Document N19MM9dx6ev4Y3K6EpmDkjEw

tl ) Air Hygiene Foundation of America, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. April 27, 1939. Inc., MOTE TO MSS3SRS; Enclosed is a copy of Mellon Institute's annual report which has just been published and which contains a special section on the work of Air Kygieno Foundation (see page 239). Parts of this section nay interest various executives in your organization. May wo ask, therefore, that you please bring the material to the attention of your associates? Also enclosed is a reprint of an important article on aluminum vs. silica dust. Extra copies of both reprints are available if desired. H. B, Mcllcr Managing Director 0. ' U rf J "> ,-J *a Reprintedfrom Newt Edition, INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY, Vol. tl, Po<]t233, April 10, 1030 Research at Mellon Insl.il.ute during 1938-1939* Especially prominent among the The work of tho fellowship has included institute's recent undertakings has a survey of manufacturing operations and been the inception of researches methods in use for tho treatment and dis along a broader front for greater servicpeosal of spent pieklc liquors in important to science, industry, and humanity. In stccl-producing districts of the country. vestigations have been begun in several Preliminary studios have been made of 35 hitherto little studied fields of engineering proposed, patented, or partially industrially materials and mechanical equipment for developed processes for the treatment of manufacturing, construction, and trans waste pieklc liquors, and detailed investiga portation. Another feature of the year tions arc being conducted on a few of the 1933-39 has been the expansion of work in most promising procedures. Already, in public health, industrial hygiene and eco three of these processes, decided Improve nomics, pharmaceutical chemistry, electro ments have been effected, and in two other chemistry, textiles, plastics, and building processes engineers and chemists arc working technology. Special facilities and ap on suggested changes of likely benefit. A paratus have been furnished for tbe*e new series of experiments is well under way on investigations. possible uses for a material recoverable from The institute is the hub of the scientific spent pickle liquor, and plans are being made organizations in the Pittsburgh district, to carry on an investigation on the utiliza most of which meet regularly tn its audi torium. National conventions held dur tion of pickle liquor and its chemical by products. The quantity of waste pickle ing the year in the institute's home in liquors produced by the iron and steel plants cluded those of the Ametuau Association of the United Slatca hits uten variously of Anntoniition, Insula' -':>ecial Libraries Associa Committee of the Na estimated at from 500.000.000 to $00,000,000 gallons per year. Hence the development tional Itesc Foundation, Council, Air Hygiene the Society of Rheology. of suitable processes for the treatment of this immense quantity of industrial waste and General Information on the Insti tute's Researches the discovery of uses for the recoverable by products are indeed important. The iron and steel industry is determined to clean The 86 industrial fellowships--30 mul tiple and 56 individual fellowships--in up as soon as possible this source of stream pollution. operation during the institute's fiscal year March 1, 1933, to March 1, 1939. are listed at the end of this report. These programs of research have required the services of 161 fellows and 90 fellowship assistants during all or part of the year. Thirty-nine fellowships have been in operation 5 years or more, and of this number 20 have been active 10 years, 11 have concluded 15 years or more of re search, and S fellowship* are 20 years of age or older. The instittlMpent $1,104,405 in conducting punMHgjplied science research in 193S-39. New Fellowship* twMjj-39. Seven teen fellowships begaav'tjpBftion during the year: Acid Recovery, Draft, Electro- Research on Electrodepositjon. On the fellowship of the Standard Stee! Spring Co., R. H. Lester has a broad program of investigation on electroplating of metals to produce corrosion resistance. In particular he will study tho new electroplating process of the donor and will investigate its application in various fields. This process can give a plating of a pore-free type that has been found to be corrosion-resistant, especially in oil wells. The deposit can be made malle able and to withstand abrasive as well a* corrosive attack. Steel plated by tho novel process has likely markets ir. the manufacture of pipe, tanks, barrels, special containers, and apparatus. deposition, Ethanol, Felt, Filter, Gypsum, IMPROVEMENT OT Are Filters. Last fall Iodine, Meter, Pearl, Printing, Rubber, the American Air Filter Co., Inc., set up a Silk, Special Dves, Special Plastics, Tube, fellowship for the investigation of materials and Watch Technology. Four other fellow of value for tho construction of filters for ships have been accepted and will start air-conditioning systems. F. F. Rupert, the work soon. Brief accounts will be pre incumbent, is giving special attention to sented here of the research progress to the chemical treatment and coating of steel date of those new fellowships whose estab wool and other filter materials to provide lishment has been announced previously. the greatest degree of durability and effi In addition, information will be included ciency. regarding the electrodeposition, iodine, and pearl fellowships. On the fellowship on special dyes, at the end of the year, G. B. Feild replaced W. E. Holland as the incumbent; the latter then joined the donor's organization in a technical ca pacity. Basic Research ox Ctpscm Prooccts. The fellowship held by H. E. Simpson is investigating for the U. S. Gypsum Co. the fundamental chemistry of plaster tech nology as related to the properties of the various products manufactured basically from gypsum and calcined gypsum. The ' Prevention op Stream Pollution y objective is the development of new processes Waste Pickle J.muons. The fellow and techniques which will have wide applica ship on acid recovery of the American tion in the field of building materials. Iron and Steel Instit.ttc (W. W. Notice, incumbent) was founded Inst summer to try to solve the problem of preventing stream pollution by waste pickle liquors. Concerted efforts arc being undo to improve existing method* ami tn evolve new ones so that eventually a technically and economically satisfactory process will bo <Jevcliq>cd for tho treatment of si<ent pickle to ole tain from waste liquors chemical by-products and to discover uses for tlu-tn. nmi to produce from tho neid wnilo liquors an diluent which will la neutral in reaction amt mil ijf.u.-tnry to public health and industrial authorities. Ionian Research Resumed. During the period January 1, 192S, to January 1. tlKW, the Iodine Educational Bureau. Inc., sus tained a series of fellowships in the institute wtin-w purpo.-v was to extend tho uses for iodine. In the course of this investigational work G. M. Kama, the senior fellow, first studied the effectiveness of iodine in the con trol of smut on oats nud. in foupcralion with vc ter ilia rians. (he place of iodine in veterinary medicine, lie next carried out a compre* hen-ivc research on the behavior of iodine solutions at liquid-solid interfaces, from which emtio note knowledge rexiwrting tho * Abstract of the Twenfv-SItth Annual Hcpnrt el the director, K. It. Weullein. In the truster* uf tb imlitKtnin. welting (tower of indino from various antipi-1 -tIc solutions mul also a new iodine anti- septic. He then colltil*irnUil in kii exlrtt- 233 mural pharmaceutical study of iodine solu tions for antisepsis, devised apparatus for use in the determination of iodine in very low concentrations, and participated in a thorough investigation of the value of iodine for livestock in central Pcunsyivunia. con- ducted at the Pennsylvania State College. Early in 1939 the lodino Educational Bureau again became a fellowship donor, having decided to support scopeful investiga tion on uses of iodiuc in industry, unreal husbandry, and pharmacy, snd K. K. Johnson has initiated this project. Studies ix Meter TECnxoLoor. The Pittsburgh Equitable Meter Co.'s fellowship on meter technology, with R. L. Wakemaa as the incumbent, is investigating the applica tions of synthetic resins and plastics as constructional materials for gas and liquid meters. Modem expansion in' the use of industrial eases, the development products, such as propane and butane, and increased attention to materials balance and utiliza tion of meters in establishing this balance have confronted the producer and consumer of these gases with circumstances which often make it desirable to replace leather diaphragms of meters with materials more suitable to the respective conditions. This need has been recognized for several years by the American Gas Association, as wit nessed by the existence of an association cora- mittco to study meter diaphragms and the active participation of L'. M. Van tier Pyi, of the Pittsburgh Equitable Meter Co., on this committee. The meter fellowship, with his collaboration, is pursuing a compre hensive investigation of the properties of synthetic materials which may be useful for this purpose. Within the past two or three decades, the necessity"for meters in the production and marketing of various liquid commodities has increased in proportion to the expansion of the chemical, petroleum, brewing, and other industries, and the demand for meters to handle hot water and other hot liquids in industrial establishments has also grown enormously. This wideued use of liquid meters and the increase in exacting re quirements placed upon them make desir able a search for new materials of construc tion. The current vigorous development of the chemistry and technology of synthetic resins, coupled with the versatility of their properties and applications, suggests many new uses for them in the design of fluid meters of all type*. With such applications in view, the meter fellowship i undertaking an in vestigation of the behavior of plastics under adverse conditions which may in the future become standard metering conditions. As tho dimensional tolerances in meter* are necessarily lower than those in m<>*; other articles in which plastics have heretofore been utilized. Special methods have l-ocn developed for measuring heat resitancc. deformation under load, snd dimeri-nunnl change in various liquid media, niul an at tempt is being made to correlate the-c ami allied properties with the chemical nature and thermal history of aynthetie plastics. New Knowledge ox Pearls. The members of Pearl Associates, Ino.. repre senting tho leading retnil ami wluV.P.. dealers in naturul oriental |>e:irl,i m the I'niled Xtates. established a fellow ship, with A. K. Alexander ns the ineiiml*-:.t, to gather complete scientific data on nil pc iris originating in muritnritifernni m-ilLi'.--*. Microscopic studies of thin 'idu-w-l IM-nrl* hy tiio fellow havo revealed tint u->t all pearl* aro cotnpov-d of the ortlmrl iiu.I. i: variety of calcium enrlxxinie (uiii-iui-). Xuverol large natural salt water pearl- on l rt 1 U1 O 231 INDUSTMAL \N1> ENGINEV'.UING CUEMliTiU- VOL. 17, NO. 7 celi<>nins have lx*cn found to formed in part of itie much c-mimo'ivr hexain-nal form of calcium earl-male (talcitc). Discovery of the presence of calfi'tc in natural salt water pearls proved important when sub* sequent cxiicriiiujiits "ere conducted on the use of optical and x-ray equipment as a means of di-tinipiishin;; cultured from natural pearls. The Japanese cultured pearl ha* been shown to possess a large core, which, in r-presi-ntative specimens, averages from 76 to 90 per cent of the total linear diameter. This finding is at variance with implications in published statements generally accepted by the buying public as valid. Another pba.n of the fellowship research has involved toping equipment in use to distinguish cul tured from natural pearls, to find methods whereby this equipment could bo improved. A ease in point is X-ray procedure, employed for many years for pearl differentiation, which has been modified to yield information on pearl substance quickly and accurately. The chemical, physical, and optical tests performed on pearls and the data obtained will form the basis for a comprehensive report. The work completed so Car has demonstrated the superiority of the natural pearl in esthetic quality and homogeneous structure over all pearls laade by artifice. Research ix Watcz h.v:r.:r.vrio*c. The Elgin National Watch Co. founded a fellow ship for th study of chemical aspects of technical problems in the watch industry, with 0. E. Barker as the fellow. The first objective is the development of improved watch lubricants. The lubricant being sought must be nonvolatile, nonspreading, noncorr'osive. and chemically stable; it must possess the proper viscosity, pour* point, and solidification temperature, and must lubricate satisfactorily. Special meth ods have been developed by tbe fellow for measuring these properties. Among such accomplishments have been the design and construction of an instrument for evaluating the "oilieess" of watch lubricants. Par ticular attention has been devoted to a cor relation of the desired properties with chemical composition. These studies have led to an intensive investigation of many synthetic organic chemicals, which have been learned to possess certsus HpMrior qualities over tbe older, commonly^Sjto'ed animal, fish, and mineral oils- vSjapgsiTig results have been obtained with MM. of these new products in actual watch tetSw Completed Fellowship Research Programs. The following fellowships concluded their investigations during the year: Dairv Technology, Drying, Flavor ing, Food Container, Glazing, Household Utilities, Pharmaceuticals, and Stone. There follows a description of the general activities of and the development of "Thor" products for foundry use by the fellowship on dairy technology. Then there will be given the present status of flaked coffee, a creation of the food con tainer fellowship. Tbe principal research accomplishments ot the fellowship-; on pharmaceuticals and stone have been published. N'ew Products from Skim-Milk Souov Industrial uses for milk ingredients o:Tvr a solution to the large problem of profitable disi-osal of dairy wastes and by-products. Though there is very lilllo outright -.vasinac in the processing of milk, thcro is a lnrjo< amount of material which finds its way into feed markets as an expedient for quick dis posal. Trcaiiocnt ol such tmlk product, to yield industrially useful articles has I-ecu one objective of the dairy industry fur a niimlxr of years. Casein glues and piiutu-s nro already well established in commerce. Additional outlets fur milk by-product, were the objectives of iho fellowship sustained by the llordcn Co. from October I, l'.Kll, to January 1. 1930. The cop<> of this program was such a, (o include for investigation the several types of material obtainable from milk--namely, carcin, laetulbumin, and lactose. and the combinations thereof oc curring in skim milk and whey. The several project# v. era carried to varying stages of development. A new- application of the adhesive proper ties of milk proteins is seen in the de velopment of a line of materials for foundry use. Three products, protected by patents, marketed in dry form under the trade name "Thor" by the Borden casein division, have been made available: a core hinder, a core paste, and a silica wash, the latter for em ployment in steel foundries. Adaptability of milk proteins to theso uses has re sulted through the discovery of means of solubilizing and rendering effective the otherwise insoluble proteins. High adhesive strength, resistance to moisture, and unique burning qualities of these materials have enabled the formulation of products pos sessing features of special importance in foundry" molds and cores. The research in cluded some new measurements of proper ties of foundry binders, pastes, and washes. Simplified methods were devised for evaluat ing these products which bear on their employment in practice II. K. Salzbcrg, the holder of the fellow ship throughout its life, was promoted to the donor's technical staff in Bainbridge, N\ V., on January' I. to participate actively in tho further development and commercial introduction of "Thor" products. Fused Cod ec. Id 1934 the food con tainer fellowship of the Continental Cart Co. announced the productionof fiaked coffee, ob tained by rolling freshly roasted and ground coffee [see News Ed.. 12. 141 (1934) J. Flaked coffee offered to the consumer a better balanced cup of coffee and a greater economy in the use of coffee, because the flaking operation, by thoroughly crushing the cells, renders their contents more readily acces sible for extraction. This economy, in fact, amounts to a 50 per cent increase in the number of cups of coffee per pound. Flaked coffee has been available for three years in packages, but its use has been limited to the brands so packed. The latest de velopment is a counter flaking mill for the retail food market, whereby any coffee, according to the customer's selection, may be flaked to order. This flakcr will also be useful in the hotel or restaurant kitchen. Coffee so processed has the same brewing characteristics ss packaged flaked coffee, and it is believed this new development will greatly extend both tbe popularity and availability o! coffee flakes. Bibliographic Statistics During the calendar year 193$, 17 bul letins, 27 research reports, and 43 other papers caw.e (tom the institute. Twentyfour United States patents and 3$ foreign patenUonfeltow-hiiJ inventions proceeded to issue. The total publications for the2S year* ended December 31,193$, have been 20 books, 174 bulletins, $03 research re ports, And 1225 miscellaneous articles; 71-1 United States patents were granted dur ing the some period. Amiouncrablr Progress in Continued Industrial Fellowship licsearclics U?es for Anthracite. Completely automatic heat is readily obtained with Pennsylvania anthracite, without the necc.-ity <f any attention for weeks at a time. Thi< rv-till is secured by using a stoker whi<h withdraws niitluncilc from the bin, bums it under thermostatic con trol, and drop< Ihc a-.lt by gravity into an nsh-s-torngc pit beneath tint healer. Tho multiple fellowship of Anthracite Indus tries, Inc. (II, J. Rose, senior fellow) lias Made engineering Minhr-t anil prepared de signs for modern anthracite bins that set new staodarvls of Convenience, cli-aniinc',, and apjx-nranee. Completed bulk tins give working drawings, construction de tails, and estimates for gravity a>h-remoral methods. In many eases, anthracite ashes may be used to advantage by the householder, for it has been found that they improve thr texture and tilth of clay soil. The ashes also reduce soil cracking and cro-ion and help plants to withstand droughty con ditions. Ashes are thought of simply as a sod-amendment agent and not as a fertilizer. Research on uses for anthracite ashes and colliery refuse for tbe manufac ture of building materials has continued with interesting results, particularly in the field of heat-insulating materials. Data were collected on the inherent chemical and physical properties of anthra cite and on its combustion characteristics. A study of the potential smoke-producing tendencies of coals of various ranks was completed. "CaLCOxite" ix Dairt Cleaning. In consequence of laboratory' and large-scale work conducted by the multiple fellowship of Calgon, Inc. (B, H. G";..;.-,, ,-enior fel low), the use of `'Calgoriitc'' was found to be advantageous in the cleaning of dairy pasteurizers, heat exchangers, and storage tanks, a3 well as in the washing of cans and bottles. The large-scale investigation of can and bottle washing was supplemented by a b&cteriologic study which yielded lurther confirmation of tbe sanitational value of film-prevention in cleaning proc esses. Now in progress are researches on the constitution of sodium tnetaphosphale and on the role of sodium metaphosphate in plant nutrition. Chains and Electric Welding Rods. In 1935 the McKay Co. established a fellowship for investigating problems of tire and industrial chain manufacture, with D. F. Helm as tho incumbent. Later the study of flux-coatcd shielded-arc welding electrodes, another wire product, was added to tbe program of tnc fellowship, which was expanded to a multiple basis with the appointment of J. E. Harris as junior fellow. During 193$ a number of successful welding electrode coating com positions have been evolved by this re search group working in cooperation with the donor's laboratories. These products have been carried through tho full cycle of development and are now in production. It is planned that researches will be pursued broadly alone tbe lines now under way, including studies of tbe processes of manu facture and durability of chain products, origination of shieldcd-arc welding elec trodes for special purposes, and mvc-tiga- tion of general problems in the domain of welding technology. Commodity Standards. The multiple fellowship of KanSmann Department Stores, Inc., which is concerned with Eroblcms of retail merchandising, has ten in successful operation eight years. During the past year the fellowship st(T, headcu by Jules Labartho, Jr., has had a program consisting of the following five general branches: prc-cvaluation of mer chandise offered to store buyers, t-Mah- liidimcnt of specifications and informative labels for own-brand and other staple merchandise items, evaluation of cuv.onter complaints about merchandise servicea bility or usefulness, rendering technical survive, to the stoic maintenance depart ment, and education of salespeople mid consumers. The pre-evaluation of iiu-rchatnli-c has been conducted as far us |xv-m1.1c according to iccognizcd standard test n.cth- 0 ,, i! 7 -j APMI. JO, mo ods. Two or more competitive items were invariablv compared and the su)>erior merchandise recommended for purchase. Eighty-two specification-standard staple items were added to the list begun two years ago, and the fellows prepared the copy to appear on the informative label for each of these articles. Eight hundred and forty adjustment cases were studied, of which 213 were judged to be justifiable complaints. 7.' >st common causes of failure a- defective merchan- di? >n dyes affected by at . . -.s, poor color fast- nt > crocking, and tnade- qu . in lower* priced mer- cn: .'.jus promulgated to the sah '.motive material on mcr- chui-.iliv. . .iity and care, both in the form of written information and by occasional informal talks. The senior fellow ad dressed nearly 40 women's clubs and other consumer organizations of the Pittsburgh district. Four of the five phases of the program have become of direct benefit to the con sumer. The basis of procedure deals with ino dise serviceability, dete of occasional failure to . and providing useful judge quality in goods for them. In this day, what the so-called consumer movement is of such importance to retailers and manufacturers and labeling legislation is so general, the unbiased tech nical advice of this fellowship is of ever increasing value to the donor and the public. Corrox Focn'datiox Fellowship. This multiple fellowship--supported by a philanthropic group of business men or ganized as the Cotton Research Foun dation--devoted its first year to a com prehensive survey of the literature on cotton and cotton products and to a laboratory research program for the pre liminary examination of potential new uses. The provision of this activity by voluntary contributions from a large num ber of participants in this commendable movement is worthy of special note. Broadly speaking, the aim is to make both fundamental investicntions and practical studies of any subjects that carry the possibility of improving thecot ton economy of this country. In order to progress as rapidly r.s possible, the initial fellowship personnel--consisting of I). M. Mus-cr, n. 1\ Nickerson, and H. S. Olcotl--lias been expanded by the addition of five assistants. A review of the literature on the proper ties of hull bran and of previous sugges tions for its utilization lias been com pleted ami submitted for publication. news edition Moreover, a compre hensive chemical annly.sisof this material and a >]>cclr<>graphtn examination of il-> noli have been carried out and will r<*m apivar in print. The fellow, ship lias dovclojivd a sweeping comiiouiid bused on cottonseed hull bran that is be lieved to be more ef ficient than existing commercial types; con siderable interest has been shown in this product, and it is ex pected that a number of companies will un dertake its manufac ture in the near future. Problems concerned with the isolation and properties of cottonseen proteins have re- 23: Ba-ie work on the properties of cotton lint refuting to certain >peci.-ihmf tmfn-'n.il applications is m progre-s. Nlctliods of prove--mg and puri!i>-utinu of hull loiter' arc being inspected. The Colton Re.-careli Foundation, con tinuing its policy of providing financial aid to in.-iiliHions proposing intcrc-ling re search projects for cotton utili/ation, hac-tabli-hcd. through the agency of Mellon Institute, three. feiiow-lii[ or scln.lnr-lups in southern universities in addition 10 that for which arrangement, \w-ic made at the University of North Carolina last year. This latter problem i, an investiga tion by G. C. llnlroyd, under the leader ship of F. K. Cameron, of method, of pulping the entire cotton plant to provide an advantageous source of ccUulo.-c. At the University of Texas, in a program be ing supported jointly by that institution and the Cotton Research Foundation, It. B. Alien is studying the products of cata lytic hydrogenation of cotton with a view to developing u.vrs for (inters and orTgrades of lint. W. E. Richards, at the ccived much investiga tion. Not only have methods been devised for carrying out the preparation of cotton seed globulin on a pilot-plant scale, but also a number of studies are in progress on possible industrial applications. Another project is an investiga tion on the possibility of obtaining an effec tive activated carlwn by the thermal decom pil'd ion of cottonseed hull bran. The nutri* tiuiul projicrtics of cottonseed meal of various ty]>es are l>eing thoroughly studii.il by means of grow lli experiments with rats. research laboratory of the Multiplo Industrial Fellowship on Moat Insulation 236 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY VOL. 17, NO. 7 Texas Technological College, is determin ing and examining the constituents of cotton burrs. A fellowship, of winch U. A. .Suihciland is the incmuhent, on the Utilization of cotton-ecd hull bran as a source of lignin ami fuifmal, lias recently been put in operation at tiio University of Tennessee, Realizing that ccononnc as pects ore of vital significance in the de velopment of new tij.es, a novel departure is seen in the fellowship on cellulose eco nomics at the University of Pittsburgh. G. D. Jheber, whose undergraduate and preliminary graduate training has been in the field of chemistry, in addition to pursuing a curriculum of studies as a candi date for a higher degree in the department of economies, wilt correlate the results of the investigative activities with analyses of the economic situation in cotton tech nology. New Foods. The major accomplish ment of the multiple fellowship on food varieties of H. J. lieinz Co. (L. It. Hard ing, senior fellow) has been the complete technological development of a tine of special foods for the feeding of children beyond tbe strained foods age. These new products are the result of a demand from physicians and mothers for foods for young children that are of ,-r texture and require chewing, afford good nutritive bal ance with special emphasis on the content of vitamins and minerals, are of easy di gestibility and free from spices and other unsuitable ingredients, and ti3ve interest ing variety and Appealing portability. These foods arc also particularly suitable for convalescents and other adults on special diets who need easily digestible foods of high nutritive value. Nine of these foods have been put into production in the donor's factories and three others are ready for manufacture. Most of these products are composed of a number of in gredients combined according to new and unusual recipes planned especially for food factory adaptability. Many prob lems had to be solved in preparing, cook- iog, packaging, and sterilizing these foods ia order to preserve flavor, color, and food value to the most favorable degree. The twelve varieties includejytget&blcs, both plain and creamed, magjgjwxlucta, fruit, and puddings. Speed^NK the names adopted for this line d^rador Foods" are Creamed Green VqfiMBb*, Creamed Diced Vegetables, Creamed Tomato and Rice, Creamed Diced Potatoes, Lamb and Liver, Chicken Vatina Vegetable Por ridge, Chopped Spinach, Chopped Car rots. Chopped Mixed Vegetables, Pine apple Rice Pudding, Prune Pudding, and Appie-Fig-and-Daic Dessert. The nutritional studies of the fellowship have been carried forward, and vitamin assays have been completed on most of the junior foods, as well as on several strained foods. A new variety in the strained foods line--namely, strained pears and pineapple--has been developed and put Into production following the establish ment of its nutritive value. Surface Haiidxess of Class. The term "hardness" admits of no explicit defi nition; it is indeed generally used with out regard to definition, bringing thereby confusion rather than clarity into many Statements. lfnidni's; may have as many meanings when applied to glass as when applied to other materials, lint, as otic of the specific advantages of glass is its ability to transmit light, attempts have been made by the multiple fellowship on technical glassware of the Corning Glass Co. (U. U. McGregor, senior fellow) to determine the ability of dilTetcut com positions to resist surface alteration of a type dial would reduce direct light trans mission. Methods and apparatus have been developed tlmt enable the appraisal of surface hardness according to that [joint of view. It has been found that this sur face stability has not necessarily any rela tion to the structural stability or mechani cal strength of the glass. Attempts are being made to evaluate certain glasses on the basis of the services required of them. Heat Ixsui.atioa' Research. The multiple fellowship of the Philip Carey Co. (R. II. Heilman, senior follow) has been active in making thermal conductivity de terminations on low-temperature or build ing insulation. A study of the thermal and physical characteristics of various heat- insulating cements has abo been con ducted. Considerable time has been ex pended by the fellowship in experimental investigations leading towards standard' methods for determining the thermal and physical characteristics of heat-insulating materials. This work has been carried on in collaboration with various committees of the A. S.T. M. Since the .1/orre Carrie disaster on September 9, 1934, when many lives were lost, stringent specifications have been de veloped for materials used in ship con struction to eliminate the hazard of fire at sea. As a means of preventing the spread of fire on shipboard, it is r.;..::.ry to have fireproof construction for bulkheads, cabin enclosures, and storerooms, and "Carey Firefoil" has been developed for this pur pose. This material, which can be pro duced commercially in large panels suitable for fire-safe bulkhead construction, is made of alternate layers of flat and cor rugated asbestos felts having eight cor rugations per inch of thickness. The lov ers of asbestos felt arc joined with a newly devcloped waterproof adhesive, resulting in a board or panel that is hard, rigid, light, and strong. The l-inch thick Firefoil core weighs approximately 2 pounds per square foot, ft has sufficient strength after soaking in water for 72 hours to withstand a pressure of approximately 75 rounds applied to a l-inch square die on tnesurfacc. Firefoil is manufactured in widths up to 4S inches and can be furnished in any thickness from lA inch up by V* inch increments. The fellowship has as sisted in the acquisition of technical in formation on this new product, which has already found a number of uses other than in ship construction, including boiler and furnace casings, oven walls, casings forairconditiooing units, interior building units, and insulating linings for stacks. The fellowship has also aided in secur ing additional technical information on the Carey all-asbestos insulating air duct, de scribed last year, which is having a steadily increasing acceptance in the air-condi tioning field. LaBORATOP.T CON'STRCCTIOXAL MA TERIALS. "Kemito" and '`KaTcite," lowshrinkage, acid-resistant ceramic bodies, the pores of which arc filled with carbon in the form of coke, conceived and de veloped by S. M. Phelps, of the institute's refractories fellowship, have kept in large- scale production through the year. These products have been specified tor many new laboratory installations, and the reports concerning the ware w hich has been in u.mj for longer periods have been uniformly favorable. The tabic tops sinks, window silts, and drain pipe employed in the in stitute's building have continued to give excellent service. During the fourth year of the fellowship maintained by tins Ceramic Products Co., with K. 11. Mar- baker as incumbent, prospective new raw materials weie evaluated, studio looking towards the development of additional aiertics wen: carried out, and new ications were investigated. 'Meat Tenouuu srinx. . A fellowship wm established November 10, 19.15, by the Kroger Food Foundation of the Kroger Grocery and Raking Co. (M. D. CoulUr. fellow), for the application of current scientific developments to the solution of naturally occurring problems in the retail merchandising of the meat supply of the country. Three and a half years of research have culminated in the development, to com mercial status of a new process making an improvement in the pahtabriity of beef through increase in tenderness and juici ness. The process parallels that long practiced in the "hanging'' of beef for periods of 4 to 6 weeks to produce steaks and roasts of high quality and price. By acceleration of tbe reactions occurring in the beef there arc avoided the large capital investment involved in "hanging" beef and the losses due to trimming and shrinkage. In a period of days a tender product of superior juiciness can be pro duced in the price range of tho general market without applying any treatment to the meat other than altering the atmospheric conditions under which ifis hung. Beef is made up of small muscle fibers l/ko inch in diameter and V inch long filled with liquid materials containing protein, fatlike subsrar.CvS, and ammo acids. These fibers arc bound together by a light connective tissue composed for the most part of collagen ana elastin. The degree of toughness of beef is caused in major part by the comparative tough ness and weight of the connective tissue. Softening or weakening of the connective tissue results in appreciable increase in tenderness. In well-conditioned animals of proper age deposition of fat occurs within the connective tissue, destroying its continuity and weakening it, with the result that the "marbling" of the meat grades is one of the more reliable criteria of excellence. During the "hanging" operation a slow softening of the connec tive tissue occurs because of the action of enzymes naturally present. At chill stor age temperatures (33 to 3S F.) the reac tion proceeds very slowly. Increase of temperature accelerates tliis reaction with the result that, while a period of weeks is required for the desired degree of comple tion at 33* F., uniform tenderness is at tained in 5 days at 55 F., in 2 days at 65 F., and in a few hours at S5 F. Reduc tion of shrinkage losses is accomplished by raising the relative humidity of the proc essing and storage coolers to a preferred range of So to 90 per cent as compared with tbe 70 to S3 per cent usually maintained. It has been demonstrated that no deterio ration of meat will occur if protection against the exterior attack of bacteria is afforded. The combination of higher temperatures and a more humid atmosphere presents an idea! situatiou for the growth of bacteria and mold, and therefore means of over coming this growth are required. While many agencies for maintaining surface sterility have been long available, no practicable means applicable to this problem had been found prior to the de velopment of the Wcstinghouse "itcriJamp." In the presence of high tempera ture and relative humidity it is possible with this lamp to maintain a practical degree of surface sterility on all sides of hanging beef without damage to the car cass or untoward action on workmen con stantly employed in the cooler. Ultra violet sources previously known were not limited in radiation characteristics so as to coniine the radiation to bactericidal wave lengths with elimination of wave lengths damaging to organic tissue and fat. In connection with radiation, u slow circula tion of cooler air is required arid must he of tho voluiuu to provido for atmospheric 010 7 0 t change without wir.dho--1-^ f,f the beef or undue loss by shrinkage. In a practical way it has been found preferable to maintain a temperature of GO0 F. in the proc essing cooler.to enable tiic treat ment of the heaviest quarters in a suitable period of time. At ap preciably lower temperatures the [iroeessing pe riod is unreasonably ong and at higher temperatures an extremely accurate control of the time period is required to avoid cither "under-processing'' or processing to a degree greater than that which is Uebaved de sirable for general consumption. Relative humidity is maintained in the previously indicated So to 90 per cent range with a gradual replacement of cooler air by con ditioned air taken from t&Mttstde. A social rcfrigMttion problem was oncountetwfy-ibe design of such a cooler, iSsSving the maintenance of the wtitK'e humidity level desired without inducing a too high velocity of air circulation through the condi tioning apparatus. Following processing the beef is moved to a chilling cooler maintained at 33* F., where the interior tem peratures of the quarters are reduced prior to removal to chili storage to avoid the tempera ture fluctuations that would inevitably occur with the in troduction of a load of beef at the process ing temperature. In storage the meat is handled according to present packing house practice with the exception of atmos pheric condilioir*. In the present case storage is at 30 F. to provide a rigid piece of beef for butchering. Under the condi tions of storage a higher storage tempera ture may be employed with savings on re frigeration costs but it is reflected in less rigidity of the bevf :or cutting. Ultra violet radiation is provided during proc essing, chilling, ami storage, and relative humidity is held at $.> to 00 per cent. The latter condition is diilicult to attain in the early stages of the chilling operation hut is kept us high as jHissiblo. The intensity level of radiation is held as low as possible, employing a larger number of lamps at low jiiU-ndty in preference to a smaller number <>|x-raling at high intensity. App-icatiou of thi* new process has been made to the entire beef carcass. Tha usual steal: cuts employed for broiling and frying :uc inen-ai-rd m tenderness. The effect is evident in rib mid clunk cuts commonly served os roasts. In rounds, the eye. tenderloin tip. ami top round arc tendered, but results with the frequently flexed bottom round muscles nrc not uni form. Flavor u inappreciably altered. The juiciness of the beef is greatly in creased. ''Crninincss" is lessened, the presence of individual fibers being unde tectable, differing in this respect from originally tender beef that lias been neither processed nor hung. The general effect is judged as advancing the beef at least one government grade in general palatability. The foregoing conclusions have been derived from physical and chemical ex aminations, submittal of samples to com petent authorities in meat merchandising and in culinary art, paiatability te.-ts, and consumer acceptance tests on the produc tion of an experimental unit plant over a period of a year and a half. Science in the Use or Natcral Gas. On the Hope Natural Gas Co.'s fellowship (J. B. Garner, incumbent) many problems Upper left-hand. Basic re search in the development of a "Junior Food" Center. View in one of con ditioning unit3 in the re search on meat tenderizing, showing the "Sterilamps" (upper right) and tempera ture and humidity recorders (center right). Left to right, H. C. Rentsehler(perfectero the ``Sterilamp"), C. D. Eoal (the fellowship adviser), and M. D. Coulter are examining "a quarter of "Tenderayed" beef Lower right-hand. A mo ment of record in a study of the Industrial Fellowship on Chemical Hygione 2:m INDUSTRIAL AND KN'GINRF.RING CUKMISTUY VOL. 17, NO. 7 bavins to do with factors in the distri bution and utili/almn of natural gas have been' studwd. Gas leakage conditions, Such os prevail in Clt<` afro-ts .-db'cs, schools, churches, motion.pat mo thea ters. ami lm-pitals in tin- greater Fittsburgh di-triVf. have been surveyed. The application of corrective measures lias followed am! con-cqucnflv t!ic hazards of gas leakage haw been greatly lessened. Cases of carlxm monoxide poisoning, eauo-d by either improper adjustment of appl;".nces or inadequate venting, have had attention. A summary uf this in vestigation appeared in PitUburgh's Health, June, 103^. Three problems of economic importance have merited the study it has been possible to pive them, ami further research on a larger scale lias been scheduled, Refer- ence is had to inhibition of hydrate forma tion when natural gas is Iran:p'.uted under high pressures and at relatively low tem peratures; removal of hydrogen sulfide snd organic sulfur from natural gas (tre mendous volumes of "sour" natural gas are available for treatment} by a new method evolved by the fellowship which, it is believed, will oe more efficient than the procedures now in use; and liquefac tion of the hydrocarbons of natural gas and their subsequent separation at .low tem peratures. A comprehensive general survey of the entire natural gas industry of the United States has been prepared and is to be published. Organic Synthesis Kf.ets to the Fore. The Carbide and Carbon Chemi cals Corp.'s multiple fellowship (H. h\ Robertson, senior fellow) entered its twenty-filth year of continuous activity with a unit of the Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. as a donor. During this period of time the manufacture of syn thetic organic chemicals has grown to such proportions that it is now one of the im portant industries of the country, owing largely to the production of an ever in creasing number of Mtttcbcmicals having an expanding sphedfe9ft':Qsefu!ness. In 1933-39 the icliowtnBBbi followed this trend by carrying oaHxptm preparation of new compoundci^KsHp experimental scale and bv investigUBg possible appli cations of these commands end those o! others already available. Work has been kept up in the field of amines, and some new derivatives of this class of com pounds were found that appear to be of potential industrial importance us textile softeners, netting agents, and pickling and corrosion inhibitors. Other novel preiwrations enable the- formulation of emul sions under conditions that make the usual emulsifying agents unsuitable. In addi tion, manv application problems involving the use oi' the now more generally known amines, such as the ethaiwkimincs, ethyl ene amines, and morpholines, were in vestigated. The preparation of new derivatives of dikctvtie ami its dinicr, dchvdracctic acid, has been extended. Some of the com pounds prepared are of intcrc>t a- pla-ti- eizer* and as pharmaceutical and dye-tuff intermediates. Owing to the |X>(cntial usefulness ot dikctciu* as an intermediate in the svniluvis of a largo number of new materials, a pa[cr, to U' published soon, will Ufscfilx- many of the reactions of this interestin'.' vnm|K>tmil. Work wa niaiiitnim-d on the prepara tion of in-w solvents of the ethylene mid I'ljenl series, as were f\jx-nliicnts on new uses for those derivatives already eommeicially avail.ible. Indn-. trial applieaiioii.s investigated included the Use >.f ll.ese materials a< vnolaiits nr lu-nt-traii-hr media, as softeners, pla-Hii/ei. or conditioning agents, and as de hydration agents of ga>es. Various prob lems involving solv.-nts, other than those of the glycol scries, were also .studied. This work embraced the refining of lubri cating oils by solvent methods, degreasing exix-rimeius, and many other problems. The alkyl silicate' have continued to lie of interest ami several of their uys, such as in the formulation of coatings resistant to heat and alkalies, were investigated. Research has al<o proceeded in the field of vinyl resin coatings with particular empha sis bemg placed on adapting the commer cially available vinyl resins to specific applications. Resides the investigation carried out on coatings, experiments were conducted on other uses for these rerins, such as in hot melts. New Devices for Petroi.ecm Re search. In connection with ft broad study of the constitution of certain pe troleum products, which the multiple fellowship of the Gulf Research & De velopment Co. (W. A. Gruse, senior fel low) has beer, carrying on over a period of several. years, the need has arisen for quick and accurate measurements of the physical constants of oil hydrocarbons, when only very smai! *T-p'.'s of the ma terials are available. To" meet this re quirement, the development of a scrio3 of applicable methods lias been undertaken. For viscosity determination, the design of a new type of equipment was necessary. The resulting instrument, although in tended primarily for samples less than 0.1 gram in amount, is quite satisfactory for general viscometry. The principle involved is the determination of the rate ot fall of a short segment of liquid entirely contained in a longer capillary tube. The apparatus is a small, self-contained, port able unit having an absolute accuracy of the order of 3 per cent, which compares favorably with that of the better instru ments now current. The precision, how ever, is within 0.1 per cent, and a complete determination by an unskilled operator takes only 10 minutes. J. It. Bowman, of the fellowship staff, plans to describe the instrument in a paper in the near future. The determination of the apparent molecular weight of petroleum oils has always given much trouble, the available methods being either fairly slow and in accurate or moderately precise while very slow and clumsy. The devising of an improved procedure was taken up by W. E. Hanson and J. R. Bowman, and the result of their study is based in principle on the Cottrell tyi* boiler, employing a Menzics-Wright differential thermometer. No adjustments are necessary and the apparatus is rugged and simple. It is satisfactory for many types of chemical compounds as well as oils, is quite rapid, docs not require n purified solvent, and operates with an error of less than i per cent. As it is believed the appliance will be quite useful in laboratories of organic chemistry, a description of it will bo pub lished. D. R. Stevens and assistants have com pleted a basic study of the chemistry of the gasoline sweetening process, by which offensive and harmful sulfur compounds are removed or converted into less objec tionable* sub.-tanii-s, and they expect to report the results shortly. Improvements in r'nv.sstso M.irarix- ehv. Among the several fellow sliijw working on problems hi textile technology is that of the l'. S. Hoffman Machinery Corp. with K. R. Clark as fellow. Main tained continuously since 192S, tlm work comim'iieetl with a study of tho effects of heat, inoi-turc, and pri"iire on wool and silk fabrics. Tim research was next e\'letuled to aid in tin- design of improved pressing machinery for iim- by tailors, dry cleaners, and clot lung manufacturers. Bettor average quality of workmanship and greater production per operator unfi less fatigue! have been attained m several fields, notably in the icfim-huig of silk dies-es after cleaning operations. Tin: extension of the donor's activities into the fields of dry-ricaning and laundering ma chinery construction broadened the scope of the fellowship, and cuntiibulior,. to the arts involved have been made as to fillers and stills for purifying the liquids- .-uni as to complete compact unit plant' which ]>ciniit cvi-u the smaller enr.bli-t.meats to give high-grade service. A new, safer, and purer type of petroleum naphtha has been widely introduced to replace "stoddard solvent"--a development for which a former institute fellowship was largely re sponsible--where fire insurance rates in volved in the use of the latter were pro hibitive. This naphtha, know n as "l-lO-F solvent," is a thoroughly refined, sharply fractionated product with a "Tag" closed- cup flash above l-lO* F. and an A. i. T. M. end point below 410" F. Despite its high boiling point, it is effectively removed at safe tem(>eraturesiu special drying devices. Protective Coatings. The multiple fellowship of Stoner-Mudge, Inc. (G. II. Voting, senior fellow) iu3 progressed in investigations on the fundamental struc ture and properties of organic resin films on metals and other surfaces. Consider able attention has been focused on the mechanism of surface-catalysed thermal decomposition of halogen-containing ther moplastics, and kinetic studies on such breakdown have led to the development of suitable thermal stabilizers for incorpora tion in films expected to withstand ele vated temperatures. The first oi a series of patents covering such stabilized coating compositions has been issued (U.S. Patent 2,130,924). Researches in the field of thermosetting polymers were primarily directed at evolving suitable base-coat primers for use under the familiar vinyl and acrylic copolymers. In counection with these studios, a detailed investigation of the mechanism and reaction kinetics of the phenol-aldehyde condensation has been undertaken. Studies or. the nature of metal surfaces, with particular emphasis on the modification of such surfaces by chemical pretreatment prior to coating, have been continued. An investigation of the effect on organic coatings of residual oil and metal soap contamination resulting from improper cleaning of tinplate was successfully concluded, and the necessity for careful control of cleaning operations was clcarlv demonstrated. Forward steps were made in studies of resin emulsion application to wood, textile, and paper surfaces. Resbkrcu os Refractories. In its twenty-second year the multiple fellow ship of the American Refractories Imutute (S. M. Phelps, senior fellow) provided technical service to the refractories indus try by conducting studies for individual concerns and by carrying out researches of broad nature for the benefit of the whole industry. Some of this work has had to do with the development of new test methods for use in controlling the quality of products and for the study oi their probable behavior in actual -erviec. Co operation has been extended to ni.wy users ot refractories in th-'ir problem- and in the writing of specifications. An inviMigatmti of general interest lias jicrtaincil to silica brick, partuularlv those brink known in the trad.: a- "moltlcd," In the routine manufacture of silica brick, it occasionally happen- that some of the brick as they come from tie- kiln are dis colored in varying degrees. Ibi; dis coloration occurs as small sp'ts, ur may increase in si/e to large hlotifics which may cover over half the .surface of Hie AIM11I. 10. 1930 brir-ic; it may vary from a light hrmvn to dork ri'ilili-li lirov.n. M:tnf:ir-tror t,:ivc Studied tliis behavior from time (o tun-, lint no reliable rtmedv has been brought forth, Alt 11<niJ there are no record-. that surh brick arc interior to the mote ur>|>cnl- inj; cream-colored ] ire aloe t, nevertliele-s Seme consumer- have taken tlic attitude that they would not give comparable service. Because of (hi- fact it was de cided that the fellowship shuuhl compare the two ty[x>s of brick m all their pro|wr- tiw. The information obtained from this research shows there is no significant differ ent' between the colored and normal brick. It has long been known that heating a discolored brick in a neutral or oxidizing atmosphere to a moderately high tetr.'.-craturu will enure the discoloration to diminish or to disappear, which indicates that it is caused by some material which is oxidized by the aid of the heat treatment. Petrographic examination has demon strated Hint (he darkened areas are caused by iron oxide in solid solution it* the cal cium silicate glass which forms the bond of the brick. This iron is present in both the normal and mottled brick, and the state of oxidation is responsible for the color. In view of this finding, differences in pkyrical properties cf -b. v.-o types are not to be expected, especially because the total amount of iron in any silica brick i3 very small. Novel SiLtc.\ Products. A study of the properties of "Garspar" in ceramic bodies, enamels, and glasses has consti tuted one of the main projects of the min eral products multiple fellowship sustained by Norbert S. Garbisch and headed by G. J. Bair. Garspar, the new ceramic raw material developed by the fellowship, con sists of an exceedingly fine-grained, homo geneous mixture of quartz and processed glass, produced by means of mechanical and chemical treatment which controls both its chemical composition and physical properties. Garspar is being supplied from a Large plant designed and built under fellowship direction. In whitewnre bodies, Garspar is used in place of flint, feldspar, talc, and auxiliary fluxes. It increases tto jftfkftbility of the plastic body, adds whittjj|j| gn<l strength to the fired ware, has vitrification range, shows no overaSB.*t cone 13, improves glaze fit, and <HEBms moisture expansion of the body. A new dustless batch-preparing process has been developed by the fellowship for compounding Garspar in glas3 and enamel batches. The outstanding characteristics of the new batch arc complete homoge neity, good heat conductivity, quick melt ing 'and firing, absence of dust, and no danger of segregation during handling. An experimental unit has been erected and is being operated by the fellowship. "Garbond" and "Gartex," in various gmdes, are some of the new products de veloped by the fellowship during 193$. Garbond is being successfully used in foundries ns an admix to molding sand* and as a mold wash. Gartex is a social filler material, surface-processed to obtain proper wetting by organic solvents. Progress in Stkkl Winn and Tenure Technology. The fellowship of the Pittsburgh Stic! Co. has been interested primarily i problems in the rnanufactme of steel wire, and since 1027 many de velopments in processing suitable fur high- Sjiecificntum materials have b-en ac complished by S. A. liralcy-. In 1937, D. N. R.nltroek was nihl-d to the ]>or-oimc1 of the fellowship for the express pnifxise of studying steel uiic for (he mnnn/.-ichuv of coated electrodes. This work has pro gressed rapidly and much information on the equilibria existing Ix-twecn the steel base mill the fllt.s coaling placed thcicoil news edition has been nbtain-d. In the I.vl two years stainless wire has hern added to the line of products of (|,c donor and tli-* principles of carbon wire tcchnologv have been applied to the manufacture of standees steel wire with beneficial re-ults. Recently con siderable time has been spent on problems of manufacturing seamless tubing with the aim of increasing quality and decreasing production costs. .S;>cci'ffarinns, finishes, corrosion, and coating problems, as we!! asdevclopmcnt workon paperbacked build ing fabrics, are the subject of continuing studies. New Uses ron Sclfch. The investi gation of plasticized sulfur has been con ducted for the Texas Gulf .Sulphur Co. with emphasis on the evaluation of both plasticized and ordinary types of sulfur cements. P. V. McKinney and associates on this fellowship have cooperated with the A. S. T. M. in outlining a program for the standardization of such tests. Traffic reflectors and other markers 3re rcaditv set in highway surfaces by the use of sulfur-jointing compounds. The sulfur composition which was used as a filler in the construction of brick roads is in Us fourth year of service; it caa non- be pre pared at less expense. This type of ma terial is also under trial for rKa )ointing of glass blocks for skylights. Washing ma chines in which the tub and rim section are joined with a sulfur cement are now in the tenth month of consumer test. The prop erties of many porous materials are greatly changed by impregnation with sulfur. Sandstone imbued with sulfur has proved to have superior qualities as an abrasive in a special application. For a similar use abrasive aggregates have been bonded with sulfur cement. Water ab sorption of both sandstone and stoneware has been eliminated and the swelling of wood greatly reduced by impregnation with sulfur. Tough, pliable packaging materials have been produced by lamina tion of paper products nith plasticized sulfur. UitBAN- Am Pollution--A New In vestigation in Pittsburgh. During 193$ the fellowship on air pollution control cooperated with the Department of Public Health of the City of Pittsburgh in a study of municipal air contamination. The program was carried on under a federal government grant and it is expected this project will be continued through 1939. A scot/.ill sunov is bein'; made on a more elaborate scale than the studies of 1912-13, 1923-24, and 1929-30. Instead of 12 to 20 stations, there are 100 stations for the collection of precipitated solids and 50 field men who make direct observations of smoking chimneys. Data are tabulated according to the type of plant--heavy industrial, light industrial, commercial, and domestic. There are approximately 5000 stocks in the da-ses regulated by the city's antismoke ordinance. There are 151,000 dwelling units, 119.000 of which burn coal for fuel, and none of them is sub ject to smoke regulation. Indications are that the dwelling units are the greatest source of air |v>lii;tion in Pittsburgh during the winter months. At several jjoints the air is lioing samples! for the putfiose of mea*uring suspended Solids. Established methods arc u-vd fur comparison with re sults from uiMruments developed by the group of >j'i-i:hst# associates! with the project. The new instruments arc tlosigihil to give continuous records of sus pended mini',. The re-ults may !>e re corded in terms of density ns with the Owens automatic filter, by ob-lructiun of light a- ii*'1ic.itf,1 l,v photoelectric cells, or in puilu-Irs counted under tv microscope. A s|M-ctr,'sc,>|"- was built f-.r the study of suiishiiiv. \ isiblc light, near ultraviolet, mid far ultraviolet are 'recorded sepa 239 rately. Meteorological data obtained from the U. S, Weather Bureau are com pared with the records of sootfaJ), sus pended contaminants, and sunshine. The study of nntop-y material is being continued at Singer Memorial Laboratory in the effort to determine possible effects o( air |ioiliitioii as noted m Pittsburgh in cati-mg or aggravating respiratory dis eases. In connection with this work and with the coojieratiori of tiiu Dairymen's Coojicrntivc Sales Association, Milk A lee Cream Salesmen, Drivers and Dairy Employees Local No. 205, 100,000 ques tionnaires on the effects of smog were distributed to homes in the city. The Pittsburgh jicwsinperj and radio stations aided actively in bringing this question naire to the attention ot the public--assist ance that was of great value in stimulating returns. The answers have been tabu lated and will be appraised by medical sjiccialists. Investigational Advances of Air Hygiene Foundation of America Historian J. T. Adams has observed that "Today people arc thinking to a very great extent--some of them entirely--of what a corporation is doing for the general social good." The 250 corporations affili ated with Air Hygiene rounuation have contributed to the welfare of their ap proximately 1,000,000 workmen, and therefore to "the general social good," through the work and accomplishments of this organization during 193S-39. Air Hygiene Foundation is a nonprofit, science organization with headquarters and a multiple fellowship at Mellon Institute. It represents a collective effort by em ployers in behalf of employee health. The foundation, in addition to its pure, funda mental research in industrial health, pro vides member companies with practical, plant applications to prevent industrial illness and to foster industrial hygiene. During the year the foundation's pre ventive engineering committee, headed by Philip Drinker, of the Harvard School of Public Health, prepared and issued eight bulletins detailing chemical and engineer ing measures for safeguarding occupational health. These publications, covering a witie range of current, everyday plant problems, are as follows: "Determination of Benzol Vapor in the Atmosphere," "Use and Care of Respirators," "Deter mination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Vapors," "Design of Exhaust Hoods," "Design of Duct Work for Exhaust Sys tems," "Determination of Lead in the Air," "Identification of Industrial Dusts," and "Routine Sampling for Control of Atmospheric Impurities." Each month the foundation issues a digest of latest pertinent literature on in dustrial hygiene, thereby keeping its member companies constantly posted on progress. Approximately 1000 separate articles were abstracted during the year. An exhaustive legal study covering "Com pensation Legislation--A Critical Re view" was completed anti released early in the year, as were the full proceedings of the 1937 meeting. Two information circulars were produced. A number of special articles, describing activities of the foundation, were published in medical, engineering, and nuuuigeuicntal jouir.nis. Meanwhile, under research grants from the foundation, scientific investigations progressed at Mellon Institute, Harvard University, Urn University of lVnnsyl- vania, and Tim Saranac i.alxirutory. Various well-indicatnd, short-time stud ies are conducted at the institute under thn siqicrvisiim of M. II. Mcllrr, senior fellow. Riant surveys anil s|ieeint investigations are being made utmost eoutinu.dly fur member companies through the founds- 0id70 210 INDUSTRIAL AND KXGIXKLIUN'G CHEMISTRY VOL. IT. NO. 7 tion'o l:\lirtTftttify the institute. Also through its ]i<;vlquitrtcrs here 1 lie fotmda(ion iirv'-a iL-. ft central agent for the collection, correlation, noil dissemination^ of data on industrial health subjects. This ureful fiinelion helps curtail co.-tly impli cation fowl unis in orderly advancing our frontiers of knowledge. Two |trait::ite fellowships were estab lished by the foundation at Harvard Uni versity to invc-ligatc engineering prob lems. ' These fellow.-hius will train men in industrial hygiene anti help build up a skilled personnel to meet the increasing demand for specialists from industry and government. One fellow will study funda mentals of hood design for control of gaies and vapors where low velocities arc per missible. The other fellowship will relate to the identification and distribution of dusts in tissue. Tho preventive engineering committee advises that The question of "what is the best appara tus and method for dust determination?" is still about where it was a year ago. Tho ifurcau of Mines has shown that the impiager is inefficient for collecting lead.fumcs .in air aad suggests the use of an electrical precipitator. The Bureau of Mines has described a midget i3acincer which is run at a few titers of air per minute, instead of 1 cu. ft. (2S.3 liters). This equipment, very light and entirely hand operable, may gradu ally replace the large inipinger. especially (or work in mines. The various grab samplers are helpful, particularly for routine control. S. R. Warren, Jr., of the University of Pennsylvania, has reported on research in roentgenography being supported by the foundation .which seeks to improve x-ray techniques for industrial purjwses, as in large-scale medical examinations of groups of workmen. lie arid his associates ex perimented in taking parallel x-rav pic tures on paper anti film, and showed their results to 35 of the country's leading roentgcnologi-'t3. These pictures re vealed all stages of chests from normal to advanced forms of lung lesions. The ex perts were asked if the paper pictures were adequate for diagnosis MAhdi answers were analysed in ordfgflktyprepare the groundwork for ttuaBnen of roentgcr.ograpkic procedur<rJBBw*ry. Ac cording to Viarren, SJ8S?r* It is apparent from the data so obtained that paper roentgenogram* may be used for survey work if the technique is at least equal to that used in the tests and if means are available for following up suspicious cases by the u:e of stereoscopic roentgenograms on x-ray film. This conclusion is qualified by the fact, noted hy most of the men who examined the films, that x-ray film has a wider range of density than x-ray paper. In conclusion, the results of this survey are interpreted in terms of the practical pro cedure uccessnry in industrial survey work. JL U. Gardner, director, The Saranac (X. Y.) Laboratory, has disclosed his find ings in a study of `'mixed" dusts and "pro tector" durts which he is conducting under foundation grant. His cxiwrimental data support the thesis that various minerals tis*oe:rited with silica tend to in hibit its action upon the body. While ninny substance* may net as inhibitors, not all arc equally effective. When the proportion of silica reaches 511 |ier emit or more of the mixture, prolonged contact with the ti-'siii'S may ultimately cuti.-u fibrosis. Jbutv observation* of metallic aluminum nn.l the hydroxides of alumi num amt iron indicate that each of these substances may be more indent in proleelivi' effects tli.-in niinii'roiH other minerals examined in the testa, lie added: The data suggest that, analysis of tlw rock being worked dues not ucrr'virily constitute a Inca Hire of the silica liaxard in a particular industry. Wl.cn n-ire evidence has been analysed it may be found practical to use the proportion of silica in the atmosphere as the basis of state codes. It is hoped that the modifying influences of other dusts may also be established upon a practical basis. The principles involved ill lliosg studies probably explain the variations in the rate of development of silicosis in different indus tries. Ultimately they may make it possible to neutralise the effects of silica upon the body. At present their influence is not sufficiently understood to be used in this manner. lu tho writer's opinion the major objective in tho campaign against silicosis is still (he elimination of silica dust from the working atmosphere. T. C. Waters, of Baltimore, chairman, Maryland Occupational Diseases Com mission and member of the foundation's legal committee, has commented on pres ent legal trends as follows: Twenty-one states have laws compensating disabilities arising from occupational dis eases. The laws already enacted have given rise to various controversial questions affect ing the relationship of employers and em ployee*. Their present uu fuiure adminis tration will create further problems. Tho subject of time tost by industrial workers because of disabling illness, and the economic need for the prevention of such illness, with its attccdant financial loss to employees, are of vital importance. As disabilities caused by those diseases which we call ''occupational" are far less numerous than thoso caused by the other common ills' of life, it is a matter of concern to indus trialists today that occupational disease laws should not be administered as general health insurance laws, to provide compensation for time lost by employees owing to common ills. The 1930 sessions of the legislatures will en act new laws relating to this subject or amend laws now effective. Careful consideration should be given to this legislative program. These laws are the result of definite economic need to afford to employees adequate com pensation for injuries they have sustained during the course of their employment. At the time of enactment employers were con cerned about the additional cost to which they would be subjected, but to date it does not appear that tho laws now effective have placed an unjust burden upon indus try. It is too early to predict whether or not the administration of the laws presently enacted will be suecesslul; but if they fail to accomplish the purposes for which they are designed, they should fail becauso of their inherent defects and inequalities, and not becauso of the attempt by employers to avoid the imposition upon them of costs for compensating injuries resulting from opera tions to which their employees have been subjected. Further employee health improvement was the theme of the third annual fall meeting of the foundation held at Mellon Institute November 17, 1933, which was attended bv more than 200 indus trial executives representing companies throughout the country. Besides prog ress reports on research project*, authori ties discussed the social and economic im plications of the foundation's activities. W. fck lfotchki-s. of Carnegie Institute of Technology, former president of Armour Institute, pointed out that, according to eotiijictent estimates, 200,000,01)0 working days arc lust ntm-.ndly because of illness, meaning Infsc* of hundred i of millions of dutl.irs to employees and their employees. "The only question about the future of n problem like this," lie continm.-d, "is whether it is going to be handled sandy and constructively, and in a consecutive way bated on science, or whether it i* going to be handled emotionally and restricted!/ and imtnlelligetitly." V. P. Abeam, executive secretary. Na tional Industrial Sand Association, ex plained explicitly the interest of industry: A steady job, decent hours with good pay, is no longer the sole criterion. To that must ho added industrial health. It is often characteristic uf government that, when it swings with tho pendulum, it swings too far and thus aggravates rather than cure*. Unwise occupational disease laws have been written, but who can deny that there is an irresistible trend toward the enactment of such laws in every State? Those laws are responsive to the apprehension of employees about health haiarJs in industry. Indus try will do well if it recognises that fact and meets it intelligently. This question of industrial health is not tho single problem of * single industry. Neither is it an emotional nor sentimental problem. It is a practical problem for industry as a whole to solve. Statutes of themselves wilt not provide industrial health. As in the case of industrial accidents, industry has always shown a capacity, once it recognise* and confronts a problem realis tically, to make steady toward it* solution. Air Hygiene foundation presents a useful vehicle through which industry can poo! its forces in eliminating or controlling hatatds to health in industry. Other addresses were made at the meet ing by E. P. Pendcrgrns3, of the University of Pennsylvania, member of the founda tion's medical committee, by R. R. Sayers, U. S. Public Health Service, also a member of the medical committee, and hy T. F. Watch, New York State Division of Indus trial Hygiene, a member oi the preventive engineering committee. With tho growth of industrial hygiene units in the various states (29 have been established to date) and the work of federal "agencies in this field, the founda tion has been able to cooperate to a con siderable extent in these governmental activities. Publications and data arc ex changed and a mutually helpful spirit of collaboration has developed to an en couraging degree. The year has also been marked by heavy requests from the public for information relating to industrial health subjects. The foundation make3 every reasonable effort to fulfill such needs for facts. There is an increasing public insistence that the talents of industrial management be directed to a greater de gree toward public welfare, as well as toward private enterprise. And there are more and more indications that manage ment is heeding the demand for broadened socio-economic leadership. A concrete illustration is the existence of Air Hygiene Foundation which, beyond its contribu tions to work-a-day health, reflects favor ably upon the progressive policies of those 250 companies and associations supporting this work, which benefits not only the employer, but also tlm employee and the community. Results in the Department of Research in Pure Chemistry CurMoniKHAi'r of INtovoxtA. In vestigations of chemotherapy in pneu monia, under way in this department (L. H. Crutcher, head) for more than 10 year*, have been actively pursued during the tieriod covered by this report. C. L. Butler, Alice Renfrew, Mary Hostler, mid Mary Clapp have participated in tint jmhUr'.Uu'n of paper* on tlw chemical re searches involved, and K. R. Mva'-u has Iwen in charge of pilot-scale produet e >ii and engineering developments. The MMU(< 10. 1939 ylmly of derivatives of ..(KrCUT'rcini? has been consifU-ribly extend* d by llu: prepa ration of n number of new ulky! nmj liyilroxynlkv] otbrr-. Certain moJifud siilfruiiLmirlc derivatives "Inch contain quinoline or cinchona substiltitnCs bays lieeit prepared and studies of other modt- Sicntions of the cinchona molecule am in progress. Patents have been applied for and some granted, both in this country arid abroad, covering the more valuable suh-tanci'S dovc!o|>e(l and the methods for their pr. paralion. The patents are being acquired in order that proper control may be had over s;>ci'ifK:itio;;s and distribution to the best interests of the general public and rot for profit. The department lias suffered the io.-s during the past year of C. L. Ruder and Mary Hostler, who ac cepted positions elsewhere. New mem bers of the chemical staff will be an nounced later. To date the biological and clinical stud ies of tiie cinchonas uuder the institute's auspices have been necessarily limited to the pneumonia problem. It is planned to extend their application to other infectious diseases as opportunity offers. Though several interesting and active compounds h.-tvebsea discovered none bis appeared to bo : generally suitable as hydroxyethyl- apo ipreinc (No. 71), a compound which has -m mentioned in previous reports and ; .cicr.tiSc publications, both chemi cal ar '. medical. A covering three years of clinical experience has just been published by the medical collabo rators, W. W. G. Maclnchhn, J. >1. John ston, M. M. Bracken, nnd G. . Crura. The conclusions reached in titis paper are as/ci.'ows: (1) The mortality fiprre in pneutao- coccic pneumonia in adults during the past year has been greatly reduced in those cases which received hydroxyetitylapo- cuprcine. (2) In comparing the mortality figures of the chemically treated cases, which were of course smaller in number, with the scrum-treated eases in Pittsburgh, for the same types of pneumonia during the same period o( time, almost identical results were observed. (The drug, however, can be used effectively in all typos of pneu monia.) (3) Hvdroxvcthviapoctmwina has shown no evidence of disturbiHHp&B* Arrangements bavtoj^Bffe. made for clinical investigation OfEsR't&atenal in cities other than PittstuMKr- Experimental work taHv Completed, here and elsewhere, has shown that, in identical doses withia the effective ranges, bydroxyetliylapooupreine will protect against pneumococcal septicemia in mice better than sulfanilamide and fully as NEWS EDITION well as suifiipyriiline. These comparative studies are being continued. Nt'rnmor; and D, ntxi. C.uttr.s. The pure research fellowship sustained by The Buhl I'omidation, on the relation of nutri tion to various phases of denial caries (ti. J. Cox, assisted by \V. K. Walker, Sara Dixon, and Margaret Mattixclmk), hat made certain advances in techniques and lias disclosed some new relationships of food to tooth decay in its work of 193S-3U. As tooth decay is highly variable hi its frequency, none but a statistical approach to the solution of the problem of preven tion of dental caries can be satisfactory. Obtaining the data necessary for conclu sions from any experiment in this held demands the use of a large number of ani mals--in this case albino rats--and the toil of examining the teeth becomes very time-consuming. During the past year a method of preparing serial ground sections of all tbe molars of 30 or more rats simul taneously has been developed. This method not only permits rapid grinding but also enables the easy accomplishment of the examination of the teeth and the re cording of the findings--tasks that are much more difficult with the usual serial sections- Previous findings of the fellow ship have been based solely on cavities observed in teeth without sectioning; now it is practical to make a complete study of the teeth of both past and future experi ments. Research on the beneficent effects of fluorides in the formation of teeth resistant to caries has not been entirely conclusive. Meanwhile there is evidence being accumu lated elsewhere to show that children with mottled enamel, os caused by fluoride in drinking water, have increased resistance to dental caries. Analyses by others have demonstrated more fluorine in enamel of sound teeth than in that from carious teeth in the same mouths. Two of three series of experiments by the fellowship have divulged that a minimum content of fluorine in the diet of rats during the for mation of the molars leads to diminished resistance to dental caries. A third ex periment was inconclusive. But the agreement of the two successful tests with the two lines of evidence cited above, as developed by others, indicates that ex perimental proof of this function of fluorine can be supplied by the rat tech nique of the fellowship. In 8n attempt to determine what factors in meat confer caries resistance to rat teeth, a series of diets varying in protein content has been fed to rats. No differ ence in caries susceptibility was noted from diets ranging by 5 per cent steps from 10 to 55 per cent protein. A similar study of varied calcium to phosphorus 211 ratio showed that in the rat the mother during pregnancy and lactation can pro vide calcium and phu-phorus (nr g--od teeth over ft wide range of ratio of calcium to phosphorus. On the low ratios, how ever, mothers nnd young di-played detrimental effects of the diets so fur as body weight was concerned. Some preliminary experiments have militated that suppression of saliva hads to promotion of decay. These results arc in Agreement with observations of others on the relation of supply of saliva and human dental caries. Researches nt the Western Pennsyl vania Hospital Under support of ths.institute, tu rec ommended by C. B. Scluldecker, chemo therapeutic studies with aromatic sulfur eomiwunds have been conducted by R. R. Mellon and his staff of eight, using princi pally pneumococci and streptococci as in fecting acents and rats and mice os hosts. Extcndea comparisons of effective dosage and protective values have been ranee with large numbers of animals and numer ous compounds. Investigation of the mode of action of sulfanilamide indicates that tbe compound likely permits the over-production of metabolic products by the infectin'* pneumococcus or strepto coccus, which results in an alteration of the growth rate or growth character of the latter. These results will be th basis for further study. Over and above journal publications, 1938 saw the issue of "Sulfanilamide Therapy in Bacterial In fections," a book that surveys the litera ture reporting the experimental ar.d clini cal studies conducted in this country and abroad. Fundamental research in bacteria! varia tion, using streptococci and tubercle bacilli, has provided additional experi mental evidence that transformations do occur within the present accepted classi fications. These findings are being ap plied both diagnostically and therapeuti cally as opportunity otters. Host factors, such as fatigue and shock, have been studied in- correlation with susceptibility to infections, as well as various forms of therapy which influence 3 subject's ability to resist infection. Always supplementing usefully any investigative activity is the contrivance of apparatus which will contribute to the elucidation of the problem. The chief product in 193S was a microcincmatographic apparatus which provides suffi ciently high magnifications to record single bacterial cells. This device was put into use late in the year and earlv test films denote that it will facilitate the study of bacterial growth and variation. Industrial Fellowships in Operation at Mellon Institute during the Fiscal Year, March 1, 1930, to March 1, 1939" Fiu-ownur Nave {wm> FersoAtiox YtAR) Abrativo (1930) Arid Recovery (1935) Air Hytieoe (1935) Air Pollution Control (tvJB) Amino (1937) Anthracite Indualrie* (!93*> FCILOWt ANA ASISTaNT A. P. Thompaon W. IV. Hods* A. E. Crow. assistant. (rum Jan. 27 II. 1). Metier, senior fel low J. y. McMahon W. U. Buck. from Juft* 1 y, F. Rupert, to Oct. I 11. B. Mritct R. V. Kiea II. J. Rote, senior fellow II. C. Johnson E. T. Sells. St. Miriam (inllilh. assistant L. L. Friend. Sr., aunt. ant. from July 15 J. )(. Shields, assistant, from Sept. 10 Fellowauir N'auc (with Focnoatio.x V E Aft) Bone Products (193o) Dread (1930) CatBonisinc (1933) Can (193S) Carton Black (1937) Ceramic Chemicals (1933) Chain (1930) FcilOWS AND Assistants B. P. Barrett J. R. Weil, assistant II. A. Kohrnao B. H, Cilmoic, editor fel low G. O. Hall C. I-. Jones, ccnior fellow R. E. Henry \V. J. UcuinRlun C. W*. Suriucr, senior fellow, to April 1 A. E. Crais. nsaistnni, to Oct. 15 \V. J. Batdwin D. F. Helm, ccnivr fellow* J. K. Harm W. A. Seibert. Jr . aa- aiatant, from Sept. 15 FcLiowjnir Name (Kira FocxsATioK Fear) Chernies! Hygiene (1937) Chromium (193C) Cip.arrl Teehnoloay (1932) Commodity Standard! (19.11) L. G. Marini, Jr., as risisnt, (com Jsa. ll) It. F. Smyth. Jr. Jane Seaton. assistant I-Suite Leslie, asmtunl R. T. Scherer, ass.slxot, from Sept. 19 Marc Darrin D. F. Alliinicr, assistant, from June 1 Dani-I Snyder, assistant, from Mar. 21 to May JO J. I*. Troutman, assist ant, to Mar. 91 C. F. Bailey, reiiior fellow A. IV. Pctrc Julei Lahartho, Jr., sen ior fellow A. F. Teal M.S. Morcao 0 US 6 *12 INDUSTIUAI. AND LNGINKLIUNG CULMISTHV VOL. 17, NO. 7 Fitr.naeiiir Nxun (mrii F-.c M-ATiox Yt.ui) Cr.ifc (1937) Cotton Foundation HMD Cotton Yarn* (1923) Cottonseed Product! (1930) Dairv Technology (1931) Dielectric) (1937) Draft (193$) Drying (1939) Elcetrodcposition (1939) Enamel) (1933) Ethanol (193S) Fell (1939) Filter (103S) Flavoring (193$) Food Container; 1930) Food Varieties (1931) Garment (1939) Fkoi.o"" *ni> Ae-i-rNr E. G. Kmc It. C. Miaibauiih, assistant F. C. \W>,icri, assistant, from Fell, ].". 1). M. Muxer H. F. Nickerson H. S. Oleott -- C. 1). Green, assistant. , (rom May IS ! T. I). Fontaine, assistant, I from June 6 ) II, G. Engel. assistant, s from July 33 ' G. 1). Bi'bcr. assistant. . from Sept. 1 I C. II. l.esnc. assistant. ( from Sept. 13 i, C. 1). Thornton, assist- t ant. from Jan, S | A. E. Goss, assistant, to j May 16 | C. F. Goldtbwait | )I. L. Heirfler. assistant ) R. G. Coldlliwtut. asaistint, from June S to Sept. 4 A. \V. Harvey Fr'U.owMM* (mrii I'ov.toauov V>:.sH> H. K. Salsberg R. N. Weniel K. J. Miller it. u. Fulton Betty Bowser, assi-tant. from Jut}' 3 to Nov. 4 R. H. Lester Paper (1938) Pasteurisation (1936) Peart (I93S) Petroleum Refining D. C. Bennett H. IV. Colea IV. E. Tournay. assist ant. (rom Oct. 3 R. R. Fulton F. F. Rupert F. F. Johnson 0. 0. Miller, senior fellow J. M. Boyd, to Jan. 1 E. R. Hardinr, senior fel low Helen Wigman L. L, Lacbat, from Feb. 15 TV. C. Beil, assistant Fred Peelor, assistant, (rom Juno 30 to Aug. U , senior fellow Pharmaceuticals (1932) Plate Glass (1936) Closing (1933) Gypsum (IMS) Heating (1939) Household VtUlttea (1936) Inaeetieidea (19171 Insulation and RooSug (1916) Iodise (1939) Laboratory Construe* tional Material* (1933) Lead (1936) Meat Merchandising (1933) Meter (192s) Mineral Products (1936) .Valiant Cut (t'.U.'i) New Plnities (1933) Nitrw-en Ci'iiipimnd* (HilU) Optical Class (IPril) OiiMiiie Synth,(IIUI) E, P. Btookty 0. F. HeJenbure R. H. Heilman, fellowR. W. Ortmiller 7. F. Johnson E. E. Marbaker senior F. J. Williams M. D. Coulter C. J. School!), assistant J. F. McCarthy, assist ant, from Nov. I R. U Wakemaa C. J. Hair, senior fellow K. N. Palmer P. J. Hiel-ki. assistant, from Feb. 1 R. J. Parral, assistant, from Feb. 1 T. It. Trevorrow, assist ant, front Telr. 1 J. H. Cartier J. K. Simons P. J. Wilson, Jr., senior MW J. II. Wells F. L. JcnirA I. I>. Klein, assistant, from July 5 lu Aug. ill II. F. Robertson, acni'-r fellow IX. It. Fife Listed nlphnlwtieally aeeurihng to tinnim Pressing Machinery (192$) Printing (I93S) Protected Metals (1913) Protective Cwitihri oyj:.) I i t.i.nws asp A.'*('TaS t* A. II. Boe-e. Jr. H. 1). Cnuari It. G. lU-irk If. G. C"odman. Jr. Helen W, 11 C. P. Met.'h-lt.ind K>h.ot\-ki* Xavt. (*UII Fnl-SOATIUV Yr.usl Protein (1937) rt.iuUn T. K. Mftbtr. imiUiuh IQt Ks *i*a Hud. ftMlltllAl B. M. Stites. assistant D. L. Francisco, assistant VV. H. Brown. D. M. Clarke, assistant, from Due. 1 B. G. Wilkes, to Aug. 1 Walter Kurac, assistant. to Deo. 20 R. C. Bolts, assistant, to Kov. 30 P. R. Davidson j. D. Alley, to May 6 W. D. Claus G. F Hd* K. A. Sce;eman A. E. Alexander W. A. Cruse, senior fel low D. R. Stevens W. P. Ridenour John Metsehl J. R. Bowman C. J. Livingstone W. E. Hanson J. E. Nickels C. L. " elfe. assistant Cuscave SUL assistant J. B. MeKiisley. assistant S. K. Kapff. assistant, from June 1 R. C. Panuier, assistant. from Sept. 16 C. W. Statler, assistant, to Aug. 13 H. W. Coles, senior fellow Mery Dodd* F. W. Adams, senior fel low Lee Devol J. D. Jenkins JI. O. Farr Marion Maclean P. W. Criit, assistant C. A. Bishop, assistant * TV. G. Andrews, assistant j H. R. Letner, assistant J H. W. Guenther, assist- j ant I P. W. French, assistant 5 Alexander Leggin. assist- I ant I R. J. Cowle*. assistant, ? from Oet. 10 { II. E. Simpson, to Dee. ! 13 { K. B. MeAlpise, to May [ 16 { P. 11. Dewey, to May 16 1 C. B. Becker, to May 16 { V. H. J.y can. to May 16 } H. H. Douglas, to May ! 16 | I.. M. Adams,to April 1 j W. R. Mortiu. nwatant. t to June 6 I J. L. Eyre, assistant, to t May 16 J. B. Cobb, assistant, to May 10 Turrcll Clcaiao, assist ant. to April 1 E. R. Clark Rayon (1933) llefraeloriei (1917) Rubber (\93S> Safety Fuse (1030) Shaving (1932) Silicate (1917) Silk (1939) Slag (1921) Soybean (1933) Special Dyes (193S) Special Plastics (193S) Steel (1927) Stone (1934) Sulfur (1931) Surgical Supplies (1930) Ter Acids (1933) Tar Properties (1937) Tecludcat Classware (1931) M. W. Weis* J. It. Young, senior fel low Textile Viiiidiiiig (1934) P. W. Jrnkili* A. W. Coffman Thread (1935) 1). S. Ituhbrll (I. K. Duiubauhl, assist Tulse (t'.'.IS) ant G. F. Oiliuii, Assistant J Watch Technofngy S. W. McCone, saiotsiit. (IVAN) from Feb. I Yeast (I91t:.> twriiy Thi.iiiyvoi. asd\i- SM. from Pvt., I (t. It. Younir. senior fitI.,W Axlf ANTs W. K. SfhnneJef C. W. Sr.v/.trn C. W, CbrK;ariiC *nt w. S. Clm. senior Mlo* w. fellow ' W. M. I(,,tt 0. A. NV . E. HccV. from Mu 16 ant. (rum June 13 F. i. Fvt, /rom Apr. leM tO 0<Cr 1 (rom Miv J > tP Ucc. i Dee. l' R. T. Scherer, assistant to May 13 IV. B. Burnett, senior fel low R. O. Denves W. B. Miller C. E. Alter. Jr,, assist ant, from Nov. 7 W. B. Scott, assistani, to S. M. Phelps, senior fel low E. B. Read E. C. Petrie R. W. Limes * J. P. Maloney, assistaut R. C. Briant G. H. Kadie. assistant, from Feb. 2 D. E. Pearsall E. J. Casselmsn L. C. Hewitt R. F. Stuewer Traey Bartholomew X. J. Beaber W. E. Holland F. C. Alexander, assist ant. from Sept. 30 W. L. Hast S. A. Briley, senior fellow D. E. Babcock R. C. Driari: P. V. McKinney, senior fellow if. C. Mayberry Winton Brown L. C. Roue, assistant, to June 6 W. L. Xelon F. P. Hnolett. assistant, front Feb. 20 11. J. Cihula. assistant, from Sept. 2S to Feb. 18 W. E. Tournay, assistant, to Oct. 3 E. B. Kester R. if. Catdenvood, assist ant W. L. William,, sssist- aot, from June 14 to Sept. 10 W. F. Fair, Jr. H. R, Deck, assistant J. L. Keller, assistant, from June 13 to Sept. 3 R. R. McGregor, senior fellow E. L. Warrick J. TV. Jordan, assistant. from July IS J. E. TroulniMi, assist ant. from Mar. 21 to Sept. 1 H. H. AcUey T. A. Wilson, senior fel low 12. 11. McLean D. P. Menard C. n. Barker J. J. Ki.fiyJit. senior fel low 11. K. F...i. JI. \V. t\ iH.rr. assistant Paillniv I |,,|>(, r. lit 1'uan.a ix 1'. H, A. OxvlS^