Document MkdpVKy09528E3kRZOvMxDjk

Tale Table 2. 2. Sie Size G(sttaannmddaarrdd knsh, length, mllicicrs) millimeters) ooff aadFuullmt mmaallee ppllatayfyissh wwiitthh fdiflferFernmt gsennootpyepess.. Nh TET pepa TVpeE p I T Ya pip' m aBiwreth date Y Men h Y-Ir RY Ya-Ier hN MonYYb-lrRYaYB-eBr N MeYnY-BBrRYoY-BBr N Mean mw Range NrEFPMeedeiagdnrese 2TR80aB22ne88gaes N Mean Range N 2v/2i7/m71 w28e ma a1 32 EE 30-34 4 S6/2o5/m71 9/30/71 E.L ) rB ege m 300 og Lu 2/15/72 3/17/72 B24.5OR23E-26 2OF 22.1 19-25 5 i 25 1 22.7 21-23.5 8 Sm re ORE 1M EL 3 9/20/71 gms BOER 6 wd as 10/20/71 vam Mi m3 6B TSS 6 1/26/72 a S xv r xv 1/26/72 b X-Y-Ir T wim wr mas on BSC T Fem uw 11/1/71 24.7 23-26.5 13 Peh3d1iagree 2W92188-R33.5 68 27.3 24.5-30 2 po Pond Pedigree 3030 29.3 28.5-31 3 27.4 27-29 4 Pedigree 2964 30.5 29.5-31 3 25.5 22.5-27 3 25.8 24-28 6 24.1 22-26 6 X-Y-Br Pedigree 2974 29.9 27.5-32 15 36.6 35-38 3 31.8 28-34.5 5 28.3 24.5-32 6 29 27.5-30.5 6 mmcooomzzpyylggeoocuulssy ffooirrn PPbIIre((elldaairrnggeeg sssiitzzree))u,,ctdduiirffefleeartininndgg pcoemaprleatneclye in breeding structure and gaepnpTneehraeearlanPpscoielgl.onocicfuuisscaoonffceXXn..otmimaoacncululylaatftouurss piiisstuoo-ff AgttaeaIrrnyyervsgaelllraagnnsbdidrganfftiuufenniscccttaiinioocnnenclniiunnodtittneeollgneeoolssymttsasf,,no.rbbuupttTithffuiooisrrSalylstevmertembraaytesbeicnoclmuedinagn mainm.porTthanits F smyosdteelmtfod omrrsasuytbuidybi) ienncggoSmthoee ggaeennaestiiscmspcoeormnttiarsno)tl OofsbeonrdnocLrianbeorsatrtuocrKtKuiLurAaeoUufaSsnMdDDa..rfiuKKnnAceatLtiLotnM.aAnN SSONccseiibeewonnrcceenYsso,,LrakNNbeoeZrwwoaotloYYoroogirrieckksalAAoqqfSuuoMaacairreriitiuuynmm,e,, NseweYomrk ZiooMloagircail SPo.ciSetcyu,rampann oBBfraoooNkkeliwynn Y1Coo1rlk2l.2eM4gABerRooTofIkNlCyiPtn.y 1SU1Cn2iH1vR0eErIsiBtMyAN OoBfsroboNokrelnwynLYaCoborolkrl.aetgoBerriooeosfVkloCayfintsMya1arU1ni2in1Bve0eorwsxiotsysa Sciences, New YorkVAALqEuRaIrEiuBmoRKosKI Osborn Laboratories of Marine PI may specify wo proteins dieing Pgilnentimhcaeiyrchcasnfpgieeccsii.efnycTythwieon iPnpirtolitoaectiiunnssg pmdroiofrbfpaehrboiln-yg egiaxnerenyrtithcesgilrctahnseadfn,fgeifecfsiae.elcnttcThydohiuierngehciPtnlitythlieoaoctniurnsogltephmreooorbfppaihtbtuolhi-yeehtxayerpTryohttseghlaiaPtlnsadg,meeufnfsaeelcsttahhloodsuiuolrgdehhcaatlsltsyhoaebnoenrioneltdvehiaefleoucfpatitteteudhif.-e. hefeycpTetohtoehnraPltohagemenuansdeuslaahtlosiuolzdeshacaoslfesoanmnabtlesienedvpitalrlaenuicayttfesedhf.,- cmfreacettausroiinnnggthamenadalrdeousglteanrseispziregonodifufcimtcaialonentlp(yl9a,stmycafalirsllhe.yr eSctnirhnceaacensesilnbgagetrteoawwnemtdearhntougrtreahintenepgtrwdooeodcnurcecesta.lisoeSsnaioz(wef9si),tmdehiaefalfrsieelnrs-ymwtwaehhtareunerreialnsvagteaimnatmloaeetnsueraiw(rne9ig/ns3i.0ognn/ie7fss1i.ec)vaenSntti.lhzyeebslrdmaoiarfolgfdleesser,t-r eTwmneoacrrleeesmbbaaeylbtesw0oe.ls5ueutrnepmatsmhsweeidtt(.hwTioantbhclelesaess2svm)eea.snlioTsfbhtrmeoaoBldxesr.s, CiwmrohaIpetrtruieromaneasadlleinaBtsuorrn1ype8as(smw9eaed/le3ek0ts/h(e721(s)9Tm6aab4tllh1leee1s)tl1a)rI,tgrehBsairtts mc1beaip0lateiiontnbheaeydl s0ms.Bao5rllBfemarrs.mt mhSao(lmTmeaaolbzl(ye2ag9no62du)4.s-l1aTB1r)rhgeemtafehlixase-th gmaSlarostoopuwrtaehatedt atsnahmtealclsa1ear8smltiewrheroeaamtkpoese,zybwg(uhToteaubnstlheeBthrfe1oy)mr,ambleeier.s csogebrortomvaweaitniaesotdenxstushaoeldlisfydaarmm.anetoSutrmraaet.led,ilfSfbaieurnntcdetthhlterahroefguseogerhmfooiebusr.th tcsnhtooeotmpeycoeanasttrer,xaounlanllaeletdyau,rrlmaiclaeatrnudnraaoeygtl.eigaShwcitchn,oceuenwnhttithhcefeshoyer wotbabhes-edsmieafrttvuerarittciyno.cness idnidgronwotth dainffderagethorfousgehxouuatl nteholetv"TeychseoeanrtPb,rootflhanlcaettdiou,nrrsactlhahnaednvaoeoytlfimlgsaahpnctric,ifoneugwsnhttoiefdcfhotrihnwtetramhas-e. dmimianoftdrfueprrihetiinymsc.eemrssiiicsnagianronwacttrhuorsaaslensd.caogmTephioosnfesmepnxoulayol.f sWWeiildTvdehesseprpbPeooaptfudhal.cattWioinroesnsthh.haaevvaeeonfdmffasopnuriinisfdnegsiattpoepifdnartipehnlnteatrtmlay--y. amitnoehdmrspshti(oin1cst0k)mes.rcsoitlsrTlaheiaenctnesacdetrxuofrsrcasloehsmr.cofomomTouphrsoioisnmveeenrptcoyolsnyo.-f. wwSniioudltedhtsiopnrpgneoaptoduof.ladWttohieeownmishatalhveaesan,dfduoXlutYinsdsioziaretppYianaYnr.dpelnaathtglayyesftobifeossmtheshsxtuX(oa-c1lk0s)a.mncdoTlahlYeeltcitsenudekxefrdrc.PohamrAaofnntmodouXirsPorcomihveceranroncmsob.yonse.-nsSetooidtmthueittnirwogniotmtohoftPdht!oehehBwaemislatilhrzeeesac,depunoXltptlYuylsaiboztereieoYnanYni,dd(e1n0aht)gai.es: of sexual maturation. pe and pl can be both X- and Y-linked. An X chromosome with pl has recently been identi- fied from the Belize population (10). 680 boy pot ow someon oa + Mant 400 2fn Similar variations in size and age Sciences, a New York Aquarium opforStisemedixluafarolr vmaaartinuautrmiaobtniesornionhfasvoitezheebraenesdpnecaitgeee.s *1 fp b Ku aRenfmnera.enccZsm eestlasondtbsNnop stNeoeshwmoYros rpkuc$5,fo1 okopffonrotsweXendixpufaahobloropuhmatoarttnuuhuresmabtgiee(no1re1nt),iochfsabvouotetfhetbrhleeiestspnleeecdirieeli-s.s 1. 2. K. D. Kallman, Zoologica New York 55, 1 SxWW td ee ke St PcRY (1970). YT Sur iva be Safenbn Xiphophorus maculatus is polymorphic for okflfeonrcoeuwnsXcniemspa.ahbyoopTuhhhtaoevrteuhsepboeglee(ynn1me1ito)i,mrcppsohbriuotstfamntthlieaftsttoelre tdthihifies-s sex chromosomes. Three kinds of females cil Piotr cuit He te Y (XX, WX, WY) and two kinds of males (XY, Tae, ot. 5, 1 Opt is [F YY) may occur within the same natural feevroelnucteiso.n Tohfethepolgyenmuosr,phsiisncme avtaritohuiss 3.3 Ly Vins populationi. YY m special laboratory a Vb les are crosses Delnot as p18, 09 the result of are the YY lelpoavycroguglmesuatemimuoaasnlye,soh,nfaovfttoehroebneelgxeyeannmaupisml,peso,sristtnaahcnoeudtsievffmaoeorrfrieetoXnhu.tes |3. *4. males of the rice fish, Oryzias latipes [T. Yamamoto, Genetics 50, 45 (1964)]. Kew ok wpa V. L. de Vlaming, J. Fish Biol. 4, 131 (1972). Kp <1" on ver M. Gordon, The Care and Breeding of blhnaaoorbtdgiyteuppsrma,earlsteebssnu,tsthfoioanwrlsaoetlxhlaeodmmepevlstemerla,iolcplteghrrosostwermtuochortfuparhXne.sds 1.5. 5 BlairsSad 5 wee Th Pion Groby,Un,Calf.Putt, Zook 41. 1 Laboratory Animilals, E. J. Farris, Ed. (Wiley. New York, 1950), p. 345. K. D. Kallman, Zoologica New York 50, 151 dhp(iay1fbg2fi)metrauesenT,uthsi,eabtuintaoonltlahlloasnsolfyobrdeaeccsvoseumullemopegxaoesntddaridufcoifttneurireXoen.pst 56. 1 be Hier Gkoieek SK 5 br Saventus. Zevon New Fork 4 (1965). C. Grobstein, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 47, 1 (1940); J. Exp. Zool. 109, 215 (1948). pnA(oy1xt2gi)ml.,aperTeauhsnseednptayhlaglsiemIlnaeeedufttohsreoienasahmraualbnyliiltfeigornorgnmamtpdhoooertppRrhuoisp.o17.K.oG3Zf.o7oltP5oh`igeBci9kcPfai0otlKuriedtSiaorcta!i'naedtnyGm,lJ.asNnomWdei.wofAMYatozFFrm,iks.y,hTehs1e9S5(7oPN)hve.yewsivoYalouorgnky pdliapyftrgfigmeomrnaeaencoutuifssatpisnyomingaglmrhleaanessumiassbleeiicsnn.ohamtbehHieotifwinRexgiveoedtrhei,CnhRoXiX.y.o 1 .8. 9. M. P. Schreibman, Zoologica New York 49, ERASE ewTon 36.17 217 (1964). tyne gah bogs. Hed3y8. H. Cohen, ibid. 31, 121 (1946). lAi1sanxttpiltooawnl,oymaokofnirdnpsdhhmsaiasclolflatedmmtaahtlleoeessPa. u(lHn1ooi3c)wfu.soervrmeEelrspmu,loitpniXuan..-g ,It). 11. K. D. Kallman and M. P. Schreibman, im Soekt 5 1S iC 0 Fin E uinpublished results. beriact. 5,058,000 CE Kallman, Zoologica New York 56, 77 ptilsiyeoagpnvmoelaoyeftmuwo7sropnhfpiiorgcprouemlnaatstititshoheneisn:RPiotlhXoe.cCuhsRopiryyoegsmwuColahtueiloundygs" 1 K. D. (1971); and R. Borowsky, Heredity 28, K B4.4Kisl:n, mosiswes 297 (1972); G. Peters, Z. Zool. Syst. Evolu- ptiSiniyozgentm)waoocfaunkpsdicndXhf.sormoopomfyzgymtmghaaoeleuesusRiso(f1no3Cir)gh.roPen<yEsliwms(soimnuhaaoll--dl tions Forsch. 2, 185 (1964); C. D. Zander, Z. Vererbungsl. 96, 128 (1965). 1 sCwAaRyLES197 ev5Aseet 0m 12. D. E. Rosen, Bull. Fla. State Mus. Biol. Ser. 5, 57 (1960). leave two populations: X. pygmaeus pygmaeus homozygous for pe (small 13. K. D. Kallman, unpublished results. 14. Supported in part by NIH grant 5 ROI CA06665. sPiezer)flaunodroXc.arpbygomnaseuHsavniignrgensaisShhoo-rt D1 well January Time in 1973; revised t5heApriLli1v9e73r 0 andAbsctarrabcotn. dPieorsfilduecrsionlavteendts.orgAafntiecr ilnitgruaidvsenoaurse iunsfeufsuilonasmohtighofcatphaecsietyperofxlyugoerni PtnhaeetryefdlreeummouarliosnicoafnrosrbaotrnhesedelHipafoesvtiiitmneedgoifnahtSheheolarinvtiemraDlaw.nedlHslepnlcTeeei,nmiewnhaiienmathhteeis Lomifavydearybse, wusheefruel aafsanndAiiblsscoytalrraaobtcfeotdn.peodPrriefgorlxafuinlodureoporecsiraonfrlaubvtsoeeinndotssn.ohramAgsefadtnnieioacrwitlnhibteqeirueriandvsevdnaioalsuruceseoviaeunrssfeeudfas.uriliofnwcahisiacmlnhho,istbghlaoolfotcdhatophauiecgssihetliydpmeiertopfexldoyu.sogrieiAnt- tinlnhauetntygehsdereaefmmnvuadlrisnsikaoiffnnoesrriantcrhieaercdmuellaipaftoteseitioritnmeeodifnoifdntahtytehsheebwllaiointoveidhr,moaualtln.edaavpHespepanltrceheeeen,ntfiiwhnvheairarlmetomnt1abh0teteeytrheexomcfaarnyeditameyabsdle,.viwuasheeftruhele ifabnasrmeitSaiihiitselnhoyclileanoitgvfeedrw1pa9eao6srfr6ftg,lfeaurrnsotwrciohprrceeecarnpurflobuarosttoinierosodngn,ahntiaiinhsnceertdnehioelahiwqabtuvlhbioeedeoiedrn, virdlaneielpsapuocvheroeytvssaeitsroheloedoaf,rgltiiicwfvlaieihlcrqiiucarilhed,s to ebbalbaerorlceothead.hxtochuTirisghenhetglseieddmei(ptvi2oein)dsac,.ilttuehoAddefe tlbhueenegnsusoaevnedrcfs1k0ii0nncriptnubalMiucIoanrtaotictoehnresmocifocnadclaesyrsn(iw1ni)gthouwothrogaalpnepaarpneeinrmtfaulshsiaor(nm4n),(t3on),dthe4ofanriaimndafiulos.giroanphiicn Since 1966, when organic liquid in physiological research. These include breathing was first reported, there have been over 100 publications concerning the use of inert fluorochemicals (1) orerpgoarEEntxsxhpheiorifbbfiuistltiioqnuid (3b)r,eaotfhinignfu(s2i)o,n of in whole33a00ni22m99als (4), and as radiographic State of Minnesota v. 3M Co., SCIENCE, VOL. 181 33002299..00000011 Court File No. 27-CV-10-28862 aaag.veeennttssth(e(55))s..atAA ossfytymmhppeoossariituummahhoeefllddthiiannt 11t99i66m99e g(,6a.)Mv.eostthe state of of these the art as of that time perfuorinated organic ulliisqqeMuuiiobddsessctauaaorrsfeeetohssfeyysnntetthhhipeeeessriifvzzlaeeulddoeriffanooasrrtceldciintnodrduriusgcstaairnliiilaacyll au-"sonoendnccboohennecddaauutuccsttseiiavvboeelf,,etcchlehhiieeqrmmuiiivdccaaalhlluelleayytasnneooexnnlcrreheecataarnccigttceiiavvrleesl,,,y ll"aTeenhasdekkirheddaehettitegechsctttoaosrbrosll,,eubliaailqnniutddiyd fhhhoyyerddarrtgaaauuesllxeiisccc,hanaMfglouemdirudssis},.. ssTaahnneccieer iihnnigcchoommsmmoeelurrbccieeli,,tyisfaoarhhiigaggshhellsyy, ddaeessinirueeidd- pprrooppeerrttyy iinn bbiioollooggyy.. 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csbcaiaelolnmmmaewedaaaesssuurnrceoeenmnisetemrnnaitltflssuegr((e,FFdiiaggs..toju11)r)d..egmeTTdohhveebeyeelommapuurtllgi.--e ppwsaaiarrosttniiccillwenesafs,e,scataecnndeddnticernaaitccfrhhuagveeeemmdnuuollutsssoiilooyrnnenttmtoooobvbeeetthelesasttrteageddel vvweeaiisnnssinoojffect22e00d00 inaatllrbbaiivnneoonoSSuwwsiilssyss inmmtnioicceteheaatttaiaal 717 AAUvGoUuSstT ns 1973 10 yidPPceearrlffilunuoorrlooeddfeecctaahlleiinnlaavnnedd ipnpeerr3fflvmuoaortrotomemeretthho--f g fount ayd(laFydiysegsc.a2wwlhh)iii.nlleeAleffPPtt1rIltDhSDemrrloeeinvmmteaarhiisnnieentddheaffpoomerrartcmmteooennnrtttahhogssfe 30 ooo(ffFriPgP.PFEI2CC)D.oo,AfffPtttPhheeeSr,5iinnamjjneeoccdnttteePhddPsddOootshsweeeapsrreeer3mmc4aae,iinnnt2iianng,gge 3 reo oaaffonnrddtPhi1I1s.3I3..Dr,eWWsiPeedPu5attl,hhiiaPnnnkEkdCttPhhwaaPtta9saawttdauslleeeaa3ss4ttt,o pp2iaa.mrr3-tt, < oippfnuurrciiltttuhiiideesissngriiennsFttiChdheTuaSlll,iiqqPuuFiiFddC..CATOO,ttwhhaeePsrrIDdPP,uFFeCCE4ttt,oeessttiEeem3dd-,,, | sy e341 fFiFonoorcmmlbbumlldoiiinnnntghsLLF,,,C7aap5nnr,dodbaFFFbCool4mmy7bb,llfiionPnrItZDZh,errEeel4mim,faieitnnEie3emd,de Snow Time (hours) foaoopffrpatthrmheeeonnaattnnlhiiysmm,aa2lls.p.rmoWWubceeahbslsttPyiillEllfCohhraaivvnetehteddhooelggiissfiewwtviiiettmrehh [caFgiigae.instCI1i..rcuulEmtlmrsauuesldoosniitnochanrtoiuuognbahbssotaorirbmbaeBa.nrncaceneE,smopunlpllasaoitutottenoeds.d FPaaspFpCaowraewsnatslCtyihfheerarrsseet ma44udcmyyiheenaaiPrrsssFteCraaeggidoon. twwhehhieernnlivttehhrees tind were tLuned someon circulated sonicator thSreolughst cell at a 11B00r-aCCn,.sonssaaammupptlloee- PFEECxxawmaaismnaiftiinrsotanbtabdyiymigongaiansssteccrhherrdoo.mmaattooggrraapphhyy 2,[I NE PUn LSE SE PhOlometer cuveies" Kaine J09ODIIe strreeaarmnss wveerree fMlow- ed sthoruousghh Bspiectrmo- photometer cuLvettes having appropriate light paths, and the optical density was t(aahnnbeddnrbieaareae"6at3NtvhNhieirooeesfflleemmrcciiettccvrreooeennalhhcceaaaadvvppiitttnnhuuggerreePPpPPddreeeS5ttseeeooccnrrttcooePPrrPPooo)9fff SLcrLeetciloarteadedehd..ttoo coun fo The optical accouint for hdeensiJteyhohwasof the length of ctahle- the ilGenennsootuuhaeggcihhrcooolufifnvtettrhhsfeeossrreeevtssehuuaebblissrettdaadnnticchseeeassppp(tre0oeasrmmeaoonnrrcceeee oooaftrr cell path. olhtfehseesmiarrcaacettceeojuussnshhttooifwwnonnfreciittnnheediFFriiwggi.d.tihs22a.FpCpTTeAhhaTeer,anbwbcrrheeeeaartatethh iarnatteegroooffup22snmilal/t/mmiiifinni.e.rvTTahhlees mnhiiieccerecwwaeeerrree,kkiiallllneeddd itnhigrrovueprss atandintserpvlaclnss thweerreeaftaenr,alzanedd ott(fhheemaccioocbnnecc5eejopnnuetsttrrruaacitteniitjnooetnnctiibenndy ttwvhhioeetlhbbullmFooCeoo4dd,7ww,oaafsswfhhhreiiorggmehh m(iacbeo.utth5atpehracdentbebeyn vojleucmtee)d, omronftrhosm cftfhoooerrniirPbPuFFlsiCCvieornbbsyyatnssoppdeeccfiislffpuiiloccereingtdrseravawiivetoyr,n,e bbwaiyyntahddliiyrrzteeehscdett nbbtieeoiffgcoorerraeep,,thhyawwtaaassnhdaaadnnnaaolblyeazdeceenddlecibbtnyyajbeclggteaaessdPcFcmChho.rrnootmmwhiaasc-s LscbioyesneihoobeffLxssastonoidoediniLeunxmittorbbaiicfpptlhhiueeoonrnniyydllaen((d88i))og,,nisaawnnciddhthroooffmttteaehnn.e ffdtooeoutugnenrdcda.t.pahbTTylhheeeawnidsstmmhaanlltollheeisssdtteitnaaescnmttioraouubumnlneettntPooffFisCFFabOCwo4#au7Tts ttbtooiygognrrhaapephxwhyyaa..nseTTemhhxeeetarsaMfuclutruoioerordiniddeeawniifdtoohnngaccssoonnncccheerOnnorttimrroaaa-n:- 22de00t00Iencpptagga.dbdlietiwoint,hwtehishaivnestfruomuenndt tihs tabpoeurt- lltiaaiqnonunttihhdaasnwnuauLswmmerffmlleeuuooarrsiisuddtreeieccedhllieecoctwtmrireototddhere.i.aalTTnlhhyeeOPPrciFFoonCCn ffmlleutuIohonryroload)ddicidnyimicteeilttohohnyhy,lieddxweeacecnaaelhli,annvepppeeefrrfrollufuunuoadrororo-tm(ho1a1c-t,i(3t3p-ydelir.-- vvlmeeierrqtttuheieodddds.ttoowefflrluueoorriidsdeteoiifcoohnnionbbiyyetrttihhceealbbliyipphheecnnoyynll- ccmMyyeucctollhrooyonhldce)eaxccaaynnaceeil,,noheaaxnnaaddnnde,&a pmmpeiierxxrlttfuuulorrureeoor-o(oom1ffe-t3h-ppyedolrri--.- niethod. mfrmaleeputtiohdhryloyyld.c)eycccayIllnciolntohhheiesxxaaanunndneeiqupleleeeraaffvvaleemuiolrttoyhh-ee(o1f-l3Tpi-eevdrei.rr- fftrllhauupoooisrrdeiilnnyha.aatteevIddinnddteehtcichsaeuliiuhnnnissgihqaeaurnneddvfaaccpmyyoiccrlllyoophrheoeexfsxasanupnereeser,,s- 50- +40 ise tllheeoaavvseee tthhhaeevimmnoogssttthreraapphiiiddgllhyye..rIIvtaipsoeeraasspilrlyeyssddueermme-.s onstratedthatthese substances are pres. S31f t~~~1 $4 - qpitD oeelnannsrtttgeriianntceottdnhhceetehnbabttrrreeataathttiehhosnesoo.fsfubFmmsuiitrcctaeehnecraae,snnddabrycceaattppssrleacsii.-nn o7f)o20- 1)4} 0 ~~ Ra tnilhnagerggaaegcaccusuoppncsooepnanntcertt,ahhteeiaaoannnnisdin.miaaaFllnsu'a'rltssyhkkzeiiirnnn,,,gssbaabymmypppllliigannacgg-s *' 10- by -omPP9 ccthhherroogmmaaasttooggsprraaacppehh,yy weand we ccaanaannlysszhhinoogww bttyhhaattgaist ~ oeST1x 32 v33 1I 4 3. 5 3. 7% . * 7 8 3* 9 %* 10 W * 1i2 sis 11 ddiiffffuussiinngg tthhrroouugghh tthhee sskkiinn.. oFFiiegw..e22.. lPPieevrfe-rlfpolurloorcoohTcTiedhmemeami(icwwcgeaeaakillsi)ncctoonmteiennmtte.ooff TtthhhEee liver plotted against time. wwwehhiiiAAgccnnaahhhll)yyrrsseeiicc1ssee0ii0vvooeeffdmditt((hhppoeeeefrr llkiK1ivvi0ieelorropggeroorraffacmmenaatooffmmFobobOuooudsds?yyee oSamalfmogeuomsuSoenufteiionoiffttiiFaPEilFCsedCsosxeexrrperroeenmssaseimdsniaendassgktihhnee The perent percentens the livei opfercSewnitssPFaClbiSnmoolmiiocne iinn'j3ectpeedrcewnitth Pa10 wr((ee06iv.g2e3ha0tlme)1ld 1too0hff0e EFnpECirl44e37soe))fnce1880 ommfpooennr1ttc.hehns.tpeceFararCclre4ine7rtr orfeveFaCl4ed7 t(hbey pvroelsuemiiec)e. oTfhe5.1ivpeerrcweanst 3rafpfo1eotnrCneicFercenJtiFFn6jSoP8ecFtaanCinnonddeimiAksusililslppdeilodootlntaaeettddi.nvvaaGr5Gr-roiorpowuuessrpocseeiunnottoenffprPvSlahssuliX-sx miocee, Ge Kkiillelded a hour 1 and 5days, ayaollfellooFwwCeAe4ddn7stfooy(bsadyrryyvoofffloourrtmhe44e).ddgaaaTyyssshesoohvvloeeivrvree.rssiweltiahcssea gSecl., An"alUysiRs Eof tThEe BgasSEabove the F4aannndddCs2p,wbleeye3cre,eontns4h,nwe8oe,rea1a2aat,nnaraIlnylhpzdoeyuhd2r,0eiinnnw1ddeLuaeupknrplsdli.icic5aaLttsideevaeyff,orsor,sr smTTiohhlrieectaaIlriv,gveeelrranwwsdaahssoewrreeedmmaoovvneeondd,,trppaToocoewwrddeeoFfrrCeeTddFiC.i4nn71.3a EPaEFxccChh bppyooiinnttthe epresents the avrage, nd sodium biphenyl procedure. repr-esents the average, and (dtSieheeev,iiaNsvteiiUrotenCincaHflfoorBxbaassrrixsxsmimrriececppeerr.eesseeAnnptAtpptprrhtoorhxeiemiuSmelasuyttnaenlddyaarrd pccmeooornnrtttaaagiirrnn,aeemddan88odfppeerdrrerceiaeeennndattlylPPziFveFeCdrC.. f((oFbrbCyyAFTvvCoo4llh7uua.msmee)I)t pTeLr R gramOof drNiOed (livEer.CFCT47 has a SsipnppelerePceeenFnn,,Ct oaawfnnaddstheoaabisnemsirtiivmiaeilldaadrofsorerraiPtagePppSeooafafrneddddeeccFirrnoee.satoshree8 BoBvufuattpo1rev3veeptnnroersrPPstIIurrDDeemawwoiiifntthheodn3alyinvvaaappibhoooerrutfpprre2eersssstouurirrrnee. in PFC was observed for PP5 and PP9. of 13 torr remaiined in the wliver in- 681 33002299..00000022 defintely. The vapor pressure of per 4 Ck J Eom Lscom tn sph an, sh sg ca definitely. The vapor pressure of per- fuorodecalin is 14 torr and that of NoTs Ta a ST Se hs fluorodecalin is 14 torr and that of peOrulroroemesthyidshcoawl"n distS ttoorr.e we Sl ndpoi opr, fa perfluoromethyldecalin is 5 torr. CETHRE A BEETyTo L BE t Our results show that there are class of PFC which orm some kind 1 (0Siebt fbr font Gab "SH 0 OocfflasccshheseemmiiofccaaPllFbbCoonnwddhiwwciihtthhfottrhhmee slloiivvmeeerr kssiuubbn--d hstaanncec.arSbuocnh aPnEdCfucronan atoms other: 2%,Cot: [Tau GIO stance. Such PFC contain atoms other ine. All of thom rae 11 0 SHEEpLrfnpw oin mlusstwe than carbon and fluorine. All of them contin cither a COC or 3 CNC * Gulf Mw smo pf ely contain either a C-O-C or a C-N-C linkage. One possilly for such a, PRE SalitOOa LS lehneec,liSnadHEETHE cclooinuukppallgiienn.gg iiOssnetthhaattpottshshieebiuulnintssyhhaarrfeeoddr eesllueeccchttrroonna ir on the oxygen of mivopen som | hp Me En AF Hime ofrm pair on the oxygen or nitrogen atom oe mmaayy ppaassssiivveellyy ffoorrmm bboonnddss wwiitthh tthhee ey Be A SEPT tr vt ny wn substance of the liver. If the binding was 0 protein then i i surprising that was to protein then it is surprising that it was not bound 3s much fo, says it was not bound as much to, say, musce. Ulrics finding (5) that po . _-- ffmlluuusoocrrleoo.hheexxUaalnlnreeicihiss's bfoiunnddingto,(9)or bound to, or thaatt at lpeearstleast iinntteerraaccttss wwiitthh,, ccyyttoocchhrroommee PP445500 ssuugg-- ggeessttss tthhaatt cceerrttaaiinn PPFFCC mmaayy ffoorrmm ccoomm-- pPleerxcesiwihthcceerttaainn ioronnC-coonmtaiinninggDpUrOo- bss. . plexes with certain iron-containing pro- ed rai chain CHGS cerebral cotBeiloterl lesions of the nucleus locus coeruleus in rts deplete the teins. The straight-chain fluorocarbons iy leave theei:vetof the Intact SnaT running. f narepinephvine and Sgnfcanty dimiio the rate of eres studied so far, on the other hand, rapid- he act SiOmaLl. uation lfo . food reward in a simple Lutaped rues. As wsend i Hs ly leave the liver of the intact animal. me Fon, Iot 41 SSN he locus ceonin was been in hos ras with she move complete ablations 0 Another possibility is that an active er, ltongh thes ros showed novel weihe sai and nor metabolic process is involved not only iinn tthhee bbiinnddiinngg,, bbuutt iinn tthhee rreelleeaassee ffrroomm Fiheepaerruoroocnycloc te he livt er. It mmaayy boee, ffoorr eexxaammppllee,, tAha!t Cocaartbboonnss aar asecivle)ly _c,hemiSUcdies al Wtieclhhnique (1) roves the pre. locuscoeruleus funcion 5 in the perfluorocyclocarbons are actively enyt oe on ence of a network of norepinep "Tenforee excreted by the liver because they re- Eamets ounds on. S hrine. ment" osiom in the seme hat hi semble steroid fragments. amp To familyofCompounds Con maOmMANNG nerve. terminals nthe lem is used In theories of arin. This new family of compounds conmalian cercothe,Srudaswlith Our experiments were degned tc tvaiinnigngcyocnllye sctarrabtounreasnmdayflumoariknee anpodw, ing cyclic seucturs may MALS 00% th thse trin having cyclic structures may make pos- RR rn pe cll bodies situateda ae decived from Conainng neurons nner sible PFC emulsions capable of being HACAMAL x Jn COCTUIUS in the nucleus locus cerebral cote form an csetil com. safely used in intact animals. oun C.CutJ% ice. E in th flor of the fourth ven pence of the. mechanisms of earning. LELAND C. CLARK, JR. Sore, Kare uaab0 BECKI G lcuicalselsumulaton canbe le hooded Liver rats Gil weight FERNANDO BECATTINI ues Karta, VIRohin OBROCK oaixneid thtroouthgihs lnouciloeudss ps in lose 200. 10 3) were anoubeted wi SAMUEL KAPLAN, VIRGINIA OBROCK Ch Roradencrgc sysem may(4, and (his ptabarbitne, mmobiin8eKodpt DAVID COHEN, CHARLES BECKER ChiaresHogpitlResearch ng wo. catcchoam be one of ercouic apparatus, nd hed bur Children's Hospital Research : incontaning systems holes dried wiry in the sku Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 Rtn md ots hOant twhielbsauspspoorft tthhiesorebteihcaavliocron(s5,ide6)r.. aafveixthrtsc,erenboelfluurmt.heIrnpornoecegdruroeusp (wBeHrDt) References and Notes dion, it has been proposed. fu) carted aut befor the wound ws ro. IRE seafor, Ge, SmEoinds 1. The nomenclature for these compounds is not universally accepted. Perfluorochemical is em, Rete at, bilateral electrolyte Jesions were used here to mean organic compounds that have been fluorinated until no hydrogen re- EBnRpee mS made by passing a charge of 15 to 20 mains. Fluorocarbon refers to compounds ER illcoulombs through the bare tp of having only fluorine and carbon in the mole- cule. PP5 is cis- and tris-perfluorodecalin and SLES pe eld a + vamished steel cletrode (0 an ana some impurities. PP9 is a mixture of isomers neino,e S95 of perfluoromethyldecalin, some PP5, and some impurities. PP5 and PP9 are trade Feira od A BRINE Be ecirode was osued at symets names of I.S.C. Chemicals, Ltd. PIID is a PETEnf Ce oo. ally placed points in the cerebellar perfluorodiisopropoxybutane synthesized by the Allied Chemical Company. After this manuscript was read in proof we found that our perfluorodimethyldecalin (product TF o e he n a ws ie 10964, PCR, Fla.) has the same infrared spec- trum as the monomethyl compound. 2 {UT BL Fi 1. itlogcal prparions of the 2. L. C. Clark, Jr., and F. Gollan, Science 152, TS cod:7. `oman2.. Mem AB. 1755 (1966); F. Gollan, J. McDermott, A. E. eElE IG own venice. (A) The Joon Johnson, R. Namon, Fed. Proc. 29, 1725 RA SEa (1970); J. H. Modell, J. Newby, B. C. Ruiz, ibid., p. 1731; M. M. Patel, P. Szanto, B. YPnriToLn MrSaap i eB sn, Sough calf he mines as Yates, D. M. Long, ibid., p. 1740; D. J. Sass, e lke nt ee toa ed E. L. Ritman, P. E. Caskey, N. Bancherol, FEE og BB SE _ Tal 1 te Toc wots, Fav ech E. H. Wood, J. Appl. Physiol. 32, 451 (1972). 3. F. Gollan and L. C. Clark, Jr., Physiologist Boogl Ha K0eh Coh eTntRiE i DN Tora oes once 9, 191 (1966); H. A. Sloviter and T. Kamia ng i Ehime moto, Nature 216, 458 (1967); L. Triner, Bok tate oN Lo mesV Lemme? 85" hs secre ( M. Verosky, D. V. Habif, G. G. Nahas, LOB Fed. Proc. 29, 1778 (1970); H. Brown and ST HN acon bh ten 5 on ro BI W. G. Hardison, Surgerv 71, 388 (1972). - scm.vor. 682 4. L. C. Clark, Jr., Edmund-Hall Lecture, University of Louisville Sigma Xi, 19 May 1967 (W. Welch, Louisville Times 20 May 1967); R. P. Geyer, R. G. Monroe, K. Taylor, Organ Perfusion and Preservation (AppletonCentury-Crofts, New York, 1968), pp. 85-96; H. A. Sloviter, M. Petkovic, S. Ogoshi, LH. Yamada, J. Appl. Physiol. 27, 666 (1969); C ClJkeo,S. Kustom, F- esas L. C. Clark, Jr., S. Kaplan, F. Becattini, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 60, 757 (1970); L. C. Clark, Jr., F. Becattini, S. Kaplan, Triangle 11, 115 (1972). 5. D. M. Long, M.-S. Liu, P. S. Szanto, D. P. Alrenga, M. M. Patel, M. V. Rios, L. M. Nyhaus, Radiologist 105, 323 (1972). 3. I. i. Rei ti. Frn 6. L. C. Clark, Jr., Fed. Proc. 29, 1696 (1970). Cheminy (hk 7. T. M. Reed, III, Fluorine Chemistry (Aca- demic Press, New York, 1964), vol. 5, pp. &8. BB13ll3oo-oo2dd31.ssaammpplleess aanndd ttiissssuuee hBoommoogpeennaatteess wweerree pipetted directly into an excess of sodium biphenyl reagent, where the fluorine on. th, compound was converted to fluoride ion; afte dilution with buffer the F- activity was mea sured with an Orion electrode. The method i based in part upon that of P. P. Wheele and M. I. Fauth [Anal. Chem. 38, 1971 (1966)]. 9. V. Ullrich and H. Diehl, Eur. J. Biochet 30, Sor De Bu J. Blocker 20, 509 (1971). 10. Supported in part by grants HL12419 anc HD05221 from the National Institutes ol Health and a grant from the Southwesterr Ohio Chapter of the American Heart As- sociation. Dr. D. Steible and Mrs. D Schwartz assisted with some of the analyti Gi rk, he bareeadcyfr 1h cal work. We have received gifts from all o; the manufacturers of perfluorochemicals, bV we are especially indebted CSnheesmtiiceasl) CCoomnpvaenyy,. to the Allie& 16 April 1973; revised 11 May 1973 Impaired Learning and Decreased Cortical NNorepinephrine aafftteerr BBiillaatteerraall a LLooccuuss CCoCeoreurulleeuuss LLeessiioonnss Abstract. Bilateral lesions of the nucleus locus coeruleus in rats deplete the cerebral cortex of norepinephrine and significantly diminish the rate of increas& of running for food reward in a simple L-shaped runway. As assessed in this situation, learning was absent in those rats with the most complete ablations oj the locus coeruleus, although these rats showed normal weight gain and normai "m1o/t0o"r 4annddeexxpplloorraattoorryyacatctiivviittyy.. gStuudtiees wwiitthh tthheeFFaallcckk-HHiillllarrpp ihissttoo- rons rons aarriissiinngg ffrroomm tthhee ccellll bbooddiieess ooff tthhee chemical technique (1) reveal the pres- locus coeruleus function as a "reinforce. ence of a network of norepinephrine- ment" system in the sense that this containing nerve terminals in the term is used in theories of learning. 1lmea5sim0omnmasli((22a))n caaennrddebrssattliimmcouurlltaaettxii.oonnStu((d33i))essswhhiootwwh tteesstOt uttrhhee ettxhhpeeeoorrriyymtethhnaattts tthhweeernneoorreedppeiisnnieegppnhherrdiinneetc that these terminals are derived from containing neurons innervating the cell bodies situated in the nucleus locus cerebral cortex form an essential com- coeruleus in the floor of the fourth ven- tricle. Electrical self-stimulation can be obtained through electrode tips in close proximity to this nucleus (4), and this noradrenergic system may be one of two catecholamine-containing systems that will support this behavior (5, 6). On the basis of theoretical considera- tttihhoaantts,tthheeit nnoohrraeesppiinnbeeeppehhnrriinnpeer--occpooonnsttaeaiidnniinn(5gg, ne6ua-) neu- ponent of the mechanisms of learning. Male hooded Lister rats '(initial weight, 200 10 g) were anesthetized with pentobarbitone, immobilized in a Kopt stereotaxic apparatus, and had burn holes drilled bilaterally in the skull over the cerebellum. In one group (BH) of six rats,-no further procedures were sscuuattruurrrieeeddd.. ouIItnn bettfhhorrreeeee tffhuuerrttwhheeorrunggdrroowuuappsss rooeff- rats, bilateral electrolytic lesions were made by passing a charge of 15 to 20 millicoulombs through the bare tip of Sspind cacaattvhhaoorddneei..shITennd oosnnteeeelggrreooluueppct((rCoBde)CootffosBisaixnxra)raatntsas,l, the electrode was located at symmetri- cally placed points in the cerebellar A ws rrFieeggf.iioonn1.ooffHittshhteeolllooogcciuucssalccoopeerrreupllaeeruuasstiiionnnstthheeoffflltoohoorer of the fourth ventricle. (A) The locus coeruleus on each side has been ablated, although cells of the mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal nerve (mesV), situated laterally to the locus coeruleus, have been spared. This rat showed no increase in running speed in the course of behavioral testing. (B) The locus coeruleus (LC) is intact on both sides in a rat in group BH. SCIENCE. VOL. 181 30299..00003