous dial plants of New Jersey and Connecticut Thirty percent of them developed cancer of the bones while a severe anemia overtook the others at an earlier stage before malignancy developed Reports from the chief inspector of factories in Eng land in the past three decades establish a connection be- tween hot tar fumes in the English gas works and the skin cancer which develops among workers And in the past twenty years research here and abroad has revealed that a number of other industrially useful substances belong in this array of death agents Since 1924 creosote benzol chromates nickel carbonyl and asbestos have all been added to the list The U. Public Health Service is publishing in connection with a health report a chart of twenty agents which attack fifty kinds of body tissue Although nincicon of these correlations are still filed under Suspected thirty are marked E for Established THE STORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CANCER IS LITTLE KNOWN Only a small fraction of the thousands of cancer researchers and clinicians have given it attention Research has gone along quietly gathering momentum in the last twenty years as evidence began to mount Today it is a modest but brand new landmark in the long uphill struggle against cancer And it is crucial for this country since its cause and effect are rooted at the heart of indus- tial production Take Plan X one of our country's great dye manu facturing industries situated in a county which has population of 100,000 Plant X employs 1,000 people ten of whom work deep in the heart of the factory where dust and vapor by tons are given off imo the atmosphere Two of the employes Bob and Mike have worked in the unit for fifter and twenty years respectively The rest of the crew have been there six years or less Mike has been suffering pain and discomfort for some time and he goes io see a doctor The diagnosis is cacancer ncer of the bladder It can be treated but as is often the case with cancer by the time the symptoms show up the discose is well advanced Informed by Mike's physician that the cances may be 46 THE SURVEY ng bethe the led be CIC EVE alth Alth ack Eet 11 rchhas last is hill HF dus ini29 2 ten sere the rest has and the with 20180 y he VEY plant connected with materials used in the plant the plant phy- phy- BA sician examines the rest from i found in he suffering found of the men on the cres the early stages of thesame disease Noneof the other men shav serious symptoms Mike's illnessdrags on for months It is proved that his cancer was caused by taking aromatic amines imo his system thrtoughh rough through twenty twenty years years compensation vapors but he is not eligible for eligble state compensativa laws are exposure exposure written so to the dost and Few thata non pet- pet- connected pation illness like this can be recognized specifical y written into the law The company puvate schlement schlement to care for Mile duringduring his and forhis dependentsdependents afterward unless makes illness illness fails disregards If Plant X Mike's tragedyand to find a experts way protect its workers theexperts predict mine on of ten of the men needed in this wait of operation will after a certam period of exposure develop cancer all in the bladder this If If the plant mistakenly puts its total effort into prerec- tion of the two men in most exposed spotwidyout taking account of the possible daager to others in the large the plant at and in surroundinsg urrounding community it may save the nine or ten in the vatrooms but will still have to reckon with the probability of cancer developing in or fifty other members of the plaur populationpopulation and forty in a hundred others our in the county Geulug and chime were bs present one the uve main factors in could esce much effect on men the our Net ages teles envirominem dieronnem en chat bes and released chormously now grown chemical comulcared my a mpide mpide physical agents released by the increase chemical nd ruetallurgical establishments and the intrea doction ofair pressure tools It comes as shock to res te that danger in the materials used for power lurks production transportation communication communicationcommunication lightingbot almost trappings ing short all the trappings of modern lif which we have considerceodnsidered considered as contributingcontributing to our safeis convenience comfort and convenience M OR DWT DWTDWT IS KNOWN BO ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CAN- cer has been learned in the past twenty years This may nature have been because the very nature of its origin delayed its most dramatic appearance until the industrial industrial industrial age was well advanced Those who know medimedical cal history point om bowever that the first clues appeared seventy producing years ago almost simultaneously with Pasteur's discovery of bacteria and otheranimate disease agents The cusuing battle against infectious disease absorbedabsorbed the medical world and except for scattered research various countries the clucs were not followed up enol the early 1920's chemical targanic chemical inorganic physical agenta arsenic paraffin oil ro alpha rays alpha f i 2 f chromates pitch tar % pitch f f be baps : carbon black ? i i vitsxvistet vitsxvistet rays i 3 $ rays rays ? ? j nickel nickel carbonyl : sant H t 2 asbestos ; 4 3 H polpyolcyyccylcliicc hydrocarbons hydrocarbons hydrocarbons 4 s gamma rays ; beryllium 4 aromatic amines % , bonzol oil 6843424464 mineral oils , , 5 soffiracene oil A . pprreeaasssslle e panssitie panssitie sobistazama hematabing 3 i * i i ; hice 4 eating . i ? plonarchus sinensis : i ; ; viruses dyes f^' estragens tranflicting evidence producing A chart of the major known occupational from Envirorumental Cancer by agents Health Service Dr. W. C Hueper National Cancer Institute Federal Security Agency U.S. Public Supt 20 Copies from of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington D. Price cents JANUARY 1949 Cancer in the factory One of the handful ofmedical men who began work on the problem at that time was Dr. W. C. Hueper a then recent graduate of the University University of in Kiel and as sistant physicianin a in Berlin Bc- municipal hospital coming interested in the high incidence of lung cancer began armong these Berhin patients he research which brought him to the department of pathology at Chicagos Mercy Hospital in 1923 and on to a four stay in research the cancer laboratories of theUniversity of Penn- sylvania medical school It was here that he inade fur- ther progress the study bladdercancer among work- dye in of ers in industiries ndustries which is probably the earliest work in this country on this cancer occupational Today after another fourteen years of Warner DuPont Industries and William L. research in the Cum- the he presides over the pany Service's of the U. Public Health environmental cancer section Service's National Cancer In- National stitute Currently this section consists of eight research George- alternately ers working in a modest laboratory at town and a busy office in a rambling temporary building Bethesda Maryland overlooking beautiful countryside at spoken A soft ggentlyently humorous man of middle age Dr. Hueper has two ambitions to reach every worker employedin the last twenty years in exposed operations of industries using materials known to contain cancer agents and to help this country mobilize itself to roll back the threat of environmental any more headway in- ccancer ancer before it gains As chief of this section of the last stitute's cancer control branch was set up which May to into extrinsic causative factors of investigate most significant human cancer he faces one of the and crucial public health jobs this country hasknown to date INDUSTRY INDUSTRY ITSELF HAS INITIAINITT IATEDEAD N ATTACK ON OCCUPATIONAL cancer whichis being carried out in Memorial Hospital's Kettering Institute New York City Headed in ap by Dr. Smith a Johns Hopkins medical William worked school man who has worked worked at cancer research for ten years these laboratories service some of our largest chemi- cal industries New materials are tested agents before they are put into production the help of an advisory committee for carcinogenic And with which includes en- gineers and industrialists practical methods for control ling these lethal agents are worked out Both of these experts agree that occupational cancer is by far the most significant part of environmental can- cer Though it accounts for a small percent of cancer cases in the total industrially bladder cancer for instance represents only 0.2 percent ofall bladder cancer in the country is on theincrease Further it is estimated that fully 90percent carcinogens vironmental carcinogens industrialprocesses centration umil carcinogens never industrial of the known en- existed in dangerous conbrought workers into close and constant contact with them The U. has not yet fully acknowledged medically or this risk to industrial workers In other coun- legally tries there is legal of a half dozen industrially- recognition used substancesas producers of skin cancer radioactive lung materials and chromates causing causing bladder cancer cancer of aromatic aromatic Largely because of the amines lack lack of published scientific data the majority of industrial management here is uninformed of the existence of 48 materials the threat Some skepticism remains the in minds of cautious researchers about certain suspectedsuspected and there is also a naturally retarding factor for industry in publicity costly the prospect of undesirable publicity rebuilding and extensive extensive precautionparyrecautionary measures and much more strin- gent governmentregulations Experience on the Kettering project has shown that in some cases plants are able to narrow down the use of dangerous materials to a few plant units Sometimes workers can then be protected by as simple a de- vice as wearing gloves or by installing a ventilatingsys- chemicals tem over storage bins where chemicals are kept In other cases the necessary changesin plant producion run into real money Dr. Smith tells of one company which upon receipt of his laboratory's report went to work on a blueprint for plant reconstruction that eventually cost a million and a half dollars DR R. HUEPER SEES THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROBLEM as one of sanitation Gox housekeeping he says can accomplish a good deal This includes taking care that hosed causing materials are not carelessly exposed cn- closing pipes to do away with crevices and to provide a flat wall surface that can be down regularly and casily Besides providing masks gloves and respirators which for workers certain types of plans can dinunish danger danger by heightening smoke stacks and using electric plants the arrest cancer agents from fume and smoke so that they canbe washedaway Other kinds of plants can handle the problem by instituting a closed type of manufacture that is a system whereby workers will not need to come in contact with raw materials from the operation first to the final plant The physician emerges as an important figure struggle in industry's lethal agents protect to its workers against these If heis able to detect and treat cancerous and cancerous lesions he can arrestthe danger before it grows to unmanageable proportions Dr. Huuper tells of a recent incident when a plan physician reported of three cases cancer of the nasal sinus rare affliction Further study showed six cases of the malady in the same twelve operation of the plan with exposure of from six to to years a suspected carcinogenic agent Though the specific factor has not yet been nailed down this doc- tor has undoubtedly many future employes from saved unnecessary painful andlingelring ingering deaths physician The plant aalsolso shares with management the shows responsibility for steering an employe who any symptoms of cancer into another and unexposed part of the plant To have reassigned Bob to the same unit of work in Plant X after diagnosis would be as Dr. Hueper puts it signing his death certificate except for the date Labor also has a special job to perform in this pre- vention and control program Considering the general complain dread of cancer in our generation workers strangely strangesltyrangely re- sist using protective protective devices such as gloves and masks Doctors complain too that workers fail to follow medi- cal advice and avoid the regular examinations which are considered accessary during a short period of exposure dangers to a carcinogenic carcinogenic agent The job of educatingeducating workers to the respect under which they work thus be- comes an important item on organized labor's agenda The legislative implications are many Medical experts THE SURVEY agree that cancer should be a reportable disease wah responsibility vested in the state health departments as in the case of communicable diseases Compensation Lows must be amended to allow for occupational cancer AL though some states so phrase their laws that each carcino- genic agent would have in he named specifically there are already many new ones being discovered all the phraseology the the time sonic broad Some must finally finaly final y be adoptedadendum Some experts the criminal criminal feel feel too addendum to the criminal code that should that there should making making a it a punishable finaly be an punishable aflease to allow undue exposure of an individual to known agent ALTHO fA TRADEN HAVE BEEN ALEN the past twenty stars the growth of increase of occupational enucer somand rest in the new cars Here are some that must be answered IN BARS FEED IN industry and the more rapid proz of the questions Hon widespread widespread in this efflution efflution There are a reli- able data in this country concerning the number ,, ,,cu pational cancers To date some 8,000 cases have been observed in werkers of many industries affecting many dif ferem bodily organs The actual number according to Dr. Huepot is probably appreciably higher than what is recorded length How long and how intense an exposure to these agente will produce cancer in humans What is the length of the latent period before symptoms appea These are two of the toughest nuts to crack Mike and Bob it has been found that manifestations may appear from ten to fifteen years after the period of exposure If industries are not alert to the dagers for their employes and cancer remains an unreportable disease the turnover of plant workers scatters clues to the four winds A start on this gigantic detective job is be ing made at the National Cancer Institure Institure vader vader D Hueper's direction It is hoped that this project will nee only help save thtehe lives of these information comployes but willwil also provide valuable information on thethe relation between the exposure period and the length of time before symptoins appear The 64 question here as an all cancer research is Just what happens when the agent comes in contact with human tissue Does it have o direct effect or does u m some curious way cause the tissue itself to become endowed with cucinogenic properties Or as one theory has it does it cause junctional change in un endocrine gland or the hiver which then gen- erates the deadly prod- vet In other words what CAUSES cancer These are the questions that have stuinped the experts in hundreds of Laboratories and clinics the world over The discoveries in the field of environment cancer bring a new slim ray of hope into the whole picture There is just a chance that this new field of inquiry may hold the answer to the ancient proble~-n Suggest that to one of these canny medical mon and te will shake his head doubtfully but there is a gleam of excitement in bis cyc The use of 39 percent of cance has hitherto been unknown may be that this will turn out to be a tiny fraction in the first wedge of know edge in penetrate the innermost mystery of cancer MR AS LREADY PAT PART OG OG PENACH FOR WHAT we call progress responsibility of responsibility He must begin now to pay in the crin Hoving exploited the environment for the sake of the gourd life he must now come a rin with it for the sake of a hour life McGuffey to the Contrary " THE Jesuit Fathers were often very because of their school health La Fl^che THE Fathers were quitted because of his delicate health to young remain in bed each day until noon noon What McGuffey would have prophesied about the future of such a child is not difficult to imagine But Descartes did not profligate Indeed his delightful habit of staying in bed until noo tunrnbooruetaat cleoamsptlo en te e remarkable in fruit Analytical geometry camecame to him one morning as he lay pleasantly bed Reprinted from Mathematics and the Imagistation by permission of Simon and Schuster Publishers Copyright 1940 by Edward Kasner and James Newman cet eee JANUARY 1949 re 49 F |