Document MoMGyR1GLVp9aBK3rzDdodLMV

Minerals Y 1969 ,, Volume I-- METALS, MINERAL Prepared by sta BUREAU OF N49794 Lead By Donald E. Mo The record-breaking expansion of world production and consumption of lead con tinued in 1969. World mine production, in dicated at 3.52 million tons, increased 6,7 percent above 1968 ootput, and smelter output of 3.67 million t6ns, including some foreign secondary output, represented a rise of over 10 percent. The free world mine production of 2.64 million tons and smeller production of 2.67 million tons was insufficient to cover demand during the first three-quarters of the year, which re sulted in a -producer-stock drawdown of 11.000 tons and a continued dr; wdown of the U..S. stockpile. The expanded supply, however, exceeded demand in the last quarter, and free world producer stocks climbed to an indicated 185,000 tons, a gain of 22,000 tons during the year. A factor in free world demand was trade in bullion and metal with the Socialist countries, which resulted in a net export of almost 10,000 tons during the first 9 months of the year. Mainland China was an especially large market with almost 35.000 tons imported, mainly from the United Kingdom. Tlic domestic lead industry experienced a phenomenal year in 1969 with mine pro duction increasing 42 percent to 509,000 tons, the largest amount since 1930. The increase was due in part to uninterrupted mine operation and, mainly to the output of newly developed mines in Missouri, which added almost 143,000 tons of lead to the .State's 1968 total. The production of lead, primary and secondary, was almost 1.20 million tons and represented over 90 percent of reported domestic consumption. Primary materials accounted for 655,000 tons or 52 percent and secondary materials for 604,000 tons. Domestic consumption of lead estab lished a new record of 1.39 million tons, a 4.6-pcrcent increase over 1968 consumption. The major advances in requirements were batter live, were appro dines Sale o secon and s refine of an suppl and less and G ent c additi 1.39 m The high chang from lent) A slig was f cents New per Janu year 15. Le The the I paym are Minin 89-23 lead crease cepti paid cers latiom partic . 1 Ph Metals 624 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1009 Table 1.--Salient lead statistics I9r,r> I960 1967 1968 1969 United Staten-. Production r Domestic ores, recoverable lead- content............................ .short tons.. Value................................ IhutiHundH. Primary lead (refined): From domestic ores and base bullion...................... short tons.. From foreign ores and base bullion...................... short, tons .. Antimonlal lead (Primary leaf! con tent^....................................short tons.. Secondary lend (l^oad content) nhort tons.. Imports, general: Lead in ores and matte...... do.... Lead in base bullion................... do_____ Lead in pigs, bars, and old short tons.. Exports of lead materials excluding scrap............... short tons.. Stocks Dec. 31 (lead content): At primary smelters and refineries short tons.. At consumer plants.....................do_____ Consumption of metal, primary and secondary..................................... abort tons.. Price: New York, common lead, average, cents per pound................................................ World: . Production*. Mine.......................................... short tons.. Smelter.............................................. do.... Price: London, common lead, average, cents per pound................................................ 301 .147 $93,959 327.368 $98,964 316,931 $88,741 359.156 509,013 $94,903 $151,635 305.007 110,242 6.612 570, HI!) 122.661 566 226.883 7,811 318,646 122,089 11.182 572,834 143,991 2,012 293.085 5,435 258.507 121,387 9,083 053,772 124,067 669 373,887 6,536 349,039 118,271 19.494 050,879 87,836 8 344,601 8,281 513.931 124,724 16,260 603,905 109,252 1,993 285,342 4.968 83,443 109,195 115,473 90,306 125,479 105,786 90,427 88.900 101,860 156,404 ,241,482 1,323,877 1,260,516 1,328,790 1.389,358 16.00 15.12 14.00 13.21 14.93 .966.508 3,138,779 3,159,343 3,298,741 3,523,401 ,910,884 3,026,266 3,182,316 3.330,912 3,670,848 14.37 V 11.87 10.28 10.88 13.09 21. Utah, 15, and Idaho, 8. The program terminated as of January 1, 1970. Government participation in exploration, primarily for lead, was withdrawn in June 1962. The program, under the Office of Minerals Exploration, Geological Survey. U.S. Department of the Interior, continued active in exploration for other base-metal deposits, often in association with lead. Sales of Government surplus lead from the strategic stockpile to commercial users were suspended until approval of Public Law 91--46 on July 19, which authorized the sale of 100,000 tons as an off-the-shelf item. Sales in 1969 totaled 22,698 tons leav ing 77,312 tons authorized at the end of the year. In addition 3,085 tons was trans ferred to Government agencies under au thorization of Public Law 89-9. The actual drawdown of Government stocks of refined lead during the year amounted to 11,8GG tons. In addition to the refined lead, 10,336 tons of antimonial lead in nonstra* tegic Government stocks was sold and de livered to commercial consumers. The stra tegic stockpile objective for lead was revised upward on December 3 to 530,000 tons. The stockpile inventory of 1,152,737 tons at the end of 1969 thus provided a surplus of 622,727 tons. The International Lead and Zinc Study Group convened in Geneva, Switzerland, for ils 13th session on October 8. The meeting marked the 10th anniversary of the international work on lead and zinc problems by the 30-country membership. The supply and demand situation was re viewed and found to be in close balance at that time, but a possibility was indicated of a growing surplus of supply and mount ing producer stocks. It was noted that since the study group was organized lead consumption in the free world had in creased at an average compound rate of 3.8 percent per year. The International Lead-Zinc Research Organization, incorporated in 1965 by producers and consumers of lead and zinc and representing a major portion of that free world industry, continued to sponsor research and development programs to promote new and expanded use of lead and zinc. PRICE cents per pound PERCENT L E AO, thousand short Ions 50 1,4 OO 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 LEAD T United S foies perce (re t I I J . I - l_ Figure 1.--Trends in the lead industry i DOMESTIC PRODUCT MINE PRODUCTION Mine production of recoverable lead gradually increased during the first 6 months of the year (o reach 45,124 tons during june; during the last G months it ranged from 42,300 to 4G.200 tons monthly. The (olal of 509,013 tons for the year com pares with 359,156 tons in 1968 and repre sents a 42-pcrcent increase. This output level was exceeded only in 1930 when pro duction was 558,300 tons. The increase re sulted from uninterrupted operations fol lowing the labor settlements in 1968 and, primarily, from full-scale production of the four ne lead be Missour 19G8, in domesti second cent of with 8 cent, Th 95 perc t.'M'pfy. South tinued More th in Mis 626 MINERALS YEARBOOK. I960 opened since 1000, and seven mines arc represented in ilic leading 10 domestic producers. Improvements in technology, mine design, and mining methods permit increased labor efficiencies and metal rccoverics substantially above those of older mines and concentrators. Si. Joseph Lead do., the leading domestic producer, operated the Fletcher, Viburnuin. Federal, Indian Creek, and Goose Creek mines and produced 354,131 tons of lead concentrate.2 A new mine develop ment, Brushy Creek, was started and will become operational in 1972 with a capacity approaching 50,000 tons of lead. The Magmont mine, a joint venture of Cominco American Inc. and Dresser Industries, Inc., operated at full capacity throughout the year. 07ark Lead Co., a subsidiary of Kennecolt Copper Corp., gradually increased output at the Ellington mine to achieve the designed rate by midyear. The Buick mine of Missouri Lead Operating Co., a joint venture of American Metal Climax Inc. and Homcstakc Mining Co., also grad ually increased output during the year a I* though ground-water and labor problems delayed full-scale output. Construction of the concentrator was completed during the year.* Kennccott Copper Corp. became a major lead producer in 1909 with an output, of 48,700 tons from operations in Missouri and Utah.1 The production at the Burgin mine, F.ureka, Utah, was limited by a criti cal shortage of miners, which, together with caving ground and ground-water conlitmus, hindered mine development and :topc preparation. Completion of the 1,300oot-levcl loading facilities and initiaion of slope development assisted in proluction improvements late in the year. The new development shaft for the Trixie rca was completed to the planned depth if 860 feet. The Burgin operation is the srst attempt to handle large quantities of he hot, corrosive water of the Tintic Disrict and to use this water in the concern rator, which began operation in June, 'he Mayflower mine of Hccla Mining Co. nd mines of United Park City Mines Co. nd of United States Smelting, Refining, nd Mining Co. were other large Utah lead roduccrs. Homcstakc Mining Co. completed facilics at the Bulldog Mountain mine near reede, Colo., in March 1969 and achieved car capacity output by July 1, with 49,200 tons milled (hiring the last 6 months of the year. Reserves of ore as of January 1, 1970, were 409,480 tons with an average grade of 2IR ounces of silver per ton and 2.7 percent lead/* American Smelting and Relining Company coni in tied development, of the Black Cloud mine near I.eadvillr. Colo, for production in 1971. The shaft was nearing completion at the 1.650-foot depth. Federal Resource Corp. began sink ing a shaft to mine a large lead-zinc copper-silver ore body at the old Camp .Bird mine near Ouray, Colo. The Key stone mine near Crested Butte. Colo., owned by Park City Consolidated Mines Co. and American Smelting and Refining Company, resumed operation in September under lease by Keystone Mines Co. Idnratlo Mining Co., a subsidiary of Newmonnt Mining Corp.. was the lending producer in Colorado, and New Jersey 7,inc Co. and Rico-Argentine Mining Co. were the other major lead producers. American Smelling and Refining Co. re sumed operations at the Van .Stone mine. Nnrthport. Wash., in April and produced 968 tons of lead. The Ground Hog mine near Silver City. N. Mcx., was also re opened in May by American Smelting and Refining Company, A new flotation mill near Kingman, Ariz., was completed in February by Standard Metals Corp. to process ore from the Antlers mine and oilier adjacent properties. SMELTER AND REFINERY PRODUCTION The essentially uninterrupted operations, expanded domestic concentrate supply, and full-year operation of the two new Mis souri smelters resulted in a primary plant production of 666,280 tons of refined and antimonial lead, a 34-percent increase over 1968 production and the largest total since 1930. Monthly output ranged from a low of 46,700 tons in .February to a high of 59,800 tons in November and averaged over 55,500 tons- Continuous operation of the Hercula neum smelter of St. Joseph Lead Co. and full utilization of the expanded capacity produced a record tonnage of 223,500 tons, up 31 percent from the 1968 level and 86 3 St. Joseph Lend Co. Annual Report. 1969. p. 6. * Homcstakc Mining Co. Annual Report. 1969, p. 7. A Kcnncrotl Copper Corp. Annual Report. I960, p. 12. * Homcstakc Mining Co. Annual Report. 1969, p. 12. LEAD percent above the 1967 level. In October a sulfuric acid plant was placed in operation in conjunction with the smcltcr.r> The new smelter of American Smelling and Refining Co. at Glover, Mo., became operative in the first quarter of the year after being delayed by a strike initiated in September 1968. ('induction of all of the American Smelting and Refining Co. smelt ers and refineries in I960 was 207,275 tons of lead, a 35-percent increase over the 1968 .strike-curtailed output.7 T!e Bunker Hill Co., a division of Gulf Resources and Chemical Corp., produced 124,000 tons of refined lead, approximately the same onipul as in 1968. Installation of an updraft sintering machine was in prog ress, and construction of vi new sulfuric acid plant was authorized.* 'I he United States Smelting Lead Refin ery, Inc., East Chicago, Ind., a subsidiary of United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Co. produced almost 31.000 tons of lead. This refinery processes bullion from the Tooele, Utah, smelter of International Smelling and Refining Co, a subsidiary of The Anaconda Company.!l Secondary had production in I960 was a record G03.900 tons, a O.G-percent increase over l!Ki8 output. Secondary plains ami foundries contributed 592,500 Ions, or 98 pertrni. of the total. The ratio of class of material produced remained essentially un changed from the 1968 pattern, with soft lead comprising 25.5 percent, antimonial lead 56.7 percent, and other lead al loys !7,8 percent. Secondary lend contrib uted 48.0 percent of (he domestic lead production and 39.7 percent of new sup ply. including metal imports, compared with 53 percent and 40 percent in 1968 and 59 percent and 42 percent in 1967. re- spcctivcly. P duclion in including 5 facturers and R Domestic 525.400 tons domestic pr 80 percent compared w percent in smelted du tons. The a resulted in plants of 2 slightly ove materials a beginning o tons, of wh origin. Stoc to a total ualiy increa of October, tons. Of the m,ary origin 58.800 tons Consump to 797,800 with 725.70 in 1907. Ne cessed dros 115.000 ton buttery scra total, comp anil 02 per particularly unusually 1909 excee year, and s to 73,600 to CONSUMPTION AND US Consumption of lead again moved up ward to a new record of 1.39 million tons, an increase of 60,600 tons, or 4.0 percent, over 1968 com.siimption. The increase of 68.800 tons in battery requirements and 9.200 tons in gasoline additives represented the major areas of increase. Metal products excluding batteries, reflected a decrease of 11.200 tons, with most of the historical metal uses below the 1968 levels; only col lapsible tulies increased significantly. Figmenis also decreased in total because of a substantial drop in lead consumed in red lead and li supply sou duction, im pile shipm tons of lea for by rep This disap " .St Josep 12 American Animat Rep - (iuH Re Report. 196 ' United S Co. Annual 628 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 19(19 92.000 tons in 1908 and an annual average of 48,900 tons for the 1963-G7 period. The disappearance is presumed to he umeported consumption or slocks especially at small users and dealers. Consumption aver aged 115,800 tons monthly, with July am! October continuing to he ilie liisloina! low- and high-demand periods during the year. The daily average consumption of 3,805 tons compares with 3,541 tons in 1958. Mefal products other than batteries con sumed 390.500 tons, a decrease from the 401,800 tons used in 1958. The total use of lead in lliese products has slowly de clined in tonnage and percentage from 440.100 tons, 48.2 percent, in 1955 to 390,500 tons, 40.1 percent in 1959. Exami nation of the 1955 and 1959 requirements indicates a decline in most of the metal products, except ammunition, casting metal, collapsible tubes, foil, and terne metal, that ranges from 30 percent for calking, 18 percent for cable covering, and M percent for type metal, downward to 5 percent for pipes, traps and bends. The manufacture of lead-acid storage batteries again posted a record requirement of 582,500 tons of lead, approximately 41 percent of the total reported lead con sumption. The increased lead requirements reflect the record manufacture and ship ment of automotive-type batteries which reached 45.4 million units according to sta tistics of the Association of American Mat tery Manufacturers. Inc. Naileries installed as original factory equipment totaled It).I units and 35.5 million batteries were classi fied as replacements. Export of batteries increased to 750,000 units compared with 450.000 units in 1958. The expanding use of automotive type batteries in non-high way use for recreational and farm equip ment as well as use of large, industrialtype batteries for emergency power in hospitals and communications, bus resulted in an average annual growth of 5.5 percent in battery lead consumption since 1968. Lead requirements for gasoline antiknock additives was a record 271,700 tons, an in crease of 3.5 percent, but well below (he 5-perccnt increase achieved in 1968. A re ported factor iti the reduced growth was a substantia! decrease, due to new foreign manufacturing capacity, in exports of an tiknock fluid. Lead consumed in pigments was the lowest since 1953 with the decrease mainly in the manufacture of red lead and lith arge. A small tonnage increase occurred in while lead and also itt pigment colors, an area of gradual growth in recent years. LEAD fIGMENTS Production of lead pigments and oxides required 378,400 tons of lead, an increase of almost 10 percent over 1958 require ments. All the lead, except 000 tons, used in leaded zinc oxide was derived from pig lead. Use increased in white lead and de creased slightly in red lead. Lead in ox ides. litharge, and black oxide increased 33,100 tons over 1958 requirements to a new record of 3-18,100 tons. While lead requirement* by the paint and ceramic industries continued the downtrend of recent years, as did red lead in paints rubber, and various other uses. The miscellaneous uses of red lead were especially reduced to less than 4,000 tons in comparison with the large tonnages used in prior years. Litharge requirements declined in the ceramic industry and also in oil refining and rubber manufacture. The largest use of litharge, however, is in the battery industry. The amount cannot be published and is included in other uses in (able 20. Prices.--The quoted price of lead pig ments, with the exception of basic carbon ate white lead, moved upward throughout the year in accord with the rising price of rclincd lead. The price of white lend, sta ble at 20.5 cents per pound, carload lots, freight allowed, since I960, decreased to 20 cents in early February, increased to 21.5 units per pound in early August, and con tinued at that price for the remainder of the year. The price of red lead, 95 percent Pb;,On in carload lots, at works, quoted at 15.75 cents per pound at the beginning of the year, moved upward in 0.5-cent steps beginning in early January to reach 19.75 cents in late December. The price of lith arge, commercial grade, powdered, in car load lots, at works, likewise moved upward in unison with the price of lead to reach 19 cents per pound in laic December. The value of shipments of white lead, red lead, and litharge amounted to $57.6 million, an average of 5342 per ton, com pared with 552.8 million and 5317 per ton in I9l>8, respectively. Foreign Trade.--F.xport of lead oxides, pigment grade, including lead arsenate and LEAD other compounds, continued to decline in gross weight and value from 1,877 Lons valued ;u 5770,000 in 1958 to 1,688 tons v;i11icet III S5H5.700 in 1959. A total of 4G countries received shipments ranging in value from a high of 5171.800 for Canada to 5500 Ini Ucimmla. South Vietnam was the second largest importer with a total import value of 840,000. Imports for consumption of lead pig`menis and compounds in 1959 increased about 500 tons in weight and $1,000 in value compared with the 1958 totals. Lead compounds, including lead arsenate, ace tate, and nitrate, totaled 355 tons valued at $105 counted German rica we irate, w the lead ganic l amount value. T ada and not ove valued nated uted al year. STOCKS Producer stocks of refined and antimo- nial lead at the start of the year totaled 15,300 tons. These stocks were reduced in January and February to a low of 10,000 tons of metal. A rise initiated in March increased the lota', to 18.700 tons at the end of A decrease in June and July was followed by a buildup culminating in the ycareml total of 25.700 tons. Stocks of base bullion increased slightly during the venr. Raw material slocks at primary plants declined in the first quarter from 87,000 tons to 75.000 tons, then built up to a high of 112,000 tons at the end of Octo ber, and dosed the year at 102,000 tons. Materia low of end of Cons creased to 156 largest proxim second hands The G stockpi 1,149,0 comme PRICES The strong demand for lead, competi tion in the world market for concentrates, and critically by low stocks of free world producers at the end of 1968 resulted in continuation of the upward trend in priceinitiated in October of 1968. beginning on January 8 a 0.5-cent-pcr-puiiml increase to 13.5 cents per pound was followed by like increases on January 30, April 7, June 9, July 3, November 24, and December 15, tints c per p throug Metal ward slight daily, per p cembc FOREIGN TRAD Exports of lead metal decreased in 1969 to about 5,000 tons and consisted of rela tively small shipments to over 18 countries. Export of lead scrap, however, was the largest in recent years at 2,340 tons. The increase was primarily due to a substantial .shipment to the United Kingdon and to increa in Ca lands, Imp 21,400 and tons 630 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 1909 duty paid entry of 6,000 tons. Canada sup plied 39 percent of the imports for con sumption, followed by Australia, 21 per cent; Mexico, J9 percent; and Honduras, 12 percent. Australia supplied about 2,000 tojjjs of btilfion in addition to ore. Imports of lead metal for consumption decreased for the second successive year to 278,000 tons compared with 363,600 tons in 1967 and 337,600 tons in 1968, Australia sup planted Peru as the leading source with 22 percent; followed by Mexico, 21 percent; Peru, 21 percent; Canada, 16 percent; and Yugoslavia. 10 percent. Imports of lead scrap mainly from Can ada and Mexico, increased to 6,700 tons and thus exceeded exports of scrap by some 4.300 tons, Semiproccssed sheet, pipe, and shot imported from Canada and West Europe totaled 518 tons with an indicated value of 16.8 cents per pound, and imports of babbitt metal, solder, and other alloys totaled 667 tons, lead content, with a perpound value of 52.87 and a gross-weight value of 90 cents per pound. WORLD REVIEW Statistical reporting on the world lead industry varies in reporting base, reporting sotirce, and scope of estimating. The Bu reau of Mines reports indicate the basis, insofar as possible, used for each country, whereas the Internationa! Lead and Zinc Study Group reports on an ore-content basis. The American Bureau of Metal Sta tistics (ABMS) relies to a large extent on industrial trade associations, as well as Governmental agencies, in obtaining statis tical information. Therefore, free world mine production of lead ranged from the Lead and Zinc Study Group total of 2.68 million tons 1,1 through the Bureau of Mines total of 2.64 million to the 2.56-mil lion-ton total of ABMS. In addition the Bureau of Mines estimated production in Communist countries, excluding Yugoslavia, to be 887,000 tons and the world total is thus 3.52 million tons. Smelter reporting of metal output also varies, with the Bu reau of Mines reporting, insofar as possi ble, only primary metal, whereas the Lead and Zinc Study Group reports metal out put from both primary and secondary sources. Free world smelter output in 1969 thus ranged from the Study Group total of 3.23 million tons through the ABMS total of 2.94 million to the Bureau of Mines total of 2.67 million. An additional output of a million tons of metal was estimated for the Communist countries, excluding Yugoslavia, to provide a world output of primary metal of 3.67 million tons. The United States became the leading producer during the year with 14 percent of the world total production. Australia .and the U.S.S.R. shared second place with about 490,000 tons each. Canada, Mexico, Peru, and Yugoslavia were the other free world countries with an output over 100,000 tons each, and these seven coun tries contributed 69 percent of the free world lead and 52 percent of the world total. Smelter production was also highlighted by the substantial increase in United States output which after a 2 year period in sec ond place to the U..S..S.R., again became the leading metal producer with 24 per cent of the free world total and 17 percent of the world total. Australia, Japan, Can ada, West Germany, France, Yugoslavia and Belgium each had metal production in excess of 100.000 tons and the eight lend ing free world countries produced 72 per cent of the free world lead metal. Consumption of lead metal in the free world, including refined and antimonial lead from primary and secondary sources and excluding other secondary alloys, amounted to 3.43 million tons, according to the Lead and Zinc Study Group's pre liminary totals. The United States was by far the largest consumer with 37 percent of the total. The United Kingdom ranked second, followed closely by West Germany, France, and Japan. The North and South American countries combined consumed 44 percent; West Europe, 44 percent; Asia, 9 percent; Australia New Zealand, 2 percent; and Africa. I percent. The Study Group also reports consumption of refined and antimonial lead in the Free World and preliminary totals for 1969 indicate a metal supply surplus of 128,000 tons, of which 22,000 tons was an increase in free world producer stocks during the year. Argentina.--Compatl/a Minera Aguilar S. A., a subsidiary of St. Joseph Lead Co, 10 International Lead and Zinc Study Group. Monthly Bulletin, July 1970, pp. 10-12. LEAD increased production of lead concentrates output from 31,100 tons in 1068 to 46,860 tons in 1000, as the completion of the mil! expan sion permitted high-level production dur ing the year.11 from Anvil, 15,400 Prod Australia.--Mount Isa Mines Ltd., 52.7perccnt owned by American Smelling and Refining Company, increased lead produc tion over 33 percent during the fiscal year ending June 30. I960, to 131,388 tons. Since the close of the fiscal year, the oreproduction rate has exceeded the 16,000long-lon-pcr-day goal of the major expan from t Colum down continu compa Colum tons o 1909. sion program started in 1959. Mount Isn Colum announced plans to bring into production year. a new mine, to be known as the Hilton The mine, located about 13 miles north of the No Mount Isa. Shaft sinking was initiated on ihe deposit outlined by drilling. The de ions, a deplet posit reported contains 35 million tons of Pine P ore averaging 7.6 percent lead and 9.6 per ditiona cent tons p Broken Mill areas -mines continued to expand ptoduelion with a relatively quiet labor situation during the year except for a 3-week strike in August, /.'me Corp. of Australia increased lead output 17 percent over that of 1908. North Broken Hill, Ltd., and New Broken Hill, Consolidated, con tinued expansion programs designed to in operat ing C Nigad (1 notio mines Texas level o Irela crease the area's annual production from 275,000 to 300.000 tons. The fourth major gate tons o Broken Hill mine, Broken Hill South, is reaching the limits of its ore. The mine was able to increase production only from perce The in th a residue treatment project. year.' Exploration continued at a high rate, Possible new deposits were reported by Texas Gulf Sulphur Co., Acmex Holdings Me slight and N.L., and Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Aus opera tralia, Ltd. Plomo Canada.--The major highlight in Can by m ada was the completion of the $60 million of th development and construction of Anvil cons Mining Corp., Ltd's, facilities in the tin a Yukon, which were begun in 1067. The progr first concentrates from the open pit mine and 5.500-ton-pcr-uay flotation mill and re Pe ducti lated facilities, owned 60 percent by Cy prus Mines Corp. and 40 percent by Dy tailed in A nasty Exploration, Ltd., were shipped to Japan on December 7. The concentrates were transported by truck 237 miles to Whitehorse and thence 110 miles by rail road to Skagway, Alaska, for transfer to _ nS 16. 11 A Annu mN oceangoing cargo ships. Toho Zinc and Mitsui Mining and Smelting will take the '^Am Annu 632 MINERALS YEARBOOK. I960 the loss of over a month's production in the smelters and refineries at La Oroya. Ufa Mincra Sanin Luisa S.A., a subsidi ary of Mit.sAi Mining & Smelting Co. Ltd. of japan, continued underground develop ments of the Huanzala mine in the Peru vian Andes. Poland.--An imperial smelter was placed in operation early in the year at the zinclead smelter of /.jednoewenie Gorniezo- Hutnicze Mctali Riczclazynch at Miastcczko. Yugoslavia.--After .r> years of construc tion, the first open pit lead-zinc mine was placed in operation in Kosovska Mitrovica. This is the: first stage of the new Kistnica and Nova Brdo mine-and-pit complex, A modern flotation mill was also placed in regular operation not far from (he new mine. TECHNOLOGY Research, development, and incorpoia lion of new methods, e<juipmenl, and product uses continued to he a major activ ity in the lend industry. The International Lead /.inc Research Organization, Inc. (II./.RO) . conducts cooperative research and development on behalf of major lead and zinc producers throughout the world. Currently there are 3.5 supporting compa nies in 12 countries, and some 00 lead re search programs cover essentially all exist ing uses of lead as well as new product development. The /.inc and Lead Interna tional Service (/.ALLS) was set up in 1969 to stimulate the consumption of lead and zinc in developing countries hy providing up-to-date technical service to manufactur ers and consumers. In building, a major effort was develop ment of a composite lead roofing competi tive with asphalt-type roofing. Battery applications continue to receive major at tention especially in the area of vehicle propulsion as air pollution problems in crease in national concern. Cable sheathing of lead-plastic composition js under study and development to combine the corrosion resistance and impermeability of lead with the elasticity of plastics. The organolead compounds arc showing technical and com mercial potential in many applications warranting extensive research and develop ment into tonnage levels of lead consump tion. Table 2.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, by State (Short tons) State 1965 1906 1967 1968 1969 Alaska...................................................................... Arizona.................................................................... California............................................................... Colorado................................................................. Idaho......... ............................. Illinois..................................................................... Kansas..................................................................... Kentucky................................................................ Missouri.................... Montana................................................................. Nevada.................................................................... New Mexico........................................................ New York............................................................ Oklahoma............................................................... Oregon..................................................................... South Dakota..................................................... Tennessee............................................................... Utah......................................................................... Virginia................................................................... Washington........................................................... Wisconsin.......... ...................... Other States........................................................ W 5,913 1 ,810 22.495 55.506 :i ,005 1.644 756 133,521 5.9KI 2,277 3,387 661 2.X13 W .......... .......... 37.700 3,651 6.32k 1,645 14 Total.......................................................... 301,147 14 5.211 l .976 23,02 72,334 2.2X5 l. ioy 484 132.255 4.409 3.581 1,596 1 ,097 2.999 4.77J 1.735 21,923 61.387 2,384 1.031 X45 152.649 X9K 1,500 . I .827 1,653 2,727 1 HI 64,124 3 ,07k 5,859 1,694 ` 53,813 3,430 2.762 1,596 327,368 315.931 W 1 ,704 4,001 19.77K 54.790 1 .467 1 ,227 W 212.611 1,870 K63 I ,363 1.396 2,3X7 W 45,205 3,573 5,655 1,126 140 359,156 2 217 2.51K 21.767 65.597 791 395 355,452 1 .753 1,420 2,368 1 ,686 605 C) 1 4 1.332 3 .358 H.6^9 1,102 609,013 W Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data; included in "Other States.1 1 Less than ! j unit. T a b le 3.--Production of lead and zinc in the U n ite d States in 1969, by State and class of ore, fro m old tailings, etc., in terms o f recoverable metals (S hort tons) r-cCtooM t<-0 LEAD 52 J8 |* -3fi <Oicr>) fOfito CM 0O 1/) .. t- ,, CM fiS NS : : :s tii i r i OO 1 r tO OO ->f itO to v eo -h to g ' ' t~ CM -* 1 CO i m t- op at'ST' 1 eM t-- t- 1 o nn c-t- ^ + -H i in e- oo c m CO oo m c m I '1 CO CM *0 C<O0 Vo<00 ;-eOmoO Wm C--oMi C^M 31 w.2J CM CM t- 'I a r- '--m f5N-H-Of V S 2 <0 CM 3 0000 '"TN'<0'HC0 ON CM M CM t** CM CM tO CM CO tO .as -f Oati --CO- ^--Co fMdlJ -'1o> e-<7J Ng f) CM* a c 3 CMlOCC0OO>OCMi i1 CinM CM CCMM CM C- t Tf eo CM - CM VJ 1w.a `I* j O3 ui-mf-ioe^McatitC^.M 'iii^/filHtoierfo-l wV w2 | o i - < - ( '! jHSi-j;2 3g"*:sslf Sa'i?!U 634 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19G9 I <<552wsswfczoo& LEAD (Short tons) Month 1968 January....................................... February..................................... March .......................................... Anrll............................................. May.............................................. June.............................................. July............................................... 24,493 24.282 24.083 27,440 81,062 28,965 30,861 1969 36,805 34,944 38,816 42,263 43,816 45,124 44,330 Mo August.............. September....... October............ November........ December........ Total... Table 5.--Twenty-five leading lead-producing mines in Rank Mine County and State O 1 Fletcher............................. Reynolds, Mo.............................St. Joseph L 2 Viburnum......................... Crawford, Iron, and Wash- Ington, Mo.......................................... do........ 3 Magmont.......................... Iron, Mo....................................... Cominco A 4 Federal............................... St. Francois, Mo....................... St. Joseph L 6 Ozark.................................. Reynolds, Mo............................. Ozark Lead 6 Bunker HUI..................... Shoshone, Idaho........................ The Bunke 7 8 9, 10 11 U.S. and Lark................ Salt Lake, Utah......................... United Sta fining an Lucky Friday................. Shoshone, Idaho........................ Hecla Min Buick.................................. Iron, Mo....................................... Missouri L Indian Creek.. ..... Washington, Mo....................... St. Joseph L Idarndo.............................. Ouray 8nd San Miguel, Colo. Idarado M 12 Pend Oreille.................... Pend Oreille, Wash.................. Pend Oreill Co. 13 Star-Morning........... .. Shoshone, Idaho_____ ______ Hecla Mini 14 Burgin................................ Utah, Utah.................................. Kennecott 16 Mayflower........................ Wasatch, Utah...........................Hecla Minin 16 United Park City.......... Summitand Wasatch, Utah. United Par 17 Page.................................... Shoshone, Idaho........................ American S fining Co 18 Sunny9lde......................... San Juan, Colo.......................... Standard M 19 Dayrock............................ Shoshone, Idaho........................ Day Mines 20 Austlnville and Ivanhoe............ .. Wythe, Va................................... The New J 21 Eagle................................... Eagle, Colo.............................................. do........ 22 Ophlr.................................. Tooele, Utah............................... United Sta fining an 23 Darwin............................ Inyo, Calif................................... West Hill Inc. 24 Ground Hog.................... Grant, N. Mex...........................American Sm fining Co 25 Balmat............................... St. Lawrence, N. Y................. St. Joseph L Tabic G.--Refined lead produced at primary refinerie source material (Short tons) 1965 196 Refined lend: From primary Rourcen.Domestic ores and base bullion........................ Foreign ores and base bullion............................ 305,007 113,242 318,6 122.0 Total......................... .............................................. 418,249 440,7 From secondary sources.................................................. 13.140 9,0 Grand total...................... .............................................. 431,389 449,7 Calculated value of primary refined lead (thou- sands) i........................................................................................ $133,840 $133,2 1 Value based on average quoted price, New York, and excludes value primary refineries. 638 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1%0 Tabic 12.--Lead consumption in the United States, by products (Short tons) Product 1969 Metaf products: Ammunition........................ 82.193 Bearing metals..... ............. 18,441 Brass and bronze............... 21.021 Cable covering................... 53,456 Calking lead........................ 49,718 Casting metals................... Collapsible tubes............... Foil.......................................... Pipes, traps, and bends.. 8,693 9,310 6,114 21,098 Sheet lead______........ Solder..................................... Storage batteries; 28,271 74,074 Battery grids, pouts, etc.............................. 260,129 Battery oxides........... 263,574 Tome metal......................... 1,427 Type metal........................... 27,981 79.2:13 17,406 21,512 54,203 44,867 9,918 12,484 6,881 19.407 25,818 72.625 280.386 302,160 1,583 25,660 Pigments Continued: Pigment colors................... Other'.................................... Total.................................. Chemicals: Gasoline antiknock addi tives.................................... Miscellaneous chemicals. Total.................................. MisccllannoUH uses: Annealing..................... Galvanizing.......................... Lead plating........................ Weights and ballast......... 14,163 3,234 109,734 261,897 629 262,526 4.194 1,755 389 16,768 14,670 1,201 102,386 271,128 602 271,730 4,252 1,797 406 17,366 Total.................................. 915,500 973,134 laments: White lead......_____ 5,857 Red lead and litharge... 86,480 6,617 79,898 Total................................... Other, unclassified uses______ 23,106 17,924 23,821 18,287 Grand total *................... 1,328,790 1,389,358 < Includes load content of leaded zinc oxide and other pigments. Includes lead which went directly from scrap to fabricated products. Table 13.--Lead consumption in the United States, by months (Short tons) Month 1968 January........................... ... February........................ ... March............................. ... ... May..... .. ......................... ... ... July.................................... . 110,608 106,261 106,621 108,113 112.139 104,479 93,301 1969 118.080 105,586 117,508 115.948 117,272 116.780 100,894 Month 1968 August............................... .. September........................... October............................. ... November........................ ... December............. .............. 110,908 114,312 133,133 116,574 112,341 Total '............... .... 1,328,790 1969 112,189 123,941 131,891 112,521 117,749 1 .389,358 ' Includes lead content of loaded zinc oxide and other pigments and lead which went directly from scrap to fabricated products. Table 14.--Lead consumption in the United States in 1969, by class of products and types of material (Short tons) Product Soft lead Lead in antimonlal lead Lead in alloys Lead in copperbase scrap Total Metal products............................................. Storage batteries........................................ Pigments......................................................... Chemicals........................................................ Miscellaneous................................................ Unclassified.................................................... 189,558 311,987 101.185 271.536 10.707 15,885 98,516 270,559 .......... 194 13,005 2,050 50,970 .......... .......... .......... 104 352 16.367 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 354.411 582,546 101,185 271.730 23,816 18,287 Total................................................... 900,858 384,324 51.426 15,367 '1,351,975 1 Excludes 36,182 tons of lead which went directly from scrap to fabricated products and 1,201 tons of lead contained In leaded zinc oxide and other nonspecified pigments. LEAD Tabic 15.--Lead consumption in the United S (Short tons) Refined soft lead Lead in antimonlal lead California..................................... .................. Colorado........................................................ Connecticut.................................................. District of Columbia................................. Florida............................................................ Georgia............................................................. Illinois............................................................... 4 Indiana........................................................... Kansas............................................................ . Kentucky...................................................... Maryland........................................................ Massachusetts.............................................. Michigan....................................................... . Missouri......................................................... . Nebraska......................................................... New Jersey.................................. ................. New York........................................................ Ohio................................................................ . Pennsylvania............................................... Rhode Island................................................. Tennessee...................................................... . Virginia.......................................................... Washington.................................................. . West Virginia...................... ......................... Wisconsin.."................................................... Alabama and Mississippi........................ Arkansas and Oklahoma......... -............... Hawaii and Oregon.................................. . Inwa and Minnesota.................................. Louisiana and Texas.................................. Montana and Idaho................................... New Hampshire, Maine, Vermont, Delaware..................................................... North and South Carolina...................... Utah, Nevada, Arizona............................ 92,153 1,019 16,465 153 5,913 41,734 80,746 83,706 12,142 2,912 8,816 6,772 17.693 39,679 3,611 136,616 41.523 12,954 65.668 1 .657 197 945 6,958 18.077 3,223 1.414 6,210 872 3,217 193,923 2,977 6,682 2,945 88 34,898 2,832 12,751 6,771 17,616 49,300 43,546 10,489 7,620 16,066 898 19,446 14,278 988 21,100 1,846 3,604 36,625 496 13,080 1,641 444 4,948 3,283 2,993 4,178 3,336 8,360 31,949 '8.312 2,781 Total.................................................... 900.868 384,324 1 Excludes 36,182 tons of lead which went dlrectlv from scrap to contained in leaded zinc oxide and other non-specified pigments. Table 16.--Production and shipment., of lead p United States Pigment Produc tion (short tons) Short tons Shipments Total P Average per ton Dry.............. .. In oiP____ .. 6,614 2,822 8,678 $3,514,502 $410 3.056 2,087,601 . 683 Total. .. .. 9,436 Red lead............. .. 23,816 Litharge.............. .. 114,900 Black oxide____ .. 218,119 11,634 23,811 131.178 6,602,103 8,458,714 38.721,968 482 365 296 1 2 ' Except for basic lead sulfate these figures withheld to avoid data. i At plant, exclusive of container. * Weight of white lead only, but value of paste. 640 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1909 Table 17.--Lead content o lead and zinc pigments1 and lead oxides produced by domestic manufacturers, by sources (Short tons) 1968 1.969 Pigment Lead in pigments produced from-- Ore Domestic Foreign Pig lead Total lead In pigments Lead In pigments produced from-- ---------------------------------- > - Ore ------------------------------ - Pig lead Domestic Foreign Total lead In pigments White lead.............. Red lead.................. Litharge................... Black oxide............ Leaded zinc oxide . . . 768 7,649 7,649 21.689 21,689 . 106,857 106,867 208,067 208,067 706 1,474 887 8,396 8,396 21,378 21,378 114,767 114,767 283.812 233,312 204 671 Total........... 768 706 844.062 346,636 367 204 877,843 878,414 1 Excludes lead In basic lead sulfate; these figures withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confiden tial data. * Table 18.--Distribution of white lead (dry and in oil) shipments,' by industries (Short tons) Industry 1966 1966 1967 1968 Paints....................................................................... Ceramics........... ................................................. Other........................................................................ 9,186 183 6,865 8,260 130 6,486 6,968 96 6.064 6,681 124 4.829 8,969 67 4,328 Total.......................................................... 14,673 14,876 12,128 11.634 10,359 * Excludes basic lead sulfate, these figures withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. Table 19.--Distribution of red lead shipments, by industries (Short tone) Industry 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Paints................................................. .................... Storage batteries........................... .................... Other........................................................................ 13,726 W 16,938 14,480 W 16,790 13,318 W 12,423 11,347 W 12,464 9,191 9,802 3,684 Total.................................... ...................... 29,663 31,270 25,741 28,811 22,177 W Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data; Included with "Other.1 Table 20. --Distribution of litharge shipments, by industries (Short tons) Industry 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Ceramics......................................... Insecticides.................................... Oil refining..................................... ...................... Rubber............................................. ...................... Varnish............................................ ...................... Other................................................ ...................... Total................................... ...................... 2,886 2,163 3,763 74,916 106,892 23.476 1,166 1,991 2,296 1,620 79,764 110,303 19,491 W 1,835 1.928 1.228 76,600 99,982 24,123 W 1,849 1,986 W 103,220 131,178 21,670 W 1,603 1.794 W 110,762 135,719 W Withheld to avoid diacloslng individual company confidential data; Included with "Other," Table 21.--U.S. imports for consumption of lead pigments and compounds Kind White lead............................................... ............. ............. ............. Other lead pigments........................... ............ Other lead compounds....................... .... Total............................................ ............ Short tons 2,168 4,412 24.829 207 398 32,004 1968 Value (thousands) $672 977 5,131 54 116 6,950 Short tons 1,731 6,617 23.982 342 1969 Value (thousands) $661 1,365 6,542 107 32,473 7,984 1969 LEAD Table 22.--Stocks of lead at primary smelters and re Dec. 31 (Short tons) Stocks Refined pig lead.................................................. Lead in antimonial lead................................. Load in baae bullion......................................... Lead in ore and matte..................................... Total........................................................... 1966 17,524 7,680 10,736 47,604 83,448 1966 16,176 6,396 16,606 77,296 116,473 Tabic 23.--Consumer slocks of lead in the United State (Short tone, lead content) Year Refined soft lead 1966............. ............................................................. 1966............. 1967............. 1968............. 1969............ ............................................................. 61,686 67,304 Lead in antimonial lead 36,190 84,704 36,879 86,009 79,649 Table 24.--Average monthly and yearly quoted p New York, and London (Cents per pound) 1968 St. Louin New York London January____ February__ March_____ April.............. May.............. June............. July............... August_____ September.. October.... November. December.. 18.,80 18. 80 13 .80 18. HO 12 .84 12 .80 12 60 12 .30 12 .30 12 .61 12 .80 12 .80 14.,00 14. 00 14 .00 14. 00 13,.04 13 .00 12. 70 12,.60 12 .60 12 .81 13 .00 18 .00 9. 98 10. 86 10 .61 10. 66 10 .72 10 .74 11,.16 11 .29 11 .84 11 .18 11 . 19 11 .27 Average. 13 .01 18 .21 10 .88 1 St, Louis: Metal Statistics, 1970. New York: Metal Statistics, 1 Based on monthly rates of exchange by Federal Reserve Board. 1082 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1969 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Concentrates.--Production of ilmcnite concentrate was 931,000 tons, 5 percent less than that in 1968. Producers were E. I. du Pont de Nemours k Co-, Inc., Starke and Highland, Fla.; Humphreys Mining Co., Folkston, Ga.; SCM Corporation, GliddcnDurkcc Division, Lakchurst, N.J.; National Lead Co., Tahnwus, N.Y.; and American Cyanamid Co., Pincy River, Va. No domes tic production of rutile concentrate was re ported. Metal.--Production of titanium sponge was 33 percent higher than that in 1968. The producing companies were Titanium Metals Corporation of America (TMCA) , Henderson. Nev., owned by National Lead Co. and Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.; Reactive Metals, Inc., Ashtabula, Ohio, owned by National Distillers 8c Chemical Corp. and United States Steel Corp.; and Oregon Metallurgical Corp., Albany, Orcg., partly owned by Armco Steel Corp. and Ladish Co. The sponge-production capacity of the three plants was about 20,000 tons per year. Production of titanium ingot, including alloys, was 28,500 tons, an increase of 48 percent over 1968 production. Nine compa nies that produced titanium ingot from sponge metal and scrap arc as follows; Company Plant location Crucible Steel Company of America ____ ______________ __________Midland, Pa. G. O. Carlson, Inc Niles. Ohio Harvey Aluminum, Inc _______ Torrance. Calif. Howmet Corp ____ ....Whitehall, Mich. Oregon Metallurigal Corp -------------Albany, Oreg. Reactive Metals. Inc____ _____-.Ashtabula, Ohio Teledyne Titanium, Inc Monroe. N.C. Titanium Metals Corporation of America ____ .Henderson, Nev. Titanium West, Inc Reno, Nevada Pigment.--The gross weight of titanium dioxide (TiOg) pigment produced domesti cally was 1 percent greater than that of 1968, with the average Ti02 content of the rutile-, anatase-, and composite-type pig ments being slightly higher than in the previous year. Rutile-type pigment, pro duced by all eight pigment companies, again was about 60 percent of the total on a Ti02 content basis. Most of the remain der was anatasc-typc pigment, produced by five companies, and compositc-type pro duced by one company. Companies producing titanium pigments and plant locations arc as follows: Ameri can Cyanamid Co., Piney River, Va., and Savannah, Ga.; American Potash 8c Chemi cal Corp., a subsidiary of Kerr McGee Corp., Hamilton, Miss.; Cabot Titania, Inc., wholly owned subsidiary of Cabot Corp., Ashtabula, Ohio; E. I du Pont de Nemours k Co., Inc., Edge Moor, Del., An tioch, Calif., and New Johnsonville, Tcnn.; National Lead Co., St. .Louis, Mo., and Sayreville, N.J.; New Jersey Zinc Co., con trolled by Gulf 8c Western Industries, Gloucester, N.J.; PPG Industries, Inc,, Na trium, W. Va.; and SCM, Cliddcn-Durkcc Division, Baltimore, Md. Welding Rod Coating.--A total of 256,000 tons of welding rods, containing titaniferous materials in their coatings, was produced. Of the total output 51 percent contained rutile; 16 percent, ilmcnite; 18 percent, a mixture of rutile and manufac tured titanium dioxide; 9 percent, manu factured titanium dioxide; and 6 percent, miscellaneous mixtures and titanium slag. Table 2.--Production and mine shipments of titanium concentrates i from domestic ores in the United States Year Production Shipments (short tons,---------------------------------------- gross weight) Short tons TlOi content (gross weight) (short ton9) Value (thousands) 1965...................................................................... 1966...................................................................... 1967...................................................................... 1968...................................................................... 1969..................................................................... 969,459 965,378 936,091 978,509 931,247 948,832 868,436 882,414 960,118 893.034 494,353 451,132 463,286 606.260 480,918 $18,058 17,608 18,619 19,484 18,636 i Includes a mixed product containing rutile, leucoxene, and altered ilmenite. Production of rutile concen trate In the United States was discontinued in 1968; data for previous years are withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company confidential data. TITANIUM Table 3.--Titanium- (Short tons 196 Sponge metal: Imports for consumption.............................................. Industry stocks.................................................................. Government stocks (DPA Inventories).................. Consumption....................................................................... Scrap-metal consumption....................................................... Ingot: 1 Production............................................................................ Consumption....................................................................... Net shipments of mill products ......................................... 8,18 9 22,88 12,10 8,80 16,29 14,69 9,86 1 Includes alloy constituents. * Bureau of the Census and Business and Defense Serv Series BDSAF-263. Net shipments are derived by subtra shape from the industry's gross shipments of that shape. Table 4.--Titanium-p (TlOi conte Year Production (short tons) Qu (sho 1965........... 1966........... .. 1967.. .... 1968______.. 1969........... .. 676,700 694,486 689,449 r 623,691 p 651.628 673 698 582 632 p Preliminary. ' Revised. 1 Includes interplant transfers Source: Bureau of the Census CONSUMPTION A Metal.--Consumption of titanium sponge was 20,100 tons, up 41 percent from that of 19G8. Shipments of titanium mill prod ucts were a record 16,000 tons, up 34 per cent from 1968 shipments. Although demand for titanium is in creasing for nonacrospacc uses, aerospace applications used approximately 90 percent of the metal consumed, and demand for use in the Boeing 747, Lockheed L-1011, and McDonnell-Douglas DC-10 consumed approximately 50 percent of mill products in 1969. ' In nonaerospace applications, titanium was used in the chemical industry, where its strength and corrosion resistance arc dominant characteristics. A new cathodic pr Mi nu a ing rin 2en tin th un tu sli ne fo 1084 MINERALS YEARBOOK., 1969 Table 5.--Consumption of titanium concentrates in the United States, by products (Short tons) Ilmenite1 Titanium slag Rutile Year and produet Gross weight TiOj content Gross weight TIO* contend Gross weight TiOt content 1965 ........................................ 1966 1967 ........................................ 928,804 962.706 919,206 483,002 607,879 488,286 148,184 182,288 122,926 105,4811 98,688 86,946 117,876 186,888 168,467 118,017 180,191 147,168 1968: Pigments................. .. Welding-rod coatings. Alloys and carbide____ Miscellaneous................. Total.............................. 957,114 ( > 2,097 (') 847 969,668 609,018 ( ) 207 610,862 142,168 100,591 <) (> 142,168 100,691 112,866 <) 21,414 728 (*) (*) 26,276 160,278 108,544 0) 20,409 669 $ 23,988 158,600 1969: Pigments........................... 1,000,874 Welding-rod coatings. Alloys and carbide____ Miscellaneous................. 843 1,963 o) 60 Totat.............................. 1,003,230 540,403 208 1,106 (>> 30 641,747 138,663 () C) 98,075 ( > () 138,563 98,076 129,668 <>) 22,001 0) 472 0) 33,661 186.702 124,811 c) 20,987 (') 451 () 81,934 178,183 Includes a mixed product containing rutile, leucoxene, and altered ilmenite. * Included with "miscellaneous" to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. 1 Included with "pigments" to avoid disclosing Individual companv confidential data. < Included with "alloys and carbide" to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. Table 6.--Distribution of titanium-pigment shipments, by industries (Percent) Industry 1966 1966 1967 1968 Distribution by gross weight: Paints, varnishes and lacquers............ Paper.............................................................. Floor coverings.......................................... Rubber........................................................... Coated fabrics and textiles (oil cloth, shade cloth, artificial leather, Printing ink................................................. Roofing granules........................................ Ceramics-..................................................... Plastics (except floor covering and vinyl-coated fabrics and textiles). Other (including export)........................ 62.9 12.6 3.6 4.2 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.6 3.6 7.1 61.6 13.9 8.4 4.2 1.4 1.9 1.2 1.7 3.8 6.9 61.9 14.6 2.7 2.8 1.4 2.0 1.1 1.9 6.1 6.6 60.7 14.9 2.4 2.9 1.4 2.1 2.1 6.0 6.7 Total........................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Distribution by titanium dioxide content: Paints, varnishes, and lacquers.......... Paper_____ ______________________ - -- Floor coverings............................ - --------Rubber.-...................................................... Coated fabrics and textiles (oil cloth, shade cloth, artificial leather. Printing ink................................................. Roofing granules........................................ CeramicsPlastics (except floor covering and * vinyl-coated fabrics and textiles). Other (ineluding export)........................ Total.......................................................... 67.4 16.2 4.3 6.0 1.6 2.1 1.7 1.8 4.8 6.6 100.0 66.4 16.7 3.9 4.9 1.6 2.2 1.6 2.1 4.6 6.1 100.0 67.6 17.2 3.1 8.2 1.6 2.8 1.4 2.2 6.0 6.6 100.0 56.6 17.4 2.7 8.8 1.6 2.4 6.9 0.5 100.0 1969 58.6 17.0 2.3 2.6 1.8 2.8 6.2 100.0 54.8 19.5 2.6 1.4 2.6 l.l 7.1 6.0 100.0 TITANIU STOCKS Industry stocks of rutile decreased 15 percent to 184,000 tons, equivalent to about 1 year's supply at the 1969 consumption rate. Ilmenite inventories decreased 5 percent, and stocks of titanium slagdecreased 13 percent. Yearend sponge-metal stocks of producers and melters were 1,908 ton Tit ca ton ite pro 7p Table 7.--Stocks of titanium concentrat (Short ton * Ilmenite_______ Year and stock Gross TiOi weight content (estimated) --------------------- ------ ------- ___------------------- ---------- -- 1968: Mlne..................................... O O Distributor........................... ' 209,018 ' 180,787 Consumer................................ 682,000 878,860 ------------------------------------------------------ Total................................... >891,018 > 604,087 1969! Mine..................................... (i) (i) DIatributor............................ 247,229 146.228 Consumer................................ 600,010 880,616 --------------------------------Total................................... 847,289 476,788 --- ---------------------------------------- -----' Reviaed. 1 Included with "distributor" to avoid disclosing Individu 1 Included with "consumer" to avoid disclosing individua PRICES Concentrates.--Prices for ilmenite remained the same as those in 1968. Domestic ilmenite with 60 percent titanium dioxide (Ti02) content was quoted at $30 to $35 per short ton. Imported ilmenite containing 54 percent T1O2, f.o.b. Atlantic ports, was quoted at $20 to $21 per long ton of contained Ti02. The quoted price for imported rutile (96 percent T1O2) rose in several steps from $125 to $160 in August, where it remained at yearend. Titanium slag (70 percent TiOg) was raised to $45 per long ton. Manufactured Titanium Dioxide.--The basic price of anatase grades of titanium dioxide pigment was raised 1 cent per p gr tio w A" R Ti 1142 MINERALS YEARBOOK. S969 Table 4.-VcrmiculUc exfoliating plants in the United States in 1909 Company Arlzonolite Co------California Zonolitc Co Carolina Wholesale Florist Co...------ --- ;"r Cleveland Gypsum Co., Division of Cleveland Builders Supply Co. Coralux Perlite Corp. of New Jersey.......................... Filter Media Co., Inc.......................................................... Hyser & Lewellen.. --- - ---........................................... International Vermiculite Co........................................... La Habra Products, Inc........................................... - * * * Lanmont, Inc.......................................................................... MacArt hur Co......................................................... '........... The B. F. Nelson Manufacturing Co........................... Patterson VeTmiculitc Co.................................................. Robinson Insulation Co..................................................... Solomon's Mines, Inc _ . -. -........................................ " Southwest Vermiculite Co.------ - * *----------- -Supreme Perlite Co.........................-............................ Texas Vermiculite Co....................................................... . VerHtc Co. (Srhmrlzor Salas Amor., Inr.).. Vermiculite of Hawaii, Inc................................ Vermiculite Industrial Corp............................... Vermiculite-Intermountain................................. Vermiculite-Northwest, Inc............................... Vermiculite Products. Inc................................. Zonolite Division, W. R. Grace & Co........... County Arizona.................... California................ North Carolina... Maricopa. Alameda, Los Angclei Lee. Ohio Cuyahoga. LNoeuwisJiearsneay.^:........................................ SMt.idJdolehsnexth. e Baptist. Pennsylvania....................... Bucks. Illinois..................................... Macoupm. California.............................. Orange. Texas....................................... Llano. Minnesota............................. Ramsey. Illinois.................................... ge Kalb. Minnesota............................. Hennepin. South Carolina................... Laurens. Montana.......... -................... Cascade. North Dakota..................... Ward. Arizona................................... Maricopa. New Mexico......................... ??r!la 1 'w Orecon ................................ Multnomah. Oklahoma.............................. Oklahoma. lcxaa...................... Dallas. Kl.irl.ln.................1................. IlillahoroUKh. Hawaii.................................... Honolulu. New Jersey........................... TTfak ................... oOrCegooni"I............................ Washington------- Texas.................... Arkansas..------ Colorado............. F^ridV":::::::::::::: E?** . Salt Lake. Multnomah. Spokane. Harris. Pulaski. Denver. d >>mi. nmshorough. Beach. Georgia................................... FuRon. Illinois.................................... gook. Kentucky.............................. Campbell, Louisiana.................................. Orleans. Maryland.............................. ErrWce.K^ 8 Massachusetts..................... Hampshire. Michigan.................................. Wayne. Minnesota............................. ^To^is Missouri..............-................ St. Louts. Nebraska............................... Douglas. New Jersey............................ Mercer. Palm SSS&v.::::::: KiUTM Zinc By Donald E. Moulds : The free world production and con* sumption of zinc continued'at a record level in 1969, although in the second half of the year indicated supply had surpassed requirements. Mine production was again expanded 7 percent to 4.56 million tons, and smelter output increased 12 percent to 4.26 million tons. Consumption main tained a growth slightly above metal out* put with a resulting reduction in producer stocks, until June: then decreased con sumption and expanded supply reversed the trend in producer stocks and resulted in a 102,000-ton increase in these stocks during the June-December period. The price of zinc in the world market trended upward throughout the year as metal de mand and competition for smelter feed materials brought pressure. The producer price, both d however, in of the year. The domes ward trend, tion although tion of slab 1.37 million creased 4.5 though all m quate supply personnel to rales. Smelte creased 1 pe 1968 output imports of zi vided an eas 1 Phy.ica) s Meettaallss.. Table I.--Salient zinc itatUtics 1966 United States: Production: Domestic ores, recoverable content short tons.. Value.................................. thousands.. 611,168 (178,284 672,668 (166,044 Slab zinc: From domestic ores.short tons.. From foreign ores.............do_____ From scrap.............................do.... 661,216 448,187 88,619 628,680 601,486 88,263 Total........................... ___do. Secondary zinc 1................... ___do. Exports of slab zinc______ ___do. Imports (general)*. Ores (zinc content)............. ___do___ Slab zinc........................... ___do___ Stocks, December 81: At producer plants.... ___do___ At consumer plants____ ___do___ Consumption: Slab zinc............................. .do... All classes_______________ ______.do. ____ Price, Prime Western, East St. Louis cents per pound. World: Production: Mine______ _short tons. Smelter............................................ .do___ Price: Prime Western grade, London cents per pound. 1,078,021 271,694 6,989 428,040 162,990 28,622 160,763 1,864,092 1,742,067 14.60 '4,741,637 4,862,671 14.12 1,108,829 277,967 1,406 521,820 278,176 64,798' 129,598 1,410,197 1.806,648 14,60 4,942,018 4,498,252 12.75 r Revised. 1 Excludes redistilled slab zinc. 1144 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1969 2 100 UJ cc 50 United Stotes percentoge of world smeller production 0 _J__ 1__ I__ L_l__ I__ 1___I__ I__ L--X. J--I--1__I__ i I I ZINC " ""ended, expired December ' ' 969' The Pnce f 'nc reached 14J cents per pound, the ceiling for payments on qualified production under the pro gram on May , Paymemj durmg S69 w{anUary, `hrU?h April 1969 ltaled 4 729 ton" " f 2,296 t0nl of lead 4,729 tons of zinc. In the 8-year period of Program, payments totaling $2 589 597 were made to 91 producers in 11 States on of To1 3r.'83 '0nS f ,ead and 68,860 tons of zinc. Payments of $1.1 minion 1o 26 7ln, onproducers m Oklahoma represented nearly le3adPerCHn` f ti'e t0`a1' The 9ua,ity of ead and whjch paymentj made represented about 3 percent of the total domestic production during the pe- riods when pr cent-p'er-pounnddact- vi The Internat Group held-1U October 8-14. T countnes, review eluded that sup in close balance supply situation the annual gro over the last 10 Among other m growth of lead veloping countr promotion of co metal production DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Figure 1.--Trends in the zinc industry in the United States. offset in part by reduced shipments from Government stocks. Producer stocks of slab zinc trended downward until June and then began to gradually build, especially late in the year. Consumer stocks trended upward until midyear and then declined, and the total producer-consumer stock buildup at plants amounted to about 7,000 tons. The base price for prime western grade zinc, f.o.b. East St. Louis, in response to the world market began to move up in January, and after several producer price actions, it stabilized at 15.5 cents per pound on September 12. Legislation and Government Programs. --Sale of zinc by the Genera! Services Ad ministration as an off-the-shelf item to commercial consumeTM under authority of Public Law 89-522, and transfers to other Government agencies under Public Law 89-9 continued. Commercial sales in 1969 amounted to 17,092 tons. No sales were made after October. Approximately 22,600 tons remained in the commercial authori zation. Government transfers, all prior to midyear, totaled 165 tons, and about 42,40 tons remains of the initial 50,000 ton au thorization. The actual decrease in zinc stockpile inventory in 1969 was 18,421 tons leaving 1,142,185 tons in the stockpile. The Lead-Zinc Small Producers Stabiliza tion Act of October 3, 1961 (Public Law ' MINE PRODUCTION Domestic mines produced 553,100 tons of 112244U,550^0d tons3 T of recoverable zinc in concentrate, a 4 5-per- cen mere3 ^e. strike.CUrtaiIed p duct,on in 1968 Jn Tennessee> the pr(j T,Z`' C- es 127,100 tons" fiscal year 1969 tend in production initiated in 1967 con- arket, Immel, ~ ,3nd U`put achieved a record mines^ New minin 124,500 tons. A highlight of the 1969 out ated development put was the 41,000 tons produced in Mis- resulted in improv r;avLbrduct ofsTift InTk velopment progra "Uri Production "used a Immel and Coy shift in the concentration of domestic'pro- auction; States w pr t rtf $, w . River furnished T^ Zinc Co. operated riat Gap mines corp. operated cent Ti968 n 1969 COmRred W,'th 40 p" , Sources of zinc production in 1969 classified according to principal value, were as follows: 2 63 metal' rinc ores; 18 percent from lead'zinco/eTMTM thheeCCnonp0npUetrhh'Mill e m^i Co. was curtailed nmg on Septemb Zinc Co., a subsidi industries, Inc., a percent from lead ores; 6 percent from year a major zinc aH nth reS; and 4 percent from j o th` rrT' The aVerae zinc content Tennessee. The d been fully explored I \ rn 1969 `" 'ns t0n' 0f zinc ore mined m 1969 was 3.93 percent, slightly lower potential exceeding of zinc m the ea than the 3 99 percent indicated for 1968. and could approac Mate district. inM v"13/ m'ne f St' JosePh Lead Co. New York State continued to be the The Penobscot u largest domestic mine. The leading 25 Corp. ir Maine mo mines listed in table 4 contributed 73 per tons of waste and cent of the domestic output. The first five ore of which 183,3 mines produced 28 percent and the top 10 percent zinc, was tr mines, 45 percent. r tion plant.. inJ9eneMee.' W'th e`ght mincs in the lead ing 25, produced almost 23 percent of the domestic output. A slight increase in 1969 3 1 CaXhan" MinL-k- 1146 MINERALS YEARBOOK, )969 New York output of zinc, all from the Balmat-Edwards Division of St. Joseph Lead Co., decreased 11 percent from 1968 production. The lower production was at tributable to changes in grade and ore tonnage milled, as well as to a labor short age and construction work in progress for the new mine and mill facilities to be com pleted. Idaho production decreased slightly in 1969 mainly due to permanent closure of the Page mine by American Smelting and Refining Co. upon depletion of the ore. The Bunker Hill mine of Gulf Resources 8c Chemical Corp. increased production, but shaft construction and slow develop ment of the Star mine deep ore body re sulted in an overall 71^-percent decrease in mine output of zinc in concentrates during the year. The 114-mile-deep development of the Star-Morning unit area, owned by Gulf Resources & Chemical Corp. and Hecla Mining Co., was scheduled to be in operation in the second quarter of 1970. The work, started in 1966, comprises a new No. 4 main shaft, ore and waste-han dling facilities, and a hoisting plant capa ble of a 7,100-foot vertical lift.7 Zinc production in Colorado in 1969 es sentially regained the level of production prior to the strike-curtailed output of 1967-68. The Eagle mine of The New Jersey Zinc continued to be the dominant pro ducer, followed by the Idarado mine of Newmont Mining Corp. The start of mil ling operations at the Keystone mine in Crested Butte was announced on Septem ber 3. The mine and mill, operated by Keystone Mines Co., can process 300 tons per day of lead-zinc-silver ore. Newmont Mining Corp. and American Smelting and Refining Co., jointly developing a lead-zinc deposit near I.cadville, completed the 1,650foot Black Cloud shaft in February 1970. The deposit was stated to have an estima ted 2.4 million tons of ore averaging 9.95 percent zinc, as well as comparatively high values in lead and silver. A 300-ton-per day mill associated and facilities are expected to be in production early in 1971. Federal Re sources began sinking a shaft in September to reach a newly discovered ore body below the old workings of the Camp Bird mine near Ouray. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Virginia production by New Jersey Zinc Co. in creased approximately 1,500 tons to 76,800 tons. United States Smelting Refining and Mining Co. operated the U.S. and Lark mine throughout the year. The ore was processed at the Midvale, Utah, flotation mill along with other custom ores. Other substantial Utah producers were the Burgin mine of Kennecott Copper Corp., the Mayflower mine of Hecla Mining Co., and United Park City Mines Co. Development work at the Burgin mine, Tintic, Utah, to increase the ore production rate to 800 tons per day continued, and the develop ment shaft at the new Trixie area, also at Tintic, was completed. Production of zinc at the Burgin mine and at Kennecott's Missouri lead operation totaled 15,300 tons in 1969. The Mayflower mine operated by Hcda Mining Co. and owned by New Park Mining Co. produced 117,500 tons of ore averaging 3.13 percent zinc.10 Missouri became the fifth-ranking zincproducing State in 1969, the first full year of operation of the new lead-belt mines and mills of St. Joseph Lead Co., Kennecott Copper Corp., Oominco-Dresser Indus tries, and American Metals Co.-Homestake Mining Co. Zinc is a byproduct of lead production. The ratio of zinc to lead in 1969 was 1 ton of zinc for each 8.64 tons of lead, and it is expected to increase as the out put of the new lead belt supplants produc tion from the old lead belt. American Smelting and Refining Co. re sumed operation of the Ground Hog unit at Vanadium, N. Mex. in May after being shutdown since 1965. Monthly ore produc tion reached almost 9,000 tons in Decem ber, and 6,125 tons of zinc in concentrates was produced in 1969.11 United States Smelting Refining Mining Co. operated the Continental No. 1 mine, Fierro, N. Mex., a copper-zinc deposit, and the Princess mine at Bayard, N, Mex. The Princess mine was gradually phased out during the year. The Bullfrog mill at Bayard, N. Mex.. proc essed zinc ore from the Princess mine and also copper ore from the New Continental mine at a 400-ton-pei-day rale. Cypress Mines, Corp., began production* * 8 * * * * * 14 8 St. Joseph Lead Co. Annual Report. 1969, p. 8. 8 Gulf Resources & Chemical Corp. Annual Report. 1969, p. 6. * Hecla Mming Co. Annual Report. 1969, p. 8. 8 Newmount Mining Corp, Annual Report. 1969. p. 12. Kennecott Copper Corp. Annual Report, 1969. p. 12. 14 Hecla Mining Co. Annual Report. 1969, p. 8. 11 American Smelting and Refining Co. Annual Report. 1969, pp. 5-6. ZINC in midyear from the newly developed Bruce mine near Bagdad, Ariz., and achieved a monthly rate of 9,000 tons of copper-zinc ore. Standard Metals Corp. began construction of a 250-ton-per-day flo tation mill near Kingman, Ariz., to concen trate copper-zinc ores from its Antlers mine. American Smelting and Refining Go. resumed operations at the Van Stone mine at Northport, Wash., in April, and concen trates containing 6,137 tons of zinc were produced during the year.1* Eagle-Picher Industries Inc. completed the development work at the Swalley lease near Baxter Springs, Okla., and began shipping ore to its Central mill at Carden, Okla. Zinc pro duction from the Illinois-Wisconsin area decreased 16 percent from the 1968 total and over 25 percent from the 1967 total. * SMELTER AND REFINERY PRODUCTION Production of slab zinc increased 1 per cent in 1969 to a record 1.11 million tons as operations continued normal at all of the plants except the electrolytic refinery of The Anaconda, Mont., which was shut down at the end of August. Output during the first half of 1969 was at the high level established in the last 3 quarters of 1968. Over 100,000 tons was produced in January and in March, and the 6-raonth average was 97,900 tons. Shipments during this pe riod exceeded production by some 29,300 tons with a corresponding decline in stocks. The reduction in output beginning in August, however, resulted in an average monthly production of 92,600 tons for the year. Shipments were reduced severely, and September was the only month in the last half of the year in which shipments ex ceeded production. Secondary zinc production increased 11 percent to 307,700 tons as continuous oper ations in the brass mills provided a larger supply of new and old scrap. The total supply from secondary sources, processed into slab zinc, zinc dust, alloys, and chemi cals, amounted to 376,400 tons and repre^ sented 21 percent of the total consumption of zinc the same as in 1968. Slab Zinc.--The slab zinc production of 1.11 million tons was derived from domes tic ores, 41 percent; foreign ores, 52 per cent, and secondary materials, 7 percent. The domestic ores continued the decline, begun in 1966, in percentage of total feed. In 1965 domestic ores represented 55 per cent of the total slab zinc output, as im ports w feet un zinc com distilled primary Special of the grade, 3 westent dicated the co came o crease o reflects during The Lead" C tons in in 1968 creased ing an tons at Tex. p tons in in 1968 zinc-dus Anacon refinery August trates f two ce refinery pacity. tons co 180,700 1966.1 of Gul creased 106,000 in the weathe 127,600 year 19 produc Tex., a com pan of zinc HiUlllsSbUtoJ Slagsmelter "Ame Report. "St. J 14 Ame Report. 4 Thie* 1969, p. " Gul port. 19 11 Ame 1148 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1969 of contained zinc was continued at five plants--American Smelting and Refining Co. at Selby, Calif., and El Paso, Tex.; The Anaconda Company at East Helena, Mont.; Bunker Hill Co. at Kellogg, Idaho; and International Smelting & Refining Co., at Tooele, Utah. Material processed during the year consisted of 741,100 tons of new hot-slags, 76,200 tons of old slags, and 8.600 tons of ores. The total of 825,900 tons was substantially above the 612,700 tons treated in 1968. The yield of oxide fume was 144,900 tons containing 94,700 tons of recoverable zinc compared with 113.600 tons of fume and 72,900 tons of zinc in 1968. Secondary Zinc Smelters.--Zinc recovered from processing secondary materials a mounted to 376,400 tons compared with 354,700 tons in 1968. New scrap from re processing various alloys, primarily zincbase and copper-base, provided 78 percent of the feed material. Zinc-base scrap de clined with the curtailed activity in diecast ing, while copper-base scrap reflected the full-year operation at brass mills. Old scrap continued to be a minor component of secondary zinc. The recovered zinc was mainly reused in copper-base alloys. Proc essing to metal decreased from 34 percent of the total in 1968 to 29 percent in 1969. Byproduct Sulfuric A.cid,--The recovery of sulfur from stack gases evolved in the roasting of zinc sulfide ores and in retort ing processes has been intensified to meet increasingly rigid clean-air requirements. The sulfur dioxide is usually processed to sulfuric acid. A measure of the progress in air pollution abatement is the byproduct acid output. In 1965 about 961,600 tons of sulfuric acid was produced, or 0.89 ton per ton of slab zinc, while in 1969, the 1,086,900 tons of sulfuric acid produced represents 0.98 ton per ton of slab zinc. Zinc Dust.--Production of zinc dust de creased in 1969 after an upward trend for several years. Of the 55,100 tons produced about 33,200 tons came from metal dis tilled from scrap. CONSUMPTION AND USES Consumption of slab zinc increased 2.6 percent to 1.37 million tons. Zinc-base al loys required 42 percent of the slab zinc; galvanizing, 35 percent; brass mills, 13 per cent; rolled zinc, 4 percent; and zinc oxide, 3 percent. The remaining 3 percent was used in many small-tonnage applications. The I-percent drop in galvanizing was es sentially in light-gage sheet and in wire rope and reflected the depressed construc tion and automobile markets. Galvanized pipe, containers, and fencing requirements were bright spots in the galvanizing area. The 11-percent increase in brass require ments . tflected a full-year operation at brass plants compared with strike-curtailed production in 1967-68. A shortage of coprer in 1969 undoubtedly adversely affected he demand for slab zinc. Zinc-base alloys, he major factor in the recent growth of inc demand, posted only a 2-percent inrease and reflected the curtailed demand rora the automobile industry. Rolled zinc ise was similar to that in 1968, while the se of slab zinc for high-purity zinc oxide i the French process increased almost 19 ercent and thus continued the growth end initiated in 1964. The average anual compound growth in the last 5 years as about 15 percent per year. Consumption of slab zinc by grades was as follows; Special High grade, 50 percent; Prime Western grade, 29 percent; High grade, 10 percent; Brass Special, 9 percent; and Intermediate and remelt grades each about 1 percent. The pattern in 1969 indi cated a shift in demand with Brass special decreasing 5i/2 percent compared with 1968 consumption. Special High grade posted a I-percent increase, and Prime Western in creased 5 percent. Rolling mills used 48,700 tons of slab zinc and produced 46300 tons of salable products, mainly strip and foil and pho toengraving plate. Imports of rolled prod ucts--plates, sheets, and strip--amounted to 970 tons; exports were 2,700 tons. While the overall value of domestic output in creased slightly, as did the value of im ported rolled zinc, the value of exports de clined, and the value added by rolling also decreased. The total tonnage through the rolling mills, including 24,400 tons re melted and rerolled from scrap, amounted to 70,900 tons compared with 69,500 tons in 1968. Illinois continued to lead the United States in consumption of slab zinc with 14 percent of the total and was followed by Michigan, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and New Ji- ii ia ZINC York. The zinc-consuming industries in these five States represent 56 percent of the domestic requirements for slab zinc. The largest end uses were diccasting in Mich igan, galvanizing in Ohio, and brass pro ducts in Connecticut. ZINC PIGMENTS AND Production.--Production of zinc pig ments and compounds increased in total to 341,700 tons, or slightly above the record 330,100 tons in 1968, Shipments of 340,200 tons were slightly below production, in > Figure 2.--Trends in shipments of z 1150 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19/59 increased 20 percent to 68,500 tons and ex ceeded shipments by almost 3,900 tons. Zinc pigments and compounds were pro duced from ore, refined metal, and second ary materials, depending on the process used. Lead-free zinc oxide production by the American process from ores amounted to 59 percent of the total. The French process using slab contributed 29 percent, and the remaining 12 percent was derived from secondary materials and residues. Production of zinc oxide and sulfate con sumed 120,700 tons of zinc in ores, of which 89,900 tons, or 74 percent, was from domestic mines. The amount of domestic zinc in ores consumed in pigments repre sented 16 percent of the domestic mine production in 1969 and was significantly above the 12.6 percent posted in 1968. Consumption and Uses.--The leading re quirements for zinc oxide is in manufac ture of rubber, a use which continued to trend upward to a record 116,000 tons and represented 53 percent of the lead-free zinc oxide consumption. The use in photo sensitive copying paper continued to gain in tonnage; at 27,600 tons, it was the second largest requirement in 1969 and surpassing the 25,200 tons used in paint pigments, es pecially in the widely used alkyd-latex paints. Zinc oxide in various chemical compounds continued at the high level es tablished in 1968, while agricultural and ceramic requirements declined compared with 1968. Consumption of leaded zinc oxide in paint pigments has developed about 2,000 tons per year since 1966. Zinc sulfate ship ments increased in gross weight, but mois ture content was indicated at 22 percent compared with 10 percent in 1968. Agricul ture requirements decreased, as did the various other uses on a dry basis. Prices.--The pricing of zinc oxide fol lowed the uptrend in the price of slab zinc, although the January 10 increase of one-half cent in slab zinc was not reflected in the zinc oxide price until April 1, and the one-half-cent rises in slab zinc on May 1 and September 2 were not reflected until October. The price of American-process zinc oxide, lead-free, carload lots, freight allowed, thus increased from 15{4 cents per pound to 15*4 cents on April 1 and to 16t/2 cent* Per pound on October 1. French process, green seal grade, advanced from 17cents per pound to 18 cents and then to I8$4 cents on April 1 and October 1, re spectively. Leaded zinc oxide, 35 percent grade, increased from 15^4 cents per pound to 16V4 cents and then to 17 cents. Zinc sulfate, monohydrate, 36-percent in carload lots, was quoted at 9i/2 cents per pound until early August when a range of 9i/2 to 10 cents per pound developed. The price stabilized in early September at 10 cents. Zinc chloride, 50-percent, in tank cars, continued throughout the year at the 6.20-cents-per-pound price effective October 1, 1968. Foreign Trade.--Exports of zinc oxide in 1969 amounted to 3,780 tons. Shipments were directed to 38 countries. Canada was the leading destination with 1,454 tons, followed by West Germany and BelgiumLuxembourg. Lithopone exports amounted to 1,090 tons to 31 countries. South Viet nam was the largest importer with 612 tons, followed by Canada with 323 tons. Imports of zinc compounds for consump tion totaled 23,500 tons in 1969 compared with 20,800 tons in 1968, Zinc oxide amounted to 14,600 tons, all except 242 tons of which was lead-free. Mexico was the largest source with 6,180 tons, followed by Canada, 4,780 tons; Japan, 750 tons; and West Germany, 650 tons. Poland sup plied 25 tons in 1969. Lithopone imports of 261 tons were mainly from West Ger many and the Netherlands. Zinc chloride came mainly from West Germany, 730 tons; Belgium-Luxembourg, 422 tons; and Canada, 190 tons. Zinc sulfate imports in creased sharply in 1969 to 6,240 tons, of which 5,000 tons came from Mexico and 1,060 tons from Australia. The total value of zinc compound imports was $4.48 mil lion compared with $4.15 million in 1968. STOCKS Producer Stocks.--Stocks of slab zinc at producer plants at the beginning of the year amounted to 65,380 tons, of which 64,700 tons was located at primary reduc tion plants and 680 tons at secondary plants. Shipments exceeded production for the first 5 months with a resulting decline in stocks of 30,000 tons at smelters and 5,000 tons elsewhere by the end of May. A slight buildup of 10,000 tons occurred in the period June to October, but in' No vember and December production substan 4 Nh'i { ZINC tially exceeded shipments, and stocks in creased to 67,700 tons at yearend of which secondary plants held 890 tons. Consumer Stocks.--Slab zinc stocks held by consumers opened the year at 101,800 tons and were reduced to 94,600 tons by the end of March. A buildup in the sec ond quarter brought stocks back to the 10),800-ton level at the end of June. The buildup continued in the third quarter to 105,700 t Increased the four reduce 'I year at' from be demand change ton . redu the.incre grades o PRICES . The domestic price of prime western grade zinc at East St. Louis, stable at I3i/ cents per pound since June 20, 1967 began an upward trend on January 10 when American Zinc Co. announced increases that raised the price to 14 cents per pound. Other producers followed the move, and 14 cents per pound was the domestic quotation by January 14. Effective April 30, American Zinc Co. again in creased the price a i/j cent per pound to 14\/2 cents, and by May 1 all other pro ducers had followed the increase. National Zinc Co. initiated, effective September 2, an increase of 1 cent per pound bringing the price to I5i/2 cents per pound. Between September 2 and September 12 a range of 14t/2 to 15i/2 cents existed in the market as other producers split on the price increase, but on was adop continue The p rope op pound ( late Apr August continue ducer. pr pound The L average the yea February for zinc the pric The, do was 13.88 FOREIGN TRADE Exports of slab zinc decreased to 9,300 tons, of which India received 90 percent. The substantial reduction essentially re sulted from curtailed shipments of zinc from Government stocks to India by the U.S. Agency for International Development. Exports of semimanufactured products-- sheets, plates, strips, etc.--amounted to 2,700 tons compared with 3,000 tons in 1968. Canada was the major destination with 44 percent, followed by Pakistan, 29 percent, and India, 13 percent. Zinc scrap exports also decreased in 1969 with Canada receiving 62 percent of the 2,000 tons, fol lowed by the United Kingdom and Vene zuela, 3 percent each, and 10 other countries, principally in South America, receiving small shipments. Exports of semifabricated forms almost doubled to 28,800 tons. The semimanufactured zinc was shipped, in castings and other forms, to 31 countries with the Canada, zinc exp million 1968. Impor cles, oth 866 tons tons of piping, and flak and 716 value o $3,47 m for 76 p cent. Ca lowed b slavia. Gener tons of metal. T 1152 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 1969 and zinc metal established new records well above the previous highs in 1968. Im* ports for consumption indicated that a substantial tonnage of ore and metal was delivered to warehouses rather than to consumers. The major suppliers of zinc In ore were Canada, 58 percent; Mexico, 25 percent; and Peru, 10 percent. Of the im ported metal, Canada furnished 46 per cent; Japan, 16 percent; Australia, 10 per cent; and Peru, 9 percent. The value of imports for consumption of ore and metal was $164 million compared with $145 mil lion in 1968. WORLD REVIEW The reporting and compiling of statisti 4 percent in North America, and the 2.17 cal data on zinc production and consump million tons produced represented 37 per tion throughout the world vary in cent of the world output. South American reporting guidelines, sources, and scope of production also expanded by some 13 per estimating. Mine production in the free cent, and Australia increased output 19 world in 1969 thus ranges from the 4.43 percent. The combined output of North million tons of the American Bureau of and South America and Australia repre Metal Statistics (ABMS) is through the sented 53 percent of world production, 4.66 million tons of the Bureau of Mines Canada continued to lead in output with to the preliminary total of 4.74 million almost 23 percent of the world total, fol tons by the International Lead and Zinc Study Group.1 The addition, the Bureau of Mines estimate of 1.20 million tons for lowed by the U.S.S.R., Australia, the United States, Peru, Japan, and Mexico. Smelter production increased almost 4 the communist areas, excluding Yugoslavia, percent in North America and 18 percent results in a world total of 5.86 million in Australia, while South America in tons of mined zinc. This preliminary total creased 3 percent. The combined output represents an increase of about 6 percent from these three continents represented 36 over the revised total for 1968. Smelter percent of world production. The United output likewise varies widely; the Bureau States continued to lead in metal output of Mines reports insofar as possible pri with 19 percent of the world total. Japan mary metal, while the Lead and Zinc supplanted the U.S.S.R. as the second larg Study Group reports slab zinc output from est producer as a result of an 18-percent both primary and secondary sources. Free increase over 1968 output. The annual world smelter output thus ranges from the growth of zinc metal output in Japan has 4.33 million tons reported by ABMS been phenomenal with an average annual through the 4.35 million tons reported by compound rate of 15 percent since 1961. the Bureau of Mines to 4.48 million tons West Germany posted a 78-percent increase reported by the Lead Zinc Study group. in zinc metal output owing to a new elec The output of Communist countries is es trolytic smelter and expansion at two other timated by the Bureau of Mines at 1.17 zinc plants. million cons; thus, world production is in dicated at 5.52 million tons. This prelimi nary total indicates a 9 percent increase in 1969 over the revised total for 1968. The The world zinc industry continued to emphasize, as in recent years, exploration for new ore deposits and development and construction of new mine, mill, and Lead arid Zinc Study Group compiles data smelter facilities. Essentially all of the on both free world production and con sumption of slab zinc on a contained metal basis, and the preliminary total 4.43 major producing countries have announced new projects, in progress or planned, which will substantially increase zinc production. million tons consumed, compared to 4.52 million tons produced, indicates a surplus of some 90,000 tons of metal, of which 54,000 tons was reportedly an increase in 1969 free world producer stocks. The pre liminary total for consumption indicates a Argentina.--C/a. Miner* Aguiiar, S.A., an affiliate of St. Joseph Lead Co., utilized its expanded capacity to produce 67,900 tons of zinc concentrates. The greatest bulk of the concentrates was shipped to 7-percent increase over consumption in 1968, well below the 10-percent increase achieved in 1968. Mine production of zinc expanded about '* American Bureau of Metal Statistics Yearbook. 1969, pp. 70-71. ** International Lead and Zinc Study Group Bul letin. July 1970, pp. 16-18. ZINC the electrolytic zinc plant of Corapafl/a These five P Sulfacid, S.A., near Rosario and to Com- the total min paftfa Metalurgica Austral's zinc smelter at The highli Commodore Rivadavia.2 in 1969 was Australia.--The highlight for zinc pro open pit mi duction was the major expansion in out portation fac put at the Mount Isa Mines Ltd., 52.7- 18,000 tons o percent owned by American Smelting cember. The and Refining Company (Asarco). Produc ect, owned tion of zinc during fiscal year 1969 in Corp. and 40 creased from 54,900 tons to 87,700 tons as tion Ltd. had the mining rate achieved 16,000 tons per 63.5 million day, the planned goal of the major expan cent lead and sion program started in 1959. Plans were planned cap announced to bring into production a new of 54-perce mine in the nothem leases to be known as which have the Hilton mine. A production rate of smelters over 7.000 tons per day of silver-lead-zinc ore is sfbn of the c scheduled for 197* Reserves have been es crease capaci timated at 39 million short tons averaging ditional con 7.7 percent lead and 9.6 percent zinc.2* West Germa The Broken Hill mines of North Broken Yukon, refle Hill, Ltd., The Zinc Corp., Ltd., New increased from Broken Hill Consolidated, Ltd., and Broken tons in 1969. Hill South Ltd. had a relatively quiet labor The deve situation except for a strike in March. Pro mines, Quebe duction was expanded during the year and in 1963-64, i developments were in progress that should Pine Point m increase the annual zinc production from in 1965, and the area to 280,000 tons from the current mine in On 260.000 tons. River mine, E.Z. Industries, Ltd., operating mines at in 1969 have Rosebury in Tasmania and a smelter at the output o Risdon was in the process of doubling Mining and mine production from the present level of Ltd., Buchan 50.000 tons per year and also of expanding Mines, Ltd., the smelter from 150,000 to 220,000 tons The four per year. A new zinc ore body at Beltana Electrolytic Z South, Australia, which may come into Coast Smelt production late in 1970, was announced by Hudson Bay E.Z. Industries. The 40,000-ton-per-year ca have an ann pacity of the Broken Hill Associated refined zinc. Smelters plant at Port Pirie for distilling nounced in lead-zinc slags continued operating at full trolytic zinc capacity. Sulphide Corp. Pty. Ltd. operated to process a 1 its 55,000-ton-per-year Imperial smelter and trates from t brought into production its new zinc metal plant will c upgrading plant at Cockel Creek, New scheduled for South Wales. Germany, Canada.--Canadian production of zinc in the Europ in ore expanded from 500,000 tons in 1963 creased meta to 1,500,000 tons in 1969 and established The 105300 Canada as the leading world exporter of full year of zinc. In 1969, 805,000 tons in concentrates trolytic zinc and 308,000 tons of metal were exported. Ontario now ranks first in zinc output, fol lowed by Northwest Territories, Quebec, New Brunswick, and British Columbia. -------------------- ^xJt. Joseph " American Report, toco 1154 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 1969 Stolberger Zinc A.G. and Metallgesellschaft A.G. The refinery began operation in Au gust 1968 with a designed capacity of 80.000 tons of zinc per year. Increased ac tivity by Preussag at the Harlingerade and Oker plants pointed toward an annual zinc capacity of 140,000 tons. Japan.--While mine production of zinc increased about 6,100 tons in 1969, smelter output increased 117,500 tons as a result of plant expansion at Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co., Toho Zinc Co., Nippon Min ing Co. Ltd., and Mitsubishi Metal Mining Co. Ltd. and the startup of a new Impe rial Smelting process plant by Hachinohe Smelting Co. early in 1969. The annual ca pacity for zinc metal production was indi cated at about 800,000 tons per year, which was almost achieved in 1969. Im ports of zinc ores in 1969 increased from 451.000 tons to 478,000 tons and originated principally in Peru, Canada, Australia, South Korea, Bolivia, and Mexico. The large zinc output of the Anvil mine in Canada and the Matilde mine in Bolivia was contracted for delivery in concentrates to Japanese smelters. Mexico.--Zinc ore production increased from 264,600 tons in 1968 to 279,300 tons in 1969, while smelter output was essen tially unchanged at 88,500 tons. Asarco Mexicans, S.A., 49-pcrcent owned by Asarco, produced 64,700 tons of refined zinc and 56.000 tons of zinc in concentrates and fume. Asarco Mexicans is constructing a new concentrator at the San Martin, Za catecas mine with double the capacity of the old mill. Construction of a new mill at the San Antonia mine, Santa Eulalia, Chi huahua, was also in progress, and the new mill at the Plomosas mine in Chihuahua acheived capacity by mid-1969." Cia. Metalurgica Mexicana Pefioles S.A. continued development of La Negra mine at Maconi, Queretaro, with production scheduled at the end of 1970. Pefioles also announced construction of an electrolytic zinc refinery, to be completed in 1972, at Torredn with a capacity of 120,000 tons per year. Asarco Mexicana began a study on building an electrolytic zinc refinery of similar capacity, to supplement its present retort refinery in Nueva Rosita, Coahuila and the Zincamex refinery at Saltillo, Coa huila. The combined zinc refinery capac ity will exceed 330,000 tons annually when the projects are completed. Peru.--Mine output of zinc in 1969 in creased from 321,218 tons in 1968 to 346,954 tons, while smelter output declined to 68,600 tons. Operation of the Cerro de Pasco Corp. smelting complex at La Oroya was interrupted by a labor stoppage in April and in. August and September. Over a month's worth of production was lost. Toho Zinc Co. Ltd. of Japan contracted with Banco Minero del Peru to jointly prospect and develop the Gran Bretafia mine located some 230 miles east of Lima. Confirmed deposits are said to total 1 mil lion tons of ore averaging over 20 percent zinc Compafiia Mineralcs Santander Inc. a subsidiary of St. Joseph Lead Co., contin ued development of its underground zinclead mine and shipped 81,200 tons of zinc concentrates during the year.zs San Ignacio de Morocoha S.A. completed installation of a concentration plant at the new San Vicente mine in central Peru. The plant will produce about 48,000 tons of zinc in concentrates annually for ship ment to Japan. TECHNOLOGY The International Lead-Zinc Research Organization (ILZRO) conducts an indus try-sponsored research and development program tor zinc and lead that covers a wide range of individual projects in zinc chemistry, corrosion protection, diecast ing, and wrought zinc. Progress in the various programs is published in semian nual reviews, which are available from Zinc Institute Inc., 292 Madison Ave., New Pork, N.Y. 10017. The Zinc Development Association and the Zinc Institute Inc. re view and publish abstracts of all current world literature on the uses of zinc and on research work on zinc. An index of these abstracts may also be secured from the Zinc Institute. The Bureau of Mines published the re sults of a study on various materials for use as retort flasks in horizontal distilla tion furnaces and the laboratory evaluation = American Smelting and Refining Co. Annual R^St J^phPe.dJCo5: Annual Report. 1969. p. 16. ZINC of the most promising modifications.** The properties of a zinc-copper-titanium aiioy at extrusion temperatures between 400 and 720 F were also published. The Bureau of Mines developed a process for producing high-purity rinc and tin by electrorefining from liquid amalgams. Com mercial grades of zinc and tin were dis solved in mercury to produce saturated amalgam anodes for electroxefining to cath ode metal.28 Also investigated were alter nate processes for aluminum removal from melted , zinc-b skimming: w results.?? ^ * Tyrell, M. E Retorts. BuMlne Neumeler, L Varied Extrusio oInfvZ. in7c22-C9,op1p96e9r Chambers, b Purity Zinc and BuMlnes Rept. ** Montagna, Zinc-Base Die-C BuM/ne* Rept. Table 2.-Mine production of recoverable zinc in the U (Short tons) State 1965 1966 Arl*n,T................................................................ 21,767 California................. 225 Colorado................................................ 1.1.. III 68,870 Missouri,_,,___________________________ ___ ^ 912 Montana....................................................... II" 8s!786 Nevada............................................. 8,868 New Jeraey............................................................ 88.297 New Mexico.......................................................... New York........................................................... : Oklahoma._____ __________________________ Oregon._____________________ ______ _ ' 86,460 69,880 \2 715 ' y? Pennsylvania....................... .....I27 686 Tennessee.............................................................. 122,887 {/`h -................................................................... 27,747 ^rriola................................................................. 20,491 Washington..................................................... Z2 280 WbeOMjo.............................................................. 26,998 Other States...................................... ............... ......... 16,986 885 64,822 60,997- 16,192 4.769 6.686 8,968 29,120 5,827 25.287 29,296 78,464 11.287 28,080 108,117 87,828 17,666 24,772 24,776 ToUI'................................ r..................... 611,168 672,568 W Withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company confidential data; * Dess than >4 unit. * Totala are of liated figures only. . Table 3,--Mine production of recoverable zinc in the U (Short tons) January... February.. March___ April......... May.......... June........ . July......... . 42,894 41.986 41,667 48,728 45,297 44,664 42.986 1969 42,205 48,040 46,076 48,112 48,067 47,161 46.686 Month August................. September........... October .............. November........... December............. Total........ ---------------------------