Document N2m7J0pp9V7p20KpwyJV6R12w

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1937 Oct DOC#: NSC064 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of the NSC - 26th National Safety Congress r-, _ z. . * -L d Lsss.sss p . PLAIN TIFFS IIl A EXHIBIT /sc-sr o i P-N SC-6 2 6 th N a t io n a l S a f e t y C o n gress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI OCTOBER 11 to OCTOBER 15, 1937 Municipal Auditorium CsivrijM. 1937. N*ionI SaitY Covn<il, In. .jit, '*-1 ;> 12 2T All industrial members of the Council automatically receive Volume I. Volume II is sent to members believed to be inter ested chiefly in the sessions it covers. Other Council mem bers, however, may obtain it upon request. Many members have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, and others in an administrative or supervisory position who may make practical use of them for reference purposes. The fol lowing quantity prices are quoted on extra copies: 1 to 10 copies of the large volume (Volume I). $2 each; 11 copies or more. $1.73 each; copies of the smaller volume (Volume fl), 75 cents each. .> _ 'HE Transactions are published as a condensed record of the proceedings at the National Congress. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter and to abbreviate the less essential portions because of space limitations. Thus the material herein presented is not a verbatim report of all the speeches presented at the Congress, but rather an abridged version made as compact as possible, yet without injury to the technical aspects of any address. The original manuscripts arc on hie in the Council's Bureau of Inform a tion. where they are available for additional reference. Where illustrations were sent by the speakers to the Council, these also arc on file. The National Safety Council at its Congresses seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent to the aim of the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies. It cannot accept responsibility for the views ex pressed either in the papers presented or in he discussion.based upon the papers. .NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, I n c . 20 North Wacker Drive C h i cr aagno'* O C O l.'M Coun Coun Annu Ajsnu Sabj, Acre A-S.i A stc C CITJ Cber C Dm y :>o< In du Mar Mea Met Min ? 2 p< ? ctr ? DV. r-if: 7-iic E.l:< .> Q LA . . ;\*ArAw ` ;* :: . >y V v -y '; yW "- v " * - I ( Twenty-sixth National Safety Nished by the National Safety is, the first, contains the general. Industrial Section sessions. The sessions of the Child Education, Tghwav Traffic, Commercial Ve- he Council automatically receive : to members believed to be inter- it covers. Other Council mem upon request. :d it worth while to distribute to supervisors, foremen, anti vr supervisory, position who may for reference purposes. The folquoted on extra copies: 1 to 10 Volume I), S2 each: 11 copies of the smaller volume fVolumc bli_-_cl as a condensed record of ational Congress. The papers of if the Congress have been edited raneous matter and to abbreviate cause of space limitations. Thus ,-i is not a verbatim report of all . the Congress, but rather an ..impact as possible, yet without ;:s of any address. The original :z Council's Bureau of Informadable for additional reference, by the speakers to the Council. r.cil at its Congresses seeks to '.otters which are not pertinent to - which arc contrary y. Council responsibility for the '.lews e.\- presented or in the discussion.- : i y c o u n c il , In c . 12J279Q1 331.5 2. NZl S mi C o n ten ts Council Officers and D irectors............!........................................... 4 Council Purposes and P o licies.......................................................... 9 Annual M eeting of Members................ .................................... . 11 Annual Banquet .................................................................................... 31 Subject Sessions-- A fter Work A ccidents............................................................... 33 Agricultural S a f e t y ..................................................................... 41 Community Safety O rganization............................................ 51 Fire P revention ............. 59 H ealth Service in Industry........................................................ 71 Industrial D usts ........................................................................... 85 Industrial Fumes, Gases and V ap ors.................................... 99 Industrial Safety Lectures......................................................... 109 Maintaining Interest in 'S a fety ................................................. 141 Pressure V essels .......................................................................... 157 Safety Fundamentals ...................................................................173 Safety Inspectors ........................................................................ 183 Safety Training ....... 193 Safe Use of A c id s..........................................................................201 Aeronautical Section ..........................................................................211 A .S.S.E.-- Engineering S e c tio n ......................................................... 221 A utom otive and Machine Shop-- P ow er P ress Section s..........225 Cement and Quarry S ection s...............................................................249 Chemical Section ..................................................................................271 Construction Section ............................................................................285 Food S e c tio n ............................................................................................307 Industrial Nursing ................................................................................323 Marine S e c tio n ........................................................................................341 M eat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries S ectio n ........371 M etals Section ........................................................................................381 M ining S e c tio n ....................... .............................................................. 401 Paper and Pulp S ection ........................................................................ 429 Petroleum Section ................................................................................ 489 P ow er Press S e c tio n .............................................................................. 535 P ublic U tilities S ection ....... ..............................................................537 Quarry S e c tio n .......... ...........................................................................557 Refrigeration Section ........................................................................... 559 ^R ubhet Section............... 577 Safety Equipment S ecticn ................................................................... 531 Steam Railroad M eeting................................................ 5S7 T extile Section ................................................ ............................. l'.'..60T" Wood Preducts S - " ' - &*?'- Index ---- v. i I - G _ B a S e r^ S s a s a c iL E s s e . OFFICERS AND DIRE HONORARY MEMBERS A ssociation ok Ikon and S teelE ngineers ` Robert W. Campbell ` L ew R. P almkk ; OF FICERS ( 1 93 7 - 1 93 8) D. D. Fennell, President C. \V. Dempesv, Vice-President ior Finance and Treasurer H arry Guilbert, Vice-President torMembership j F rank H. H arrison, Vice-President lor Industrial Safety H on. H arold G. H offman, Vice-President for Public Safety W alter S. P aine, Vice-President for Engineering A. V. Rohwedf.k. Vice-President tor Local Safety Councils A. W. W hitney, Vice-President for Education W. H. C ameron, Secretary and Managing Director EX ECU TIVE COMMITTEE (1937-1938) : H . W. A nderson, General Motors Corporation J. I. Banash, Fast President C. W. Beroql'ist, Past President H enry W. Boggess. Petroleum Section C. B. Bol'let. ASSE-Eugincering Section H. W. Boulton. Automotive and Machine Shop Section H arold S. Buttenheim, The American City Magazine W. H. Cameron, Kational Safety Council, Inc. Robert W. C ampbell. Past President Robert I. Ca tijn . Aetna Casualty & Surety Company R. A. C haffin, Metals Section Lewis A. D eUi.ois. Past President C. W. D empesy, The Liquid Carbonic Corporation Marcus A. Dow. Past President [J. D. F ennell, Consulting Engineer JohevB. OtasoN, Electric.Company H arry Guilbert, The Pullman Company F rank H. H arrison. International Harvester Company P. L. G. H asskarl. Lehigh Valley Safety l Ion. H auoi.o G. H offman, Governor, Sta S. B. H okreli, Food Section W alter G. K ing, P ast P resident Wa. C- Knoelk. John . Lung, I Thus. H. MacDo Walter B. Mart 1. W. Millard, I Harold L. Mine. P f.of. Roger L. .' E. J. O'Brien, Jr Walt".:-: S. Paint Lew K. Palmer, C. E. Pettirone, Albert S. Regui. Lt. C.-l Henry t A. UuliWCOf.R. George E, Sankhi Charles U. S co: , Gen. John H. Sin Judge Lee E. Ske. C. Smith, Sui Walter Dk.vt S R. T. Soi.enste.v, C. r . Tolman, Pa Geoe:s G. T kaveh D r. C. H. W atso: A. W hitney, 1 T. A. ' .SOX, T. W. E. W orth. Imi- A rt-illis H. Voung DIRECTO i b . , - J. A DA.MR . H. A.XDflkSOX, A. I.. ; ikMSTUOXC, : H. If. i.Mf.KV, Chr. ,r. 1. ... .xasH, ConCarl a \UKKN, St. ; G. J. 2 .-.KHKTT, Aiti E rni.-t W. I1-CK-. C. W. ,CrkCOUtST, ' i:. 2 1;r.AXK, jo n c 1Is..-,-. '.`s'. IgOOOF.s II. K. oi.t, South p#  [OFFICERS A N D DIRECTORS/ Continued pL casurcr Safety c Safety ` our ( 1 9 3 7 1 9 3 8 ). lion r.e :n nny Jer-^y Wm. C. K noeuc. Milwaukee Safely Commission J ohn E. Long. Past President T hos. H. MacDonald, U. S. Department of Agriculture W alter B. Martin, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council [. W . M illard. Industrial Gloves Company Harold L. M iner,.E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. P rof. Rocek L. Morrison, Street & Highway Traffic Section E. J. O 'Brien. J r.. Louisville Safety Council W alter S. P aine. Aetna Life & Affiliated Cos. L ew R. P ai-uer. Past President C. E. P ettibone. Past President Albert S. Keclt-a. Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt. Col. H enry A. Reninger, P a s t P re sid en t A. V. Kohwedf.r. Dulutli, Missabe & Iron Range Railway Co. G eorge E. S anford, General Electric Co. Charles B. Scott, Past President Gen. J ohn H. S herburne, Massachusetts Safety Council J udge L ee E. S kef.i, Cleveland Safety Council C. W. S mith, Standard Oil Company find.) W alter Df.nt Smith. Delaware Safety Council R. T. Solexstex. Elliott Service Company C. P. T olman. Past President Gkorce G. T raver. Greater Chicago Safety Cuuncii, Inc. D r. C. H. W atson. Past President A. W. W iiitnev. National Conservation Bureau T. A. W ilson. Textile Section W. E. W orth. International Harvester Co. A rthur H . Young, Past President DIRECTORS (1937-1938) (Koket: J. Ada?. Paper and Pulp Section H. \V. A ndkrv. n. General Motor Corp. A. L. Ahmstkoxt Ea>tman Kodak Company H. H. Bau.f.y, Chattanoocra Safety Council J. . Banam!. Consulting Eniiineer . ... O.JU. B.Mctiiik. ik* Eon is- Safety Council ( 'J Eakkutt. Minim? Section I-.KXKST W. Pick. L'nitcd States Kulilier Produci*. nc. C. \ \ . Br.Hr.r.vi-T, W estern Electric Co. K. 1-. Bi.axk, I'.ncs & Lauerhlin Steel Corp. Mkxh\' \ \ . 1 Petroleum Section H \l, K-h.t. Sv.::h Bend Civic Safety Coun OFFICERS A N D DIRECTORS, Continued OFFICERS A N D DIRE' C. B. Boulet, ASSE-Engineering Section H. W. Boulton-, Automotive A Machine Shop Section F. S. Brown-, Standard Accident Insurance Co. \V. A. B rown-, Safety Department, Nashville Chamber of Commerce \V . T. Buckekidce, Employees' Publication Section S. W. Burchiel. Safety Department, Automobile Club of Rhode Island H arold S. B uttexheim. The American City Magazine B. J . Callaghan-, Contra Costa County Safety Council W. H . Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. R ay Carney, Kenosha Safety Council R obert I. Catun-, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. R. A. Chaffin-, Metals Section K enneth B. Colmax, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council J. E. Culuney, Bethlehem Steel Co. L ew is A. D eBlois, Consulting Engineer J ay E. D ecker, Mason City Safety Council C. W. Dempesy, The Liquid Carbonic Corp. Tames B. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co. D r. L ouis I. D ublin, Metropolitan L ife Insurance Co. O. M. E dwards, J r., Safety Div., Syracuse Chamber of Commerce W. P. E lstun, Public Utilities Section D. D. F ennell, Consulting Engineer D. L. F ennell, Kansas City Safety Council D onald A. F inkbeixer, Toledo Safety Council D r. H art E. F isher, Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Chester C. F isk, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission H oward B. F onda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc. A lexander F oster, J r,, Quarry Section J ohn B. Gibson, Western Electric Co. H oward F. G ilbert, Elizabeth Safety Council O tho M. G raves, The General Crushed Stone Co. W. A. Griffin, American Telephone S: Telegraph Co. H arry G uilbert, The Pullman Co. I saiah H ale, The Atchison, Topeka S: Santa Fe Ry. Co. C H . H arper, Refrigeration Section D. T. H arrington, U. S. Bureau o f Mines F rank H. H arrison, International Harvester Co. P. L-.-G. PIasskarl, Lehigh Valley Safety Council R. C. H aven, Commercial Vehicle Section G. T. H ellmuth, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee KR. Co. C has. E. H im., N ow York Central Lines H on. H arold G. H offman. Governor. State ofsSjsjjvJcrscy ~~ E. C. H olden. Jr.. Marine Section OOCi E v erett H ouo. ,\ S. B. H orrei.i. V H. C. H owsam. I F red B. H unt. C M ajor N orman ,j R. D. J e w e t t . Sr T homas P . K ear> T hos. L. K ei.lev. J. M. K errigan, ! W m. C. K xoelk. W m. S. K nudsen. C. L. LaF ouxtai: Millard C. L efu Barney L ev y, J r A. A ugustus L ov T hos. H . M acD o: W alter B. M arti F. W. M atson, M R. A. M cA rthur. Miller M cC i.intc I. W . M illard, I. J ames K. M iller. H arold L. M ine; R. B. M orley, In P rof. Rocer L. i E rnest M urhiy. E. J. O 'Brien, J k G eorge C. A. Opr W alter S. P aine. L ew R. P almer, ' Da u d A. P atton Mrs. G. M. P elt. Charles W . P en merce C. E. P etti bone. . G en. G eorge B. P A rthur P otterto Al b e r t s. -Recuh Lt. Col. H enry v Bestor Robinson, A. V. Rohweder, W alter Rosenb.m G. E. S anford, C -:r - OFFICERS AN D DIRECTORS, Continued Island A. CO. E verett H oku. Madison Comuy Safety Council S. B. H orrell, F ood Section H. C. H owsam, Power Press Section Fred B. H unt. Cement Section M ajor N orman A. Imrie. Columbus Safety Council R. D. J ewett. Springfield Safety Council T homas P. K e.ar.s s , Industrial Commission of Ohio T hos. L. K elley, Paterson Safety Council J. M. K errican, Rubber Section W m. C. K.voelk, Milwaukee Safety Commission Wit. S. K nudsen. Detroit Industrial Safety Council C. L. LaFouxtaine. Great N'ortltem Railway Co. Millard C. L epler, Child Education Section Barney L evy, J r., Roclicstcr Safety Council A. A ugustus Lotv, Brooklyn Safety Council T hos. H. M acDonald. U. S. Department of Agriculture W alter B. M artin, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council F. W . M atson, Minnesota Safety Council R. A. M cA rthur, Transit Section Miller McC untock. Harvard University T. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Co. J ames K. M iller, Grand Rapids Safety Council H arold L. M iner. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. R. B. Morlev, Industrial Accident Prevention Assns. P roe. Roger L. M orrison. Street & Highway Traffic Section E rnest M ukitiv. Albany Safety Council E. J. O 'B rien, Jr.. Louisville Safety Council George C. A. O pp, The Detroit Edison Co. W alter S. P.\tNE. Aetna Life 5; Affiliated C-.s. Lew R. P almer, The Equitable Life Assuranre Society of the U. S. D avid A. P atton, Newark Safety Council M rs. G. M. P elton. Evanston Safety Council Charles W. P endock. Safety Div. Milwaukee Association o merce C. E. Pettisone. American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Gen. G eorge E. P illshury. United States Engineer Ofrice A rthur P otterton, Hudson County Safety Council Albert S. R egula. Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt, Col. Henry. A. JvE\tN< ;ek, Lehigh Portland Cement Co. Cestor R obinson, Easthav Safety Council \, V. R ohwedek. Duluth, Missabe & Iron O W alter Rosenbaum. W estern Pennsvlvania gilifftiotiiicii v3r--5.> l4 ifTOncmtrrjT OFFICERS A N D DIRECTORS, Continued Comici H enry G. Schaffner. Eric Safety Council K akl G. Schoeffler. Rahway Safety Council H arry A. Schultz, United Slates Steel Corp. H. E. S eely, Wood Products Section E arl S. S hartzer, Utica Safety Cotmeii Gex. J ohn H. S herburne, Massachusetts Safety Council D r. L. A. S houdy, Bethlehem Steel Co. E rnest L. S imonds, Xew Haven Safety Council A. E . S inclair, Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Industries Section J udge L ee E. 8 heel, Cleveland Safety Council C. W. S mith, Standard Oil Company (ind.) E dwin C. S mith, Elackstonc Valley Safety Council W alter D ent Smith, Delaware Safety Council W. A. S now, Construction Section R. T. Solensten, E llio tt Service Co. E. C. S pring, Lansdale, Pa. G eorge R. Stephens, Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber o: Commerce J ohn Stilwell, Greater Xew York Safety Council A rthur M. T ode, Consulting Marine Engineer George G. T racer. Greater Chicago Safety Council, Inc. M ajor R. D. T rimble, Richmond S afety Council F rank E. V itz, Superior Safety Council D r. C. H. W atson, American Telephone S: Telegraph Co. H arry M. W ebber, Wilmette, III. D r. D avid E. W eclejn, Baltimore Safety Council S. E. W hiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. A. \V. W hitney, Xational Conservation Bureau H oward R. W hitney, Worcester Safety Council f. The tfonrvaiion of It purpose of the Xationi h The Council works through a continuous c [prevention that is natio Tplies to all types ot hat directly or indirectly rea fcjation. p Recognising that imp 'conditions and the prev diseases in industry art accident prevention, the tlive in these fields. 5 The Xational Safety gnrcfft, non-sectarian, no "Tjton. It has approximately 5 nenting every state in tl gof the Canadian provinc RlflO foreign members. 1: fbership are industrial tlndlviduals, public oflici tbers of commerce, clubs Klitms. About 70 per cent geems, including the lar Mhe oil companies, most Rite United States, the a tra- nd others oi outstanding t.- " Origin and 1 T. A. W ilson, Textile Section W. H. W inans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. F. B. W inslow, Safety Div,, Birmingham Chamber of Commerce W. E. W orth, International Harvester Co. E. J. Z auft, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce G. L. Z wick. St. Joseph Safety Council ^ The history of the C he first cooperative 5a funder the auspices of fc.Tron and Steel Electrica |waukee in 1912. As an ^Congress the Xational ^organized in Xew Yor ^members. During the fi tership increased to 971. These safety pioneergram on the assumption unnecessary and avoidal .develop the principles, a: j^make -accident prcvcntid -- iL T .he continuous growtl /expansion oi its activitk Eness of thc-ie principles. y'.a coordinated program I 0001U Industrial Dusts W EDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 13, 1937 The meeting was called to order by Chair man A. S. Regula, Executive Secretary, In dustrial Relation- Counselors, Inc., New York City, and Vice-President for Engineer ing, National Safety Council, who intro duced the speakers. What Industrial Dusts Are Harmful? Why? By SENIO R SURGEON R. R. SAYERS Chief, D ivision of Industrial Hygiene, U. S. Public Health Service While dusts exist everywhere in the at mosphere, it has been recognized for cen turies that workers in certain dusty occupations are less healthy than those not 'o exposed. The number of persons ex posed in dusty occupations comprises one o the largest industrial groups. The occu pational diseases of workers in dusty at mospheres have been found to be due to entrance of dust into the system by inhalation, by ingestion, by direct absorption through tile slan, by irritation of the skin. '<r by a combination of the foregoing. Die suspensions of particulate matter ir. mr have been broadly termed dusts, fumes, and smokes. Such a classification is neccsarilv arbitrary, since the line of demarca t'd! between them is not very sharp, ami the chief differentiation is based on the size the particles. Investigations by the Pub!c Health Service in dusty industries' reealed that about 70 per cent of the dust Particles examined were between 1 and 3 microns in size, only about 20 per cent were U tttuhcarnon1.s.mIincrdouns,traianlddtuhsetsmaerdeiamnasiinzley wleasss : I4.n "''Ofons in size. However, fibrous 1 in--aaae,' atudnar asbestos, have been l 'uJj0 . 0 contain particles as large as 200- mircons in the greatest diameter. C.o^llhisilc. generally speaking, according t< 'h-n-'N^u,ts ar<a more injurious as lliei v 1! 1TM' composition differs from that o body, or rom the elements o the body is normally composed,' it is difficult to establish a comprehensive definition for toxic dusts. Sollmann,1 after analysis o f various definitions for poison, felt that it is very difficult to give a definition which will not be ambiguous in some cases, but believed that the following covers most of the points which must be considered in classing a substance as such: "A poison is any substance which, act ing directly through iti inherent chemic properties, and by its ordinary action, is capable of destroying life, or of seriously endangering health, when it is applied to the body, externally, or in moderate doses (to 50 Gm.) internally." Some dusts arc known to be poisonous, while others, in the concentrations usually encountered, are comparatively harmless. However, it may be stated that breathing dust in high concentration is not desirable. According to Fairhall, the damage arising from the inhalation of toxic dust may be either local or remote, and depends upon whether the material is a protoplasmic poi son, whether it is caustic in. reaction, or whether it is absorbed into the blood stream and carried to other centers which arc in .urn affected.* It is now well established that exposure \c certain kinds of dusts, such as those con taining considerable quantities of free silica, has increased the morbidity and mortality rate-from RBuSttory diseases ^wdiilc. me tallic dusts, jiQghsiai-lend and its compounds.,'  i S6 Tu'i'iitv-si.rlh Xational Safety Congress have been associated with general systemic poisoning.1 Dusts may be swallowed with saliva, water, or food, and direct poisoning has been traced to absorption by this method; other dusts may act as irritants and produce affections ot the skin, irritate mu cous membranes of nose, eyes and throat, often causing inflammatory diseases ot these organs.1 Some inorganic dusts are able to pene trate the deep lung tissues and are sufficiently insoluble to be retained there. Some of these may be active in the human tissues, causing definite and permanent in jury, while others are inert and may be retained for years, apparently without seri ous damage; some are gradually absorbed without causing pathological changes.' All inhaled particles are soluble, at least to a small extent. If harmless, cell activity Is stimulated so that phagocytes remove the dust. If the solute is toxic, the viability of the phagocyte is affected and an ineffective accumulation results. At the same lime, further soiute may diffuse into neighboring tissues, setting up an irritation and subse quent fibrosis. The nature as well as the solubility of the solute is an important fac tor, but of two-substances of approximately equal toxicity, the more soluble form causes the greater damage. However, sub stances ot such low solubility as silica may ultimately produce extensive injury.' Kettle has stated that harmful dusts, if inhaled into the lungs, may activate a latent tuberculous infection; they may exaggerate an active tuberculous lesion or a coincident infection. If sufficient quantities o f a harm less dust arc inhaled, some of it remains in the lungs and causes a mild degree ot fibro sis merely through mechanical irritation, but such fibrosis is never sufficient to inter fere with the function of the lung.1 Some writers state that while the influ ence of nonpoisonous dusts on health is a debatable subject, abnormally high death rates from bronchitis and pneumonia are sometimes attributed to chronic exposure to noutoxic dusts. Large amounts of dust are occasionally found in supposedly normal lungs, at autopsy.' According to Drinker, there arc tour dif ferent types of reaction produced in man by the inhalation of dust. The first and most important are the r*umocr,nio<es. such as silicosis and ashcsic-.ts. which cause specific lung pathology and often arc foiiowed by pulmonary tuberculosis. The second tyj, I of reaction is caused by toxic dusts like 1^ ! cadmium, and radium. A third type of ady follows the inhalation of finely divide metallic fume particles such as zinc oxid, and is known as metal itune fever. XbJ fourth reaction, allergic in character, , caused by breathing organic dusts such pollen and certain types of pulverized wood and flour. In all four cases the sole ciu* of the disability may be dust inhalation, bet the reactions from toxic dusts result frore swallowing as well as from inhalation." For various reasons it is difficult to se up an absolute classification for dusts. Opinion is rapidly changing regarding socalled inert or harmless dusts and further investigation may prove some of them to be injurious. Some dusts may have both i toxic and an irritant action; while on the other hand, the poisoning resulting from ex posure to a dust may he the combined effect of more than one mode of entrance into the body. However, the following classification of dusts, according to physical character istics and physiological effect, is used for convenience. I. Organic Dusts Organic dusts arc those which contain carbon, and were originally supposed to come from organized substances derived from animal or plant lifc. Living dust; come tinder this classification, and are thought to be of the same order of size a; industrial dusts, with which they are fre quently associated. Bacteria arc usually be tween 0.5 and 3 microns, except in a few cases, such as the anthrax bacillus, which ranges from 1 to 12S micron in breadth and 4.5 to 10 microns in length and 10 or 15 microns in diameter. However, it is possi ble that the larger and heavier varieties, like the larger and heavier dust particle;, settle due to gravity, and do not remain suspended in the air. Many thousands of organic substance;, carbon-containing, are made synthetically by chemical processes such as dyestuffsexplosives, etc. 1. X O X U r iX C ORCAXIC DU STS. A; the name implies, the-c are comprised <' nouvialilc particles, .'.in::: may or may no' he inlicrcntiv toxic or irritant, -i-ut-r wkKS-sncvcrthelefauRriifijicc im.:ova;ri^f;g;t;*.5. in the.. 11liman orES^fe.?," Allergic ' HuVts- Sir those to wliirli&SMM&grtai:: versons are '.'or may 0 0 0.1 a l l S i h S S 6 a S S ' !> i 'riff*'- `'r'i n lijjj '<`I S'-' Industrial Dusis S7 '.r. . :e ;C:er ?ur:: .. i t v ;.;r ie tier:. :*a .:i; .-.-2 .ion. r t a: r dinr v- srr. :e bnc;. 2 i or. ~e :rc?r c :ed u ir.u: .>sir z ha: use*.; ::r ?oo*.: ~ currrri j n i ar.c L-'- { ; f nrj f~." f ua;..' re in a. fr* ibscaa.-ff themsC- : r.ecomc hypersensitive. with resulting .istiiina. rhinitis, or other disturbances, are included in this classification. a. Toxic and/or Irritant. Toxic or irritant dusts are all organic dusts which produce untoward symptoms, either systemic or local. Those producing local symptoms are usually described as irritant; those produc ing general or systemic symptoms are termed toxic A dust may be both toxic and irritant. In reported cases of injury or death fol lowing inhalation of dust from organic com pounds, among the chief offenders are paranitrmiline, the dinitrobenzenes, chlorodinitrobenzenes, trinitrophenol, and nitronaohthalene. Eye damage due to inflamma tion of the comea has occurred among workers exposed to methyl violet dust. The dust from paraphcnylene diamine derivatives is particularly irritating and dangerous, causing not only a severe form of derma titis where the dust comes in contact with the skin, but also producing acute inflamma tion of the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages.* Toxic dusts may be generated during the handling of powdered dyes and in preliminary dyeing operations, particularly the hydro-extractor process, where particles are disseminated in all di rections." Coal tar and indigo dyes are substances most frequently used. Cases of amblyopia have been reported from exposure to inhalation of- tobacco dust." It has been found that inhaled to bacco dust exerts a nicotine action on the organism fifteen times greater than that produced by the same quantity of smoked tobacco with an equal nicotine content." Severe dermatitis is experienced by many workers handling powder containing T.X.T., which is used in making high explosives. Picric acid, which is also used for this pur pose. requires drying, and in this latter state bp$ been found to produce a dermatitis. Picric acid is also the oldest synthetic oc eanic dyestuff." Dermatitis occurs among handlers of silk with varying frequency, balls determined that a rash occurring aoiamr'CgCTi'fa.f'j -fn a silk factory was due to '"st irom silk cocoons imported from Airica.11 Persons engaged in tiie manufacture of quinine and quinine preparations sillier from . '-in phenomena, which occur for the most "art on exposed parts of the body, and mjy be caused by ingestion or by quinine dust, or powder form of the preparation, e x erting a direct irritating effect on the skin." Dermatitis due to outer vegetable dusts such as vanilla, powdered arnica, pyrethrum, etc, have beer, reported." Dental lesions, of occupational origin, have been reported among workers in sugar. The gingivitis caused by sugar dust is clas sified as purely mechanical, with laterdeveloping caries. Digestive disorders, respirators' conditions, and cutaneous con ditions (especially of the face) were also found." ' Dock workers, transporters of grain, workers in grain and flour mills, etc. are exposed to dusts during their work. Dusts from cereals may contain many impurities, which may cause an irritating action on the respiratory passages, as well as inflamma tion of the skin. Digestive disturbances, dental defects, diminution in hearing, and conjunctivitis have been observed among miilers, and have been attributed to the dusts to which such workers are exposed." 'b, Allergic. Many apparently innocuous substances may produce reactions in per sons of peculiar personal susceptibility. The term "allergy" is used to describe this con dition of hypersensitiveness or susceptibility, and allergic phenomena most frequently manifest themselves in skin reactions. H ow ever, they may cause acute reactions else where in the body. When the respiratory tract is involved we have such well known diseases as hay fever or asthma. These diseases may develop as a result of hyper sensitiveness to such substances as pollens from plants, horsehair, rabbit's fur, furs, feathers, etc. For instance, iurriers, workers in clothing industries ho are exposed to wool dust, etc., may suffer from hay fever or asthma.'* It is unnecessary for the offending dust to reach the depths of the lungs--giant poilens tor example are reported to produce their effect aiter being caught in the upper res piratory passages. Should such an offending substance be finely ground it could reach the alveoli and as a result probably all physiologic reactions would be accelerated." In a survey of a plant where resin is fixed, ground, and molded, it was found iat SO per cent of the occupational derma- tis there was due ffiixlliV"rrsensitivity to sxamethvlrnetctra--. formaldehyde,^. mtained in the du;t^ifi*piteli the vvorxjejfiy, ere exposed." first p r o c e s s^ . t f ir o o o i ; ti ss Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress ot cotton spinning, cotton-strippers arc ex posed to dust arising from cotton husks and debris, which produces a typical form of asthma.1 Ordinary wood dust has~been of interest due to its purely mechanical action, but still greater care is required in handling certain kinds, especially woods coming from abroad, because of the essential oils impreg nating them, which when freed in the dust may affect the health of the workers con cerned. Some of the woods capable of causing skin lesions are Brazil wood, satin- trichum dermatodes), which is scatter^ i when the bark is stripped off. This powde, i I znc. sict. --ason O'l is irritating to the skin and mucous mem- L . te proip< branes. Mycclia and spores of moulds j r{ commonly found to cause rashes: for in. { A-2a ~! stance, the black powder coining froia 1) -atisjfiiartaettmwi macerated sugarcane stalks. Among basket- I jre pro"'' makers, the mycelium and spores, in tht ou?h t form of a white mould (hyphomycctc) from jumsiuir. the rhattan cancs used, get shaken out when the canes arc split, hammered, and cut, causing painful fissures to develop on tin skin where they alight." -jtgtor-nn wood, leakwood, cumaru or tonka wood, A form of asthma or spasmodic cough, black ebons- wood. West Indian mahogany, suffered by cotton weavers and known j, x>J tint 321 dinn Japanese tagayasan, coccoloba, chestnutwood, aspergillosis, has been considered due to in | >312 tenx olivewood. California sequoia, etc. All per halation of spores of a mildew- which some- ; vL-oinm: sons who handle these woods are no't in times occurs on the threads.22 In a study j- Je.-i oif jured, only those particularly susceptible to of silicosis among miners, made by the ( -:o dux the substances they contain becoming Public Health Service, a number of cases Of tine affected." of typical miliary calcification were en iceiy f countered. Unstained smears of those cast 2. L IN IN G ORG AN IC. D U ST S. Theseexamined were positive for fungus, two contain particles capable of exhibiting the types of Aspergillus fungi being identified. phenomena of life2 (especially the property All of the subjects but one were tanners, i o i reproduction or multiplication), such as teamsters, feedmill workers, or residents oi j bacteria and fungi. They are usually found small agricultural towns where grain is * in loss- concentrations and are associated marketed. Farmers are exposed to fungi a i ss-ith nonliving dusts in the air. threshing wheat, baling hay, or handling I a. Bacteria. One of the most important various small grains.23 ! among these is the anthrax bacillus, which Some other fungus diseases such as actino jj. anx fast P== ry dee r Accnr ffroinr. T cT kctts r is contained in the dust from skins, furs, mycosis and blastomycosis are associated wool, and animal hair, horns, hoofs, bones, with occupational exposure to du<t. The etc. This disease may occur in two form s: former occurs among workers handling cutaneous (in which the organism affects straw, hay, grass, vegetable debris contami the skin), and fulmonary (when it is inhaled, nated with mould, etc. Actinomycosis is as in the form of anthrax known as wooi- likely to affect people engaged in commercial sorters' disease).12 handling, storing, and cleansing of grain Cases o i tetanus, reported in connection with jute manufacture, were traced to the (grain distilleries, flour mills, grain crush ing, breweries, and malting houses, etc.)." raw material, the bacillus having been found in the factory dust.22 Diphtheria, tubercu II. Inorganic Dusts losis, smallpox, typhoid, or other bacillus- Inorganic compounds are ot mineral :Zl produced diseases, may result from exposure origin, not requiring a living organism to to infected dusts. produce them.22 A number of dusts not Bacterial sensitization can be the cause oi usually classed as toxic may, under some any of the allergic diseases, namely, asthrr.2. conditions, produce untoward effects on the perennial, hay fever, urticaria, angioneurotic human organism. Classified under inorgam: edema, eczema, or migraine headaches.2' are toxic and/or irritant, fibrosis-produc b. Fungi. Dusts containing the myce'.ia and spores of parasitic fungi give rise tv ing. and nonnbrosis-producirt; dusts. a. Toxic nut! or Irritant. Toxic dusts are v.r.'r annoyanre and discomfort. "Maltster's" iter, those, which are inherently toxic when in from the dust aionc has been reported. In haled. ingested, or otherwise _ absorbs-... Provence, reeds used for ceilings arc stacked Among those which Produce systemic while still wet and undergo fcrmentaticr.: soiling, s,,me arc. aiso irritant. : they become covered with a white powder the dusts fro metals a:id"TKr:*a 'a dry '? the Mucor family: such it: leiltU.***lS"ii>b*ic'*i*irY' , arsenic, iatln.un . *V''y V* ' . -a . a ; aa.a w ^ . .. / i/i) tis:r:m . ,;nCi etc. Irritant dusts are injurious '. y . ;v -a - reason oi their strong irritative or corro- t* n: :=. ,-e properties. uic.- ^5 j, rule, inhaled irritant substances :m.- tc* - mediately cause a reaction in the upper ip :'= respiratory tract oi such severity that they r ca.:j.:'.- sre prevented from reaching the lungs, ai- .-. tr. ; (hough they may cause lung damage by .te) tr:-- extension of inriammation it the mucous out " '.c: < membrane is corroded.1Lime, calcium oxide, am'. an<j he di-chromates are examples oi irri- .i .tr. v.c t !ant dusts. An inorganic dust may possess ; both toxic and irritant properties, and the iic c.t cci. i poisoning produced may be the combined kito-* - it t effect oi more than one mode of entrance due t: in- j into the body. her. c--;- j Ot the directly poisonous dusts, the most u a --h: t widely prevalent are those of certain lead iu i~ '-he i compounds, particularly the oxide, carbon- r n: .taes f ate and the chromate. The dust is readily wert | absorbed hy the mucous membrane; some hose r--* j Just passes into the stomach and is dissolved iicuj. rvs f by the gastric juice.* According to Fairhall, perforated nasal septum is a common occurrence among workers with bi-chromate dusts.4 In a study made hy the U. S. Public Health Service it was found that continuous daily exposure to concentrations 'of chromic acid mist greater than I milligram in 10 cubic meters is likely to cause definite injury to the nasal tissues.3 It is believed that a similar concentration of the dust would be equally toxic. In the case o i poisoning from some heat? metals, exposure may be to both dust and vapor. For instance, investigations have shown the safe limit of total exposure to lead oxide dust and fumes to be less than 1.5 mg, per 10 cubic meters of air, except for prolonged exposure.3 In exposure to mercury dust and vapor, it was shown that the incidence of chronic mercurialism in creases rapidly with increasing mercury concentration, after such concentration ex ceeds 2.0 mg. per 10 cubic meters.3 Alkalis and metallic oxides are common crises of dermatoses. Lye, potash and 'me are known to cause irritation to plas terers, cement-makers, bricklayers, masons, >onecutters, modellers, and metal platers.'* , aeration and perforation of the nasal sep- occur among workers exposed to the of soda ash; systemic poisoning also curs from inhalation of calcium cvanirr.ide 'nist." Cases of dermatitis, scleroderma and ca cer arc reported to have been caused by exposure to dust of arsenic compounds. Certain aluminum salts are skin irritants and aluminum dusts may contribute to the infection o f skin and mucous membranes, through mechanical action.'* b. Fibrosis-Producing Dusts. The most Important of these are the inorganic slightly soluble dusts which cause fibrous changes iu the lung tissues, some of which are seri ous, and some of which cause little or no disability.' So far as is known, no inorganic substances other than silicon derivatives cause more than a very moderate degree of fibrosis o f the lung. Moreover, there seems to be no evidence that any other constituent o i ordinary dusts can influence so unfavora bly a pulmonary infection.* Although other dusts, when inhaled in . sufficient concentrations over a long period oi time, have been shown capable of pro ducing a pulmonary fibrosis,' nevertheless, the pneumoconiosis characterized by nodu lar fibrosis has to date been shown clini cally and experimentally to be associated only with the inhalation of dusts containing free silica. Since this dust, to exert its harmful action, must enter the finer divisions of the lung, the particle size of the atmdspheric dust may bear a definite relationship to the in jurious effect produced. The silica must be present in the air in particles small enough to enter the finer air spaces and of such dimensions that the phagocytic cells may engulf them. The greater majority of par ticles found upon microscopic examination oi the lung fall within the limits of from 1 to 3 microns." Examples of siliceous dusts are granite, quartz, sand, pumice, slate, etc. In a recent study among anthracite miners, the correlations between exposure to dust (which contained silica) and the evidence of constitutional changes left little doubt as to the etiological significance of the dust in the air breathed. Like correlations were found between the silica exposure and the extent of pulmonary changes." When the inhaled dust consists oi silica combined with bases, silicates, sonic degree oi change in the pulmonary tissue may result. In this respect asbestos d u stm en to be. among silicates- m tf"prevalence amf se verity o f the disease causes." The chief dij-JBtpttD,between silicosis and conditions c]elM . simple reactions *t>}!TScd m bv other dusiiHS -the active proliferative m : - 0 0 0 1 .:.:-; - r '' *-'y *r, :,. '*wSNfy m ;u'. i i 1-A`i -A %. :r V - : ; \. 90 Twenty-sixth Xaiimial Saft'ly Congress ! reaction in tlic tissues which results in ! Dust may be entrapped at its source I progressive nodulation. Silicosis, when once suction devices and thus removed and coi. i established, strongly predisposes the lungs lected. Familiar examples are exhaust hoods f to infection, especially with the tubercle in grinding operations, and the devices us*,) I bacillus. Chronic interstitial pneumonia, in rock drilling. ! chronic bronchitis, and emphysema are fre quent complications of advanced degrees of silicosis. Generally speaking, the exhaust ventilj. i tion method, where applicable, is to be prt. ferred in controlling a dust hazard. Water The relation of the acute respiratory in may be used to entrap dust and prevent fections to the reaction due to dusts other dispersal, and under certain circumstances than free silica has never been established, it may be of advantage to combine the use though a heightened incidence has often of water and the use of suction. Sometimes been shown statistically in workers in dusty a dusty process can be completely enclosed trades. It is fairly certain that a dust dam in a sealed room or compartment. It must aged lung, whatever the cause, fares much be remembered, however, that any mechani. worse it an acute infection does supervene cal device of this kind offers adequate pro- 1 upon it.' tection only if it is properly designed, in a study conducted by the U. S. Public installed, and maintained. Health Service among marble finishers in Vermont, it was found that marble dust when inhaled in the concentrations found in the examined plants produced a mild, bi lateral, linear fibrosis in some cases, but no serious lung changes were noted and there was no disability due to the dust, even after years of exposure.*1 A great deal of attention has been given the subject of individual protection from dust, and there are many types of respira tory protective devices now available. These are generally of two types: those which provide fresh air from an uncontaminated source and those which rely upon a filtering medium for removing dust from the air c. .Vonfibrosis-Producing Dusts. These are inert, that is, they do r.ot cause fibrous tissue to be produced, but may become encapsulated or he free in the tissues: or they arc absorbed without production of fibrous tissue. Included among them are aiundum, coal, corundum, emery, limestone, magnesite, marble, plaster paris (gypsum), and polisher's rouge. breathed. Where the use of such a device is indicated, only one of the types approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines should be used. As a rule, it may be said that masks, respirators, or other such protective device should be used only where exposure to the dust is intermittent and brief, or where some unusual condition makes a more ade quate dust control impracticable," Dust Control Where bacteria or other living dusts in the air are associated with a process, steri Eivcinvvring and medical control arc the two most important factor; in comhatiuu he industrial dust hazard, ar.ri arc to a large extent complementary. lization methods such as increased tempera ture. ultraviolet radiation, and chemicals like chlorine or other bactericidal substances, may be of use. Pasteurization temperature fabout 140" F.) will kill most organisms Entjinccriug Control. A- Lanza" has -tafed in a recent paper. is a baric principle in dealing with a du=i hazard that the dust should be attacked a: its point of origin and thus prevented from being dis seminated into the atmosphere." After the dust has been spread throughout the air it is difficult to deal with it. and reliance must e placed on individual protection. which is never wholly satisfactory. Lanza further cite; various methods used in controlling dust. These whi be reviewed except those bearing spores. Steam disin fection is used for horsehair, and proves to be practicable if the temperature does not exceed 230" F. Wool fibres, however, lose their elasticity by steam disinfection, and the "Duckering" process now used in Eng land includes soaking of the wool in a form aldehyde solution, and drying in a current of air at a temperature of 160' F.': There are few occupations in which there Mould be a sufficient concentration of dead bac teria to cau^j^ittoward effect; in man. brietly. since a paper dei.ir.g with the usts prodgang externa! subject of dust control in netah. will follow protective-measures may this program. or--protective clothinc. glove;. g>-- s ,, tective suave pounds c jetioa. Getne fcousekrevtne Medies. C clo.-eiy w.rer phase, a- m hazards. In placemen: o f liea/th o : al a check on control met 0 0 0 .1 .: y V: /.. / A , ; & y. / ad ns; riiti Dusts ' C'Z. .: y : au- -:<H o v c goggles ar.i apron? ; as veil as .ro- ccuyc ~;aKes. oir.ttncnts, or other com- ` to delay :r diminish the irritant vnuu. General rales ior hygiene and good Knirekeeping should also he observed. -isc ! 'i arc;. . i:tr (- prc^-i-: iti | -cu--;^xce | ine u s w . Scr=:-a=e t ly | r.t. I; " US', t. uy sc-tihaai-t iec--- ;ro- { y litr.rzii \Uiicat Coutre'.. Equally important, and closely interrelated with the engineering iluse. is medicai control of occupational hazards- In additirn to directing the proper liaccment of new workers, and guarding the health of ail employees, medical control is a check on cite emcacy o f the engineering control methods ready instituted, or a measure of the need for new protective de- VlCCS. it nas been stated that "industry has found that the best way to treat industrial injuries and illness is to prevent them.''" and medical control, through preemplovmejit and periodic physical examinations, is one of the most important factors in such prevention. The preemploy--ent examination is made to determine the employee's physical and mental fitness for work. It serves to dis close the presence of any contagious dis ease, reveals any minor physical defects which might later become serious, or whether the examinee's ctr.dition precludes his em ployment in certain or in all tvpes of work, it should be remembered that such preem ployment examinations arc not to be made for the purpose c: eliminating an employee, hut rather for all aeating him t0 the type of work for which he is physically suited. A worker should he riven employment unless totally unfit, or unless his disability, even though slight, wtuid cause him to be a haz ard to himself tr his associates. Further more, the practice o f preemployment examinations shrrld be extended to include executives and cmrials of industrial organi zations. ; ?. forth' '* ''The purport oi periodic physical examinations is :o secure and maintain 'ysical fitness sr.d thereby lengthen work ans."* Reexarr.ir.ation of employees some* results in v.e discovery of defects and ^'abilities which were not observed at the of employment. In such cases, an oc^-ational adjustment should be made to ^cvide continu-;: employment, but remove risk of pcrrr.ar.cnt injury. ev.c"" r e i nti rlothinST , ^eexaminatior. of employees is required / ; -jj'V *n ccrt':" occupations in which the ou ot* Pois-nous o r otherw ise dcleteri- *** Substancc$ may result in the contraction of disease.'7 Since some occupational dis eases tend to dear up and recur, records of previous occupations should be included in the physical examinations. The frequency of examinations should be determined by the medical director, unless otherwise speci fied by law. Those exposed to known occu pational disease hazards may have weekly or monthly examinations." "It should always be kept in mind that the basic principle of physical examinations in industry is to keep men on the job and not allow the physical examination to be merely a weeding out process/1" References 1Bloomfield. J. J. and DallaValle. J. M. "The Determination and Control of Industrial D ust." L\ S. Public Health Bulletin No. 217. April. 1933. * Collis, Edgar L. "Industrial Pneumoconioses with special reference to Dust Phthisis." Milroy Lectures, 1915. H. M.S.O.. London. * Sollmann, Torald. "A Manual of Pharm a cology." W. B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia. 1932. * Fairhall, Lawrence T. "Toxic Dusts and Fumes." Journal oi Industrial Hygiene and Toxi- coloey, November. 036. * Bloomfield. J. J. "The Sampling and Analysis of Industrial Dusts." American Public Health Asso ciation. Yearbook. 035-36. * Gibbs. \ t \ E. "Dust Hazard in Industry." Ernest Bonn. Ltd. London. 1925. 1 Air Hygiene Foundation of America. Inc. "S ili cosis and Allied Disorders." Medical Series. Bulle tin No. 1. Pittsburgh. Pa. April 15.036. K ettle. E. IL "The Action of H arm ful'D usts." Inst, of Mining ar.d Metallurgy, London, June N . 034. * "Dusts. Fumes, and Smokes." Occupation and Health Series. International Labour Office. Geneva. 1930. w Drinker, -Philip. "Causation of Pneumoconi osis." Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxi- cologr, October, 035. 11'Dyeing." Occupation and Health Series. International Labour Office. Geneva. 030. 13 Legge, Sir Thomas. "Industrial Maladies." Oxford University Press, London. 1934. **Burstein, A. "Nicotine Action from Inhaled Tobacco Dust." Journal of Industrial Hygiene. De cember, 1927. l* White, R. Prosser. "The Dermaterposes. or Occupational Affections of the Skin." H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd., London. 1934. IS Schwartz. Louis. "Skin Hazard? in American Industry." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 215. October, 1934. ** Downing, J. G. "Tndu<triai Dermatoses: T reat ment and Legal Aspects: Review of Recent Litera ture." Journal oi Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, July, 1933. lt "Occupational Lesions in Workers in Susar." Belgium Letter. Journal of American Medical Asso ciation, Sept 10. 1027. Abit. Journal of Industrial Hygiene. Februarv. 1023. j* "Flour M ills ' -Occupation and 'Health* Series?- International Labour Office. Geneva. 1030. * Mayers, Mnv R. "Susccptibilitv m Dermatitis." The Industrial Bulletin, Albany, N. Y. Feb. 1937. vol. 16. no. 2. 54 Drinker. Philip, and Hatch. Theodore. "Indu<- trinl D u." McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.. New York. :I Schwartz.. Earns. ^Skin Hazard. in American Industry. Par^IJ?</ U. S. PubHc*Tfe*ithrf i ^ < t*t1 No. 229, Sept. l p y t. . ,, ,L a "Poisonous.'Vfno'dt" Occupation and Health Series, IntenintfiogaltLabour Office. Geneva, 1930. ^ c*r, 92 Ticnty-sixth National Safety Congress a Hone, E. \V.. H inna. U \. and Stallybrass. C. O. "Industria! Medicine and Hygiene." Bailliere. Tindall and Cox, London, 1923. ** Brown, G. T. "T he Diagnosis of Bacterial AUergy." Southern Medical Journal, VoL 27 No. 10, Oct. 1934. :l Savers. R. R. and Mereweiber, F. V. "Miliary Lung Disease Due to Unknown Cause. U. S. Public Health Reports. Dec. 5. 1930. * "Actinomycosis." Occupation and Health Series. International Labour Office. Geneva, 1930. n Holland, J, \V. "Textbook of Medical Chemistry and Toxicology." W. 2 . Saunders Company, Phila delphia, 1920. " Bloomfield. J. J. and Blum. Wm. "Health Haz ards in Chromium Plating." U- S. Public Health Service Reprint No. 1245. Washington, 1930. * Russell, Tones, Bloomfield, Britten and Thomp son. "Lead Poisoning in a Storage Battery Plant." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 205. June. 1933. " Neal. Jones. Bloomfield. DallaValle and Ed wards. "A Study of Chrome Mercurialism in the Hatters' Fur Cutting Industry." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 234, May, 1937. 15 Sayers. R. R. and Jones. R. K. "Silicosi* lri Similar Dust Diseases." National Silicosis tr e ference. Washington. D. C.. April 14, 1936. " Sayers. Bloomfield, DallaValle, Jones. Dre*. Brundace and Britten. "Anthraco-Silicosts a n jc Hard Coal'M iners." L\ S. Public Health Bulled No. 221. December, 1935. a " Middleton. E. L. "Industrial Pulmonary d ease due to the Inhalation of Dust." The Line. July 4 and 11, 1936. ' " Dreesaen, Waldemar C. "Effect of InhaUn Marble Dust as Observed in Vermont MarW# Finishers." U. S. Public Health Service Repri^ No. 1630. " Lanza, A. J. "Control and Prevention of $ilj. cosis." Symposium on Silicosis. California Tuber! culosis Association, San Francisco, 1937. " Newguist, M. N. "Medical Service in Industry and Workmen's Compensation Laws." American College of Surgeons, Chicago, 1934. v "Medical Care of Industrial Worker." tionai Industrial Conference Board. Inc. NV. York, 1926. factor} liieon;..'. 7!:.., f fter :r.) hou.d `t =.%"inr device l ~ :cr: lectio:: ; sense c*. tv' t .o safety h- ra a mir.jr^. r-r^u more ;zz zr zc c titan z z i zzi that * . .vr? rr. the rcL-muic s the L-. ;zizz . Lei - s.-.-rc which rr:;ic Itav.'i " The Engineer's Part in Eliminating Dust Hazards Ir. neer's '- ir ; B y A R T H U R S. JO H N SO N seem- e can L-.t ts-nuu# Assistant to Manager, Engineering Department, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. which v'i: p2TVr.tr. x Zi poner.--- When onp realizes that control of the dust pensive methods tor making the air clean are expo?Ur*- ; hazard depends upon the combined contribu tions Of the physician and the engineer, he ap preciates that the solution requires scientific, -till in the realm of dreams. Much work must he done to know more about silicosis and more how to make atmospheres safe me.r/wi- health i r : - 7 induira r-?r- case zzzzrt rat treatment. By scientific treatment I mean the siirly. As an accident prevention job, dust technical analysis of the hazard to discover control lies almost entirely within the admin and crrrvr=rr:n: the causes which contribute to injury or ill istrative responsibility. The control measures coi::r - ,,ttut i health, and the development of control meth are capital expenditures of considerable size. insta. L. ~ t 1 ods which obey physical law and physiology, A plait: with a dust hazard is sick, it needs that V.r 'T 'VA and which will be directed at causes that an expert diagnosis and scientific treatment, recu.-r. i admit of most immediate anti economical treatment. . which may include expensive major opera i tions. Home remedies are seldom much good, That goes for handiintr the dust hazard in and supervision and employee safety con a given plant. It goes double for acquiring sciousness alone cannot accomplish anything. U l-.t knowledge to the end that the whole problem There may be observed in countless shops silia-reirr- i may reach ultimate solution. Right now our installations for exhausting dust which are the er-: :-sa-::h knowledge of the problem is in big chunks, derisively called "tin knocker'* jobs in which loosely put together and largely empirical. the horsepower dissipiited is out of all pro i o h -- r. n There arc estimates only to judge the mag portion to the air-borne dust moved. Tonnage I this .r nitude of the dust health problem, and it is so efficiency of material moved may be the proper i mtd-.a.. -t~ \.v r closely associated with other health problems yardstick for pneumatic conveyors but if the that a dean-cut estimate of it alone is im material to be moved is air. contaminated with ar.:r possible. We do know that it is great in the nearly weightless particles of c;:st. the entire It'.C' aggregate, and tor the individual plant it may health hazard can lie in the half of one f.cr cor be very bothersome and expensive. cent of material no: moved. Mi What actually makes quartz dust cause iilicosis is not known. It docs, so the air breathed by workmen must r.ot contain harm i ilo no: mean that unless a dust > uprt/";,,:l jth was arc mar ful quantities of respirable quartz dust. Ir.cx- figured Industrial Dusts 93 R. "Silicotis ^ >n*l Silicon* (VTA U 14, 1916. ;e. Jones. BreesjJ?*' ico-Sihcosu anej ; , iic Health Buile^g al Pulmonary ImS m Hue'* The Lb^ t J `Effect of Xnha|3* Vermont Marhle th S errice Repnwj-. I Prerention of gfttvl California Tab.? i. 1937. < SUerwrict.e"in AZaadetruitan^j al W orkers." f l X l Board. I n c Nfv^`1 iiulting freedom from dustiness was so satis--ffactory tint efficiency held little interest to owner. This is exceptional, however, and offer the opinion that dust suppression jobs yshould be engineered. iiiiA dust-suppression installation is a safety fdevice. designed and operated to provide pro-tection against possible disease and provide a "sense of security which must be absolute. Its Fsafety is not rushing air and rattling chips but Fa minimal residual dustiness. There is no 'more pathetic defeat for a dust control job -than to find faith in its effectiveness so low ^'that workers must wear respirators to find i'the reasonable safety that was expected from 'the hoods, ducts and fans. fet D iagnosis and Control {Let us examine some of the features by which we recognize this dust hazard problem, leaving out the sodo-legal aspects, rds jfeln order to develop more fully the engi neer's place in tiiis dust control program, it ;jjeems desirable to separate as sharply as we Ib n the diagnostic considerations from those ;1 L iability . ' lij-- ... Ijghieh deal with control. In the first comIpartment we can place all the analytical comIponents which describe the hazard and its he --. dean ai?^j ^exposure, the probability of its producing ill uch work must -;] " ibealth and all the rest of the medical and out silicosis and^M ^industrial hygiene facts which make out a res sale tne-t^en-^:] Egase against the existing dust. In the second ention job, dust.. ] .compartment place the knowledge of physics ithin the admaf' 'Jgiand engineering necessary to plan the dust :ontrol measures jT.'Cnntrol program and so design it that when Jnsiderable size installed its performance follows prediction is sick, it needs '.tific treatment, e major opera!om much good, 'bv-tbat the probability of industrial disease is Jyijwreduced to insignificance. W The Industrial Hygienist ee safety con- 'Our first feature of interest would naturally npiish anything, countless shops dust which are. " jobs in which tbe the specific and relative toxicity oi silica, `silica-bearing and other dusts which make up | `tte dust health hazard. Much might be said fro advantage about the quality and quantity out of all pro- jj!of hazard in many dusts. The acquiring of loved. Tonnage J :&is knowledge has been, and must remain a ay be the proper ^m edical problem. It involves gross and tnicro- :yors but i: the -lcopic pathology and x-rays, and experimental itaminated with j'i*nunals. Engineers do not talk that language. dust, the entire ^.Industrial hygienists do; they are a happy naif of one per. ' -combination, half doctor and half engineer. 4k dust supressio^ no good. There ,, hat were neTC. fopsy. The re^ i*ny t*lem are du'te a Pable of handling |,tte dust health hazard in all its phases o f Jt-Pycstigation and control. For the purpose of gTMs discussion I throw their interest in with doctors. I want to go so far in my opinion as to state that the engineer should not attempt to define the quality of health hazard in a given plant or industry, nor should he establish threshold limits of safe or permissible dusti ness. This may be debatable, but I shall con tend that the engineer who writes .the speci fications of hazard and dust tolerance is really an industrial hygienist, and is using a very much broader knowledge than engineering alone. In the first case the quality of the health hazard is an opinion arrived at after studying ail the environmental conditions including the general sanitation, occupational analysis and a scientific analysis of the dust exposures. In the exploration of dust exposures, the nature of dusty operations must be viewed from physical, chemical and mechanical aspects, the determinations of dustiness must be not oniy counted and classified by particu late sizes, but chemically and mineralogically analyzed. The plant layout must be studied with respect to dust production and distribu tion, and the housekeeping and existing dust control equipment evaluated. The presence of specific hazards, such as toxic gases, abnor mal temperature and humidity conditions, etc, must be explored for their complicating effect upon the whole picture. This is distinctly an industrial hygiene job, and some of the most critical data requires only medical viewpoint. This is absolute in the case of tuberculosis study and the qualifying of men for employ ment. So far, not one atom of engineering to suppress dust is involved. It is entirely anal ysts of hazard. The diagnosis must be that the dustiness is hazardous to health or that it is sa fe If it is hazardous, it must be brought down to a specified residue If it isn't, leave it alone, .On the second point, if the hygienists can not specify threshold limits graduated upward for relatively less hazardous dusts, let the engineer not worry about i t The diagnosis is dust which is harmful and too much of i t The remedy is control of the dust. The engineer designs controls which will produce the lowest practical residual dusti ness. He should not attempt to write his own specifications of threshold limits or permis sible dustiness. This may be an important goal in the study, of dust health hazards. Safe Limits At the pr^ent'ur&e the: medical-men and hygienists befeve'. that quartz dqst i s : safe taa 1 oooict; A 1L : r- i i K -! m 94 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress below five million particles. They seem will ing to graduate upward to 20 million (or medium silica and SO million for low silica percentages. Five million particles is virtually dust free, and is very difficult and expensive to achieve and maintain. The declaration of safety of the installations must remain in the hands of the medical and hygiene groups in whose hands now lies the responsibility for determining the hazard. W e now enter the chapter of our discussion intended to demonstrate that dust control is an engineering job, that it must be given scentific treatment, not guess work, applying engineering methods which are based upon a knowledge of physical law, the behavior oi dust, the performance of air-moving machin ery, etc. Prerequisite Knowledge Let me recite briefly, a few of the things which, in my opinion, the engineer should know to do this job correctly. He must know how to make a survey. Surveys depend upon sampling, and sampling is not a catch-ascatch-can proposition. It involves the place, the time, the frequency, the amount in a sam ple, and the number of samples so that maxi mum, minimum and average data mean some thing, so that credibility can be given them. For the type of sample involved he must know how to weigh or count respirable dust, as distinguished from large masses of nonrespirable dust which complicate the picture. He must know how to observe the sources oi dust floods as distinguished from conditions of normal dustiness. He must know the sources of dust and the principles involved in the dispersion of dust. He must determine how much dust enters the problem because it is part oi the material, and what dust is created in the process by the fracturing of the materiaL Any less survey cannot tell the engineer what his task of dust control is. To visualize that task intelligently he should know the physics of Brownian motion, laws of resist ance to the motion of particles moving in air, both when the air is in turbulence and for stream-line motion. He should knowJirminiU velocities, movements due to'centrifugal mo tion ; flocculation and the effects of air motion and the effects of humidification on it. He must know ail about the difficulties of wetting and what is known about overcoming these difficulties. He should know the several elec trical phenomena which bear upon dust t*.; havior. ' f Those are all principles of physics which: explain the behavior of dust and upon whidi'! engineering practice must be based. Thej-j must be understood and be taken into account >. Dust control is not a matter only of general ventilation; the engineer must study the pr*. duction as well as the dispersion. The problem should be analyzed to determine the applies.; bility of segregation, enclosure, wetting, local. exhaust and general ventilation. In some instances, substitution of non-haj- ' ardous material, or nonydust-producing oper ations nay have specific application, and they should be explored first. This implies plant engineering. I am convinced that many bad-, installations are bad because plant engineering. was not used. In the designing of exhaust ' systems installed to capture the dust at the ; points of generation, the physical behavior oi . air moving toward hoods and in ducts must ', be known, and that knowledge used. Each system must consist of collection hoods, pip-;r ing, air-cleaning plant and a source of suction. Before selecting a hood for a job the engineer3, must know dust dispersion by dynamic pro-'; jection as well as dust dispersion by air cur-jj rents, and design the hood accordingly. "system. Loss at th and loss in the due Pipe design must t of the metal and pressures and erosi The selection o f . is a matter of cal Power consumption Me, fans follow cer must know the beh peller type,- radial other fan perfonnar More physics an< goes into the air-t selection of gravita method depends upcalculation for any edge of discharge c miration of sizes 0 behavior of cyclonea filter, and if so, \ perform, how big it resistance and how 1 say nothing of the relation to cleaning, items for accurate er ' Apparatus to checl Knowledge Needed The aero-dynamic characteristics of suction :.i hoods appear to be little known because little ' T he! thought was given to them in designing;: thousands of hoods which can be found every where in industry. All the possibility tor Chief S 3 entrapping dust and much of the efficiency- of i Considerable conft the system lies in this factor. Air veiocity,!' 1 past as to just what static suction, and rate of air flow are al ' tion in the preventio: related, and they must be known. It is ess-1 just what is the eng tial to use high velocity of air in certain types vious upon even ca of exhaust systems to entrap dust projected two sciences must v at high velocities as in the case of a granite _ their efforts to solve t surfacing machine, and low velocities must be used in others, as in the case of cleaning J . The physician thro asbestos fibre of dust to prevent wasting . must be able to tell t material. " are dangerous and v - know how those du; Quantity of air and its velocity must be . the manner in which determined, then the piping should be do- . must be trained in tl to~take~tril(Taccount the behavior of Isons who are to be air-flow through pipes at low and high veloc- |T ,,dust, and to discover ities. Where the problem is complicated bj diseased, or are pe the large sizecLftarticies which go along with J dust disease. He mu: the fine daSSkfrir-these behave'must be takch^p" ,,first signs of diseast into accouplr (Pressure losses are very impor- Posed to dust, anc tant eleittafis-, in, the design of an exhaust 0 0 0 1 '. Industrial Dusts upon dust ] tem. Loss it the hoods, loss at the bends, L Sand loss in the ducts must not be guessed at. physics Whff " Sine design must take into account the gage :d upon whiA" j i S y the metal and reinforcing to withstand bis=d- Th'S':. 'ifc^ressures and erosion. ' "> mtq aceoiSf) jj,e election of a fan and its motive power dy of gentnj a matter of calculation, not guess work. study the pr'S' ^ 5* Power consumption in the system is calcula- T h e problto' sjw'bie, fans follow certain laws, so the engineer : the applies W tnu'it know the behavior of axial flow, pro- wetting, iogf>] ^ip eller type, radial flow, paddle wheel and j B | :yTothcr fan performance, i of n on -h^ f J ^ / r More physics and engineering calculation >dudng opo5|l>lygoe! into the air-cleaning apparatus. The :ion, and thn -Selection of gravitation, inertial or filtration implies plaaf. method depends upon what the dust is, the at many bflT ^^calculation for any methods requires knowl: engineering' i^ e d g e of discharge througn stacks, the deter- of exhaust 'Jmination of sizes of settling chambers; the dust at the* 1 behavior of cyclones. The use or non-use of beliavior of^J KS&a filter, and if so, what type, how it should ducts must" I ^perform , how big it should be, what kind of used. Each"''I v-~ resistance and how much each kind offers, to hoods, pip^J i^ isa y nothing of their proper location with e of suction?! 'relation to cleaning, accessibility, etc, are all the engineSj l-l^ ite m s for accurate engineering determination. /nantie pro?! Apparatus to check the behavior of installa- b y a ir^ I^ t- dint SfiW ir-- ' lions must be known and used. Performance cannot be left to guess work. Supplying suffi cient air to be exhausted is part of the prob lem. The same may be said of heating. Do I give the problem too severe a build up ? I think not. Remember these two things: 1. You are dealing with hazardous mate rial so small in size and so little of it by weight that it is as invisible as the air that bears it 2. Physical laws involved in the behavior of dust and air do not permit inexpensive methods of control. I am acquainted with budgets set up for this purpose which amount to more than a quarter of a million dollars, and I know of many where 60 to SO thousand dollars is involved. - The need for this much engineering is rec ognized by men who know. Already much has been done toward getting the knowledge into handbook shape. Perhaps the best job of this sort to date is "Fundamentals Relating to the Design and Operation of Exhaust Systems" developed under American Stand ards Association procedure . a of suctio?! ause little* designing' und every- * Ability for fficiency of. r velocity, w. are all t is essentain types projected a granite _ es must be . : cleaning* : wasting*' The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Hazards B y A. D. L A Z E N B Y , M.D., F.A.C.S. Chief Surgeon, Maryland Casualty Co., Baltim ore, Maryland Considerable confusion has existed in the recognize the disease when it is fully de past as to just what is the physician's func- veloped. tion in the prevention of dust diseases, and It is not necessarily the physician's func- just what is the engineer's. It is very ob- tion to analyze dust. That is a task for the vious upon even casual thought_that .th e --chemist and the petrographer. It is not the .two sciences must work-hand in hand in physician's function to count the particles of .. their efforts to solve the problem. dust in a given industrial atmosphere. That, V. The physician through his special training in reality, is the function of the engineer. It must be able to tell the engineer what dusts is not the physician's function to devise are dangerous and what are not. He must ventilating equipment for the removal of know how those dusts enter the body and dust, nor even to be more than an adviser the manner in which they do their harm. He as to the means that must be adopted to must be trained in the examination of per render the atmosphere safe. sons who are to be employed to work in The physician nevertheless must correlate dust, and to discover those who are already with his medical knowledge and with his diseased, or are peculiarly susceptible - *&- studies or-the industrial worker the findings dust disease. He must be able to detect the of the engineer. SRtj^igsis of silicosis, for " St signs of disease in workers who are example, requiref'feit; merely chafac'ftrisHC-'-. exposed to dust, and must be prepared to occupational hi ` ' ' 1 ' L- -"- "1 0001 o V. tf c il 96 Tiventy-sixth National Safety Congress ! ; cal findings, but the knowledge as well that the patient has been exposed to hazardous dusts in dangerous concentrations. All dusts when inhaled in excessive quantities may be considered as harmiul, but only a (ew can be regarded as dangerous. From the standpoint of their dangerous properties, the}- may be divided into three general groups. 1. Those which are dangerous because of their poisonous action, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, and similar substances. 2. Those which cause only irritation in the respiratory tract, resulting in such condi tions as bronchitis or local inflammation; such substances as vegetable fibre, cork dust, flour, starch, and other relatively innocuous organic or inorganic materials. 3. Those which tend to produce fibrosis of the lungs, thereby predisposing to respira tory infections, especially tuberculosis, such dusts as asbestos, silica dioxide or mag nesium silicate. I shall' confine my remarks chiefly to dusts occurring in the latter category. It has been generally believed that the harmful effects of dusts inhaled into the lungs depended more upon their physical structure than upon their chemical. It was believed, for example, that silica dioxide, or quartz, was particularly harmful because of its crystalline structure, and the hardness and sharpness of its particles. This concep tion is now known to be faulty. The dusts which cause their damage by mechanical in terference with function are the dusts which are relatively innocuous, whose symptoms are transitory, and which subside upon re moval from exposure to the dust Chemical Effect Is Harmful The disease of particular interest to us today, silicosis, owes its harmful effects very largely to a harmful chemical reaction oc curring between silica dioxide and the body tissues. It so happens that silica dioxide is decidedly a tissueirritant to ih e body,-re gardless of the"part of the body it invades, it causes local irritation, local destruction of tissue, and the replacement of that tissue by scars. Thus, given a dust containing silica diox ide in sufficient concentration, in sizes small enough to permit its entrance to the ultimate air spaces in the lungs, we have a situation which offers danger to the worker. We have no real knowledge as to trut figures, but as a simple rule, we can adopt for practical purposes the thought that the human body can withstand successfully , concentration of dust containing 100 per cent -i silica dioxide in a particulate size less thaat| 10 microns, in a concentration not in excess of 5,000,000 particles per cubic foot. If *e decrease the percentage of silica dioxi^f present in the dust, we can correspondingly increase the concentration with comparative' safety. We must, of course;-take into ac--" count the-portion of the worker's time spa# in the dusty atmosphere. : To arrive at a rough conception of a safe, atmosphere, we multiply the percentage of free silica in a given dust by the total nua.;. ber of particles per cubic fo o t If the result; is under 5,000,000 the condition may be cosh*. sidered relatively sate. If the restilt is over? 5,000,000 the condition must be regarded a - unsafe. .ir t Bear in mind too that silicosis is essentially'^' a disease of great chronicity. Except ia few exceptional instances it will require.- from seven to thirty years for a worker tot develop advanced silicosis. It is evident toot that coincident dusts may either retard the|. development o f silicosis or hasten it. Recast' research seems to indicate that the admix-L! ture o f aluminum dust to a silicious dust* will greatly inhibit the reaction of the latterpy whereas a silicious dust combined with somer alkaline coincident dusts may hasten the de-j velopment of silicosis. -- . . ^'j worker himself, but h and the public genera ing susceptibility to tu . Complicated b: Silicosis per se does as a complicating fac recovers despite trea vidual so afflicted is `.abled himself, but a < with whom he comes i the fellow worker wf So perhaps the most which the services o f t trade are necessary ar discovering and barri a silicious dust those ready have arrested t ondly, discovering tho posed to dust, possib' whom tuberculous inf .veloped. :"i'. It is well rtcognizi .'should be exposed to . dioxide until he has t physical examination. : 'made and interpretec chest. It is likewise c miliar with silicosis t exposed to silicious c the privilege of frequ tions and x-rays of t to discover the existen hut to discover a coii such exists. Much research is now under way in prob-^ A man so diseased s lems such as this. We havd never learned ho*t| himself and to all v to cure silicosis, but we are learning rapidht m contact be remove how to prevent it. Our knowledge in thisf me emphasize the use respect seems to be limited to the removal ofjl lamination, unless 1 dust from the breathing zone of the worker.^! properly taken x-ray Later discoveries may show us how WvJ f gross tuberculosis. modify existing dusts with contaminant' dusts that will render silica dioxide innocu-f. It Is the function o ous. w * fore, to conduct in a t . gtnt manner the pre- Owing to its very great chronicity, it . hon of all persons w only the rare case who actually develop*?; a dusty trade. Th disabling silicosis during his industrial lif^g ruination should be time. It is realized, of course, that excf*"* : . discover and bar fror tional instances take place, but the coinddi person who is ravages of age usually keep pace with "*1, culosis in an active, effects of dust, so that much the diiv . ." ted state. ability usually attributed to silicosis is oftAjS in fact, actually attributable to other -"cA. possible excepti' eases or ies which advancing y< ^^individuals suffering 1 bring in if wake. complex, or silicosis. ht peril not onty,^o ;thefuidustr^*i ^ `s we^ m - . .000131) m -- Industrial Dusts ^ S r himself, but his family, co-workcrs 5jd tlie public generally, is the accompany& susceptibility to tuberculosis. ^..Com plicated by Tuberculosis 7 m *<** foot ' d d lo 'e s p o n d ia ^ t m psntin mto j? | s time n'1 m of aj^ n 'c e n t a l total nua>."| 1 the resnk" nay be ' suit is osardedlT jy$li<:osis per se does not kill. Tuberculosis s'5' complicating factor of silicosis rarely overs despite treatment, and the indiKidual so afflicted is not only totally disgjjled himself, but a definite menace to all BWh whom he comes in contact, particularly pbe fellow worker who may have silicosis, if-perhaps the most important places in ^irhieh the services o f the physician in a dusty Jtrade are necessary are--first, along lines of [discovering and barring from exposure to ` i silicious dust those persons who may al- dv have arrested tuberculosis; and secf oodly, discovering those persons already ex posed to dust, possibly already silicotic, in whom tuberculous infections may have de veloped. in protrned how ? rapidly o in this moval of : worker, how to tarn inapt innocu- ' :ty, it is, develops iai life: excepincident ith the he dis> often, er disv J years >eril of iustrial jT-'It is well recognized that no individual should be exposed to dust containing silica dioxide until he has undergone a thorough physical examination, including carefully ^ Jm ad e and interpreted x-ray films of his jjprchest It is likewise obvious to anyone.fa--iy-' miliar with silicosis that no person who is 3?. exposed to silicious diist should be denied -'the privilege of frequent physical examina--. Sons and x-rays of the chest, not entirely - to discover the existence of possible silicosis, but to discover a coincident tuberculosis if such exists. A man so diseased should, in protection to himself and to all with whom he comes in contact, be removed from industry. Let me emphasize the uselessness o f a physical examination, unless it be accompanied by., properly taken x-rav films, except in cases of gross tuberculosis. It is the function of the physician, there fore, to conduct in a thorough and an intelli gent manner the pre-employment examina tion of all persons who are to be engaged in a dusty trade. The purpose of this ex amination should be threefold. First, to discover and bar from employment in dust, any person who is suffering from tuberculosis in an active, a quiescent or an ar rested state. . A possible exception might be made in individuals suffering from a so'called healed primary complex, or a healed childhood in jection. It is well known that exposure to silica dioxide is very' likely to excite into activity a turberculous lesion which may be quiescent or arrested, and once such a lesion is reactivated, fhe chances of recovery are remote. The second problem which confronts the physician at the pre-employment physical ex amination is whether a given individual is, by reason of secondary physical defects, more susceptible to the development of sili cosis than a normal Is he suffering from diseases of the nose or upper respiratory tract, such as chronic sinusitis, disease of the lungs or air passages, or obstructions which produce mouth breathing? We must remember that silica dioxide is not dangerous until it reaches the lungs, and that the normal individual retains in the nose and the upper air passages a large quantity of the dust inhaled from the atmos phere. In- instances where this nasal reten tion is disturbed, exposure to silica dioxide dust may be dangerous to that individual, where it would not be to another. It is believed that certain diseases of the .heart and circulation, of the kidneys, possi bly syphilis, chronic coincident diseases of the lungs, all may render a man more sus ceptible to silicosis than normal The physi cian at his pre-employment examination must follow certain established criteria in this respect, and bar from exposure to dangerous dusts those persons who through existing disease may be more ready prey to silicosis or tuberculosis. Re-Examination Needed After the applicant for employment has successfully passed his physical examination _and is engaged in a dusty trade, the duty o"the physician is not yet ended. This work man must be periodically re-examined, first to discover the early appearances of pul monary fibrosis, but what is even more im portant, to detect the early evidences of complicating tuberculous infection. A man should not be dismissed from em ployment in a dusty trade merely because he has evidences o f non-disabling silicosis. Workers in dusty trades, especially stone cutters, moulders, pottery workers, and similar craftsmen, are usually highly skilled, and it seems unfortunate from a social and economic point ',-fP deny them em ployment so long S u ^ g 'a r e physically to carry on, especially since the actual dis abling qualities of Sflioosis arc in doubt. %;.Vi OC01-10 of fumes. Such operations are usually per manent and exposures tend to be more con stant, although as a rule the greatest amount of fumes is generated during tapping opera tions. Likewise, in the molding processes the mol ten metal is the source of metal fumes. In welding, cutting, and salvage operations, the metal fumes may originate from metal prod ucts processed, coated surfaces of the metals, fluxes used, or from the coating or core"of the electrode used. These latter operations may provide ex posure to a greater variety of toxic metals, but as a rule such exposures are to lesser concentrations. Exposure usually is less regular since the operations vary from time to time both as to extent and raw materials used. Atmospheric Concentrations Data relative to the minimum concentra tions of metal fumes which will produce metal fume fever are limited. It is believed by some-that, except in case o f the super sensitive individual, metal fume fevers can be avoided by keeping atmospheric concen trations below 10 milligrams per cubic meter of air. Drinker and his associates* suggest 15 milligrams per cubic meter as a safe limit where workers are exposed to the fumes of sine oxide, provided the fumes of such im purities as lead, cadmium, and arsenic are not also present in harmful amounts. Our knowledge o f safe limits from the viewpoint of chronic metal poisoning is like wise meager. Prolonged exposure to lead concentrations in the air breathed should be kept below 1.5 milligrams per 10 cubic meters of air.' In the study of chronic mercurialism among fur cutters' it was found that cases developed after prolonged exposure to at . Exposure to extrer A strict interpretation of the term "metal onset of fever and c fume fever" does not place it in the class of worker awakens fre conditions termed "metal poisoning." Tit temperature and chill reaction set up in the body is not directly [jr to the chills anc attributable to the toxic metal, or dependent1 attacks of malaria. . upon the inherent toxicity of the metal par., oped, nothing in the tides inhaled. The superfidal action of tie hot baths - appears finely divided metal destroys.the tissues, and the absorption of these altered body protein affects the individual much the same as Toward the end of tl sweats profusely anc of marked weakness typhoid inoculation or the injection of other foreign proteins. Metal fume fever has long been recoguited as an industrial disease. Other terms com monly applied to the condition are: "Bias founders' ague," "brass chills," "zinc fever,\ or "zinc chills," "spelter shakes," e tc For merly it was thought due to the poisonous: effects of zinc and zinc alloys. Various;? workers in the. past quarter century have} shown, however, that it may be produced by; the fumes of metals other than zinc; notably,-}; copper, magnesium, manganese, and probably; lead Koelsch' in 1923 reported upon ther occurrence of metal fume fever among em-J ployees in a copper rolling mill. Investigation showed the pnen to be worit-r ing under conditions which caused them to' breathe air containing heavy concentrations: of copper dust The symptoms resembled- "brass founders' ague" In his report be, quotes Kissalt* as showing that mercutyr; nickel, and probably other heavy metals', when inhaled in vaporized form causrf; symptoms similar to those of "brass founiv ers' ague" Drinker and his associates" in 1927 re-r ported that men experimentally exposed to fumes of magnesium developed the classics*; symptoms of metal fume fever. ^ cases some weaknesday. It is commonly and hot drinks of tea ceed in partially ai taken at the first sign soch as a dry throa the chest. Drinker : their experimental show that even exet individual 2 to 4 he tered the reactions in ..Examination of suffering from meta gradual increase in leukocytes which be; z the attack and persi: the fever has disapp white blood cells ap bearing upon the de munity established. This probably acci acteristic clinical ok are most likely to be Period. More cases or on the first day VjjjKenee of one or tv ' '-Jke condition is f Meeting new emplc returning to work af trom exposure. As a rule, gnstroin mospheric concentrations varying from .6 to 72 milligrams of mercury per 10 cubic Clinical Picture of Metal Fume Fever; reldom complained < exposure has been meters of air. The clinical manifestations of metal fo*^ , . fo o tin g the digesti- Less than a pefceht `of those exposed to concentrations which did not exceed 2 milli grams per 10 cubic meters of air developed symptoms of chronic mercurialism, and all cases that developed under such exposure were mild, Canavan and his associates' re ported upon a case of chronic manganese fe,vVeCrI adrige AaSs lfUollIoVwnSs: AAt tkhiiev eStnSdU oWft tahe-- - 2 to 12 hours following exposure to md*} fumes, the individual notices a dryness * ' the throat in addition to the metallic * which most workers commonly experi1* during exposure. A feeling of tightness < the chest, varying with the exposure, ususw poisoning which developed following expa,_ indicates the severity of chills and sure to manganese dust, where the concentreigs?y w.ntCcnh are tor-fioullooaw^... Iin muilq4..ccaasscess-.*d*t'*'e- s-oj.v* ..r..: ,i*,.1?. well know n tmh*a 'a toxic me and cuttin *lc substances tc . . I.rm thet ;zinc, as wt *s which are use .a-:. We have: no concl thnonic effects proc .... I?* ,0 zinc fumes. tUiVonU iinn t(lhiee a4 timmuo&spphuecriec was flirUoimll 11u0 tIUo #MWTgt;,- y.i*d*?u**a**l *may/ Jpn*.otvjfcaware owaf any .f-ijw- er - ;.i;;,"5 s found: m_;i_ll_i_g_r_a_m__s_p_e_r__c_u_b_i_c_m__e_t_e_r_oef air, 9 to 12 c_o_m__p-U-y.jq&tlgnlfLo10f\ fa cr*h. illryOtsteenni-sma.t.io.n, ^ r-. u r,tnc'nKattacks o cent of which was manganese. |*^l!owed by sweating and general weakness. - iTMc;,SIT!e'vhat poorc; ' 00014 I,e r m in the class'? itsoning." ^ is not direcjjT - or depend^ 'he metal pJT : ction of (ij 'he tissues, a^ i body protesj* 'he same * -ction of oi ecn recognize ir terms eoraT a re: "B ras' ' "zinc fever* etc. For.' the poisonous .vs. Varioas century han produced by zinc; notably, and probably :cd upon the r A m ong ea-* 1 to -Olio iseo jn to* mcentrations tts resembled" is report he iat mercury, cavy metals orm caused trass found- in 1927 re exposed to the classical me Fever metal fume of the day, ire to metal dryness of -taillc taste experience 'ghtness of -ire, usually and fever ?s the indi- tever and sation, foltakness. exposure to extreme cold may hasten the fet of fever and chills, but as a rule the rker awakens from sleep with a high iperature and chills, which are quite simi- to the chills and fever experienced in tacks of malaria. After they have devel- nothing in the way of extra covers or baths appears to affect these chills, "oward the end of the attack the individual ireats profusely and is left with a feeling S f narked weakness. In the majority of i; some weakness is still felt the next It is commonly believed that hot baths hot drinks of tea or lemonade may sucitt partially aborting the attacks, i 'trek en at the first sign of respiratory difficulty -such js a dry throat or tight sensation in ithe chest. Drinker and his co-workers* by ''their experimental work were unable to show that even excessive ``sweating'' of an individual 2 to 4 hours after exposure al- -tered the reactions in any manner. A Examination of the blood of workers '-Suffering from metal fume fever shows a ' gradual increase in the polymorphonuclear `leukocytes which begins toward the end of .-ithe attack and persists for some time after " th e fever has disappeared. This increase in - white blood cells appears to have a direct bearing upon the degree of temporary imr munity established. This probably accounts for another char acteristic clinical observation. The workers are most likely to be affected alter a vacation period. More cases develop alter a holiday or on the first day o i the week, after an absence of one or two days from exposure. The condition is found more frequently affecting new employees or old employees returning to work after a prolonged absence from exposure. As a rule, gastrointestinal disturbances are_ seldom complained of except in cases`where exposure has been to fumes of substances affecting the digestive system. For instance, it is well known that zinc coated metals con tain other toxic metals as impurities. The welding and cutting of these release the toxic substances together with the fumes . from the zinc, as well as fumes from certain fluxes which are used. We have no conclusive evidence regarding chronic^effects-ncadaced-bv-geceated expo sure to zinc fumes. A study of workers in brass foundries11 showed that the group ex periencing attacks of metal fume fever were 'n somewhat poorer physical condition than were those who did not develop fever and chills. Theoretically, those experiencing ir regular exposures and complaining of re peated attacks of fever and chills which leave them In a generally weakened condi tion would, in a measure, develop lessened resistance to acute and chronic infection. Detailed information regarding the pa thology of metal fume fever is not available. A search of the literature at hand fails to show any record o f death from metal fume lever, uncomplicated. The illness is of such a transitory' nature that most of our knowl edge regarding blood changes is the result of experimental work and isolated case re ports. In view o f the fact that zinc is relatively nontoxic, and of the conclusions expressed by Drinker and Fairhall" regarding the hy gienic position o f zinc, it is difficult to show why chronic iliness should result from ex posures producing simple metal fume fever. It would seem, however, that in considera tion o f the recent work showing the role played by zinc in the treatment of diabetes with insulin, possibly some investigation should be made to determine if exposure to metal fumes capable of producing metal fume fever may not affect the endocrine system, especially in persons with some metabolic disturbances, such as potential diabetes or thyroid dysfunction. 'Differential Diagnosis Metal fume fever may sometimes oc over looked, unless the physician considers occu pational environment. The condition may simulate attacks o: grippe or bronchitis; or, if in a malarial region it may be mistaken for a fresh attack or a relapse from a former attack of malaria. Careful study of the blood will aid in diagnosis; those suffering with grippe or bronchitis seldom show the increase in white cells usually found present in persons suffering from metal fume fever, while those with malaria usually show the organisms present in their blood. The dura tion of symptoms is usually less in the case of metal fume fever. However, it is not uncommon to find per sistent rales upon examination of the chest several days after an attack. However, in persons with grippe or bronchitis, these rales FfKJtS&Blly a&so^ated^Wh a Migrtr-r-y e le \a ti^ ^ P ^ p e r a tu r e iiy fls ^ (is not found A' i neraisgffiBg|ifactal uncoropli-; cated.is w iS S v e exposure prbducine metal " LVrirv 000144 P :rr M: ? ?'> !' 102 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress fume fever may be followed by attacks of toxic, the possibility of poisoning from _ bronchial pneumonia, as a result of pul monary irritation and infective organisms commonly present in the respiratory tract. haling fumes generated in the processing of any metal should always be given considera tion. While zinc itself may be relatively' Metal particles are not the only injurious nontoxic, it is seldom used in industry in substance present in fumes generated by form free from toxic substances such as; some industrial processes. The use of an lead, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, and many": acetylene torch in a space with poor ventila others. tion has resulted in incomplete combustion Following the initial attack of metal fume, of the gas and the liberation of carbon fever, because of the temporary immunity monoxide gas. which they develop, workers may continue Doig and McLaughlin" reported upon an under conditions which caused the attack illness affecting welders of galvanized metal, and not suffer a recurrence. It must bei using an electric arc. The men complained borne in mind that these very conditions may of lung irritation so severe that their spu afford exposure to other toxic metals which - tum was often blood-tinged. Investigation have cumulative effects and later lead to t< showed this to be caused by excessive con chronic poisoning. If atmospheric concentra-. centrations o f nitrous fumes generated by tions of the fumes are kept below thoscc the processes. X-ray examination of the capable o f producing metal fume fever in then chests of several in this group, who had been new worker, the chances of chronic poison- S employed for many years, showed changes ing by the toxic metals present as impurities 1 thought due either to the prolonged irrita are definitely reduced. iS tion caused by nitrous fumes, or possibly to the fumes o f silica inhaled. The electrodes used were silica-coated. On the other hand, however, these im-? purities may be present in amounts suffident to lead to chronic illnesses later, although'? Chronic Poisoning by Metal Fumes ft is generally recognized that the most the concentration o f fumes has never pro-f, duced metal fume fever. 3 X serious exposures to toxic metals in industry Clinical P ictu re o f Chronic Poisoning r occur in occupations where the worker by Metal Fumes breathes air contaminated with these poison ous substances. It is true systemic poisoning hy metals may develop in an acute or sub acute form, as a result of massive exposure. However, the vast majority of such cases are chronic, caused by frequent and pro longed exposure which leads to an accumu The symptoms produced by poisoning ^ from metal fumes will-vary. Some metals* affect chiefly the nervous system, others the s lining of the blood capillaries, while others exert most characteristic injury upon thev blood-forming organs. lation of the toxic metal in the body. Poisons Generally speaking, the clinical picture of entering the body by way of the lungs, to metal fume fever, regardless of the metal " be eliminated must be taken up by the blood responsible, varies only in severity, wh2t* and lymph. When present in the blood, they that of metal poisoning per se varies widjt are carried to all parts of the body. the particular metal fume inhaled and wi" j Poisons taken in by way of the mouth may 'at-b e .absorbed but be passed out with the feces. If absorbed, it may be trapped in the liver and returned to the intestinal tract in the bile, and eliminated with the feces. Some, it is true, may be transferred by the blood to distant organs. Most heavy metals and the degree o f exposure. For example. massive doss of lead fumes inhaled maj^ produce such acute conditions as lead enceph"^ alitis and severe gastrointestinal comp2*J cations ; while continued exposure to smaller^ concentrations will cause such chrookj changes as anemia, lead palsy, and chronic . tthheir salts aa rr ee trruuee pnrroottnonpllaassmmiicc pnoisons. nephritis. Some, such as iron and zinc, are more com- Exposure to heavy concentrations of roc*".* nion constituents of body tissue. The action cury vapor leads to acute nephritis, saliva*^ of these toxic metals is generally cumulative ion, and diarrhea, while the more comm* and no immunity, temporary or permanent,.... industrial exposures to but slight concentra" may be established if exposure is will eventually produce the typk3* sufficient concentrations. jK j^o-ury trem or-an^-psychirtfSS^J chat" Because of the fact that metals are usuallftWacteristic of chronic*mertmi&fen^jptricw, peaking, there are no si' poisoning from metals w to other causes. For this zlways a matter of differ metal poisoning can onl oreful consideration o f : occupational history, mei and laboratory findings. While laboratory find portant factor in diagne relied upon as the sole Prevention of Metal While the responsib health hazards associate fumes of toxic metals > the employer, effective hazards can only be see hearted cooperation of e: ' the State, and other r agencies. Three fund, most to actual preventer housekeeping, supported trot of hazardous proce medical supervision. r.-: Good Hous We think of good . plying to clean floors materials, tools, and p r maintained in good ord1 and no overcrowding o and materials. All thes' sen the concentration c atmosphere, but seldo Processes so effective not escape into the gen room. From here they may contaminate the t die workers. So gener . bon is a factor in goc ; The provision of adc --desJs-j prerequisite.-- .. tions lockers and shov nessary for the sab Processes. ' ~APS-: As a rule sweeping - done after remguilar wcot " P 1} "1 more thorough what is more imp rvP p l not be subjected ""spheric contaminan: ; .r..8 methods. If vacuu K> a c c u m u l a t e d du *B9 safelv removed. m hv - ' ' Iffi 0001-15 103 om a. sing of isidera." '-latively. try in i such ij d many 'r*5: il funic imunity :ontinue : attack nust be 3ns may s which ad to a icentn those r in the poisonpurities :se imirficient though :r pro- ornng metals .ers the others n the jre of metal while ; with i with imple, 1 may icephimplimaller ironic ironic meraliva-nmon ;ntra- ypical" tharrictly ^peaking, there are no signs or symptoms of .'poisoning from metals which can not be due kjo other causes. For this reason diagnosis is 'always a matter of differential diagnosis and 'oietai poisoning can only be established by Careful consideration of all factors, including ^occupational history, medical history, clinical jnd laboratory findings. ( 11 While laboratory findings arc a very im portant factor in diagnosis, they can not be relied upon as the sole evidence necessary. Prevention of Metal Fume Poisoning / ' While the responsibility of controlling health hazards associated with exposure to .fumes of toxic metals rests primarily upon the employer, effective elimination of such hazards can only be secured by the whole hearted cooperation of employers, employees, the State, s.nd other regulatory inspection agencies. Three fundamentals contribute most to actual prevention. They are: Good housekeeping, supported by engineering con trol of hazardous processes, and intelligent medical supervision. Good Housekeeping We think of good housekeeping as ap plying to clean floors and work benches; materials, tools, and processes arranged and maintained in good older , adequate lighting, and no overcrowding of work places by men and materials. All these will do much to les sen the concentration of toxic fumes in the atmosphere, but seldom is the control of processes so effective that some fumes do not escape into the general air of the work room. From here they may be inhaled, or may contaminate the bodies and clothes of the workers. So general workroom ventila tion is a factor in good housekeeping. The provision of adequate washingJacili-- ties is a prerequisite. Under-certain condi tions lockers and showers for workers are necessary for the safe operation of many processes. Engineering Control It has been found practical to exhaust, locally, most processes generating metal fumes so that the toxic fume is trapped at its source and does not gain entrance to the workroom atmosphere. This is done by means of hoods or enclosed processes. Spe cial hazardous processes can usually be iso lated in the plant, thereby making potential exposure of all employees unnecessary. Both local exhaust and enclosed methods are more effective if special attention is given to general workroom ventilation. Dis posal o f fumes trapped by enclosed proc esses and local exhaust or isolation methods requires that attention be given that such wastes do not contaminate the air drawn into the work places by general ventilation. Medical Control Adequate medical supervision entails spe cial care in the placement of workers, and should not be aimed at the selection o f only super-men, since it is practical to make work places safe for the average man. Individuals with serious kidney, respiratory, or other systemic diseases should not be placed where they may be exposed even to minimum con centrations of toxic fumes. Where processes are known to be poten tially hazardous, an important check on the efficiency of engineering control is gained through regular periodic examination of workers. By this practice, in many instances, not only will evidence of absorption be de tected before serious injury has resulted, but an opportunity is afforded to correct control measures so effectively that the workers showing early signs of absorption may safely continue at their regular jobs. Routine rec ords of illness should be kept. Any abnormal rate, of absenteeism due to -illness'among an occupational group, regard less of the diagnosis reported, should call for special investigation to determine if there are any environmental Conditions aggravat ing the primary illness. As a rule sweeping and cleaning should be done after regular working hours. Not only can a more thorough job be accomplished, but what is more important, other workers will not be subjected to any increase in at mospheric cdptaminants occasioned by clean ing methods. If vacuum or wet methods are used, accumulated'dust is more effectively and safely removed. Personal Protective Equipment If proper attention is given to the three fundamentals mentioned--good housekeep ing, medical and engineering control--only specific and unusual emergency exposure will call for the pB & 5 ! S 0 ` attW S S L P TM * -. tective equipment. The masks or rt$jpi|r5ptqrs provii 0 0 0 1 -K ers who must necessarily be exposed to metal fumes should be of special construc tion and adapted to the processes and ma terials used. The United State Bureau of Mines'* has, after testing, approved certain Bibliography 1 Experimental Studies on the Effects of Ethvt Gasoline and its Combustion Products. R. R_ Sayers, A. C. Fieldner, \V. P. Yant, and B. G. K Thomas, LT. S. Bureau of Mines, Monograph No. 2. 1927. pected of involving a health electro disposition of metal, metal for plating as well as d ing operation, and in the trei -vage material after plating, types of masks for workers exposed to spe * Quantitative Measurements of the InbaJatioa, chemicals are used, such as i cific metal fumes. Retention and Exhalation of Dusts and Fumes by Man. 1. Concentrations of 50 to 450 znf. per cubic alkalis, metals and salts, and n No filter type of respirator capable of pro meter. P. Drinker, R. M. Thomson, and Frttn, J. L, Jour. Ind. H yr,, Yol. 10, No. 1, Jan. 1928. offensive fumes and vapors While it is true our prime int tection against toxic metal fumes has been submitted for approval. While two or three 1 Same -u 2. II. Concentrations below 50 mf. per eubie^ meter. Brown, C. E. Jour. Ind. Hyg., vol the injurious fumes and vat filter type respirators have been approved 13, Ko. 8, Oct. 1931. Studies in Dust Retention. IIL Factors involved in the Retention of Inhaled also interest ourselves in the for protection against lead dust, the use of Dusts and Fumes by Man. Jour. Ind. Hyg., VoL offensive types, since they n 13, No. 9. Nov. 1931. worker's mental attitude, givr which may in a small way reduce the hazard * Metal Fume Fever. IV. Threshold Doses of satisfaction which in tum ma of fumes, they cannot be relied upon for full Zinc Oxide. Preventive Measures and Chronie Effects of Repeated Exposures. P. Drinker. R. M. efficient work. protection. Filter type respirators approved Thomson, J. L. Finn. Jour. Ind. Hvg., Vol. 9, Poison is commonly introc for protection against nuisance and pneu Xo. 8. 1927. moconiosis-producing dusts will not protect 1 Lead Poisoning in a Storage Battery Plant body by three routes, ingestic the user from toxic fumes. Public Health Bulletin No. 205, June, 1933. * A study of Chronic Mereuriaiism in the Hat mouth, absorption through tin lation through the lungs. In Several of the hose-line or positive pres te rt Fur-Cutting industry. Public Health Bulletin No. 234. our greatest hazard lies in t sure type masks have been approved, but 1 Chronic Manganese Poisoning. Report of a Case route; the ingestion and abs there are certain limitations to their applica with Autopsy Findings. Canaran, M. M.. Cobb. S., are of lesser importance. tion which make them impractical for use in Drinker, C K .: Arch. N eurol and Psychiat., 9:2/0. 1934. Fumes and vapors, such a- seme kinds of work. * Metal Fume Fever. Koelsch. F. Jour. Ind. may enter the respiratory trat Substitution Hyg., Vol. 5, p. 87, July, 1923. 5 * U eber das Ciessfieber und Tcrwandte gewerbliche and produce local reactions MetxUdampftnb&Utioiu-krankhcitea. K issalt K. > throat and lungs, while others In a vast majority of cases, resort to Ztschr. f. Hyg., 1912, 71, 472. * cyanic acid pass through the substitution is an impractical method of * Metal Fume Fever. II L The Effects of Inhal T ing Magnesium Oxide Fume. P. Drinker. Thomson. ,: producing any local symptoms eliminating health hazards due to metal R. M., Finn., J. L. Jour. Ind. Hyg.* Yol. 9. No. 9, blood stream. , fumes. The raw materials used usually have 1927. i Skin absorption is importan special application. Furthermore, substitu u Health Hazards in a Brass Foundry. Public Health Bulletin No. 157, with the coal tar derivatives, tion is often a dangerous practice, even MZinc in Relation to General and Industrial ene and xylene and the pctrole though it is practical. Instances may be Hygiene. C. K. Drinker, L. T. Fairhall. Public Health Reports, Vol. 48, No. 32, Aug. 1933. as carbon tetrachloride and u cited where the substituted product has w X-Ray Appearances of the Lungs of Electric Since these are all volatile, [S? proven equally as dangerous as the one it replaced, the only difference being that less Arc Welders. A. T. Doig and A. I. G. McLaughlin. Lancet, April 4, 193d, p. 771. occur by inhalation as well as was known at the time concerning its toxic properties. 14 List of Devices for Respiratory Protection Ap* roved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. \V. P. Yant ureau of Mines Information Circular No. 5918. Ingestion Is Ra Ingestion of poison by mout and is usually the result of dent. However, in the lead industry, rigid precautions m Electroplating Fumes and Vapors and Their Elimination prevent the ingestion of lead have been deposited on the B y P. B. R A ST E L L O , M.D. body of men while working a ">g tanks. T em sted t Manufacturing D ivision, G eneral M otors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan - In general in all clectrolyt respective of the constituen The industrial physician is responsible for the health of all employees in his plant, in so far as their health may be affected by their occupations and their environment. Consequently he must be familiar with the various jobs and conditions under which the men work to know definitely the associated health hazards. He must work closely with the safety, maintenance, chemical and pur chasing departments to keep himself in- formed on changes in methods and materials i that may influence those hazards. Thus fortified, the physician occupies strategic position in the hospital, as the 'IT # ployee invariably comes to him first wiurj complaints which he may associate with vtjjAjVn--which arc,,oi. a-jiature thaf 'wonl*^ w-JccSwVlHn investigation"which may lead -1? ttf^^seovery of an'.'uniealthy condition. the processes which may be sus- only two gases are liberated, anode and hydrogen at the die anode efficiency is alway cathode efficiency relatively further fact that the gases ,\ ~ e relation of two hydrogen jo* gas from, the anode is _^ared with that at the catho The amount of oxygen an tf-ifofed, as such, is of no cc 000 American Society of Safety Engineers-- Engineering Section Officers 1936-37 Chairman--D. L. Rover, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corp., New York, X. Y. tt-Chairman--C. B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. ityut-Chairman--R. E. D onovan, Standard Oil Company of California. San Francisco, Calif. eiSwtory--W. D ean K eefer. Natior.ai Safety Council, Clticago, 111. iiim b tr s at Large-- C yril Ainsworth, American Standards Association, New York, X. Y. Auel, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. I, Banash, Consulting Engineer. Chicago, III. pX-J W. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc., New York, X. Y. yJyvH. R. Bixler, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, X. Y. 0(Metropolitan : Chapter) ; :,cS E W. Bullard, E. D. Bullard C o.. San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter) X' Gilbert, American Cvanamid Co.. Linden, N. J. (N ew Jersey Chapter) `ipWRov M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia. Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter) 5^ d \\'. M. Graff. National Eurcau o: Casualty & Surety Underwriters, New York, X. Y. J. Griffith, Jones & Laugh;::: Steel Corp., Pittsburgh. Pa. (W estern Pennsylvania fc ...-Safety Council Chapter) McA. Keown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison. Wis. K-P,J. M, Kerrigan, United Slates Rubber Reclaiming Co.. Inc.. Buffalo, X. Y. (Xiacara ," ; Premier Chapter) Everett F. Kinc, Lever Brothers Co.. Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter) P| ioy<as E. L ightfoot, The Koi : ;rs Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. *! G- Lloyd, National Bureau e : Standards, Washington. D. C. ^ INEK` P du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. " S- P aine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. vW,1 P- P ressing. Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles. Calif. lL'.v " ~ Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. .W ,, p Ploli. s. Industrial Relation.- Counselors. Inc., New York. X. Y. r'-N .f. . S anford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, X, Y. f - i( c ' i UITH' Standard Oil Co. 'ind.). Chicago, 111. " v. Ss.i.i.t.i.i. - tiicn Carbide an ; Carbon Corp., Xew York. X. Y. k P T Tr0N'- Thc Travelers r.-uranec Co.. Hartford. Conn. . ^ T ,, ' 1NF.R. Buick Motor O rr.::any, FlijU, Midi. Liberty Mutua; .';>urancc Co.. Boston, Mas* P. Vast. Miinnee'sSafety .-yplianees Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. I' Officers Elected for 1937-38 * ' - `'HO BotjuiT. -cor.-;n Public Service Corp.. Milwaukee, VVh , 1",,>'; van*. .Star.danl Oii Company of California, San i-'ranci'Co. CalifE- kw.-TON, Prv.-bnroh Plato Glass Co.. F i tls U ir d i, Pa. 221 Secretary--W. D ean K eefer. Xational Safety Council. inc., Chicago. III. Member! at Larne-- n g i^ C yril A insw orth, American Standards Association, Xcw York. X. y. " S' .1. I. Banash, Consulting Engineer. Chicago, II'. E. W. Heck, United States Rubber Products, Inc- Xew York, X. Y. E. W. Bullard, E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco. Calif. (San Francisco CE Charles D. F arlin. Consolidated Edison Co. o f X. Y.. Xcw York, X. Y Charter) ` (V, r ^ S c h o o ls of Y *' ' ^ t .>cno icari education o, t ***<t been one ot H. F. Gilbert, American Cyanamid Co., Linden. X'. J. (Xcw Jersey Chapter) fi* > iar Rov M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Qa *'* '*"*-Covered th H. J. Griffith, Jones S: Lauchlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western P e n i ^ |f hoc1*' andar Safety Council Chapter) safety tent R. McA. K eown. Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. .'sally P redwing'iccidems. Everett F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter) Meritate the itcond 1 T homas E. Liohtfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. M. G. Lloyd, Xational Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. :MM' I >otlhktewteitrhmp/"eesnsgui J. E. Lose, The Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corp., Albanv, X. Y **1_. _ X. B MacHose, Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna. X. Y. (Xiagara Frontier ^ nniuusTt hgoeretoiscoTll, H. L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Xemours & Co., Wilmington, Del _ Nevertheless. \V. S. P aine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Geo. F. P russing, Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, Calif. Hahat the pi" u W st how to design A. S. R ecula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc- Xew York, X, Y. oi ihe thous:md A. V. R ohweder, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway Co., Duluth, Mina Bi |tt th D. L. Royer, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corp., Xew York, X. Y. G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co.. Schenectady, X. Y. J. S. S haw, Hercules Powder Co.. Wilmington, Dei. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. H. S. Smith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., Xew York, X. Y. R. F. T halner, Buick Motor Co,. Flint, Mich. S. E. W hitinc, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. ^'atthisionsVfrom his p W kter in practice stS vjradom. When we remember lO v a thirty years ago y.ira nine inspection <rt was little to ind W illiam P. Y ant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. be of protessio Today when you i ...GjjfUxniimlated data on nitty, engineering of stl standards, its c> eat admit that to ab; WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 13, 1937 It f 7rh this world of mat si Wined to the college c parallel example, elec ohtard of before 1SE rid years, it has throu The annual meeting of the ASSEEngineering Section of the Xational Safety Council followed a luncheon and convened ` St, accumulated data The report of the nominating commas v*dso( such importanc was presented by C. W. Smith, chains! Ragle human mind car Other members of the committee were -V at whole fitld- with D. L. Royer, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation, Xew York City, general chairman, presiding. All reports had been mimeographed, and copies were dis tributed at the luncheon. A report of the address delivered at the meeting by Elmer A. Holbrook, dean of the S. Regula. S. E. Whiting, Dr. M. G. LW and R. F. Thalner. The committee's li1* Think again ot those ometrs, as elected, will be found in t*lety, mostly in the section of the Congress Transactions. . einmg, metallurgical a Slowly it felt its wav, 1 Other sessions sponsored by the ASS& .Drian background. T Engineer!^ *{*ion* :inciuaea twVoms*c,7o,n" .'-a^g*fjj^SSSW^nsation, giving Lse of AjSfiggr. innQduussttriaiTiDofulsmtSi," *"r--!' , j, T Ktiurtnic background. Schools of Engineering and Mines, Univer sity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, I'a,, v.iil Be found elsewhere in this record. Vessels,''jMa&d.iistrial Fumes, Gase"sSaait*? Vapors,"S^Safcty Training," and Inspector; "&mg acceleration, i Srisjcl safety have 0 0 0 1 4 ) # Cement and Quarry Sections Cement Section Officers 1936-37 'rntral Chairman--Fked B. Hent, Nazareth Portland Cement Co., Nazareth, Pa. Vicc-Chninnon--W. J. Wokthy. Medusa Portland Cement Co.. Toledo, Ohio. 'Secretary--A. J. R. Curtis, Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, 111. ^ w Letter Editor--Jack Dempster, Canada Cement Co., Ltd., Montreal. P. Q., Can., htigineering Committee Chairman--W illiam Moeller, Lone Star Cement Co., Dallas, Texas. -jfyhteay Committee Chairman--M. A. KoffmaN, Southwestern Portland Cement Co., Los ^ngeles, Calii. ^Membership Committee Chairman--Henry A. R eninger, Lehigh Portland Cement Co., HAIkntown, Pa. 'ester Committee Chairman--/. W. Kennedy, Huron Portland Cement Co., Detroit. Mich. am Committee Chairman--A. B. S unokklano, Ash Grove Lime & Portland Cement i; Kansas City, Mo. Iniicrr at Large-- _CD. B. Coleman, Missouri Portland Cement Co., St. Louis, Mo. B. Fortuin, Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corp.. Nazareth, Pa. rook C. Hl'th. Universal Atlas Cement Co.. Chicago, 111. igs|.E . Possf.lt, Lone Star Cement Corporation. New York, N*. Y. 3TJ- B. Zook, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., Buffalo, X. Y. ^ Officers Elected for 1937-38 ;-;tvru/ Chairman--Fked B. He NT. Nazareth Portland Cement Co.. Nazareth. Pa. fciii-Cliairmo.i--A. C. Sinlexland, Ash Grove Lime S: Portland Cement Co.. Kansas Mo. .^etiiirjr-A. J. R. Curtis. Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, 111. better Editor--} \ ck Dempster. Canada Cement Co., Ltd.. Montreal, P. Q. Canada. 6 5 2 '" trmg Committee Chairman--W iluam M oeller. Lone Star Cement Corp., Dallas, sTeaas. Committee Chairmen--M, A. K offman. Soutliwestern Portland Cement Co., Los Calii. Couimi::ee Chairman--H. A. R eninger. Lehigh Portland Cement Co., Allcnjl'n'> Ha. C"on""'linee Chairman--}. \Y. K ennedy, Huron Portland Cement Co., Detroit, Mich. Large- j' ,:!i,<NF.t.L. .MI>-oeri Portland Cement Co.. St. Louis. Mo. .* '* *' ^r,*TLT\". Pcnnsyivzr.ia-Dixie Cement Corp.. Nazareth, Pa. ,V,; HcTti. Universal Atlas Cement Co.. Chicago. 111. joN t *#r.st;LT, Lone Star Cement Corporation. New York. X. Y. t j :- \t j ''"'X Medusa Per'.iand Cement Co.. Manitowoc. \Y k *v p V .U f i'0K' Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp.. Qutalo. X. Y. 249 iC ci'<.*y.T W- '{&?.:' Cement anti Ouarry Sections 257 & $ !& ' ' sonie similarity of procedure m di- any supervisory training course for any par ^ S '.'ing the work of any man on any job; but win 'V% '! rf<c|,nb_* i.nWdiuistrjies employ sucdhi dimfferem lion 6TVij. 4 %vfrtS'TCoir pccoopi1i*'e**, under such a w,ide varniciy ' siif.' 5 A ^V.iirrcctulml,,.s<ttaa'n>ccecss,- aanncdI ppllaaccee Ss1u,CchI' aa <diilvver 71 * requirements upon them that the ticular industry lies within that industry. YVe must go out and see how our job is being supervised now; analyze the procedure of every foreman and supervisor; compare them and select the best; look upon supervision as ;:'Jr (, titw 5" ), of supervisory training in its more i,e mn -m all m & prehenstve aspects is peculiar to each I L | S p e of industry. a d ser i , . '' Permit uslo;.'. SkH&'fht general treatises on leadership give - . ``I further " zieS&c.- undwork, but the subject mattcr'for a process in itself, and see bow best to direct the work of the people. It is a long, tedious, and costly process, but one which, carried through to completion, will pay dividends in the end. mi- vi,th ali the^ 'J:-esa!r thsue aaitd,irIie:1W r ^ i-'our menaje* ahd the . can alsd do not sea "er cent, ."`i sa fe - ' c^v& I S f e - W EDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 13, 1937 I tV ^ -ih e Wednesday Luncheon session of the i o * . ''fVjji ^ftiem ent and Quarry Sections was addressed {SPfliyiIsaiah Hale, Superintendent of Safely, " ' H>?Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, Chicago IJjo spoke on "The Common Sense of Safety." The address was substantially the same as another address by Mr. Kale before the Steam Railroad Meeting. The complete paper will be found in the Steam Railroad section of this volume. biems facing'V reman hisTtrlJ g of thyoti*8 e b alcmf tha . -sife!^ llity and fetK ning about it~ accident on a uQ-vvr - euiarly haz- W EDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13,' 1937 : ioreman or :z the work j : dues and i riming pro- -;ority of all . directly or ire oi super,n properly. ,ry training necessary- rv training ii procedure -li or voca~i die tecli- ; iiot.seem .rre is, 0^ Work of the National Silicosis Conference By R. CAM PBELL STARR Assistant Safety Engineer, U. S. Department o f Labor, D ivision o f Labor Standards. W ashington, D. C. Silicosis is strictly an occupational disease. Medical science has not reported silica dust as affecting any individuals except those who, over relatively long periods of time, have worked in an atmosphere where the air which they breathe contained excessive con centrations of free silica. The interest of the U. S. Department of Labor in a broad social and economic prob lem sucb as this has its origin in the Organic Act, effective March 4, 1913. which created the Department. This act, among other things, gives the Department c; Labor the duty "to foster, promote, and develop the welfare of the wage earners of the United States, to improve their working conditions, and to advance their opportunities for profit able employment." With this ''s through joint eBHffipyiall ciirffl could be done iiEijhalc thf- Secretary oi L # ^ s l e d logetr. v. 258 Txecnty-sieein National Safety Congress mgton on February 26. 1936 a croup of about 75 men representing leader; :n indus tries having a silica problem, later leaders, and outstanding representatives o: cite medi cal, legal, and engineering professions, as well as insurance carriers and State adminis trators. After considering various phases of the silicosis problem, this group generally agreed that through a pooling of knowledge and a frank discussion through the conference method important advances could be made toward, first, overcoming the hysterical at titude on the part of employers, labor, and others; second, after careful investigation, to consolidate in one place all known data with regard to the preventive engineering methods; third, analysis and recommenda tions in connection with adequate standards of compensation for those workers disabled as a result of the disease. As an outgrowth of this initial meeting, another group, similar in composition to the first conference, but expanded to include some 200 individuals, was invited :o come to Washington on April 14, 1936 to outline ways and means of attacking the prcllcm. After hearing silicosis discussed from the stand point of the employer, labor, and the medical profession, by outstanding experts in the field, this large group endorsed the confer ence method as proposed, and as a result four main working committer; were ap pointed by the Secretary of Later with the advice and consent of the group to investi gate and report upon the outstanding phases of the silicosis problem. These committees were: (1) Committee on the Prtvcntion of Silicosis through Medical Ccr.trul, (2) Committee on the Prsveution of Silicosis through Engineer!:-.- Control, (3) Committee on the Economic, Legal and Insurance Phases of :!i Silicosis Problem, (4) Committee on the R . tiatory and Administrative Phases of a.c Silicosis Problem. A fifth committee, known a v.e Correlat ing Committee, was named. It a; under the chairmanship of W. H. Camer-.n, Managing Director of the National Safety Council, and consisted of the chairman of the four tech nical committees just mentioned and two ad- visors, one on labor problems and one on mining matters. Jose already permanen ieir employment by runs These committee members served without compensation and gave freely of their time and effort in studying the problem from their respective viewpoints. After nine months of careful and searching study, these commit tees advised the Secretary of Labor that they were ready to report. Consequently, on February 2, 1937 the Second National Silicosis Conference was called in Washing ton. At this time summary committee re ports were presented to the Secretary and considerable discussion was given them. josis. The status of the 1.0 josed to the hazard of s tbus by the committees A percentage of t workers having silicos partially disabled beer -and have their diific: plicated witlr uibcrcul , The remainder of 1 silicosis and disability . no tuberculosis. Shortly after this second national confer ence the Department published, as Bulletin No. 13 of the Division of Labor Standards, the summary' reports of the four committees " referred to above, together with an abstract version containing the principal findings and recommendations written in non-technicai ` language. . Approximately 10: but no disability and i Approximately 900 V'silica dust, but have n 5'fcase. ^.Contrary to popular l "develop. Usually it jnore of exposure to si! .T he full reports of the committees, cooaA'^, .-([contract the discas prising several thousand typewritten pages,^ ! 'fiv.e.. been known to are now being edited and will go to the7^ ^ ` period as one and om printer very shortly. It is expected gander extreme and ur they will be issued in four separate volumesbj|J2tie other hand, many sometime during the fall or early winter. inder ordinary expost than 30 years witltoi Nature and Extent of Silicosis . trouble whatever that * -silicosis. Physicians generally agree that silicosis. . Silicosis J fit the layman's language, is a disease of the lungs, caused by breathing air containing 1 Silicosis can be pre silica dust, in which the normal lung tissue ^ ways: First, by prci is replaced by fibrous or scar tissue. Silica dust is found in many industrial -2? operations, but the hazard is acute only ia such industries as metal mining; anthracite mining; quarrying, drilling, and tunneling ,n granite, ganister. and sandstone; smelting and refining; foundries; potteries: gkiss works; stone-products industries; grinding! bumr.g; and sandblasting. Of the 49,000.000 workers in the Lnite^ StatesTonly UOOO.OOO, or 2 per cent, it *s e?' tiutated, arc in any way exposed to the l'aZ" ard of silicosis. About half of this number- or 1 per cent of the total number oi workers in site countr`y,. uarlce expoesedu tiov a s__e_ri_o_us bah ard. and silicosis tion of roxim ately 110,000 o f these have rec.,^Medical exatniua5pally at wop------- ` sites 't,ia' $ d 5,000 w offij& j'are seft-U yj the disease,"''inCatldition to *->4 silica dust; second, persion of dust inlc working area: and t to apply the first tv of personal protect respirators, to preve dust In carrying oul many agencies must of the committees s employer is called o. ind to spend most *'rk and money w maximum results u mS to cooperate a: responsibility ior aod for using the i ment. tn -addition, phy Part m preventing a - 0 0 0 1 2 ;.  jx iz.f t - one t," /it tose ai ready , . flicir e m r '.'mcm b>' reason of disabling sih -orved wulmut ii'insis-' of their tinet.' yiiiiThe status of flic 1,000,000 workers ex Icm from line months ,, these commit., . of Labor .tlat>;.,| ['^^ryv'orkers having silicosis arc completely or Consequently,'"'^l^fejjpartia;.';- disabled because o f this disease cond National / ,' S3piiand hive their difficulties further com- jd in Washing. X r^'?pjicaiei with tuberculosis. committee re-;. The remainder of the 4,000 to 5,000 have Secretary and iv and disability in some degree, but ;iven them. "'."yl`v, ^ 0 0 tuberculosis. , :ationa! confer:ed, as Bulletin^' .lior Standards,"" our com m ittees/' vith an abstract pal findings p non-technicalS ...idaJa- committees, con? vpeivritten pag^ei-j 1 tvi'' "0 to is < ted iliair' epa.-ie volumes^; r early winter. " ; Apyroximatel1y' 105,000 have silicosis, K/-ibtit no disability :and r.o tuberculosis. jfSS^-sArgroxiinately 900.000 arc exposed to g ^ S ilica cast, but have not contracted the dis- ' s*"^Contrary to popular belief, silicosis is slow "devefip. Usually it takes seven years or Spore of exposure to silica dust for a worker jyjS/conr-act the disease. A few eases that jiave been known to develop in as short a $epod as one and one-half years occurred ijtaier extreme and unusual conditions. On lithe oth:r hand, many workers have labored ^Jturfer ordinary exposures to silica for more j^Uhan JO years without demonstrating any f Silicosis Vytroub't whatever that could be diagnosed as y jilicosii. ec that silicosis, a disease of the' - air containing rmal lung tissue tissue. many industrial is acute only in ining; anthracite and tunneling in .stone; smelling potteries; glass :ftries; grinding; rs in the Uiiileil per cent, it is es- .posed `o the har: oo'diis nuisbcr, . uuber of worker^ to a serious has- i)()() (.f these have vdii/rd <.-:;anu":1` k indicate* vrk-T-v ... i:: i: Silicosis Prevention Sill: *:is can be prevented in three general ways : First, by preventing the creation or silica lust; second, hy preventing the disPersi:;* of dust into the atmosphere oi a worki-? area; and third, it it is impossible to a; : > the first two methods, by the use of ;-i- onal protective equipment such as respintors, to prevent the inhalation of the dust. In :3rrying out a prevention program, many ;itjencics must cooperate, in the view of ti; committees studying the problem, the cir.r/y tr is calied on :o do most of the work and y spend most i the money. Tut his war',: ;nd money v : i never accomplish the maxi- dm results ::r v*s- the worker is willin? cooperate am carry Ids share of tiic ability for > in g to com p>- uiing Uiv vy.'-oiiii: 1 rou-ctive eqmp- ` !>1:;if,> play a dr'inke !,r':va!li;x . ,-(1, -, .-.-.v. ni-o <;5 1. To suppress dust at the point of origin in such operations as rock-drilling; han dling, pulverizing, and milling rock and 6re; grinding metal on grindstones; abrasive-wheel cutting o f granite and sa:. I* stone. 2. To prevent the redispersion of dust that has settled on the floors, walls, ami other surfaces such as in the granite in dustry and in foundries. Design equipment to control dust. Establish good maintenance and house keeping procedure. Provide respirators. Instruct the workers. Responsibility of Workers The cooperation of the workers is nccessary i; the hazard of silicosis is to be rcduced :o the minimum. The worker should realize that the safe practices recommended and th; equipment provided are designed to preven t injury to himself and to his fellow empie;, :cs. The equipment should be used as directi 1 and every effort should be made to maitr.Lin ic in good working order. Furtncrmore, vhc worker is frequently in a positi<m to ohserve faulty equipment and unsafe rac*.:: ->. and lie should make it a point to repor: ail such conditions to his supervisor. Statutory ,tion i !.<; primary. !*!*.-, -t I.-: liiv pro! v____ 'I! a Ai a l- ; ! ' fe -b t - 0 T w i l l v-.vi.r/// A"*;, t'/V C t l H ' i IVO' oi thu hazard, the iact must be recognized that until silicosis has been wiped out. workers who now have the disease, as well as those who may contract it. must receive workmen's compensation just as do those workers who arc injured in accidents. Accordingly, the committees of the silico sis conference were unanimous in presenting the following recommendations : Coverage for silicosis in the compensa tion acts of all States. This coverage should be compulsory. Because of competition between the same or similar industries in various States, the laws, rules, and regulations of the several States should be as uniform as practicable. Should Be Insured The employer should insure his obliga tion for compensation either through selfinsurance subject to the posting of ade quate funds, or with an authorized in surance institution. Insurance should not be denied any em ployer, provided the State authorities certi fy that he complies with the State require ments as to proper safe working condi tions, and pays the premiums involved. Workers having active pulmonary tuber culosis and silicosis should he removed from employment. Such workers should be granted suitable compensation payments and medical care. Workers disabled from silicosis (but with no tuberculosis) should ultimately be granted the same amount of compensa tion as those disabled by accidental in jury. Two years is a reasonable minimum limitation period (or filing claims subse quent to the date of the last exposure. Further A ctivities of the Department of Labor In carrying out its duty as stated in the basic law, the U. S. Department of Labor has conceived that there is immediate need Following the address by Mr. Starr a round table discussion of outstanding o r :::c c o n v e r s i o n o t K n o w n acts m I,, ue dic al a n d e n g i n e e r i n g fields \ orkitif toward prevention, ami in the legal, insurant" and regulatory phases looking toward ade* quatc workmen's compensation, into a pric tirai, readily understood program which wj|| adequately take care of the silicosis prob lem. Methods U in its program of cooperation with the -ks States, the Department o f Labor has in cluded a section covering silicosis and simj. lar dust diseases. This breaks down into Safety Direc three main sub-headings: ( 1) Assistance in The Lyman-Riciu the preparation of reasonable and adequate : ration operates 22 p codes, rules, and regulations prescribing the state. Eacli [ methods of prevention; (2) assistance in the ' individual unit, 11 establishment of equitable standards o f foreman and from workmen's compensation for those em -' hiit. Total annua pioyces disabled as a result of the disease-5?. to2cQ, with an avc () a general educational program among , man hours. State officials, factory inspectors, etc so&f that they will be equipped with adequate^ '/.All production oknowledge concerning the disease, itsSl dredges, involving method of prevention, and its proper trat-l a '-result in clcctrocu ment under the workmen's compensation la-!/f drowning. f Although our s Follow s Two Lines 'same as those of 1 vrecord in the year This application program, which is jj&fr:{fam was 79 lost- now getting under way has been commenc&^r:jnan hours' expos aiong two,principal lines : (1) The compingJs:-[ 'so many accidents c i practical information concerning " tiil^4 .jury .unfavorable dust control installations in typical siliav/-I-"CFro-mpensation Cor hazardous plants, together with approxim^T ance firms flatly r< -.ions as to cost, not only of installation, bt^ It was evident also of maintenance of dust control equtp-^y plant looking out meut in such plants; (2) a program of visualwd "haywire," so a sa . iucation supplementing the summary and as decided upon foil committee reports of the National Silt- V the following mat . csis Conference, tt is contemplated that in'- this field such media as film strips, lantern First, an old cr slides, posters, illustrated bulletins', etc. vuTi~ Plant operations ' : utilized. Further, in connection with rector, devoting h various exhibits of the department, shownat_: *Second, all cm various large expositions, trade associative pass a physical c meetings, labor and technical organisai" -, employees passed meetings, etc., it is contemplated that , cumber were fou factual information will be used, po!rtui> ^ Third, all macI : sward ways and means of correcting r.izard and of establishing adequate Stan . ^ mi<fc as mecha Guards placed 0 i.-ds of workmen's compensation. -- . M* *ov'ng parts, I: '"d guards built we boards place fairways, r' .-ctr 'proper y' Su l-.s^^lh'quarry opei& fion took ptaiS-TT^ *3., '' w f r l h c 'VcdttwSSBr.pros ra "1- -.fit. Fourth ert iv *>, . . ,n :,i', Ip : ocoir.i m WrSA ci-.-.: ,<*<&&: -- > very employ in oi tlicir ability to Chemical Section unfortunate enough .ccident in a given lepanment a "Red .n placed on the de. He loo called his fee the "Red Star" hoard. The "Red Told Star" touches tials in that departit resolves to do his " on his board. At reman informs hi> nr" records of other ks wonders in helpthat if workers oi ,e i "Cold Stars" they into play two ' *. in individual .tent, and the King. That this finite results is in 1une 30.103b. town Plant had 000 man-hour' , Such a record lefore. In m! ,i only one t,: in two years, atety chain"1' is- educated cr we peruse if* antii by the NJ nher soitrecs o ations oi safciy thins i" ^ he applied :cip .lcpannwt`i i ' pas' ' . worker' w vty in t'tt -aieiy t to pn-" "1" . wkersa^V^ nnvipie# a";; Officers 1936-37 Citral Chairman--H. L. M ixer, E. I. du Pont de Xemours & Co.. Wilmington, Del. yici'Chairmaii in Charge e f Program-- Ralph L. Rocers, J r., Tennessee Eastman Corp., .Sr- .Kingsport, Tenu. Cyiti-Chairman in Charge o f Engineering--J. J . B. F ulenwider. Hercules Powder Co., -C Parlin, X. } 7 Secretary--Ralph O. K eefer. Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. lines Letter Editor--F. W. D ennis, Hooker Electrochemical Co., Xiagara Falls, X. V. C'iitmbcnhit' and Puhlieity Committee Chairman--C. E. S evrexs, Merritnac Chemical Co.. jjt^'Inc, Boston. Mass. ei^cnpational Disease Committee Chairman--D r. L eonard G reexilrc, Xew York State Department of Labor, Xew York, X'. Y. P-Ptster Committee Chairman--E. L. Root, Celluloid Corporation, X cw ark, X. J. asStislUs Committee Chairman--R. C Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford. JT'Conn. C-Vtmhers at Large-- ..fcA. L. Armstrong, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, X. Y. F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. S. D. Kirkpatrick, Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering. Xew York. X. Y. John Roach, Deputy Cttr.missioncr of Labor. Trenton, X. J. ...r John S. S haw, Hercules Powder Co.. Wilmington. Del. a . Plummer W heeler. A m erican Cyanatnid Co.. Linden, X. J. -S. E. W hiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston, Mass. Peter M. W ilson. Mathle-on Alkali Works lin e.). Xiagara Falls. X. 3'. Officers Elected for 1937-38 i Chairman--H. L. M iner. E. I. du P ont de X em ours & Co., W ilm ington, iJel. ! 1- ' - l <,, l'/hirge Program--R alph I.. Rogers. J it.. T ennessee E astm an Corp., r- ****'r* Tcnn. { ` `' W in Charge Engineering-- Ralph O. K eefer. A lum inum Co. of Anierier.. ..` -L * rp h , pj_ I S. Machie. wiieral E lectric Co.. X ela P ark, Cleveland. O hio. _____ - '< : ~ y . L ' ::' r E d i t o r -- V . . D ennis. H o o k er E le ctro ch em ica l Co.. X iag ara Falls. X. Y. IlX ' Disease C< m t t e e C h a i r m a n -- D r. L eonard G rkf.np.L'Rg. Xew Y o rk S tate " ' je^ * n* fm O' Labor. ' York. X. Y. ` h r u ' 1'1 P n h l i e : r . .m m iite . C h a i r m a n -- C. E. S kvrcxs. M errim ac Chemical Co . M;' " ' _.1U: Contmii!l.1. i : S-;'p. ;; m-- R. C. S tratton. T he T ra v e le rs Insurance Co.. H a r ttc r l. > , ge-rr ' ''"mu Coming Chainn.:,:-- E. L. Iv ot, C o !lu l| |<irpur:il;<,::. X e f ^ t ^ X . ;r 271 .i. m i~ o ,! j m : i H ijji Nit; lit! I! p ih \w 'm r*f: 4 ils y |S i| , \ -y'-Sii r\ -W Ititi 272 Tiventy-sixth Xatioiial Safety Congress Members al Larve-- A. L. A rmstrong, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester. X. Y. E. F. Kist.. Lever Brothers Co.. Cambridge, Mass. 5. D. K irkpatrick, Chemical S: Metallurgical Engineering. Xcw York, X. y J ohn Roach. iJcpmy Commissioner of Labor, Trenton, X. J. ^.rucnrl nation Imran) i- tarjtooH n but as gc A..'iSi.Arii! no" give you V dua n hazards in t -d i chemical laboratory J ohn S. S haw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. P llmmer W heeler, American Cyanamid Co., Linden, X. J. S. E. W hiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. TUESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 12, 1937 Sessions of the Chemical Section opened with a luncheon meeting with H. L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Xentours S: Co.. Wilming ton, Del., general chairman ot the section, presiding. William P. Yarn, director of reset development. Mine Safety Appliancest Pittsburgh, Pa., addressed the delegatih "Latest Protective Devices and Equipment for Chemical Workers." c _ : tbe com pletion o: $S*W-'r test, tw o d e te r feiitraedo' m ethod w ere " itffositne o il w ith o u t e h t t-titiia ed . The oil reacted TW'. m--a'terriiaalls werre k g*hi*g3^atT!y nu, pPa'rticular sic this observation day later to u t t further miniatu TM but impressive. - with concentrated reaction bulb when i v bursting the ^rMperwn ws classified as fjsflu'ail.ai submitted was J^efeaWt hazard in nitronv pfififeexp osu re to danger. JtAts take another ii explosion hazard SWbttoJ.rtilulose had beer 'pY-afevta the laboratory. ftffjifaeA nitrating acid w-a TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION ? patty,. It had been cust< j%*k to filter off the ac October 12, 1937 y h "tordingly, the same smai J,A flatted with acetone, dr g - He Squid acetone, and ci Safety in Chemical Laboratories A. upirator. Immediate!; '" A,.toted, an explosion oc By A. B. RITTER Hrtd the flask. The nit '..scattered but did not tr Chemist, Hercules Powder Company, W ilmington, Del. _ T .rlwwn. We, as witnc It is generally accepted that all of the hazards winch arise in the several stages of chemical manufacture arc present in the research laboratory on a small scale at least. It is also accepted that there exist the ad ditional hazards of experimental chemical work. How can both types be designated in order to help the chemist protect hint- self and his equipment? We suggest that this be done, by dividing the hazards into two groups, known and unknown. In the known group we should include the physical hazards, not only as they pertain to machinery, equipment, ap paratus. and temperature, and illumination, etc., but also as they relate to the human liody. This known group includes exposure 10 harm from physical iorccs; such as, heat, v i . , , . , , , . . rSSfOi'"" t** that two workers light and electricity, and that ph>> ;; fly. one seriously- lu wind, is associated with the hazard had n For the dangers in the unknown The explosion probably which the chemist must lace, it >s " 5-' koe vapor coming into gested that they be givenn tthhee nnaamrre;si,unp#*?**.'-. . ttlrzting acid. which they will probablybe clas-itied !'<je%-eE- Movr let us considc their initial display. These terms ` hazard. It was desire denned as io!)o\rs: 'Explosion '.T in posure to danger from a violent Ue use in chloorrii'naitiot of gases. J'ire hazard is exposure to certain base material, from burning or combustion. Taxied chlorine and metharu ard is exposure to danger from Personal eotialiou hasard is cx;0-;urc d a n gi^ ^ p n S tlic tendenefc^Lan '^ " .L g to eiCxgjubesc may be a.-ijtt.w who ***. si __ [jp: are proat ^<Dr less frequently. 'Niereiof* he dangerous. A con isaxch was made witho thought. Thereupon, ethanol was nveasur '. ashing bottle and a : chlorine was bubbled t .t&fPF-E payments to injured worker-, more real cost which is 4, and anxiety that res-ults free ich no amount of money to. Construction Section Officers 1936-37 Central Chairmati--U'. A. Sxow, Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Wash. inctori, D. C. V i c e - C h a i r m a n fo r Heavy Construction--R. J. R eicei.L'TH, C. W. Blakeslee S: Sons, New Haven, Conn. V i c e - C h a i r m a n for Hicjhteoy Construction--F. I. Rowf.. W. L. Johnson Construction Co., Hicksvle. Ohio. Vice-Chairman fa r U. S. Enriineer Department--SI.\)ok Eu.lOTT V a XDKVaxter, C. o E,, Qlnce of Ute Chief ot Engineers. Washington. D. C. 'Vice-Chairman for Building Construction--Chester W. W rioht, Wright & Kremers, Inc., Niagara Falls. .V. V. S c c rc t a r v --Robert McKt.vt.Ev. General Acc!d;-t, Fire 6c Life Assurance Corp.. Detroit, Mich.' 'Sees Letter Editor--G. O. GkHti.v. Dravo C.rp., Neville Island. Pittsliurgh, Pa. 'Ittgmecrinn Committee Chairman--T homas ~ XT.E, Industrial Indemnity Exchange. San ; Francisco. Calif. Membership Committee Chairman--F. I. Ckaxteu, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston. fetter Committee Chairman--S. M. I.altj!'.:.: :.r,, Civilian C onservation Corps, W ashing ton. D. C. Ingram Committee Chitirma;:--V. P. A iiea::'. National Sand 6c Gravel Assn., Washing ton. D. C. fnbl'teily C o m m i t t e e Chainit.it:-- W . P. C oxx "The C o n stru c to r." W ashington. D. C.* s ta tis tic s C o m m i t t e e C h a i r m a n --C. H. IIi.a o :. Stone 6c W eb ster E ngineering Corp.. Boston. Mass. t -tt General Chairmen-- W. F. A cstix. W . E. W i'"ii Co.. IJe in T . M idi. Ln,'..\K t loi.orTixi:, Cor.-u!::::g S afety aacitteer. San Francisco. Calif. .lu.'iv K( --^:t ;.. fi-;.. Public S'.-vice F lee:" ' re (la- t.'o., N ew ark. X. I. Officers Elected for 1937-38 -- t,<rSi l .mtritt,itt--W . A. > V , i^t'-.n. i) c. neral Contractors of America. Inc.. Wash- 'll'} mnr,:,,:n tor Heavy C r u c t i o n -- . ' Ki.tt.i-t.LTit. C. W . Blakeslee 6c Suns. New Cmo-m,:: f. v A'vrs. W ar I >ept.. \ ... t r u e ; : .-- ' C. C.'.taunt::.:., nnrrv T. Campbell Suits Co.. fA,V. .1 Cnrp^'or - ' k 2S6 Tzoentv-sixlli Xationul Safety Couqress 'iee-Chairman for Buildno Construction--C. H. Clack Stone S: W ebster Corp., Boston. Mas.'. Secretary-- Robert Mich. ' M cK i.nm.ev. General Accident. Fire 5c Liic Assurance CorP. 1'if ,. .. ! been ca ' .... -f c t -- ; job ] -a" itli m Vct.m L etter Editor--L. K. R einhardt. Industrial Accident Commission, San ['rn._. ' 1 Calif. Eaaincerino Committee Clmirmtiit--T homas Socle. Industrial Indemnity Francisco. Calif. Excitance. - '-*v s-.0 oi ,he iyre c "".Mm forav: * . jinuunl Memher.diit' Committee Chairman--F. J. C randf.u .. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Mass. ' "Ti these me IVof/ram Committee Chairman--J ohn Resseu.. J k., Public Service Electric & Cisr'f" Newark, X. .1. ..}*, Statistics Committee Chairman--E. X. Goeustink, 352 Funston Ave., San Francisco t 'isual Edueatinn Committee Chairman--S. M. L al'DEHdai.e. Civilian Conservation 0 W ashington, 1J. C. - i , i lima- ' having 3 ^oukl oe cc w ,j:e saving "i , taaardou? , jj^^isation rate jt tlat saving TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION IVeset up ior t i* jt awards i October Tlic first session was called to order by Kdyar .V. Goldstine. consulting engineer, San 12, 1937 Francisco, who acted as absence of \V. A. Snow. chairman in jrx ;-a Record: At offer cash ioreman att: cca.ard. The t Liroan who ca- - I f aiadar year wit ; 4? $25 prize is arries his Awards for No Lost Time Accident Record }tir with no ms c* resulting in B y R. J. R E IG E L U T H V ice President, C. W. Blakeslee & Sons, New Haven, Conn. V-: time. We t i $25 to meet `'eesmn almost Our company has always maintained the policy of trying to make its employees into one large family. We have about forty men who have been in our organization over twenty-five years, and a large number who have been with us over fifteen years, some of these men growing up from water boy? to superintendents. As all contractors today are seeking means to check tiic increasing costs of material and labor, wc were concerned about a further increase in the cost of our compen sation insurance. While the insurance cost are only a part of the cost of a high accident record, they are an indication of how those costs arc running. Most of us construction men do not record all of the costs of an accident in our cost books and do not know the cost involved in time lost by the associ ated workers of the injured man, the cost involved in replacing the injured wai* with another workman, the cost involved replacing a broken machine or damaged ; piece of work; still we all know these cost* exist and when our insurance rates increase wc get an idea of how tJio.sc other cost are.* mounting up. Wc made a thorough study of what aiinvolved in our accident records and had conferences with two insurance compand who carry our compensation insurant There were several jobs in our record whtcflhad operated without a lost time accident, including various typical kinds of construc tion work from operating a crushed quarry to reconstructing a bridge on a pier had fniJccftg*^^ Wc d e t e r t h e 'Savinfi-v^iT. surancc costs ^gu^.jiiavc been ' which had a r t ^ ^ W i i o lost ' addeat record wt week by os =nto feel that Ud recognition -we a perfect ? To qualify i be a man rayroll at least ;;ce no requirt } time that ' reman in an 'Oman's recc -ehall leagu *`->rage. W e ' to "bat" ,1; i perfect only one Rodent reco fe w ld wir pcrfocvnni :'sis5 m, ill 'Ml : ; isa *m `If!! r il i hI-iidti- i- i V<: * ' 5S m II !.. ft !! l P H - 3 8? IV III I IP:] f i t Hi i;: ;i. it:* -1 i swjjh:* j ' v \$ ;; i 290 1. 'i.l'h .\\l! : o iu il Sur't'l \ By Hour; ot die Day By Body Part Injured By Mature ot Injury By General Cause By major sub-classifications under Gen eral Cause By Primary Basic Causes By Secondary Contributing Causes Cy Fnrcitv.".: in Charge By Manne" ot I'eriurmancc Rv Agency i,Machine, Material, etc.) By Part c i Agency By Method ot Contact The figure; may be '-ummarized using days ot time lost, medical expense, compen sation award;, or other associated data. illgli. ns.- ji a body ollow; : "There i,( present t r.iakme frMlhc her. taltrial. It on be ion: scripts ot '' mon law ir W EDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION I aflrloegtehcel dsiddue October 13, 1937 wvV- The court; : impressed v justs with I1 Methods fer Protection Against Silicosis, and When They Are Justified1 l 1 (specially w: to make <ie: prative sis' By DANIEL HARRINGTON .ir g Chief, Health and Safety Branch, U. S. Bureau of Mines, W ashington, D. C. "It wouic corking in from respir: jo men who While the hysteria with regard to silicosis not on the statute Looks o f nearly e v e r y ^ S .^ "^"^ ' and other occupational diseases has largely state in the Union within the next five yeais^fe >[0||s beyonc subsided and this subject is being more care fully considered and soberly judged, it would he poor policy for any employer to maintain that the storm has ended and that he can relax and.rcvert to conditions as they were some years ago. The fact is that the plan of paying occupational-disease compen sation is now in its infancy and can be ex With this situation confronting him, <h^ S E r farsighted industrialist who lias the interest -ir.It should of liis organization at heart will immediate!] Itnhilmg of start to "put his house in order" by studying Aiaiard in in possible occupational disease hazards to.hl yjeompensatic: employees and promptly applying knovm_ harmful efle remedial measures or attempting to devisej iesarily cor.f sucli measures if nunc exist. L'nquestionablyu^riA-,of-dust arc k pected to grow rapidly. one of the most important of the surveys / ec on At present while all the States of the Union, including the District of Columbia and excepting only Arkansas and Missis sippi, have compensation acts, only the fol lowing make provision for occupational dis eases to some extent: California, Delaware, be made relates to dust occurrence. "mirbrtf'|i'Savo*m*ach?, am While lit; state dust laws and regulations. Externally, apply primarily to silica dust and resultaniyjjcj eyes, ears, zr silicosis in.- :ar as the health hazard is con--ATyj act with d-.e SF definite ham rence and possible hazards recognize not jfc . Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New jersey, Mew York, North Carolina. North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Washing ton, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. only that :i;t brcathing.of large quantities ofikji _ dust of free silica (SiO) is probably I greatest hazard to health likely to be found Moreover, where du;t is involved, blit that not cvaUj?- - the air re silica dust harmful to healtthh unnless .IP -^V , oosly, n :-.t o..c..c..u. .r..s....i.n. v.-ry finely divided form and , Umitcd air.ct Silicosis is compensable in one way or an other in California, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, North breathed :r. relatively large quantities or less c\r.;inuously for a considers* e ..y ^ length of M oreover, ninny thought*11^ ,.;J experts or. >.:,u lian n fu ln c ss a rc now beco - : * y wle or in ^ircly, 4!r;dust ccr., *w>t!ity Dakota, Ohio. Pennsylvania. West Vitginia,. ing c o n v ir^ d it-is to he expected that hca Civf ^J0**11* ' and Wisconsin, and possibly in other States. will lie :._r:aed when hum an beings . -%i'u ? `nt It will be surprising if comparatively com obliged to -eathc high concentrations ot * *. ln_ l;:ft r prehensive occupational-disease legislation is kind of more or less continuously- ' A 5 aCV' l. Published by permission ot the Director, U. S. Bureau of Mines. (Not subject to copyright.) D rinker, of H arv ard , as * ** Preventive'rfin s ieer iuff n,R f f irP* t-c A ir H ygiene Foundation, - ? dne, aiurr.:V Cr^l and 0 0 0 1-L C mm: tv . ,\V> (1 USitlg . <lata. C. y every c years. ;im, die - interest ncdiattiy studying cis * '-'s' i ,i o Owise ionabiy, -vcys to ilations sultant is conoccur- izc not :tics. 0 r 'fiy tlic found t even ;!css it and is s more ierable lghtiul '.comhcaJtii s are ot any . Pro.'hnir* Com* Pitts- fA, v y.l'.'jr. Construction Section ,i, has expressed the considered opinion Oi 3 b0oth' of outstanding dust experts as folic*; 'There is no satisfactory medical answer t present to this,question, but the engineer ?_ ^jking a bad mistake if he lets men '`'"'heath* heavy dust concentrations of any aterial. If no other reason for dust control Ur V j.1( found, then one should read trani cripts of some of the recent suits at comi^trton law in which fantastic damages for A lleged silicosis were granted to men who breathed dust containing little or no silica. irThe courts and compensation boards are not ^impressed with subtle distinctions between ri'dusts with 10 per cent ind 40 per cent quartz, ^especially when medical experts are reluctant make definite statements as to the comVjarative significance of such differences. T . "It would he well to realize that men working in dusty trades suffer far more 5 y rom respiratory troubles o f all kinds than men who work in clean air. The evidence ;jthat excessive dustiness of any kind is harmiijiful is beyond argument." *gi It-should also be remembered that the S&inhaling of dust is by no means its only Bgazard in industrial work that may require ^compensation payment; and even here the $W m ful effect of breathing dust is not neeffxssarily confined to the lungs, as some kinds ^fpf dusi s.rc known to have detrimental health effect 0:1 the nose, throat, and bronchial 'passages as well ns (indirectly) on the heart, `stomach, and possibly oilier internal organs. Externally, dust may cause injury lo the .eyes, ear., and skin; and some dusts, in con tact with the perspiration, arc absorbed with definite harm to the health o i the victim. Dust Cuts V isibility Moreover, heavy concentrations of dust in hie air reduce visibility materially. Obvi ously, in industrial occupations in which but {united amounts of natural light arc avail able or in which artificial light is used entirely, :mv decrease in visibility due to air-duu concentrations (and the decrease in visibility nay, muter some circumstances, amov.v. 10 75 per cent or more) is likely to rcsuli ;r. materially reducing enicicncy and *)$o in the more frequent occurrence ot tiedden*.: .'tompanied by an increase in com- commitment?. Nunc dusts (coni. zinc, r.h rninum, and score* o f o th ers, rain* era! an.-; r.onmnv.rral) arc explosive and many ' are subject lo spontaneous Wfiibustiou with consequent hazards to hcaltli, 'Safety, and property. Many dusts have detrimental cfccts oi various kinds on property as'distin guished from persons. Machinery, growing vegetation, animals, dwelling houses, and other types of property are damaged by dusts, and compensation o f some kind often is obtained from industrial concerns through damage suits or otherwise. From the viewpoint of respiratory harmfulness. it is generally stated (though actu ally knowledge on this point is by no means certain) that the particle sizes of dust (such as that of free silica) that affect health ad versely upon entering the lungs are those that are less than 10 microns in size, different persons having different ideas as to what the maximum may be--10 microns or 8 or 6, and some say that the harm really is done by particles less than 2 microns in size. As against this, it is stated that fibers of as bestos dust as long as 200 microns have been found in the lungs of men, and that undoubt edly thcse long asbestos'fibers exerted at least some detrimental effect. Since a micron is only about one twentyfivc-tbousandth of an inch, or much smaller than the naked eye can see,' it is usually as sumed that the larger dust particles that can he seer, heating in air, and which settle out relatively fast are not harmful to health. Certainly, this is not so, as the larger par ticles that float in the air (some of them 100 or more microns in size), if present in considerable quantities clog the air passages to the kings, some o f which have agencies that un'ier ordinary conditions intercept dust particle; before they can reach the lungs and this clogging then allows the smaller and probably most dangerous dust to enter the lungs unimpeded. A common-sense opinion as to w hat con stitutes an atm osphere so d u sty th at dust- prevem iv: action should be taken is that any atm '.sphere in w hich d u s t can he seen hy the nixed eve is too dusty, n ot only for health 1u: also, at least in m any cases, for safety a r.i efficiency. If the visible dust is climina: - . much of the invisible o r probably m ost (...nuerous dust will unquestionably have a!:', i.ccu rem oved and very likely the health m '.veil as th e - j-azarns-snuch mini-- mined o- even nem o'rtSm erf rr.-rI , .... A fte r tl visible < l v f % i . b e c n r c n i o * 5 8 ; it may h essary, uBQjfiuzcn'.e conditions or with -> rypes of f s f i C to m ake m ore in- 0 0 0 1 r;u . 1. a l\< .r n l\'-.u.vtii .\'{ilh>itct! S a/'clv '.ricate in'. litigations as to the occurrence of invisible 'lust, using the impitiger, konimctcr. or other instruments; but unless litigation is in effect or threatened, those intricate studies are relatively unimportant it the visible dust is eliminated from the air ot working places. Prevention Is Best Manifestly, if dust is not produced, it can't get into the air or become harmful other wise; ar.d some relief from dust troubles In industry can be achieved by using con struction. practices, processes, or equipment that tend to eliminate dust formation. In designing and equipping the places in which employees must work, the forwardlooking industrialist will be wise to prevent the making of dust or to control it if it must be made, by using machinery, methods, processes and construction with dust-elimi nating characteristics rather titan those that produce or spread dust, even though some additional expense in construction or opera tion may attacli to the dust-prevention fea tures. Toe emphasis new being placed on dust in its various phases and the expense which cost may cause make it almost im perative that in the future much more thought be given to dust prevention and handling than has been given in the past. For instance, processes or practices that produce excessive dust should be discarded for others that produce less dust, or they should : e isolated somehow, such as by housing them tightly in a separate part of the plar.t or using them at times when the least number of persons would be exposed to them or when there is ample time to remove the dust from the atmosphere of the working places. Such installations or practices must be operated efficiently at all times, however. Commrr. sense should he used in handling a dust ccr.trol device or method; certainly it is foolish to use an elaborate exhaust system to take the dust out of part ot an establish ment a.-.ii then exhaust the dust-laden air at such punt or in such manner that it will :,c taken into the same or some other part of the establishment or into an adjacent' one through doors and windows. If dust must be formed, several effective methods are available to prevent the dissem ination of dust into the air or into places where it may cause trouble. Among these are we: methods, such as wet drilling in stead of dry drilling, wet crushing irtstead ^ be done, and li of dry crushing, wetting or washing do, . \ e t wet drilling. floors, walls, and rock faces. In general the tidier. use of water in industrial processes ami otherwise is one of flic most effective avail, Good Ven able aids in the prevention of air dustiness, even though in some cases wet drilling does give off some dust. Notwithstanding a growing tendency in some quarters to decry Ventilation is pr tjit-comrol practu tries, though i the effectiveness of wet methods, up to now methods in others, (lie use of water is probably our best defease plied effectively, against dust dissemination, especially in min from the air or : ing and tunneling. left so diluted as Dust-exhaust devices, such as hoods, traps'- i harmless to workc for drilling, etc., have a definite place in dust " aiit dust hazards control, particularly in surface plants and ' dueling spontaneou operations. Under some conditions exhaust- nay enhance liazari systems. when well installed and kept in re some instances, ir pair and operation, not only remove dust but', bould be induced also more than pay for themselves in dollars 'a others forced or and cents value of recovered dust It costs note effective, tl'i' approximately $7,000 to install such a device r h underground wo in a surface plant processing one of the; temperature air d metals, and the value of flic dust recovered"-; ater or other com daily averaged about $23. In addition, they'1 ation of surround device kept the air of the plant as well as'v ..To obtain really the surrounding walls and other surfaces"' Isiich work as tunne practically free of dust. fifficult usually bet On the other hand, the use of dust tnips v -.opening-is driven in in dry drilling, while definitely applicable A ur'pairs as in coal certain types of surface or near-surfare 7 .Hows in one openin rock-excavation work, has not been found,, 'bated air in the ot applicable to general rock-drilling practice is ^ about by dust may- underground work. There are several rea-_:. openings in many t sons ior this, some of which may be over-. - ' tag operations ot t come in time. ' 'A" standing the vi suggestion will rais Some types of rock cannot be drilled dry for believing that ii with any degree ot effectiveness, and as yet . be definite dollars the available types of rock-drilling traps arc parallel-opening syr not workable witli wet drilling; if dry jW'" ventilation, health, ing can be done, the traps ordinarily will do . vantages, were uses a good job of removing the dust from drill-.. one-opening system ing, but this will leave the rock surfaces... vantages and hazard (top, sides, and floor in many cases) dry, an real advantage the i subsequent operations (blasting, muckinf | been customary. timbering, hauling, etc.) will throw into toe . > air dust certain to be created in large qua" j .f Dry drilling is ur ties by the other processes. The dust thtx . work in mining, tun thrown into the air will settle on dry sur l it continues to be v faces, readv to be thrown into suspenf10'' United States; cer subsequently by any or all activities. Dust allowed at all, it V auger twist drills i twrahpesn aurcsedsominewthhaet mcuomreberosromlees,s escponwfu-11\u ., use ot up-to-date di places in mining and tunneling. j Wet drilling as v M&.dust txapsuallidn- drilhnghj'^ j l& jpcabiH ty for 'tisi in surftW '"?-, efate operations where dry dri > states, with water . ** drill steel by n ls now under fire mm ct crushing insttaj _< or washing d0^ {.;vvcr wet drilling, especially aces. In general .u*, "' t a d '' , , .m(roiaslt epfrfeoccteisvsetsa.-i-ai). . rV'V-'. : Goo(j V entilation N eea e large quantities of dust even though the ma terial floating in the air usually is w et; some of this criticism is undeserved but, some of it is legitimate. The trouble is due largely to the iact that the holes arc collared or .ion o i air dustiness,' started dry and, in some cases at least, arc ses wet drilling s ^ ``Ventilation is probably the most effective drilled dry for several inches after starting, Notwithstanding i ; i^ust-control practice available for many in- and the dust created by this dry starting im me quarters to'decqr ; iVduStncs. though it ranks second to wet pregnates the usually stagnant air of the , methods, up to nowr /iiiaetJiods in others. Where ventilation can be ordinary underground-tunnel or metal-mine ,nhly our best defeast Applied effectively, dust can be removed working place for much if not most of the ion, especially in min. 'H'iltom the a,r or hs concentration can be working shift. ''"kept so diluted as to render it practically -, such as hoods, tra^ . termless to workers ; ventilation can mini- ; definite place in dust; ' ute dust hazards of.alm ost all kinds, iu- surface plants'f Tiuiiuding spontaneous combustion, though ac conditions exhaus t "%aay enhance hazards of dust cxplosibility tailed and kept in"re-" iisom e instances. In some cases ventilation only remove dust but ijl should be induced by exhaust methods, but themselves in dollar! I^jn others forced or blowing systems arc the overed dust It cost!. Vynore effective, this being particularly true o install such a device underground work in places having high- roccssing one d t-th<':':'fcM?taj>eraturc air due to ri ock or dripping o f the dust recotovvetrretdti'' i-iwtr or other condition, such as rapid oxi- $25. In ad<tion.%b`'f](&dation of surrounding rock or timber. . t.1h..e.....p..l.a...n..t....a...s....v...vVdbriitvVi-lJa*S?'i^TT-mp'.'. oib.tain _r_e_a.l.l.y. effective _v_e_ntilation in In some cases the driller drastically limits the amount of water sent through the drill it steal and, while nominally drilling wet, the in actual practice is closely analogous to dry drilling with compressed air, which flows through the drill steel and forces out of the drill hole and into the air of the working place undue quantities of water-entrained dust or particles. In some cases when the drill is out of repair, the driller allows far too much compressed air to flow through the drill steel. When present types of wet drills are used Us and other surfaces', fsc%udi work as tunneling and metal mining is properly, the dust from drilling can be kept st. " -*X iBSyfifficult usually because ordinarily but one within reasonable limits, and this is actually !, t. .se of dust traps? Ssiyjening is driven instead of having workings d..e..f.i.n...i.t_el_y__a_p_p_l_ic_a_bl_e_t_o';''spiuijpairs as in coal mining, where fresh air rface or ncar-surfaii.' 'n one opening and return or contami- being done by numerous alert and conscien tious mining and tunneling companies. Some companies in the United States and Canada k, has not been fotffC. **r >n the other. Conditions brought rock-drilling p r a c t i c e h o u t by dust may force the use of parallel arc experimenting with rock drills that do not allow compressed air to go through the There arc several rea-' f which mav be over- - -openings in many tunneling and metal-mini ing operations of the future, and. notwith standing the violent objections this drill steel but require the water to be forced through the steel by its own pressure; such drills arc said to produce less dust than the ; cannot be drilled dry suggestion will raise, there are good reasons usual types in which water is sent through ticctivencss. ar.d as yet for believing that in many cases there would the steel by compressed air, but the.practica rock-drilling traps are be definite dollars and cents savings if the bility of the newer type.of drill is question t drilling; if dry driII- parallel-opening system, with its numerous able and it has been used relatively little in iraps ordinarily will do j ventilation, health, drainage, and other ad the United States or Canada. mg the dust frem drill- j " vantages, were used instead of the present avc the rock surfaces i one-opening system, with numerous disad Must Use Judgment in many cases) d o '.3I^ f vreaanltaagdevsaanntadgehathzaerdfascat ntdhawt iitths uasbeouist aitnsdohnalys However, air dustiness can be kept well ns (blasting, mucking, ! beer, customary. whhin safe limits if modern types of wet tc.) will throw into the 1 drills are operated with care and judgment created in large quanti- j Dry drilling is unquestionably the dustiest it; collaring wet with plenty of dean dirt- 'iccsses. The dust thus ; work in mining, tunneling and quarrying, ami free water; it the drills arc kept ip good re will settle or. iirj' sur- f it continues to be used far loo much in the pair; if the rroportion of water and thrown into ssperasion ` United States; certainly, if dry drilling is .-.-impressed air flowing through the drill or all acliviries. 15lust j allowed at ail, it "should .be dime only with -tcei are adcuuc.eiy regulated: if the c.x- cumbersome. especially *uger twist drills or with the simultaneous hau.-t from the 'rill is prevented from im- more or les; confined t use oi up-to-date dust trap-. pinginv on near:;;,' dusty surfaces of muck tunneling, Wet drilling as practiced in the United piies. floors, wall;, or timber; thereby throvv- rs will; dry dril ingltave ; for use in rfaec o ' ! otates, with water forced or drawn through, t.ie drd! steel by menus o i compressed a;r. ::g dust into am i..if. iiuoiar-a; v>, easilile, the H p i upper holes is re .us v..ore hr- driilin 13 tow under fire a- producing relatively bated to a miufiSS&yitS'upper holes, whether ' cpr.rivj . .no-- J . ::i) 0C01G:. sa isi-- . .,,rV*'-^\k - V : .V -..TV-'; - <; ; . fe s t .:.. r . z, 294 Tiecnty-sixth National Safety Congress drilled dry or wet, are relatively heavy pro ducers of dust in the air of working places. Next to dry drilling, blasting causes more finely divided dust to be thrown into work ing places than anything else; and, in addi tion to throwing violently into the surround ing air immense quantities of finely divided dust, blasting with the heavy charges of ex plosive required in many mining and tunnel ing operations also impregnates the surrounding air as weil as the muck piles with considerable quantities o f poisonous gases, such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and, in some kinds of rock, hydro gen sulphate and other dangerous sulphurous fumes, practically all of which occur in such quantities and percentages under some circumstances as to asphyxiate persons who may breathe them or to cause serious illness, often of a more or less permanent character. -Many persons who have studied the inci dence of dust disease are of the opinion that the breathing of even small quantities or percentages of extraneous or hamiul gases, such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, etc., inflames or other wise adversely alTccts the respiratory organs, especially the lungs, and makes them much more easily and readily susceptible to harm from the breathing of dust particles. Past blasting practice most certainly must be modified and reformed if the employer is to avoid heavy penalties in compensation and other charges due to the inclusion of legislation on occupational diseases (one be ing dust disease) in the laws o f the various States. If at all feasible, blasting should be done at the end of the working shift or on an olT shift, and the dust- and gas-laden air should he removed or thoroughly diluted before the men return to work. Ventilation is, of course, ,-.:i essential agency in cleansing the air where blasting has been done, but in addition to.ventilating the place it sliouTcf be tlioroughly wetted' (walls, floors, roof or top, timbers, etc.) be fore blasting is done, and a water blast should be kept in effect during and after the blasting; the region should be thoroughly wetted upon return :o the face region after blasting, and the muck pile should he kept well wetted at all times while loading it out. as the water not oniy tends to allay the dust but also cither ab=orbs or otherwise aids iu the dilution or elimination o f harmful or poisonous gases from blasting, which usually cling to the blasted material. In general the larger the quantity of n. feasible, in dust-tigh. plosive used, the more finely divided it, structures, the ughtnes blasted material, the more heavily the air ', maintained; ledges or impregnated with dust and smoke, and & dust may lodge and greater the quantity of poisonous gases lcj thrown into the air by at the places; hence, methods should be us ment, should be changi which will tend to reduce the quantity c< twiity for such accur explosives used and of gases and dust pm! cannot be done, such duccd. In this it will be found that the a* cleaned periodically by of stemming or of some types of blastia washing down, or by plugs now available will more definitely cu- being a relatively poor.r fine the explosive; hence, increase its at. employed only when as cicncv and reduce the quantity of explosm as possible arc presen used and also reduce the amount of poise* kept as free of dust a ous gas produced and possibly reduce it by washing them with violence of the blast and its tendency !i air for the working pi: produce dust and disseminate it into lit from dusty sources. turrounding air. X 'Physical examination And it would be well for users of exp! ' portant part in the drh sives to investigate types of explosives tic: harm from dust iu in are known to give off minimum quantise '. controversy has been of harmful gar .is- on detonation and ton*, .'-them that their cfTcctiv. them; also tk. elimination of the use#' '-nullified. Unqucstional fuse and tile s ititution of electric blastgf ( --ployed in an industry would aid in r icing the amount of poisoc- ; dust, may be found in t ous gases tre blasting. Explosives ltd idly examined by a cc have been held in storage too long or tfi vious to employment, a have been stored tinder unfavorable cat . reveals the presence o tlitlons as to moisture and temperature, a the person should not likely to give olT maximum quantities c: especially true if tube harmful ga'es if they detonate at all; box* At six- or twclvc-monl utmost care should he taken in the stones son in dusty industry of explosives and to see that they are no: rigid physical examina held in storage too long before being us*j shown to be developing transferred to nondust' Respirators Available s available. `Handling ; y. Dust respirators of various tyiies are no* available for use in excessively dusty atnwv phercs, and vChllc they are cumbersome j have numerous features that make ltvw ^ . undesirable for constant wear througllOL''_ 1 working shift (though they can be * ; readily for several minutes at a time), t-- i do give adequat.e. protection to "';li" > against dust but give essentially u f,r[`;,_ ! tion against citherr poisonous o r J gases. Dust respiratr.rs d.nuld be rogl,LA , as being temporarily u-eful for cmcr>tc"`__, ; only, whereas protection for workers o?1" j dust should lie move sulisiautlal. .':jj What might be designated "good keeping" lias a definite place in 4'lS ^j ] vnltinn..finery materials should ^contain.ers. fi.r ..S. lits ;0. f (||lSl>; ey l!i pSnqtading the Wndliug far teti be earn ed ,io n . a:i' Safe Practic Safety E My personal experi to work of r . ge building. Ou to these two classes. ' j lv*r u'ork consist rivc o. Uovernment , . "rit,Se classificatio & btri^ c s of , *ob- r foundations R[v dredged." Plantl'eirsnwdorwki,thl,ealn: JjflA J. 'J o Construction Section 295 quantity 0f ,, uiv divided 4 cavily i||C^ smoke, an^ feasible, n dust-tight compartments or tructurcs, the tightness of which should be .! 'jintained; ledges or surfaces on which ' . . ( may lodge and accumulate, to be 'nous gases I-', I ' -own into the air by some shock or moveit should bcus^j. j ` '-I'.j-^nt, should be changed to prevent opportlie quantity oi ' iiaity f f suc^ acct-rrlulat`on, or, if this us and dust pn,. I :- | 3.mot be done, such surfaces should be uttd that the 0lt I - .. (jomed periodically by vacuum process, by ypes of blastin- * - washing down, or by sweeping Cthc latter rc definitely too! ' . Icing a relatively poor method, am] should be increase its e/5- , - joployed only when as few of other workers tity of explosive i'-U aJ possible are preser.t) ; floors should be m ount of poison '' kept as free of dust as possible preferably silily reduce tf;e.; Jjv- washing them with water ; and, certainly, its tendency to ''air for th working places should not come' an te it into ike 'i fi-oat dusty sources. g i Physical examinations should play an im- users ot exp!, t explosivesjfcat :imuin quantities ation and to ust a of the use of. f electric blasting .mount of poisett- Explosives that too long or that tin' Table coa-: 1 v rature, art um quantities of nte at a ll; her.ee ten in the storage hat they are ot* .fore being u-et ' portant part in the drive to minimize health " .harm from dust in industry, but so much controversy has been aroused because of that their effectiveness has been largely s-fqrpnrilified. Unquestionably, every person cm* ^iloyed in an industry where considerable ^ d t may be found in the air should be rig* ^idfy examined by a competent doctor pre:^Wous to employment, and if the examination vVreveals the presence c : respiratory trouble, if.-Athe person should not be employed; this'is iJ.esiiecially true if tuberculosis is indicated. .*>- At six- or twclvc-mor.-.h intervals every per*f*._'5on in dusty industry should submit to "!' rigid physical examination; and if disease is shown to be dcvclopirc. the victim should lie transferred to nondusty employment if such ailable is available. Handlinc rhvsical examir tiotts in a manner fair to the worker as well as to the employer should be worked out, and it must be admitted that to date this has not been done at ail adequately. Prevention of dust disease is chiefly an employer responsibility he should shoulder willingly, not only to safeguard the health of persons in his employ but also to relieve his firm Of the heavy financial burden likely to be thrust upon it by compensation or legal authorities, should employees become af flicted with dust disease; and when one takes into account how little is known as to the cause of the disease and how to relieve it if it is incurred, it would seem to be the acme of common sense to do anything practicable to reduce the dust content of the air of places where employees must work. This does not mean that the employee should not help himself, as it is manifestly as much to the interest of the employee to avoid dust or any other occupational disease as to avoid haying accidents. However, information as to occupational disease (including dust dis ease) is not readily available to the worker in understandable form, and the employer should carry on an educational campaign to inform his safety and operating officials about occupational disease matters and to have them transmit the information to the workers so the latter can cooperate whole heartedly in trying to eradicate these dread diseases from industry or at least control ihcm to a far greater extent than has been done. us types arc r.cv * -. e ly dusty ( cumbersome an- : th at make j car throughout t > cv can be j ; a t a lime), thd [ tinn to wearm j ctially no prott- , :< o r asphyxtatP'i f m ill be rcsre- ! I for emergens"1' i r u urker> ^ ilinl. \ m l "good j are in dust ; m id be ; f ins du; r_r o f d Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Construction Equipment By E. A. B L A N P IE D Safety Engineer of Kansas City Bridge Co., Kansas City, Mo. personal experitr.: e has been confined --nly to work of rive r improvement and buildin" Our : ccords are divided ir-'~ these two classes. w*iVr work consist.' o : driving: pile dikes rip-rapping river ; anks, generally for S. Government. t w.'idge classirtcntiiir^ oveTT* raurw i d-trrH ; ?"'vay bridges ot ti: heavier tyre iudnd- ;; ** --heir foundations. 'it "j/ueumauV' and '- ':n dredged." J;'er work, being fliv d'riic l>y /a alinv' and wild a . perccnta-c un* skilled labor, differs greatly from the more complicated bridge work which uses mostly 'killed ar.d semi-skilled labor under greater hazards. T he bridge classification is sub-divided into erection and foundation as each has its own M.'.cin) l.asards and treatment. ~"'T\ivcV" \vork lias been the subject ot ex* vnvdvc research "long accident prcvcniion lines by ae U. S. C o rp s-ftL E n g in c e rs and tr.u o t t!-.c fatalities &anri9(f)$-' d r o w h ln*^^J'5^' v.ciy : o-.uire Wgf-pii le.--.-vn. l.C !;caU cot (lV ciug-:' . " `ifiiE isf ill :il!j i l l r i g p Sk ^'i;: mS' : i k 0001'4 ircss Industrial Nursing Section 337 handy man about the* -.es into the dispensar g o f a fine itching tau, nurse notes the condition the work. He states o years and has been f a sf work. He has beeti ot$ :k ends, but does not thitdei :d to poison ivy, although"! not know what it looks I ut at present but will bet tort. The nurse knciwsj o f the drafting rooctf^ jpon inquiry finds that a * k is to carry blue prints'*^ 5m. A new process has 1 5 * 3 blue printing within the .h3 a n is given routine prelii ^^'compensation for industrial disease *Ulity a1 1 time when new legislation is J e n a c t e d so rapidly, but most of the imfcfit industrial states now compensate otne or all of the conditions which can Sriboted to occupational diseases. Some Tilanket coverage for all such condi1while others name specific diseases or afic occupations. There have been in- i to both employee and employer, but 'time and increased study o f conditions we shall eventually arrive at fairer, more equable adjustments. The Industrial Nurse finds herself today in this arena of changing policies and evolu tionary social adjustment. It is her privilege to be one of the connecting links between employee and employer. If she is the type that commands the respect and trust of the men and realizes her responsibility to them, she will likewise be most valuable to her employer. The Nurse's Part in the Sickness Prevention Program By PHOEBE BROWN, R.N. stion is submitted' to th e T lS s Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. rival, and when, next day; s much worse, the diagnpsuL* nehed. The doctor makes jT anges the man's job, the C._. up.. =nd the nurse desernSV;. ping steer the case intotKTvl ' Is. she not known someT'l !ur contact dermatitivorT the work, and had she "$1a" proper authorities in the draftO c case might have become'' e the doctor saw it, and it :n into disability and compea- ' extent to which the nurse enters into sickness prevention program depends the type of industrial medical service ibined. ime industrial plants maintain a nurse rily for their Employees' Benefit Asso- fion, and thus her work is Chiefly that of fare. She administers not only to the :bers, but to their families as well. _ Tut a fine opportunity she has to influence 'iBch employees and their families to a "aer understanding of good health and ler living. For after all, the problem oi Not long ago I was called to the home of an employee who had been reported sick at frequent intervals during the past two years. He was underweight, nervous, and irritable. On my first visit he was confined to bed and vomiting excessively. His wife informed me that he had attacks o f this type periodically. He would not have a doctor, because his doctor did nothing for him except give him a prescription that cost too much and tell him to be careful wha: he ate. While in the attack he was careful enough, for he ate nothing for two or three days; nnee of occupational diseases is c overlooked now that so much in the press on the subject proximatcly 50 million people ioved in the U. S. at the presf these, about 15 million art idustry. A statement is made - S. Public Health report that -d we are spending five billion illy for compensation and other injuries and occupational <fis- '.-ii' Sdcness prevention concerns not only the inildividual employee, but also his family. .^;To fill her place successfully in such a yPrograro the nurse must recognize one basic fnaapie--she must be a humanitarian, and '^re?irdless of the problem_confronting her . vibt must give relief through aid or counsel, Whichever the case may be. She must have vpowledge of the personnel she serves, their &td<s of living, their idiosyncrasies, their Jpuiailies and environments. By keeping her I P ' , 1 the ground constantly she learns of jgjeir problems so that she may then solve but as soon as the illness was over he went back to his old diet o f meat, potatoes, plenty of spices and relishes, copious amounts of coffee, two packages of cigarettes a day, plus a goodly amount of beer each week-end. At one time the doctor had said he should have an X-ray of the stomach, but he com plained that this would cost him $40 which he couldn't afford, and anyway he couldn't get away from work when he wasn't sick. I finally made him realize that he was losing much more time and money being ill every two or three months, losing four or . only a small percentage of this five days at a time, than if he were to find for occupational diseases, while .m a much higher figure. But ^Naturally a knowledge of the community out just what did aii him and then do some Hmred is vital, for often through construc- thing about it. 'award a reversal o f this. Aco- i?* criiicism-she is able to elevate the health een controlled to a great exten! Standards through better sanitation and civic cost is decreasing, while occu- jgiridt. cases, though probably not mcertainly receiving a great deal on than heretofore. :*V'Prhaps a better conception of the sickness ^evention program in connection with wel|jfare work mav be had by actual case anal- I took him to a clinic which was conducted on a part-payment basis, and complete ex amination was made with X-rays and blood work. A fter he was w jiqged of the neces sity of a proper diet. J^^ti^eks beSmF'ftss frequent, he gained *fgg&.f!4nd w atajn uch ; .tcs to state how many states no* pleasanter fellow at -*"** 0001 ! * * = f- 338 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress In another instance an employee's wife had undergone an operation at a local hospital. Visiting her later at home, I learned that she was recovering satisfactorily but that there were desperate financial troubles. The hus attention through bulletin boards, ma* ..-.A high frequeue meetings, news items and personal coal: ' `d fatigue is one tacts. _ -r-j- ventilation, suggest: 3. By advising and assisting the ea? ng or protective eq ployee in securing correction of physia hazard. band earned 92 dollars a month. There were defects and social maladjustment. seven boys in the family, the oldest 18 and The following case is an example: unemployed. Questioning the children, I dis An employee had repeated attacks c,overed that one,. .agBed 12, was graduating rheumatism and.-had-been advised by the; trom school but did not even have a gradua---- " , ... TM "*< L jjt is quite true tl /seats a real proble: sickness prevention hence and frequen lost through sickne tion suit. His father couldn't afford it because he was paying $5 weekly on his wife's $90 hospital bill. H e was taking care of the doctor's bill by doing some repairing and cleaning in his office. After discussing the problem with the em ployee, I visited the hospital authorities. Hearing the story and realizing the effort the man was making, the hospital gladly discounted $30 from the bill. Payment of the remaining $30 was made by the Em ployees' Welfare Loan Fund, and this is turn was deducted from the employee's pay check at the rate of $2 a week. The total cost to the Welfare Association was slight, but the assistance and feeling of security given this employee was immeasurable. But let us leave this type o f program and turn to the industrial nurse who serves chiefly in a first-aid department and very seldom contacts the family or the home of the employee. How does she best serve in a sickness prevention program? !bu?t!hley di id/ 5n'o"t3?know whu'erhe`Vhe would get & necessary dental fee. I We had introduced a plan whereby ota| employees were allowed dental services, 5 special cases, through the Welfare AssoaaS tion. If an employee were a reliable woA^ man and had been with us for more than months, we had an opportunity to invesi& results. I wish to quote a : reports of disabling employees in 1936 a years. This report vision of Industrial Institute oi Health K. Brundage. gate his financial condition. If he were hoolj est but having a difficult time establishing his credit, he was given an order to one o5 three dentists whom we were assured r e giving our employees fine dental care atT| minimum charge. The dentists were glad leg render this service, for they were not odn; sure of their accounts but were also increase ing their practice by developing new contacts? This employee as well as many others; profited by the plan. The following are only a few exampii of a nurse's function in an industrial heall program: Respirat /-'l ' ,:;/lne respiratory ^counted for most of Ldence of illness in 1 of.tuberculosis of tl: ^diseases of the ph: er.respiratorv disease higher incidence rat IMS. The frequency of 1| .W36 (13.1 cases per Vjjeht higher than the Per 1,000 men) and pi.for 1934 ( 10.1 cases Here, again, her knowledge of the person A sudden increase in the number of '/ theless, the rate for nel is indispensable. She should review the personal record o f the employee with the laetcea'srrifeorotancdaswesasinsdpirceaatdedingthtahtesgoemremosne--in -tiTSM--l-: "1* the average rate <nr-e-yyear period.' employment manager to obtain a better un derstanding of the individual. This should be followed by a study o f the employee's job; where he works and under what con ditions, especially sanitation; the product manufactured and the raw materials it is made of. There the nurse may obtain valu able information as to latent hazards that eventually may affect the health of the em ployee. oftentimes recognized too late to cure effectively. From this and a study o f past sickness she maps her program of prevention as follows: 1. By suggesting better working condi tions, such as improved illumination, sanitation, housekeeping, ventilation, and use of proper and adequate protective equipment. shower rooms. A suggestion to the svweeps} V^-"Another develop brought the condition under contrrool w h 3 frBihrre. was an incr proper spray and foot baths were install , 3 oi bronchitis, The use of comers by employees this disease or place to expectorate was effectively s0`^ | sir5 1** ^-000 rntrn by painting white triangular areas ut .3*-'S*r* 'ts average in corners and providing cuspidors con ^.^"1935. The inci ing a disinfectant, thus reducing the spi icJi^tynx jnj tonsils of diseases from respiratory infections - :.tt higher than in if* Lptod, was'beiow In another instance three employees iS ft<or pneumonia the same department made regular to B S5?? 'Per 1,000 men the first-aid station for aspirins each Reviewing their personal record cardsJ d je r for 1935 (I S w i,1? turn exceedi dicated normal health and habits. A I s * 1929. Amom the department revealed inadequate an lees of the Met ing lights. A proper survey not on ph '"Patty, the deal, rceccttTaTdi^rl*hvec cnoonduintion firuom - *. *s compare stan&fK&Snfut likewise j/icrjascd Pro" _ accent." 2. Education of the employee to higher to sS^& L extcnt health standards. This requires constant marfe^V.Qsghout thejyl diseases c ooog; Industrial Nursing Section 339 rds, , ''rson?i'23 57 ugh frequency of indigestion, nausea id fatiguc `s often traceable to improper Egitilation, suggesting proper air-condilion- or protective equipment to eliminate this "gjard. fit is quite true that such a program pre- nts * real problem in selling the idea of .attacks^ !sd by ~ th extra * vould go ti( Sickness prevention to executives--but paSjieice and frequent reference to the time most t h r o u g h sickness w ill eventually bring Eresuits. m&j wish to quote a few paragraphs from the borts of disabling illness among industrial whereby nployees in 1936 as compared with earlier I services, j, *: jars. This report was released by the Di- 'are Assee,, i Sion of Industrial Hygiene of the National liable texi.-ri- ^Institute of Health and compiled by Dean more than aj f IK. Brundage. y to in-vtsti. '' he were ben- Respiratory Diseases establishing -ler to one of assured *ere * tal care u ''' were glad to" ere not only : also inceasl? s new contacts. many others*! ___The respiratory group of diseases ac counted for most of the increase in the inci dence of illness in .1936. With the exception "of tuberculosis of the respiratory system and .'diseases of the pharynx and tonsils, each Respiratory disease sub-group occurred at a fchigher incidence rate in 1936 than in 1934 or j93S. The frequency of influenza and grippe in ^1936 (1.5.1 cases per 1,000 men), was 19 per " ntjles . Itcent higher than the rate for 1933 (12.7 cases stria! health ,J yper 1,000 men) and SO per cent greater than Xt.for 1934 (10.1 cases per 1,000 men). Xever- imber of ath- -iytheless, the rate for 1936 was 4 per cent be- someone was J `. low the average rate (15.S) J.: (he preceding j germs the "five-year period." o the sweeper control hoi . ere installed. "Another development o ' an unfavorable nature was an increase in the number of eases of bronchitis, acute and chronic. In tplovees as J ttively stlved areas in the dors containng the spread infections. nployees froo jgular trips to ns each week ord cards insits. A trip to :uate anc zlarnot only cor- a physical ed production .r survey was 1936 this disease occurred at a rate of 4.8 ' cases per 1.000 men which was 41 per cent above its average incidence during the years - 1931-1935. The incidence of diseases of Jhc_ v Pharynx and tonsils in 1936, although 4 per Re cent higher than in the preceding five-year Period, was below the rate for 1933. The rate for pneumonia (all forms) in 1936 (2.6 i PWes per 1,000 men) was 13 per cent above . he rate for 1933 (2-3 cases per 1,000 men), and in turn exceeded the rate for ar.y year since 1929. Among the industrial policy.- holders of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, the death rate from this disease in_l536-as*,compared with 1935 increased 3 Pr cent." ! "Other diseases of the respiratory system. ..including diseases of the upper respiratorytract, showed a sizeable increase in fre quency in 1936 as compared with all the former years. M ost noteworthy in the rec ord since 1921 is the dotomvard (rend in the new cases of tuberculosis of the respiratory system. The incidence has decreased from 1.9 cases per 1,000 in 1921 and 1922 to cases in 1936." This is an excellent indication of the effectiveness o f educating the child and the adult "Rheumatism, acute and chronic, which showed definite improvement in 1934 and 193S (4.0 cases per 1,000 men) as compared with earlier years increased to 4.2 cases per 1,000 in 1936. This rate was below the fiveyear average. Diseases of the organs of locomotion, except diseases of the joints, oc curred at a rate o f 3 2 cases per 1,000 men in 1936, which exceeded the rates for 1933, 1934, and 1935, as well as the average for 1931-1933." How frequently and to what extent sick ness among employees is a factor in causing lost time accidents is often revealed when a thorough investigation is made of all inci dents leading up to the accident; such facts properly presented enable one to improve plant conditions for better health. A good share o f the sickness prevention program is education. Few employees, for example, realize that they have more leisure time than they have ever had before. The employee should be taught to use this with discretion. Today we practically have a na tional 40-hour work week, and allowing at least 56 hours for sleep, we find the employee has 72 hours left out of every week to use as he wishes. Does he spend his idle time disastrously, thus adding fatigue to an already fatigued -body? To safeguard against this you mayfind it worthwhile to afford him recreational facilities, stimulating in him a desire for hobbies, home ownership, or any other activities that may enable him to spend his time more profitably. Plan a definite program of Better Health talks during the winter months. The National Safety Council and leading insurance companiagiMqnprovide excellent material for thes<jr2 lieSffions.''`a!iOHr'.-state and national healt@ K nBteents tare glad to furnish valuable iiJjBgBgSHbn frqyyf Charge. j?.f> . --! 0001 (j .X* V - VV-f' .iff ((' ^af i'ty Congress timely health topics arc useful. Articles', plant m agazines arc tar reaelnnj. and pi,' envelope insert-I discussing health topics j-]. proved beneficial. 1 . __ ____ / a -: i : Marine Section IK ME S T Officers 1936-37 Central Chairman--E. C. H olden. Jr,, United States P. & I. Agency. Inc., Xcw York. X. Y. yiee-Chairman (In Charge of Posters and Slides) --Robert F. H and. Standard Oil Co. ni N. J-, Mr>ne Dept., New York, X. Y. yiee-Chairman (In Charge o f Publicity)--U '. E. S tEWAROSOX, Colom hian Steam ship Co., v New York, X. Y. yiee-Chairman (For the Pacific Coast)--A i.hkrt O. P egg, Union Oil Company of Calii.. "Wilmington, Calif. CSeeritary--Care F. \ ander Clete, Admiralty Attorney, New York, X. Y. Letter Editor--H enry E lackstone, United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., San Fran- etsco, Calif. j'Etgineering Committee Chairman--B. C. E dwards, Atlantic Gulf and West Indies SteamFjhipCo.. Xew York, X. Y. fzlittnbersltil' Committee Chairman--E. \Y. Fiskf.. J r., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Ine.. New KSiYork, X. Y. Kffftyram Committee Chairman--Byron O. P ickard, Pacific Coast Marine Association, ^^nnriseo, Calif. blics Committee Chairman--Benjamin H. S eef, Travelers Insurance Company. Xew ffY o r k , X. V. i^jitoeiormg Committee Chairman--F. C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers Association, 'an ^ fn ee iseo , Calif. Members at Large-- tyYFtiXK E. Ames, Lykes Bros.-Ripiey Steamship Co,, Xcw Orleans, Ua. ai-e :\V. P. Biggs, Xavy Department Safety Engineer, Washington, 1). C. C F. Bucktox, Eric Railroad Co., Jersey, City, X. J. Frank H. Cocax, The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad (<> New Y X. Y. " [J-M. Gwsek. Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co., Mobile. Ala. dy>JIwr J. Heidoux. Standard Oil Co. ot X. J , Marine Department, New York. N. \ . iiy-'Jiri'jMN S. Hvxter. The Atlantic Kenning Co., Philadelphia. Pa. v' c^ iua,!) F. Jon-es, Gulf Oil Corp,. New York. X. Y. . \ ; ;^'F. Kayanach. Grace Line. Inc.. Xew York, X. Y. ': 'ft C. LaERIK. Lago Petroleum Corp., Maracaibo, Venezuela. J*;: " U'CKE.vriACH. American Eiireatt of Shipping, Xew York, N. \ . . McGrath. John W. McGrath Corp., Xew Y'ork, X. Y. - ; " *EE Petersen. Xewpnrt Xev.; Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., Xew York. X. Y } 1 Broadway, Xcw Y ,rk. X. Y. . ..* ' Sinclair Xavicatic:*. Co.. Xew Y'ork. X. Y . 342 Tzccnty-sirth Xatiuual Safely Contjrcss H. L. S eward. \ ale L 'niversity, Xew Haven, Conn. A. J. S mith. M arine Oliice o f Am erica, New York, X. Y. A rthur M. T ooe. C onsulting M arine E ngineer. Xcw York. X. Y. G. E. T aylor. F ederal B arge Lines. X ew O rleans. La. / . H. T umi:, X ew Y ork S ta te M erchant M arine Academy. X cw York, X. Y E lPuot^t V a.ydltanter, O /nce o f the C hief o f E ngineers, M unitions Bide. W*kslIiUL. H. W estdahl, Dollar Steam ship Lines. San Francisco, Calif. A. 0 . W gll, G eneral P etro leu m Corp. o f Calif., T erm inal Island. Calif. J ohn W right, A m erican E x p o rt Lines, X cw Y ork. X. Y. Officers Elected for 1937-38 , L LlVKE>nAV>l. ' MeG-'TM- K ^ r Po-stsr.'V"cKT , y Kt-w-ET. g A_CeltRAM- Db ;. J, SE"'Ali0- 'l3k ^ I, J mith, Marm J_ K- SoKENiO* X. ' \V. E. Steward * ,utuu M. <~ r" 1 u. Jmiii. XCW X : Major H. V 'U : t l_ H- Westdahl. I : .. A. 0. W o u . Genet A jolts Wricht. Amt General Chairman-- E . C. H olden', J r., U nited S tates P . S: I. A gency. Inc., Xew York, J i J J Vice-Chairman ( I n Charge o f Posters and Slides)-- Robert F. H and, Standard O ilC tL iR fi' X. J. M arine Dept., X ew Y ork, X . Y. jggjfi * Vice-Chairman (in Charge of Publicity)--H arold J. H arding, M arine Progress, Keifii V. York, X. Y. ....................... I * '-- Vice-Chairman (/-or the Pacific Coast)--A lbert 0 . P egc, L nion O il Company of l- Wilmington. Calif. Secretary--C aul F . Y axder C lute. A dm iralty A ttorney. Xcw Y'ork. X. Y. ? & .Yerer Letter Editor-- H enry Blackstone, U nited S tates P. 5; I. Agency, Inc. San Fiwfi The opening session cisco, Calif. s i r Byron 0 . Pickar Engineering Committee Chairman--F rank H. Cocan, T he D elaw are, Lackawanna aadT , ' ^ c|,"^irlrian tin W estern R ailroad Co., X ew Y ork, X. Y. Membership Committee Chairman--E. W . F iske, I k., Soconv-Y acuum Oil Co., Inc, York, X. Y. ' _ Program Committee Chairman--W . P. Bices, Xavv D epartm ent S afety Eng., WashingttVj D. C. ' The t Statistics Committee Chairman-- B enjamin H . S elf, T ra v e le rs In su ra n c e Company, York, X. Y. Stevedoring Committee Chairman-- F rank E. A mes, Lykcs Bros.-Ripley Xcw Orleans. La. Members at Large-- C. F. Hlacktox, E ric R ailro ad Co., Jersey, City, X. J. T homas B lau, G race Line, X ew York, X. Y. L ogan C resai*. Isthm ian S team ship Co.. Xcw York, X. Y. W. C. G auiiltt. P ittsb u rg h S team ship Co., Cleveland, Ohio. F. C. G regory. W a te rfro n t E m p lo y ers A ssn,, San Francisco, C alif. J. M. CiKtsFK. A labam a D ry Dock attd Shipbuilding Co.. Mobile. Ala. H enry I. H i.idokn, S ta n d a rd Oil Co., of X. J.. Xew York, X'. Y. J ohn S. H unter. T he A llantic Refining Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. I. Ci. J ohnson, S inclair n a v ig a tio n Co., Xew York, X . Y. W illard F. J on es, G ull Oil Corp., Xew York, X, F rank C. L a urie, L a g o P etro le u m Corp., Maracai - 'tW . Steamship . ^ m m President. Ar Tlic advancement o ttiolt of an endless *'* It is amusing attitude toward v`v* eighty years a `''Me published in t! K-d Xaval Chronicle * 'hich It was dc '-Rics tor loss of shit ' T s e to ta h - m -- tin stead of rum ; ^ The presence ol other w om en; M- Insanitv; J. H. L ove, F ctlcral Sliiphuilding & D rydock Co., :.f'. Marine Section York, K. Y. ns Bldg., \ \ ashingtec 1. Call t. j L. Lcckk.vh.vch, American Bureau of Shipping, New York. N. Y. j0H.s McGkath. Joint W. McGrath Corp., New York. N. Y. jjy,0v 0- PiCKAKU, Pacitic Coast Marine Associations, San Francisco, Calif, j p, Kovkv. The Texas Co.. New York, N. Y. j Rcmsev, Standard Oil Co. ot Calif., Richmond. Calif. s*:'s A. Schramm. Black Diamond Steamship Co., Pier K, Wcchavvkcn, N. J. Ydu l. Seward. Yale University, New- Haven, Conn. J'fr'A. J- Smith. Marine Otiice of America, New York, N. Y. R- Sorenson, Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co.. New port News. \'a. . Stevvakdson, Colombian Steamship Co., New York. N. Y. 'N;Athcr M. T ode, Consulting Marine Engineer, New York. N. Y. H. T omb. New York State Merchant Marine Academy. New York, N. Y. Ntll.vjoR H. B. V aughan, J r.. Corps of Engineers, War Dept., Washington. D. C. H. W estdahl, Dollar Steamship Lines, San Francisco, Calif. fiSgA.0. Wolu General Petroleum Corp. of Calif., Terminal Island, Calif, isr'John W'kicht, American Export Lines, New York. N. Y. . Inc.. New York, N.V no, Standard Oil Co. c: Marine Progress, Nor : Oil Company oi Glit. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 rk. A . . .y. Inc., San F laware, Lackawanna rJ opening session was called to order UEyron 0. Pickard, Pacific American _ ttaiship Assn., San Francisco. Calif., pro* iff-.chairman of the section. Car.tain E. .cuutn 0:1 Co., Im- C. Holden, Jr,, United States P. and I. Agency, Inc., New York City, general chair man of the section, submitted a review of the vear's activities. i_u.ii. Al a Y. The Advancement of Safety in the American Steamship Industry By R. J. B A K E R President, American Steamship Owners' A ssociation , N ew York City ``tanccment of sat'etv at sea the ,ln ndlcss process of dal and ^ aa' t0 compare the present j f '"ward safety with the one of t Vcv T i'.'/ cars *?o, a; indicated in an in tlle "Nautical Magazine 3 - .* i s * ronicle" i London : 1S;6. i ,` *'*s declared that : : chief i f ' 10S' 01 slups at sea are : - ' e2 j^ ll' n,~ '.he serving of * w ` .n,m: *r,:irn,ccnc .111 the captain's ` h i .ktv :*e ami 4. Drunkenness and revelry; 5. Mutiny and insubordination; 6. Discord and dissension: 7. No devil being on board ; S. The devil having been let loose. Today our reliance on safety a: ,ca is placed in the resuits of the navigation iaws of the country; the ice patrol; study o: ice and current conditions; load line ar.d -tow age regulations; removal of derelict*; in stallation of safety devices which provide the best available fire diftgS&SJtoand extinc tion apparatus: coiistrJH^jg^|ft;uir;-ir,eiitT" which will enable an i aBSiifcefred -dp to v- .* Y*': oo u .rri - r .... : * * ' ................. .... ' ' .......... Y . *,i7x iJ lW H Metals Section `/K**VV~' .'s'j'.1-' Officers 1936-37 'trai Chairman--C. M. A ixen-. Tlic American Rolling; Mill Co., Middletown, O. -Chairman--K. A. Ch.utin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, lini. j! ^jifftlary and .Veter Letter Editor--Mell E. T rammell Gulf States Steel Co., Alabama -s.CHy, Ala. $i*tes Committee' Chairman-- R oiiert L. S chmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway -j Co., Louisville. Ky. ^ flijiutring Committee Chairman-- R. H. F erguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland. 0 . dry Committee Chairman-- litviN- A. B rinkman, Mackintosli-Hemphill Co., Pitts- g^pfjh, Pa. U Committee Chairman--D r. R. C. E xcel. Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland. 0. 'frihip Committee Chairman--H. J. Ghikfith. Jones & Latigliiin Steel Corp.. Pitts- j jhderCommittee Chairman--H. H. H enry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland. [^fwGcity Commilhv Chairman--C. E. Ralston', Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. T-Mway Car Builders Committee C-hairman--P. J. Brand. Pullman Standard Car ManuiSS&dimng Corp., Pullman. Chicago. jSW q .an d Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--J. A. Oartf.l. Carnegie.Illinois Steel Co.. S'JpJfistmrgh, Pa. .^whdiri Committee Chairman--W. T. F ilmer, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.. ^yfamRstow-n. Ohio. at Larne-- ^'.G. Bex-nett. The Buckeye Steel Castings Co.. Columim-. O. A.Bern. Central Tube Co., Ambridgc, Pa. A. Bianchi. H. H. Robertson Co., Ambridge, Pa. ihvrj&F' Bu n x Jones & Lautrlilin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh. Pa. * 1 CoLTXt.v. Xational Radiator Corp., Johnstown. Pa. SgSP?-C**MtiL. Beiden Manufacturing Co., Chicago. 111. Orphan. Inland Sct Co.. East Chica"o. Ind. ^ Clljjney. F.ethlehem Steel Co., Rctitleltem. Pa. Vu P-etldehem Steel Co.. Johnstown. Pa. ^''No.re. Beloit Iron Works Co.. Beloit. Wi<. ^'s',a''`l'c Steel Corp.. Warren. O. * ' Carr.cgic-Illinois Steel Corp.. Joliet. III. ** F.HJ! ccling .Steel Corp.. Wheelin','- 'k*a* ^` K - :i* ^ rc:u Stee! Corp.. E coric. Mieti. .'* * 1-'; i*. Ha4wVv^,N*- American Car anti Eount'.rv Co.. New V'"~' laov/nyte Company. I-Ccr.v-ha. \ \ X. \orl<. X _\ rV-c^-Ku*"-'*s*t.'- i :;e Vounv-iown Sheet a;*/i Ttihc Co., Cinca f;*e; r*_:*A .M '. .-aw Bra.. & Copper Co.. Waierburv. C " nn@ !;j;' ;y Ci V i -X C -.':S'.;v - ts i $*&&} ;j.v.-.-r v./.o \><j- -C'CC 3S2 7\\v<::vsird . Sut'wnal Suit !'-: Cuit'tresv 1:. A. L altkmax. Republic Steel C- :p , C hicago. 111. T. H. M cK enney ( r e t i ). C arnegie-lllinoie Steel Co.. Chicago. 11!. I ). V. M eualie. lm crlnke Irun C ory, C hicago, III. J ohn O 'R olrk. Bethlehem Steel C v, S p a rro w s 1'e.ini. Md. C. S. P hillips. Revere Ce.]tier F r a " . Inc.. Ruine. N`. V. F rank Rou e. W heeling Steel Corp.. P o rtsm o u th , O. A. C. S chi'ltz. C ucyrus-E ric C o , So. M ilw aukee. W b . H. .1. S poerer. T he Youngstown Sheet and T u b e C o , E ast Chicago. lini. E. J. S terner. Bethlehem Steel Co.. B ethlehem . P a. J. A. Voss. Republic Steel Corp.. Cleveland. O. Officers Elected for 1937-38 Cimerai Chairman--R. A. C haffin, Continental Steel Corp.. Kokomo, Ind. I'ice-Chairman--M eli. E. T rammell. Republic Steel Corp.. Alabama City, Ala. Secretary and .Veter Letter Editor--H. J. G r iffith , lone' & Laughlin Steel Corp.. rhts. burgh. Pa. Contest Committee Chairman--R orf.kt L. S chmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., Louisville. Ky. Enaineering Committee Chairman--W. T. F h.meh, The Youngstown Sheet & Tur.e Co, Youngstown, Ohio. Laundry Committee Chairman--I rvin A. B rinkm an. Mackinto.-h-Hcmphill Co.. Pitts-: burgh, Pa. Health Committee Chairman--Dk. R. C. E xcel. Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland. 0 . J Memhershi/i Committee Chairman--F red E. W arr, Pittsburgh District, Carnegie, Illinois T Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. -f. 'osier Committee Chairman--H. H. H enry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland. Ohio. ' . Program Committee Chairman--R. H. F kecL'sox, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland. O .io. .. i'nblieity Committee Chairman--J ohn O 'R oi.'rk, Bethlehem Steel Co, Sparrows Potr.t. Md. Railway Car Builders Committee Chairman--P. J. B rand, Pullman Standard Car Manu-^ iacturing Co, Pullman, Chicago. Statistics Committee Chairman--H. I. St'OERF.ii, The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co, East Chicago, bid. Members at Large-- C. M. A llen, The American Rolling Mill C o, Middletown, Ohio. F. G. B ennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co, Colnmlms, Ohio A: R. A. B eyer. Central Tube Co, Atr.bridgc, Pa. i. r o. f ;. E H. C W. . F. A N-, n T. H D. V C. S. C. E F ran A. C. J. A. The so. trai Chai ( The ma ceded to etanagem sponsible tnattresse or comm: cess is dt the moral 00017 Metals Section s sb ifw i : W i l l 3S3 Ala. .'eel O rp , Pin-,. heel and Railvny \cci & Tube Co, r.r'5 V ' ris- -t.r.siv A.l: W i j p Gatherum. Crea: Lahes Steel Corp., Ecorsc. Mich. q p H akvky. American Car and Foundry Co., New York, X. Y. S E. H awkes. M acW kytc Company, Kenosha. \Yis. H G. Hensel, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Chicago. 111. \V. A. Jakvls, Chase Brass &; Copper Co, Ine- Waterbury, Conn, p A- L al'erman, Republic Steel Corp., Chicago, 111. jg B. MacHose, Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna, N'. Y. T. H. McKenney, 2342 E. "3rd Street, Chicago, 111. (Retired) D v . Medalie, Intcriake Iron Corp, Chicago, 111. C. S. P hillips, Revere Copper & Brass, Ine., Rome, X. Y. C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass C o, Pittsburgh, Pa. F rank Rowe. Wheeling Steel Corp, Portsmouth, 0 . A. C S chultz, Bucyrus-Eric C o, So. Milwaukee, Wis. J. A. Voss. Republic Steel Corp, Cleveland, O. :;. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION w October 12, 1937 npiuli Co., Pim- levi . 0 . Carnegie, Illinoi) . Ohio. Cleveland, Ohio, arrow# Point, M1' -miard Car Matts- L Tube Co., Ea-t ' The session was called to order by Genv eral Chairman C. M. Allen. The American Rolling Mill Co, Middletown. Otiio. who introduced the speakers. Safety as a Morale Builder By ROY W. KELLY Chief. Personnel and T raining D ivision . Soil Conservation Service. W ashington, D. C. The maintenance oi morale is readily con ceded to be one of the major objectives of management. Whether the executive is re sponsible for building k tomotives, making mattresses, managing a Government bureau, or commanding an Army division, his succtss is dependent in large upon keeping tip the morale oi his associates. All of us tend to be inlucnced by, and to * "Piet and. kept in a most unsatisfactory hlmc oi mind bv unsatisfactory living or "orbing conditions. If v. e want high morale, "e must expect to pay c instructive attention such matter; as wag-::, hours, working conditions, basic causes fvr grievances and Cc,mplaints, improvement sanitation, elimi- :;a`:n oi unnecessary and proper gating, lighting. ami ver illation ot tlie work :`-ce. Pcrhar* no othe : cau>cs contribute *ri0rc to lowered morale :!-.an 2 feeling ot in- ccurity in ..ne'? occuv". 'car as to the futurc of one's earning power and doubt as to opportunities for advancement and for satisfying achievement. These are all recognized as matters prop erly belonging in the ficid of personnel ad ministration or labor management. They arc mentioned merely tor the sake of point ing out that safety is an integral part of this functional field. Organization for accident prevention and the maintenance of the satety program, it they arc to contribute to im proved morale, must be planned and carried out with a view to their direct relationships with these other essential human factors m management. This is a point on which there is much diversitv of opinion as well as practice. Nevertheless, the expe ricuce " i janizatiuus tends to indic fS f^ program cannot hope Jo h.ow well planned, nie:: ; p fe f V :'!! =m - n - I fH;< .: ;,5 !Nii|f -. A htiiir NiviMp ; * :!'! p= i f ` iiti p l k i jitd 0 0 0 1 t * on(j ress it ropor.d to Mie controls, atte! esponsibiuty to_r t...... ..t.i.c.r. .t1he unit .** tittyr condition--hence the nccesg organized maintenance crew to of such equipment. The only exet^t-c Miniug Section f :s is the craneman who may have lrli"nl",f., 's usibiiities as to the inspection, lub, Officers 1936-37 and adjustment o f his machine,tl' h Gibbs, Harwich Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. :u-other machine operators. . t j Gnrral Chairman--C. W 1 o f Engineering--G. J. Barrett, U. S. Steel Corporation Sub erhead travelin" cranes>* ?Pntry yiit-Chairman in Charg, rristeroallecylasssaondf evqauriipomusenLttvywPpeehssichoo ffrehqobt 'y(iedde-i-CaCruhieao!ii,rrtDmmuamnluti.hn... C-Mh--ianrng- o. .r -H--e--a-l-t-h----L--e-e---L--o--ng, Clinchficld Coal Corp.. Dante, \ a. nl attention from the standpoint of; , yUt-Chainmm in Charge of Membership--Axcus D. C ampbell, Mclmvre Porcupine Mines .on and preventive maintenance. Dt Ud* Schumacher. Ont.. Canada. nzards of t"aVil"i1n1g mwatcerriiaail, whnetihneerre* E Sce^cWretiairrvy aanndd X.^ cc tiev ss L .eetutee rr Eu mdiituorr--D aniel H akkincto.v, United S--t-a--t-e-s B- ureau of Mines PartS 0t:,",e ^ n g t o n . D. C. ., everyP"-ecaut'on mu'-t rL t p *4 \ faster and Slide Committee Chairman--}. J. F orbes, United Slates Bureau of Mines. Pitts- recaution must be tak/hTc *-- _ sthbiseecnlasiscuonfdeqdueispimraebnlte itno gsouopdplreests^i :! Prlo,ugrrgahm' ^Commi.ttee Chairman--L. C. Campbell, The Hoppers Coal Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. ork of tr.e foreman and repairer v Publicity Committee Chairman--M. R. Bcod, The Explosives Engineer, Wilmington, Del. ruth t..e proticr maintenance of sra 1 Statistics Committee Chairman--\V. ''' ~ ' i i - rt,,r^,., ^, M;nes Wnsli- `,Cnt - ,;:e * o i Crance Insppeeccttoorr! mgton, D. C. crane inspector goes over all equit-l- Members at Large-- in detail, recording all items of a a l T homas Allex, Chief Coal Mine Inspector, State of Colorado. Denver, Colo. al or electrical nature which need ifant or replacement. This survey prta double check and does not lessen; iegree the responsibility of the abort one- emeu and repairmen. Copie J. W. Alt, Caiumet S: Hecla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet. Mich. P. M. Arthur. American Zinc Co. o f Tennessee, Mascot. Tenu. F red E. Bedale. Consolidation Coal Co., Fairmont, \V. Va. Johx L. Boarouax. Anaconda Copper Mining Co.. Butte. Mont. ~se . . ->rt; are forwarded to the E Maurice Coulter. Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana. Pa. idem and foreman involved, as wt the Plan: Safety Department head commended repairs or alterations mus posed of. either by being carried It H. T. H arper. Tennessee Copper Co.. Copperhill, Tcnn. H. C. H f.nrie, Phelps Dodse Corp., Bisbec. Aria. Rush X. H osler. Coal Mine Section. Pennsylvania Compensation Rating & Inspec .lion, or :y being rejected for catw tion Bureau. Harrisburg, Pa. inspect::.r. covers cleanliness and ot's of the equipment in the interestf C. F. Keck. Jamison Coal Corp., Grccnsburg, Pa. Thomas E. Licktfoot. The Hoppers Coal Co.. Pittsburgh. Ta. ted tiro hazard and increased sate, rator.- a::.: repairmen. Safety equip, -itch a- -'aiders. fire extinguisher^ nes, afety belts, gongs, warning light-f xtensiou cards, gear guards etc r l. Loo:e or scrap material on tfc approaches or runw ays not tel Loose. vorn or broket: parts an 1 nn,i m mended for correction. Wit. G. METZitES. Hud-on Coal Co., Scranton. Pa. D. D. Mopfat. Utah Copper Co.. Salt Lake City, Utah. V. O. Murray. The Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Sprine R. E. Paul. New Jersey Zinc Co., Xew York, X. Y. John Ti Ryan. Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. L. T. Sicka. St. Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre. Mo. J ohn T rf.wf.f.:-:. Home-take Mining Co.. Lead, S. D. iT iih i l l ! -.'y - ; t 3 | U-1 ; >i}|] : w:ii:l['iri'i;. -J;. lijfi A ction- .v. intervals o f one to t have b-.-ea found sum cient to r avttd itio n =. v. :;ii m ore a tte n tio n given a arlv h a ft-w o rk e d crar.es. Unususg con<j;:. or io ilu rc t o f parts mA : d e s i r a f o r the inspector to tnasf ::te k --r.: : reports wliet: requested. Officers Elected for 1937-38 Cenerai Chairman.--G. J. Barrett. Oliver Iron Mining Cu., Duluth Vice-Chairman--Liti Lux:. Clinchfield Coai Corp., Dante. Va... ^ Vice-Chairman-- tu- D. Campbell. McIntyre Porcupine Mine- Canada. 401 miacher, Out.. ''Mh'JVZT: mr oco ll Il * V:: tv-.ii.vlli Motional Safety Congress l- icc-Clnlil ni.iii * Secretary ana \ . , Washing!.... 11 1 Paster and An..-. < burgh, Va elu. The Kuppers Coai Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. Bailor--1UMKL H .tRR1.VCT0.V, Utlirod Plate; B u r,'a i.i if *-' Chairman --\. J. FnttnEs. United Plate; Tit r u n t o f \i a r .i-je i Publicity Ui'"-'-,//. Statistics c ington, 1.V t . Members at t ,>,v lU'DO, The Explosives Engineer. Wilmington pTi '"Ca nc ,\V. W. A dams, United States Bureau of Mint-, - --- . * ^ _ a l: h c V* dtc n*111TM. . ^r> T homas \ n ' v . Chief Coal Mine inspector, State of Colorado D en r \V. A. tahunet & Hccla Consolidated Copper Co, Calumet. M ich' ^ P. M. Aijimi a. American Zinc Co. of Tennessee, Mascot, Tenn Fred E. r u i''" . Consolidation Coai C o, Inc, Fairmont, \V, Va Jons L. |:.m i. i .u \x, Anaconda Copper Minin? Co, Butte, Mont Mao-rut t on nit. Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp, Indiana, Pa art l,,r< tthena mir 'nekKig cw" ' j (.of workl i_yi,yrooes -'lal A te realis C, \V. iiutii'-. II.irw iek Coal & Cole Co., Pittsburgh Pa H. T. H tin . Tennessee Copper Co, Copper!!!, Tenn. H. C. lit \ -:11. I'ln lps Dodge Corp,, Bisbee, Ariz C. F. Kias. I.mu'uii Coal Corp, Oreeusburg, Pa. T h o m a s !-' ! i-.im'iii'T. The Hopper. Coa! C o, Pittsburgh, Pa William ti Ml izut:*. Hudson Coai Co, Scranton, Pa. D. D. Moil tn Utah Copper Co, Salt Lake City, Utah. V- O. .Mi s n i . The Union Pacific Coai C o, Rack Springs, U \o . R. B. P.tt't. NAav Jersey Zinc Co, New Vork, X, Y. Jons T. IvA Mine Safety Appliances Co.-, Pittsburgh, Pa L, T. Sic, o St losc'ph Lead Co, Bonne Terre, Mo. Jons' Tin : x. Iluniv.iake Mining Co, Lead, S. D. ' slity Ech' -v u^tes comir "t lrr that "su ~ set daily, or _ U t. These m e t crated-- V oire! 1! yoi f tica among t! the basic y ti art: Suj m .I'jftti. It is ( '' principles. H ?{each day': i'pm, due to i jean must s y hally condit; 1 [revious shi: thee, or any : cuinstances, ming. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 The session "(' '.tilt'd to order In In .." and Coke Co, Pittsburgh, Pa, who mtfih* eral Chairman C. W. Cihb Harwiefc <.*; duced the speakers. The Relationship of Safety to Efficiency in Mining By JAM ES K. R IC H A R D SO N The ejhcic: itamlardizinr are built up . Mt adopted . are easily sui <ae employe IVhen an en he seldom is Prom my j die standar , step an org. Safety Ho person two ways of a wrong way methods is In efficiency. If economical Is' : ore cannot he vector. Climax MolybaenumJCcungany, Climax, Colorado a.\ that there can he work--" right way nr.i wlvv*;c . heme of :v.;.:r.v. a :-a ot atciy :.r.i >c cr.r.r.;: be octfn**:<\i :um i> nlindoncd. I t r h i :<*! wiihr-Ni endansTiT the lives of the employees the system a abandoned. Unquestionably the latter tlioosj has often been overlooked. \Ve however, overlook the iact that anythingT1" kills or maims men is morally wrong, thermore, if om yyyress or method tears machines it is fS^Jynot cfiidfiHir........ f'oving und a! believe "tcident risl .Evy task A enough v practice so coming , W ot^hej 0C017 CAW. - Petroleum Section Officers 1936-37 Qt,tirai Chairman--A. W. B reeland, Lone Stir Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. yice-Chairman--A. J. M artinson, Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, Calif. Vrirr Letter Editor--J. H. B rown, Tide Water Oil Company, New York, N. Y. Engineering Committee Chairman--E. D. M urphey, Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp., Tulsa. Okla. Health Committee Chairman--D r. Y. C. Baird, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston. Texas. Poster Committee Chairman--H. T . M arkee. P hillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. Program Committee Chairman--R. B. R oaper, Humble Oil and Refining Co.. Houston. Texas. Publicity Committee Chairman--Glenn Byers, Shell Petroleum Corp., St. Louis, Mo. Statistics Committee Chairman--J. W. M yers, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. Atlantic Division Chairman-- R. L. S isipson, The Texas Company, New York, N. Y. Great Lakes Division Chairman--F. R. M cL ean, Soconv-Yacuum Oil Co.. Inc., White Star Div., Detroit, Mich. Gulf Division Chairman--D. B. H iatt, Texas Pacific Coal &: Oil Company, Fort Worth. Texas. Uid-Contincnt Division Chairman--Kracs E arhart, The Texas Company, Tuha, Okla. Pacifie Di-vision Chairman--L. K. Bl.~n.ER, Union Oil Company of Calif., Lo> Anecie.-. Calif. Rocky Mountain Division Chairman--B. Y. O sborn. Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Casper, \\ y, Past General Chairmen-- R. W. B lack, Standard Oil Co. of X. J.. Elizabeth. X. J. R. S. Bonsiu. Standard Oil Co. (X. J.), X'ew Y'ork, X*. Y. Y. R. Cl'RRIE. The Texas Company, Houston. Texas. R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co, of Calif., San Francisco. Calif. C. L. H ichtower, United Gas System. Houston. Texas. G. 0 . L ockwood, The Empire Companies, Bartlesville, Okla. Geo. F. P ressing. Union Oil Co. o i Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. R. B. Ro.M'KR. Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston. Texas. E. I. S enne. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Xcw Y'ork, X. Y. C. W. S mith. Standard Oil Co. find.), Chicago, 111. D. 1. W allace. Sinclair Prairie Oil Co.. Tulsa, Okla. -eeretjry--H. X. Blakeslee, American Petroleum Institute. Xcw York. X. Y. Officers Elected for'1937:38 General Chairman--H. \V. B olcess, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. '! *'ee-Ckairnun:-- 1. H. B row n, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., Xew York, X. Y. ..Ai m ss Lifr-, jSt&*- f;t1 r ; p i^ f ' ftiM .-S ii : itiJ ^13 1. *r ; : ''S ir . jlili: filil M v: ti i3 'lift i! : pilfer ! j - i4 :;r :" : mi 490 T:vanty-s.vl!i National Safer.' Congress Enninecrira Committee Chairman--E. D. Murphey. Mii-Continent Petroleum Con/, Tuba. Okh. Health Committee Chairman--P. E. K eegan, Shell Petroleum Corp., Houston. Texas. Procram Committee Chairman--A. \V. Breelaxd, Lor.e Star Gas Co.. Dallas, Texas. Publicity Committee Chairman--J. L. Risincer, Magnolia Petroleum Co., Dallas. Texas. Statistics Committee Chairman-- 1. \Y. M yers, Standard Oil Co. (X. J.), X'cw York, X. Y. I 'isual Education Committee Chairman--C. A. Miller. The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. Atlantic Division Chairman--L. C. WooDBRlDCE. Socom -Yacuum Oil Co., Inc, Xew York, X. Y. Croat Laites Division Chairman--R. T. H enderson, Standard Oil Co. of Ohio, Cleveland Ohio. Gulf Division Chairman--Wit. Grant, J r., Humble Oil tit Refining Co, Baytown. Texas. Mid-Continent Division Chairman--J. D. McCamey, J?_ The Carter Oil C o, Tulsa, Okla Paeir.e Division Chairman--C. J. Xobmaxn, Shell Oil Co, San Francisco, Calif. Rocky Mountain Division Chairman--R. 0 . T raylor. Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Casper, Wyoming. Past General Chairmen-- R. \Y. Black, Standard Oil Co. of N. J , Elizabeth- X. J. R. S. Bo.vsir, Standard Oil Co. (X. J.), Xew York. X. Y. A. \Y. Brkf.i.axd, Lone Star Gas Co, Dallas, Texas. Y. R. CcRRitt. The Texas Company, Houston, Texas. R. E. Donovan. Standard Oil Co. of Calif, San Francisco, Calif. C. L. H ightower. United Gas Pipe Line Co, Houstcr, Texas. G. O. Lockwood, Cities Service Oil Co, Eartlcsviile. Okla. Geo. F. P ressing. Union Oil Co. of Calif, Los Ar.reles, Calif. R. 13. Roaper, Humble Oil and Refining Co, Houston, Texas. E. .1. Senne. Soconv-Yacuum Oil Co, Inc, Xew Yrrk, X. Y. C. \Y. S mith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 1:1. D. .1. W allace. Sinclair Prairie Oil Co, Tulsa, Oklx Secretary--H. X. Elakeslee, American Petroleum Institute, Xew York, X. Y. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION That me: accident cr. classed a> denis ci :.-; one to pon, o arbitrar iccidenif. : the luudaint differ the hume, o hazardous i Plotir. it ,,a highway or From nit `here can Ih >"g a creen worker a ,v giving a , , ! modem. Trouble is itienblc Jo., question sh( --the questi,lsfl things d It CCS bought to . accidents h but at Piecemeal t; that " is t!u)ge:i "eil org-anLappear on ti It is read 'vgUation X futstatiding October 11, 1937 The session was called to order by Gen- Gas Cr, Dallas, Texas, who introduced the oral Chairman A. W. Brceland, Lone Star speaker- and directed the discussion. ^ bc s'ix m'', H u t; *I,(1 based !ubect. Industry's Responsibilities in Community Safety By HENRY W. BOGGESS Superintendent o f Safety, Sinclair Prairie Oil Company, Tulsa, Okla. 'side [>o ,7 tri"g ti, f '^ a tc ! o ^tilrv's r '^ n .z c d During lAid 111,000 American citizens died in accidents. Sixteen per cent, or IS,000 of them, met death while employed at occupations irom which they earned their livelihoods and so arc called industrial fatalities. The remain ing 93,000 accidental deaths arc broadly re ferred to as public fatalities; at least, they were non-occupational. The ratio of public to industrial deaths/ | a,,;?"' c.ri<`'- more v.an six to one. It is obvious that tits i P Sti0n' broaden need for safety is outside and w* ^ 'Mui tvithir. the ranks of industry. Whether r/U I Wtr'can , industrxltas any responsibility for these Pu" ' this vescarc or oursp" 5 SSs*flcms, whether-or not it "<7?T l,l tone o' withir. j Inver the ability to prevent aof Ectthov- them, it liJ tS & 00017 o oii, N. V. , Insurance Co, Boston, Car Mfg. Co., Pullman, r & Sons Hinge Manu'-cioit, Wis. ult, Gcnerai Electric Co, uiy ot Clevciand, CleveCar Mfg. Co, Pullrnan, 111. l.\ a 'rvilic. Ont-, Canada. Wis. ut m cutu*.; will ijc found ni umc. Public Utilities Section Officers 1936-37 tncral Chairman--J ohn J. B arada, The Laclede Gas Light Co, St. Louis, Mo. yict-Chairman fo r Telefilone and Telegraph in terests--W. P. E lstl'N, American Tele phone and Telegraph Co, Xew York, N. Y. yict-Chairman fa r Cas Interests--E. P. Durfee, Consolidated Edison Co. of X. Y,, Inc, Sew' York, X. Y. yice-Chairnuin for Electric Interests--Wit. H. B ro un . Xorthcrn States Power Co, Min neapolis. Minn. Secretary--H. A. P tolemy, Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, Chicago, III. frees Letter Committee-- D. C. D l'.nca.v, Chairman, Appalachian Electric Power Co, Blucficld, \Y. Ya. P. L. G. H asskarl, Pennsylvania Power C o, Allentown, Pa. J ames D. H all, Atlantic City Electric C o, Atlantic City, X. J. E. R. K ropi1, Union Electric Light and Power Co.. St. Louis, Mo. E. S. L icht, New York State Electric &: Gas Corp.. Geneva, N. Y. D. E. W oods, Central Power & Light C o, Corpus Christi, Tex. Engineering Committee-- W. H. M ulligan. Chairman. Hydro-Electric Power Commission o f Ontario. Toronto, Ont, Canada. A. A. K linge, Public Service Co. of Colorado, Denver, Colo. P all R. Kunx, Penn Centrai Light S: Power Co.. Altoona, Pa. J ohn P. M cC ann. X cw England Power A ssn, Boston, Mass. \V. J. McVav, Consolidate'! Electric and Gas Co., Xew York, X. Y. H/alth Committee Chairman--D r. H art E. F isher. Chicago Rapid Transit Co, Chicago. 111. I isnal Education Committee Chairman--C. L. H ightower, United Gas System. Hou-ton. Texas. Publicity Committee Chairman--R. S. M etzger, The Toledo Edison Co, Toledo, Ohio. Membership Committee-- H. W. Lceck, (Chairman). Commonwealth Eriis-. n Co, Chicago. III. H akrv Berman. Consolidated Gas & Electric C o, Baltimore, Md. M. T. Caster. Lincoln Telephone and Telegraph C o , Lincoln. X't-hr, K. P. XnvES. Central Maine Power C o, Angusta. Maine. E. A. Kl'st, Erie County Electric Co, Eric. Pa. H. E. SllEDD. Appalachian Electric Power C o, Biuctield, W. Ya. R. S teei.il Oklahoma Gas cr.d Electric Cempatt; . Oklahoma City. Okla. P. K. S tiles. Compatita Cubana de Elcctricidad. Habana. Cuba. Program Committee Chairman--. H. Din.-'ion:. Wisconsin Power & Ligio Co, Madison. Wis. Statistics and Contest Comm:::,-e Chairman--Chas:.;:.-: S. Bounn.N. Ohio Public Service Co.. Alliance. Ohio. Sperm! Representatives--W A. IU'CHanan. Appai.-,-hian Electric Power Co, Welch. \ \ . Va. (E. E. 1.) Charles J. G efm'.ut. Chairman. Acci.lent Prevention Committee. A me rid';!.', ST"A sso - fiaiinn. pA- a y . - C A ' _ . . :V ` K g y .r t . fe ll M *>*}. !t H ;1 ', i ! m -j-' Ji;-. te -" !$**'*`i--~ ' M ' v i. p H r l" . J | ? . S i-.- bL-ir'g-;S-.: *V.>. fi W3y</;-. .i ,:i ' i;': r .* :;. S ' *f V -i . ... V ' C<yirrGU--.w v" ' .Ch?L*<\ - v'. .->w-t--Xw't, ui-*.-.-?;.---ry .' Tzoeuty-sixth Xational Safety Cont/rcss Co:me::o rs-- E. S. B e a u m o n t . The Peoples Gas Light S; Coke Co.. Chicago. I". L.. C. BoulET, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee. Wis. G. A. Doeller, Tlie Dayton Power & Light Co.. Dayton, Ohio. J ames B. Douglas. The Philadelphia Gas Works. Philadelphia. Fa. Roy M. Godwix. Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Ta. E. J. Keen, Philadelphia Company. Pittsburgh. Pa. W ills M aclachlax, Electrical Engineer, Toronto. Out.. Canada. E. B. McCulloch. Bureau of Safety, Chicago. 111. George O pp, Detroit Edison Company, Detroit. Mich. F. M. P epper, Illinois Bell Telephone Co., Chicago. III. C. J. Ruti-an'd, Texas Power S: Light Company, Dallas, Texas. C. E. Scott, Bureau of Safety. Chicago, 111. J. L. V axdegrift, The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Co.. Washington. D. H. F. W ebii, West Penn System. Pittsburgh, Pa. Officers Elected for 1937-38 Cenerai Chairman--W. P. E lstux, American Telephone & Telegraph C... Mew York X. V. I'iec-Chairmmi-rE. P. D ukpee. Consolidated Edison Co. o X. Y.. Inc.. Xev. York. X. Y. Secretary--H. A. P tolemy, Public Service Co. of Xorthcm Illinois, Chicago. III. .Yctt'j Letter Committee-- ' D. C. D uxcax, Chairman, A ppalachian Electric Power Co., Eluclield, V.. \ a. - H. H. B erman, Consolidated Gas, Electric Light & rower Co. of Baltimore. Balti more, Md. "> S. C. D ickinson, Pacific Gas & Electric Co., San Francisco, Calif. y E. R. K ropp, Union Electric Company of Missouri, St. Louis. Mo. W. I. M cVay. Stone & Webster Service Corp., Xew York, X. Y. P. K . S tiles. Compania Cubana de Electricidad, Maximo Gomez Xo. 1 Arartado KI Habana, Cuba. D, E. W oods, Central Power & Light Co., Corpus Christi, Texas. Program Committee Chairman--R. S. M etzger. Toledo Edison Co., T olec-. Ohio. Publicity Committee Chairman--C. H. Dinsmokk. Wisconsin Poner & Light `-o., Machs"- Wis. ` i 'isttal Education Committee-- ' H. W. L ueck, Chairman. Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago. 111. E. S. M iner. American Telephone S:.Telegraph Co., X'cw York, X. Y. C. X1. R akestraw, The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co., Cleveland. C.tto. Engineering Committee-- W. H. Mulligan, Chairman. Hydro-Electric Power Commission ot Catino, Toro Ont, Canada. E. C. Bookman. Virginia Electric & Power Co., Richmond. \ a. - C. H. D avis, Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, 111. J. D. H all, Atlantic City Electric Co., Atlantic Cit( P. L. G. H asskarl, Pennsylvania Power & Light < P aul R. Kuhn, Pennsylvania Edison Co., Altoonai i ; "^he cp tu.b John 00010 oitgrcss Public Utilities Section f F. McC.wie. Duquesne Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. :icago, 111. John p. M cC ann. X'cw England Power Service Co.. Boston. M ass. ce. Wis. ijijlth Committee Chairman-- D r. H art E. F isher. Chicago Rapid Transit Co.. Chicago, Ohio. .clpliia, Pa. i. Pa. 111. Jffnkrsinf Committee-- _ J. H anlon, Chairman, Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co.. Chicago, 111. \V. H. B rown, Xorthern States Power Co., Minneapolis, Minn. . Canada. II. T. Caster. Lincoln Telephone and Tcelgraph Co., Lincoln, Nebr. R. A. E dwards. San Diego Consolidated Gas X E lec Co., San Diego, Calif. A. X. K linge, Public Service Co. of Colo., Denver, Colo. H. S. Licht, Xcw Y'ork State Electric &: Gas Corp., Geneva, XL Y'. T exas. C E. McB ride, Xorthern Indiana Public Service Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. . E. P. Xoves, Central Maine Power Co.. Augusta, Maine ;-honc Co., Washington, D. C. . H. E. Shedd. Appalachian Electric Power Co., Dlucneid. W. Va. . . J. R. Steele, Oklahoma Gas & Electric Co., Oklahoma City, Okla. blislics and Contest Committee Chairman--Charles S. Bowden, Ohio Public Service Co, Alliance. Ohio. {metiers (Past General Chairmen) -- 7-38 LA John .1. Baraoa, The Laclede Gas Light Co, St. Louis. Mo. (1936-1937) YE. S. Beaumont, The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co, Chicago, 111. (1930-31) & T eleg rap h Co.. Xew Ye ;; C E. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp, Milwaukee. Wis. (1932-33) >f X. V., Inc.. Xcw Y ork, N. ' cr nois, Chicago, 111. L' C. A. Doeller. Dayton Power S: Light Co, Dayton. Ohio (1931-32) '.'Junes B. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co, Philadelphia, Pa. (1910-17) V Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co, Philadelphia. Pa. (1935-36) 'X-E.J. Kreh, Philadelphia C o, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1934-35) r Co., ElucneUl. W . Va. iyAYius Maclacuan. Electrical Engineer, Toronto, Out, Canada (1919-20) P ow er Cu. ni Baltimore. EX B. E. McCulloch. Bureau of Safety, 20 X. Wackcr Drive, Chicago, 111.'(1925-26) isco. C alif. Louis. M-.-. rk. X. V. no Gomez Xo. 1 Apartado 1 Oeotce O pp, Detroit Edison Co, Detroit, Mich. (1926-27) F. M. P epper. Illinois Cell Telephone Co, Chicago, 111. (1933-34) .. C. J. Rutland. Texas Power X Light Co, Dallas, Texas (1927-2S) C B. Scorr. Bureau o i Safety, 20 X. Wacher Drive. Chicago. III. (1917-15) t B- F. \\ Enn, West Penn System. Pittsburgh.. Pa. (1925-29) Texas. tison Co.. Toledo, Okie. P ow er X Lieht Co.. Ma^" Ueicl Representatives-- . C. I. Gefyeht, Consolidated Edison Co. of X. Y',, Ir.c, Xcw Y ork, X. Y'. (A.G.A.) L M. Smadoett. Georgia Pow er C o, Athens. Ga. (E.E.l.) hicago. III. Xcw York. X. Y. Co.. Cleveland. Oh m m i-sion a : On:a -!!!. \'a. . I. nentou : TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 scsoon a - vailed to order - I-srad;,. Laclede Gas .Light C o , Louis. ito ntrodu(t<jji~l^Kspeak SPS Quarry Section Officers 1936-37 y^Qpurol Chairman--Alexander F oster, Jr., Warner Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ^ Ju t-C h airm an -- R l'S S E L L R a r e y , The Marble Cliff Quarries Co., Columbus, Ohio. tertiary and A'eras L etter E ditor--X. B. Sipe, J. E. Baker Co., York. Pa. 'fmter Committee Chairman--H. F. Yottee, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. .Publicity Committee Chairman--J. R. Boyd, National Crushed Stone Assn., Washington, :SCD. C. HsielCtiiS Committee Chairman--W. W. Adams, U. S. Bureau o( Mines. Washington, D. C. .fjiirmbers at Large st V. P. Ahearn. National Sand and Gravel Assn., Washington, D. C. Willum H. Baker, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. 0 . M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. S. Walter St.utfer, Xational Lime Association, Washington, D. C. A L. Worthed. The New Haven Trap Rock Co., New Haven, Conn. ;jvr i&y Officers Elected for 1937-38 pitterai Chairman--A lexander F oster, J r., Warner Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ;Vkc-Chairmaft--Russell R asey, The Marble Cliff Quarries Co., Columbus, Ohio. jJterttary and Xer.es Letter E ditor--X. B. S ipe, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. yhrier Committee Chairman--H. F. Yotter, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. nfuilicity Committee Chairman-- I. R. Boyd, Xational Crushed Stone Assn., Washington, c. "^titties Committee Chairman-- W. W. A dams, L\ S. Bureau o: Mines, Washington, D. C. Vtnitrs at Large-- ;.! V- P. Ahearx, Xational Sand and Gravel Assn.. Washington, D. C. ,a'. G iunsi H. Baker. J. E. Baker Co., York. Pa. 0. i[. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. S- Walter Stauffer, Xaiionai Lime Association, Washington. D. C. -1- B. Worthe.v. T.he X cv Haven Trap Rock Co., Xe tv ri aven. Conn. f. Quarri- Section met jointiy with tlte I 1 Section. A record o i the procccd- f.r.il cttiICST-W w-CCL.,;., - Safety Couvres* Safety Equipment Section Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers \jho Exhibited at the Twenty-Sixth National Safety Congress and Exposition Kansas City, Mo., October 11-15, 1937 SH tLt. 0 C i" --. Q ROU.Pt V&lVg BtvIfcSI AtTlp* QiAgw y^i_wr S T fa H O C lS U M DIK v .I t Exhibition Hail-- Municipal Auditorium 60LT PIAPHHACM VM-VE 3 'w*v ~5Taph valvc c Protection Equipment Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. TIMING PIAL. Gas Masks, A C A N tf R ** PME AIR U N E SPttlNti perusing Displays, Inc., Covington, Ivy. y'.Safety Education Materials in Display Form With Moving Message.. Jetoa Casgalty & Surely Co., Hartford, Conn. t5. Safe Driving Tests, Safety Educational Films. IS. Aloe Co., St. Louis. Mo. Pa 'I. When cure time is up, time rye' vu. (0) turn- air pressure into la 1) closing direct acting valve (7), alsoe*- -lower inlet o f three-way diaphragtn ;* -I width shuts air pressure from air- ') and vents air from reverse act ihragm valve <-) causing this vaht 0. art IV. A stesm is exhausted Iron*.'." cr mv.i the j-rcsure !tci= reduced to**'* ") 1w-2illozp. uol nI 1t*0i;;nl;-hr,)atzvmip, vaanlvdeh(e3a)t,eriff***T no opened. - /*l C32\ X o U . U ) Tcn*:on on 5Pr;_*i. \ ^ f cx - First Aid and Hospital Equipment, teerican Abrasive Metals Co., Irvington, X. J. >"- Safety Treads for Walkways and Safety Gratings. Viwricaa-LaFraiice and Foamite Industries. Inc.. Elmira, X. V. .Fire Protection Equiprr,cm. hstrican Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. J Insurance. Workmen': Compensation, Property Damage and laerican Optical Co., Southhridgc, Mass. Head and Eye Protection Products. -la e ric a n Safety Tank Co.. Kansas City, Mu. /Automotive Fuel Sup ply Tanks. Inc., Chicago, 111. ".Auxiliary & Emergency Stretcher First Aid Equipment, r^cnatic Trank- Control Corp.. St. Paul. Minn. "Frame Actuated Control Equipment Genera. Rusted either tu -'aise or ` tactor. two val.vf? or.'"' HO Steam lire ras ^ , g witn air pre-: tit a ir olf. ^^M anufacturing Co.. Rock M aud, 111. ;ij ' it t v Inspection and Correction Equipment. 1<ad:x Products Corp., Sr,:::n Lend, lud. 1Automotive Equipment. ^SivalU & I'ryson. Inc.. Kansas City, M>'. Heads. T ank- and Pressure Vessels. V. ash fountain Co.. Milwaukee. Wis. t;.. ,rf'ui' Washing Eqnn t-.-.-nt. F.XT Shoe C o--St.-D .uf". 7ctly and Women's Safety Siiocs. Automobile, '"tty and Special P u rjo -c Lights and La .; .si :X~.3 K s;;-:.3;* iil!--'. fHi S^pqt'g?-* iti 582 Twnty-sixtli Xatonul Safety Cuiii/ress R. H. Buhrke Co.. Chicago, I. Safety Equipment lor Construction and Maintenance. E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco. Calif. Personal Protective Equipment. Burroughs Wellcome & Co.. (U.S.A.), Inc.. Xew York City. First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment. Champion Brake Corp., Chicago. 111. Hand Brakes tor Freight Cars. Chicago Eye Shield Co., Chicago. 111. Head, Eye and Respiratory Protective Equipment. Columbus McKinnon Chain Corp., Tonawanda, X. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains and Safety Hoists. H. S. Cover, South Bend, Ind. Respirators and Safety Goggles. Crouse-Hinds Co., Syracuse, X. Y. Trattic Signals and Floodlights. M. E. Cunningham Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Steel Stamps and Type Holders. Davis Emergency Equipment Co, Inc., New York City. First Aid and Industrial Safety Equipment. C. H. Dockson Co, Detroit, Mich. Head and Eye Protection. DoMorc Chair Co, Inc, Elkhart, Ind. Posture-Health Chairs for Ctficc and Factory. Dual Parking Meter Co, Oklahoma City, Okla. Parking Meter Equipment. Donald F. Duncan, Inc, Chicago, III. Parking Meter Equipment. Eagle Eignal Corp, Moline, III. Traffic Signals. Electronic Control Corp, Detroit, Midi. Electronic and Photo-Electric Equipment. Elliott Service Co, Xetv York City. Promotion of Efficiency and Safety. Emerson Drug Co, Baltimore, Md. Bromo-Scltzer. Employers Mutuals. Wausau. Wis. Fire and Casualty Insurance. Workmen's Cumpin-ation. Enameled Steel Sign Co, Chicago. 111. Day and Night Steel Reflecting Signs. Fairtvav Laboratories. Inc, Belleville. III. , Anti-Fatigue and Heat Exhaustion Antidote Tablet' and Ilispen-ing Equipment. Harley-Davidson Motor Co, .Milwaukee. Wis. Police Motorcycles and Accessory Equipment. Hercules Friction Grip Co, ICanns City, Mo. Brake Dressing. Hild Floor Machine Co, Chicago, 111. Electric Floor Scrubbing Machines and Vacuum Holcomb Safety Garment Co, Chicago, III. Industrial Safety Clothing. Hoof Products Co, Chicago, III. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governors. Cleaners. Huntington L Disiniecu Hynson, est , Mercuroci i Indian Motocy j Police Me Industriai Glo' Industriai Industriai Saie Associatior International S Satety Shc Juukin Satety Power Prc Juvenile V ood Automobile The Karpark G Parking M Keystone View Visual Saie Walter Kidde & Fire Proteo Kimball Satety Industriai 5 Lehigh Safety S Leather and Liberty Mutual Automobile The Lima Cord Xon-Slip Sc Lumbermens Mu Automobile, Macwhyte Co, F Wire Rope a The Martindale Dust Respir: McCloskey Torn Bomb Shell F. McDonald Safety Hat, Metropolitan Lii Life Insurant Michigan Mafleal Traffic Stop Milburn C o, Det PrPtectivc Cr Mine Safety Appi Safety Applir Modern Engineer "Tf Welding Tor. Murray Safety S "< Plated Wire OOOiS-1 ~ii Safety Cony ress anucnancc. ' York City. upmem. X. Y. rk City. 'Upvusuiuil. * ; : l , ! v ( * a n d I 'i - p a i - m g Buutnpmeul. :-'v. Clean Safety Equipment Section guncington Laboratories, Inc.. Huntington, Ind. Disinfecting and Sanitation Products. ({vnson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc.. Baltimore. Md. Mercurochrome First Aid Antiseptic, Thantts Lozenges. [,,dian Motocycle Co., Springfield. Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. industrial Gloves Co., Danville. 111. Industrial Safety Clothing. Industrial Safety Equipment Assn., New York City. Association of Manufacturers of Industrial Safety Equipment. . international Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. Safety Shoes. Jmikin Safety Appliance Co.. Louisville, Ky. Power Press Guards. Juvenile Wood Products, Inc.. Fort Wayne, Ind. Automobile Safety Seats for Children. The Karpark Corp., New York City. Parking Meters. Keystone View Co., Meadvillc, Pa. . Visual Safety Tests. Walter Kiddc &: Co.. Inc.. New York Cits'. Fire Protection Equipment. Kimball Safety Products Co.. Cleveland. Ohio. Industrial Safety Clothing and Supplies. Lehigh Safety Shoe Co., Inc.. Allentown, Pa. Leather and Rubber Safety Shoes. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston, Mass. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. The Lima Cord Sole S: Heel Co.. Lima, Ohio. Non-Slip Soles and Heels. Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co.. Chicago. 111. Automobile. Compensation and Genera: Casualty Insurance. Macwhytc Co.. Kenosha. V is. Wire Rope and Braided Wire Rope Slings. The Martindale Electric Co.. Cleveland. Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signals. McCloskey Torch Co.. Toledo. Ohio. Bomb Shell Torches and Truck Flare*. B. F. McDonald Co.. Los Angeles. Calif. Safety Hats and Respirator*. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.. New Y> rk City. Life Insurance. Industrial, etc. Michigan Malleai'le Iron Co.. Detroit. Mich. Traffic Stop Signs. Milbum Co.. Detroit. Mick. Protective Creams tor Prevention of Occupational Skin Disease* -Mine Safety-Appliances Co.. Pttt-Lureh. Pa. Safety Appliances and First Aid Materials. Modern Engineering Co.. St. Louts. Mo. Welding Torches and Safety Goggles. Murray Safety Sling Co., lr.e.. Pittsburgh. Plated Wire Rope Slings. 83 i Tzeenly-sixlh Xatlonal Safely Congress National Bureau oi Casualty & Surety Underwriters, New York City. Safety Service. Casualty Insurance. National Safety Council. Inc., Chicago, III. Posters, Bureau of Information. Research and Education Division. G. H. Packwood .Manufacturing Co.. St. Louis, Mo. Soaps and Cleaning Compounds. Panther-Panco Rubber Co., Inc., Chelsea, Mass. Safety Soles and Heels. The Patent Scaffolding Co., Chicago, III. Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. The Phister Manufacturing Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Fire Protection Equipment. Protcctoseal Co., Chicago, III. Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp., Brooklyn. N. Y. Respiratory Protection and General Safety Equipment. Railway and Industrial Engineering Co., Grcenshurg, Pa. Interlock Systems, Potential and Phase Detectors, Insulator Recce Wooden Sole Shoe Co., Columbus, Nclir. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Rich Signs Corp.. Wichita, Kans. Highway Reflecting Traffic- Markers. Rockuood Sprinkler Co., Worcester, Mass. Fire Protection Equipment. Rose Manufacturing Co.. Denver, Colo. Industrial Safety Equipment. Testers. Safeguard Electric Co., Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y. Shockproof Portable Lamp Guards. Safety Engineering. Alfred M. Best Co., Inc., New York City. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. The Safety Equipment Service Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Goggles and All Types of Accident Prevention Equipment. Safety First Shoe Co., Holliston, Mass. Safety Shoes. W. H. Salisbury r Co., Inc., Chicago, 111. Linemen's Rubber Protective Devices. Shepherd Safety Shoe Corp., Chicago, 111. Safely Shoes. The Spencer Turbine Co.. Hartford. Conn. Industrial Vacuum Cleaners and Dust Collection Equipment. Standard Safety Equipment Co., Chicago. 111. Industrial Safety Equipment. Stonckouse Signs. Inc., Denver, Colo. Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. The Strauss Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Belts, Safety Hats, and Foot Guards. Sugar Beet Products Co., Saginaw, Mich. Industrial Soaps. The Surety Rubber Co., Carrollton. Ohio. Linemen's Safety Equipment and Synthetic Rnhbcvrfrilustrial The Surty Manufacturing Co.. Inc.. Chicago, III. Dust Counters. Exhaust Units, Safety Guards and S-W Supply Co., Girard, Kans. Highway Railroad Signals. mr-n -ati S fif Equipment. --. rifay Siena! Co.. Ok:; Safety Signal Equirn: frame Bov, Inc.. Canto::. < School Zone Tronic V "rated States Steel Corpo: Steel Products and Ce Uililert Products Corp., E Industrial Safety and f Weaver Manufacturing Co Automotive Testing Ec Wet Disinfecting Co.. Cm Products for tiic Prom. The Western Union Ttriegr Communication Service Willson Products. Inc., Rea Personal Protective Dc j*'-;' ;Vr-4 its ougress York City. ion Division. 'Uiatur Testers . City. ..ports. Safely Equipment Section freeway Signal Co.. Oklaltotvta City, Okia. Safety Signal Equipment. Traffic Bov, Inc., Canton, Ohio. School Zone Traffic Warning Signs. United States Steel Corporation Subsidiaries, Pittsburgh, Pa. Y Steel Products and Cement. \tahlert Products Corp., Brooklyn. .\r. Y. ), Industrial Safety and Fire Protection Equipment. -iVeaver .Manufacturing Co., Springfield, 111. it. Automotive Testing Equipment. West Disinfecting Co., Chicago. 111. 5." Products for the Promotion of Industrial Sanitation, ibe Western Union Telegraph Co., Kansas City, Mo. !*' Communication Service, ivillson Products, Inc., Reading. Pa. Personal Protective Devices. w litiliMll'Ul. Imlu-trial Shield-. Textile Section Officers 1936-37 Qettcral Chairman--T. A. W ilson. North Carolina Industrial Commission. Raleigh, N. C. yiee-Chairman (In Charge of Program)--E. A. R oberts, American Mutual Liability In surance Co., Atlanta, Ga. yiee-Chairman iit Charge of Membership--W allace G ill, J r., Collins and Aikman Corp., Philadelphia, Pa. ' s. c. Vrtw Letter E ditor--P. M, C.u i.vk. The South Carolina Industrial Commission, Columbia, Secretary--E. M. S allev, American Enka Corp., Enka, N. C. Engineering Committee Chairman--H arvey S aul, U. S. Finishing Co., Pawtucket, R. I. Statistics Committee Chairman--W . R. M cC allum, South Carolina In d u strial Commis sion. Columbia. S. C. SIembers at Large-- E. V. A liirechtson, E. I. du Pom de Nemours : Co., Richmond, Va. H. R. C ory, Deacon Manufacturing Co., Swannanoa, N. C. C harles H. E ames. Lowell Textile Institute, Lowell, Mass. R ussell T. F isher. National Association of Cotton Manufacturers. Boston, Ma.--. G. H. Gkkoke, Sibley-Enterprise Manufacturing Co., Augusta, Ga. D. J. G i .a z e i i r o o k , Kendall Co.. Walpole, Mass. M. W. H eiss, Proximity Manufacturing Co., Greensboro, N. C. W a l t e r H u m p h r e y s , National Association of Woolen Manufacturers, New York City. R. I. J ennin c.s. Lanctt Cotton Mills. West Point. Ga. A. S. J ohnson, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston. Mass. R. J. D e L a M eter. Bigelow Sanford Carpet Co.. Inc., Amsterdam, N. Y. C arl E. L indemeyr, Forstinann Woolen Co.. Passaic, N. J. A. F. McGarr. Simmons Co.. San Francisco, Calif. F o r r e s t H. S h u f o r o . North Carolina Department of Labor, Raleigh. N. C. Officers Elected for 1937-38 Crurrai Chairman--T . A. \ V ii.>o n . Xorth Carolina industrial Commi>>iun. R aleigh. X. L. Vice-Chairman in Choroc of I'ro'.rjm --E. A. Rouerts, American Mutual Liabi:::; In surance Co.. Atlanta. Ga. in Choroc o f M car -:rship-- W . R . M c C a l l c m , South Carolina ! n * ; - - * . r . a l Commission. Columbia. S. C. h'cics Letter E ditor--Fk.\zi:k Patt-V^on*. W. C. Bradley Interests. Columbus. Ga. statistics Connniitt'c C h a i r m a n --1\ \ Jknninv.s, Lanctt Cotton Mills. West Point. u.\. 'n'mhcrs at Lnrqc-- _ .. OiAKt.F..* H. F.ami;.'. Lowcil Ti.-;:::!e Institute. Lowell. Mass. | M. \ \ \ H eiss. Proximity Manuracturintr Co.. Greensboro. X. Fsaxk E. M orris. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston. M asgg|^ * .rintendent made his rounds j lcncver lie observed a So(t tiie floor he picked it Up :he time and the department found and handed the bottle Unless the overseer could ee who was responsible f0f ttle on the floor, he was ry it constantly in his hands the shift. squired to acknowledge pube of his department to obwith respect to placing these containers provided, it was c ever)- overseer had, in his fashion, discovered a way the guilty employee and thus to this unsafe practice, mple o f what may be done to occurrence when the overseer :s job seriously is found in a mill in eastern Alabama iximately two and one half ours per year which, for the y 1. 1934 to January' 1, 1935 nts with a frequency rate of period January 1, 1933, to 36, had 18 accidents with a ; of S.02, and for the period 36, to November 1, 1936, had .tit quency rate of 4. En-tot sfied by this progress, t designated the month o! , "No-Accident" month. They ful in achieving the record ring the month of November. 1 their campaign through the ember. At the time this paper :cn, the plant has operated aptwo and one quarter million ithout a single lost time acci- orted. Wood Products Section Officers 1936-37 Qenerat Chairman-- H a r r y J. K e l l e y , American Seating Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. yice- Chairmnn-- W r L U A i t H a g c f .r t y , Edward Hines Lumber Co., Hines, Harney Co., O r e . Secretary-- M. C. G o o d s p e e d , General Electric Co., Erie, Pa. flevis L itter Editor-- H. E . S e e l y , The Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co., Chicago, III. Engineering Committee Chairman--J. H. L e e , Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Rockford, III. Jttmberthip Committee Chairman--S. T. D i b s d a l e , The J. G. Brill Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Pester Committee Chairman--R. L. Woods, Fisher Lumber Corp., Memphis, Term. program Committee Chairman--N i l s J u f .l l , Hayes Body Corp., Grand Rapids, Mich. Publicity Committee Chairman--Roi-and Jones, The Surtv Mfg. Co., Inc, Chicago, III. Statistics Committee Chairman--F. A. Pou.ock, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co, Chi cago. III. embers at Large-- R. C. B a r r , Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., San Francisco, Calif. F. W . B r a u n , Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. E. Ross K a r r a , Grand Rapids Safety Council, Grand Rapids, Mich. Louis W. K e r h e r o , Mengel Body C o, Louisville, Kv. I. A . P u r d y . Michigan Mutual Liability Co, Detroit, Mich. Officers Elected for 1937-38 General Chairman--H. E. S e e l e y , The Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co, Chicago, 11!. Vice-Chairman-- [. H. L e e , Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Rockford. 111. Secretary-- M. C. Goodspeed, General Electric Co, Erie, Pa. Kens Letter Editor--S. T. D m s d a l e , The J. G. Brill Co, Philadelphia, Pa. Membership Committee Chairman-- R. L. W o o d s , Fisher Lumber Corp, Memphis, Tenn. Publicity Committee Chairman-- R o l a n d J o n e s , The Surty Manufacturing Co, Inc, Chi cago. 111. Statistics Committee Chairman--F . A . P o l l o c k , Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co, Chi cago. III. Menteers at Large-- k. C. B\kR. Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co, San Francisco. Calif. Ir . W. B r a u n , Employers Mutuals, Wausau. Wis. E. Ross F a r r a . Grand Rapids Safety Council, Grand Rapids. Mich. L nts W. K e r p k r c , Mengel Body Co, Louisville, Kv. .1 A . T u r d y , Michigan Mutual Liability Co, Detroit. Mich. H arry J . K elley, American Seating Co, Grand Rapid.-. Mich. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 11, 1937 The session was called to order by Gen- Seating Co.. CfTBti--Rapid>, Mich, who in- sfyc'C -5 " " Rh Chairman Harrv I. Kellev, American troduced the spy<frr.3. - ---- ---1 '' .--L'ffi 611 fS fi& sfe.v . ` 8 OGOiCII ! 612 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress ; Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry By J. G. SISSMAN Director of Research, Surty Manufacturing Company, Inc., Chicago, 111. The best protection against fire in wood problems fall into several groups. Dust may working plants is dust control cleanliness, impair the value of the product by marring which means keeping the air dust-free, pre its finish. Furniture factories and cabinet venting the accumulation o f litter on floors, makers suffer most from this nuisance. Dust benches, and tools, and guarding against the may cause .accidents by making the footing accumulation of dust on oily, moving parts---underlain, by hiding obstructions on or de- .w..Ih-e--r-e---frictionfec.wtsililn-rfeloaodrislyor rtahieseextahcet ltoecmation of knives perature to the burning point. An adequate and cutting edges. Dust o f any kind in the dust collecting system is the best protection eyes is a nuisance and a dangerous nuisance against wood-shop fires. Nuisance dust, like fire hazard dust and ex Remember, a dust collecting system itself must be designed with this fact in mind; plosive dust is adequately and satisfactorily controlled by ventilation. fire as well as air and dust can be carried Wood working dusts, with the possible through air ducts. exception of a relatively small amount of The fire hazards in wood plants are well known. A study of such hazards, made by the National Fire Protective Association which published a report in 1932, gives a full analysis of some 1,700 fires in wood working plants and shows the proportion of danger in different parts of the plant and the ratio of fires of dust origin in compari son with others. The explosion hazard also has been care fully surveyed. It is present when dust is sufficient for combustion to be instantaneous over a considerable area. Explosion hazards, like fire hazards are best controlled by ven abrasive material which they contain, are bulky. There must be continuous removal of wastes of manufacture to leave room for men, machines and work in the plant For many years this was the only aspect of the case considered. Broom and shovel methods, which once were standard in the wood work ing trade for removal of wastes, were suffi cient and would still be sufficient, but, the presence of other hazards o f wood dusts complicate the problem. Broom and shovel methods are no longer acceptable. Moving air is the one effective means of disposal of wood wastes because it does so in a satis factory manner and because it fits into the tilation which precludes the accumulation of dangerous dust in plant atmosphere scheme ior guarding against other hazards. The material so collected is frequently Fire danger is present in wood working usable either as fuel within the plant or is operations whether performed in open sheds salvagable and saleable which helps reduce or totally enclosed buildings. Explosion substantially the cost of safeguarding the hazard is increased with enclosure of the plant. This is the only phase of the dust process in closed buildings. Bulletins 362 control problem which shows a direct profit and 617 L\ S. Department o f Labor, Bureau The others are an immediate charge on the of Labor Statistics, and several pamphlets industry which must be met as part of gen of the National Safety Council contain com- eral overhead. They show their profit in "plete safety information for prevention of directly in the prevention of injuries to dust explosions. They sum up the collected, men and the saving of the cost_o injury^ classified knowledge in this field and point to industry. -- out the close linkage between fire hazard and explosion hazard and show that either may be the cause of or the consequence of the other. These bulletins in conjunction with the rules or laws effective in your own state for removal of dust and gases,- will enable The last of the quintette, according to my classification, is wood dust as a health hat' ard. This quint has several characteristics: effect of wood dust on the human system: effect of abrasive dusts on the human sys- tern; effect of dust or materials other than you to work out a campaign against the haz-^ abrasive used in place of wood o f , * A C ^ t A Aa A 1A A | A A ' . ... ... '* nation \vith,il.on. .the lwmwb^f*".: of d ^ f i k f n g from the ion o^jfhe-'moriin system. -.-"5 Wc of sil innoc. quantdust i: The York Adelai ship be ease is wood the du: respira: wo r kin-, are not more si Studies present not been tail over statistic: .working there is : by the hi. .culosis. In the death rat of the rt standard 150; stone wood wor facturers is a true p og trades compar obvious th; mental to h Reports England ar. ntuation. i Workers art Jnth agric-. V Per cen . fB.ed with -J50. In the J higher, p. wan wood ^ere they J?ty-eight t ?{ed from ijespiratorv '& 117, t Jipnchitis" iod workc i f f makers . sffifW unde :7rt" IS5 Products Industry '-C^- 'y, Inc-, Chicago, III. 1to several groups. Dust n a / e of the product by, marring niture factories and cabinet lost from this nuisance. Dust dents by making the footing dding obstructions on or de- >r the exact location of knives ges. Dust of any kind in the :ce and a dangerous nuisance, like fire hazard dust and ex- adequately and satisfactorily entilation. - :ng dusts, with the possible i relatively smail amount of rial which they contain, are must be continuous removal lanu facture to leave room for and work in the plant For is was the only aspect of the .1. Broom and shovel methods, re standard in the wood workremoval of wastes, were suffiuld still be sufficient but the other hazards of wood dusts e pr n. Broom and shovel no . .r acceptable. Moving ffective means of disposai of ecause it does so in a satiscr and because it fits into the larding against ether hazards, al so collected is frequently as fuel within the plant or is 1 saleable which helps reduce the cost of safeguarding the the only phase of the dust m which shows a direct profit, c an immediate charge on the h must be met as part of gen- They show their profit inhe prevention of injuries to saving of the cost of injury the quintette, according to my is wood dust as a health hazint has several characteristics: ,d dust on the human system: asive dusts on the human sysf dust or materials other than isive-uscd in place or-wood or m with it on the human sys: dust resulting irom the finish- on the human system. Wood Products Section 613 ly.Vyood dust is'not dangerous in the sense cabinet makers do not rank well. Other wood silica or lead dust; but wood dust is not workers seem to occupy a middle place. itfOCUOUS. Any dust inhaled in sufficient Sjntities is detrimental to health and wood fjust is not excepted. Dust in wood working trades is therefore a definite hazard to the health of workers and of particular significance in the impetus LThe industrial bulletin of the state of New ork f r July, 1936, contains an article by which it gives to diseases of the respiratorysystem. Adelaide Ross Smith in which the relation a l between wood dust and respiratory' dissse is set forth. Dr. Smith points out that Vood working is a dusty trade and while O f less actual significance, but of consider able interest because it is seldom considered as a hazard to wood workers, is contact with woods or wood dusts which are poisonous. ithe dusts are not primarily siliceous, more (respiratory disease is found in the wood forking plants than in plants where dusts Bulletin 616 issued by the U. S. Bureau o f Labor Statistics, also the Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1936 edition, contain two ire not present. She suggests that perhaps interesting references to poisonous woods. nore silica dust is present than is suspected. The first o f these, which appears on page `.Studies to determine which of the dusts present in woodworking are dangerous have got been made, at least not with sufficient de- 350, refers to an outbreak of dermatitis in a wood working plant employing 100 men. As a result o f contact with Brazilian wal tail over-a long enough period of time. But nut wood dusts, 11 cases, a rate of about statistical evidence definitely places wood ([working.in that class of industry in which 10 per cent developed dermatitis of varying severity which, in some cases, incapacitated there is some exposure to silicosis, as shown % the high mortality from pulmonary tuber- the man for several weeks. The inference was that a large measure of tolerance of talosis. toxins in that particular wood can be devel ''In the study made by Oliver, in which the death rate of the agriculturist from diseases of the respiratory system was taken as a standard or 100, the rate for potters was ISO; stone quarriers 261; cotton workers 2-14; oped^ An extensive account appears on page 353 o f the same bulletin. It is a reprint of a bulletin issued by the International Union o f Wood Workers for September-Octobcr. wood workers 238; masons 213; wood manu`facturers 202; and bakers 177. If this figure is a true picture of deaths in the wood workng trades due to respirator.- diseases, 238 1931. This bulletin states that there are many woods, particularly those grown in the tropics, which contain active poisons. The actual number of cases reported is ts compared with 100 as the standard, it is obvious that wood dusts are definitely detri mental to health. relatively small. This is due to the slow ac tion of the dust and the fact that many physicians are not familiar with occupational exposure or the resulting disabilities, and so Reports from the Registrar General of do not associate the illness with patients' England and Wales, show the same general trades. .situation. Under the English system wood writers are rated at 103 per cent, compared with agricultural workers who are rated at .59 per cent Woodworkers rate 339 com pared with the general population rate of :U0. In the case of cabinet makers the rate >higher, perhaps because more dusts other than wood dusts are present in the atmos phere they breathe. One hundred and seveoty-eight trades are listed in this report. 'Med from 1 to 178. Under the heading -"respiratory tuberculosis" cabinet makers -rate 117, other wood workers 81. Under "bronchitis" cabinet makers rank 121, other wood workers 63. Under "pneumonia" cab*>et makers 51, other wood -.vorkers 28. E x The most frequent symptom of wood poi son is dermatitis which may be slight or severe. Other effects may be palpitation of the heart, shortening of breath, or dizziness. Such symptoms also come from inhaled dust. Repeated contacts do not confer a tolerance o f these poisons; in fact they may make one super-sensitive, so that working on ordinar ily harmless woods causes a re-occurence of incapacity. The toxic substance occurs as volatile oils or alkaloids. Quite a number of woods are enumerated. It is the good fortum trade to be able largel; the most serious dust lgwood-workin g__ X-jStsfhd aside from the problgrt .. citing under the heading of "pneumonia," of silica dust, since $< fj|wp:gfiire is littttW,- m e?-* o c o m I; .s&l m 614 Tvicnty-sixth National Safety Congress show that silica is a substantial danger in the wood working field. This is true despite the reference to the report of Dr. Smith. While that danger is slight at present, it is a growing danger, due to the use of ex tremely high speed sanding devices for finish ing operations, using siliceous material as abrasives, and to the growing use of products of non-wood origin in the woodworking shops. Many of the panels now being worked in wood shops contain high proportions of asbestos and other silidous minerals. Where this is done, the worker may be exposed-toconcentrations*'of silica dust sufficient to present a definite hazard. It is well to make occasional survey of your plant to determine exposure continuous or intermittent. While perhaps finishing operations are not properly a part of the woodworking operation they do occur in so many plants that their existence should be pointed o u t Changes in the stains, paints or other finish ing coatings causing lead poisoning lessen that hazard compared to 20 or 25 years ago. The nitrocellulous and pyroxylin finishes which are displacing paints, are distinctly dangerous. Volatile materials comprise about three-fourths of the mass, which is then thinned by the addition of other vola tiles to several times the original volume. They are dangerous. In addition to health hazard, these finishes add to the fire and explosion hazard of the wood working plant. Acetone and acetates, ethylenes and alcohols are the principal toxics which enter the new finishes. Descriptions of'these ingredients will be found on page 337 of Bulletin 116 previously mentioned. It appears that, from the point of view of health hazards, these conclusions can be drawn: (1) Wood dust is dangerous tq -health and increases the incidence of respira tory disease. (2) Dermatitis is a result of contact with woods of tropical origin and their dusts, and will follow exposure (3) Silicious materials are a factor in the high incidence of pulmonary diseases in die wood working plants. (4) New materials, particu larly those having appreciable silica content, present new dangers which must be carefully guarded against. (5) The new surface fin ishes, to a large extent replacing the lead pigment paints, obviate one danger and introduce new dangers of their own. Dust then presents five different problems to the wood working trade. A good ventilat ing system will solve all five problems, re ducing dangers in four instances, and in the fifth reducing direct costs. equi; hooc chine const open sticki ment gener exhat dangt Tht ' fire ii buildi i space -'sheds, his fin .and fit " VVitl .an intc ,,stalling points regular gram, Good Housekeeping in Woodworking Plants By JAMES C. WILSON Vice President, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Company, Chicago, 111. Chicago, 111. Good housekeeping is and always has been one of the most important features of a successful manufacturing program. Funda mentally it is the outstanding feature if considered in its broadest terms. It includes not only a sensible, intelligent handling of sales, accounting methods, packaging and shipping, but, more specifically, production methods and the habits of the men engaged in production. It seems obvious to us that when a new plant is being designed or when an old one is being rebuilt, the plans should include and provide for good housekeeping through the following details: A complete and efficient dust collecung system is a basic necessity, and once instance it must be serviced constantly to retain |U efficiency. The removal of all waste mate rial from floors and around machines ts * full-time job requiring definite assignmea to a clean-up crew. ^7 In laying out the machine setup, S housekeeping requires an intelligent plan der which the machines are grouped so ^ the progress of stock being processeo , suchJh at there is a continuous flow tow com gSfioi^vith rto-backtracking.__ Iip ^ n y -ip f the .^d^H ants, th ^ j!L lias Mwiflged and ntwgaachines have fj if. Is ea job? I luires know t; running ' raricosi mg lum keeping cause o *'orking .* Why' Problem * so ir "iust ha; rtOne d -Jccident: .consider; -Pensatior Aoportan -N ess h. Prducti< Jfnich is i-fird by a