Document MaR10ZD4761bGd2zk20NR3B7

MINER 19 6 Volume I of Thre METALS AND (Except F Prepared by the staff of the BUREAU OF MINES DIVISION OF MINERALS Chnrle< W. M errilL Ckicf N49787 752 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1962 India,--Production of kynnife in 1901 was 29,930 short tons, a 35percent increase over that of 1900. Sillimanite production was 8,943 tons, 2 percent less than that of I960.5 Korea, Republic of.--Production of andalusite in Korea was 270 short tons in 1900 and 502 tons in lOGl.5 South Africa, Republic of.--Production of andalusite and sillimanite was 79,307 short tons, a decrease of 2'2 percent from that of 1901. Ixx'al sales totaled 5,864 tons valued at $98,000, and exports were 50,989 tons valued at $2.4 million.7 South-West Africa.--Kyanite production was 1,607 short tons, 44 per cent less than that of 1901. Exports totaled 2,177 tons valued at $02,G00.8 TECHNOLOGY The Pella corundum-sillimanite deposits in Namaqualand, Republic of South Africa, were described. Exploitation is difficult because of the extreme hardness and toughness of the ore, illustrated by the fact that in several tests the average penetration by diamond-drill bits was only 3 inches. Oxygen lancing was tried with some success, but per cussion drilling with tungsten-carbide-tipped steel bits was found to be the most efficient method of preparing the material for blasting.8 Research on mullite-forming mixtures containing various quantities of the impurities, titanium dioxide, ferric oxide, and alkalis, and tests on sintered mullite shapes made from siliceous bauxite were reported. Satisfactory mullite was prepared from mixtures containing up to a total of 5 percent impurity oxides. Shapes made with mullite pre pared from siliceous bauxite were equivalent to those made from im ported kyanite.10 A monograph was published on the properties, structure, formation, and significance of mullite. Coverage of Russian research on mullite was included.11 Research results were presented which indicated that there is a complete isomorphous series between sillimanite (Al203-Si02) and 3/2 mullite (3Al,03-2Si02).12 Significant revisions of the A1..0:,-SiOa equilibrium diagram wero made, based on 190 tests in sealed noble-mefal containers at tempera tures up to 1,850 C. Differences in equilibrium data obtained in past research may have resulted to a considerable extent from the conditions under which the experimental data were obtained, particularly with regard to the amount of evaporation of Si02 from the liquid phase.18 US. Kmhnssy, Nov Delhi. India, fitnte Deportment Dispatch 892. Apr. 27. 1002 p 2. U.S. Embassy, Semi I, Republic of Kftren. State Department Dispatches 455. Apr 4. 3OHJ. encl. 1. p. 1 and 413. Apr. 27. 1002. end. 1, p. 1. ` 7 U.S. Consulate. Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa. State Department Alreram A-d02, Mar. 28. 3 p. 1. * U S. Consulate. Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa. State Department Alreram A-3R4. Mur. 13. 1993. p. 2. Wcldner. P. J. Pdla Corumlnm-Sllllmunlte. Mine & Quarry Eng. (London) v 28. No. 11. Novt-mbor 1002. pp. 404-408. 'Yl'.vrrdl. M. E. Effects of Impurities on Sintered Mullite. BuMlnes Rept. of Inv 5057, 1002, 15 pp. ' u Grofoslk, Janos. Mullite, Ita Structure. Formation, and Significance. Akademial Klado (Publishing House of the Hungarian Acndemv of Sciences). 1001, 1G3 pn Abs in J. Am. Ceram. Rue., v. 45, No. 10. October 1002. p *r2. '' ** Durovic, Slnvomll. Isomorphism Between Sillimanite and Mullite. J. Am. Ceram Soc.. v. 45. No 4. April 100. pp. 157-101. Arnmnkt. Shlgeo, and Rustum Roy. Revised Phase Diagram for the System ALOaS10#. J. Am, Ceram. Soc.. v. 45, No. 5, May 1002, pp. 229-242. Lead By Richard N. Spencer,1 Edith E. den 4- Conten Page Legislation and Government pro grams 753 Domestic production755 Mine______________________________ Smelter and refinery produc tion759 Consumption and uses----------------------Lead pigments766 755 763 S P F W T INE OUTPUT of recoverabl M 237,000 tons, production of pri 1 at primary refineries decrease production of secondary lead decrease sumption of lead in battery uses incre line antiknock additives decreased 1 other classifications varied, most decreased slightly to moderately. I during 1902 but some countries fell sl Deliveries to the supplemental stock bailer conlracts negotiated by the (CCC) with two foreign producers. plemental stockpile were 84,300 tons. (New York market) declined on Jan cents; on February 1 declined to 9.7 further to 9.50 cents; and then on No LEGISLATION AND GOVE Import quotas established in Octo IJ.S. Tariff Commission submitted October 25, in accordance with Exec escape clause procedure, recommendi the domestic industry had not change protective import restrictions on lea investigation was required. No barter contracts for lead for G tinted during 1962, but 83,513 tons of Broken Hilf Associated Smelter and ing Co. to satisfy the remainder of 1961. No acquisitions for Governm 1 Commodity specialist, Division of Minerals. * Statistical assistant, Division of Minerals. Figures nn Imports and exports compiled by Mae Activities, Bureau ol Mines, from records of the U.S. D 754 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1962 Public Law 87-347, to subsidize small lend-zinc mines was imple mented by approval of funds. Participation in the program, by eli gible producers, was retroactive for production from .January 1, 19G2. Participation in the program was less than that expected; only $654,140 was disbursed to producers from the $4.5 million appro priated by Congress. The program was to continue 3 more years but at a diminishing scale. The Office of Minerals Exploration (OME) continued its assistance for approved exploration projects for lead-zinc through June 30, at which time lead, zinc, and copper were removed from the list of min erals eligible under the OME program. Government participation by OME in these projects was limited to 50 percent of approved cosls with $`250,000 the maximum for any one contract. Two applications for assistance were received, and one new contract was executed and two contracts were amended to increase contract amounts authorizing total new expenditures of $220,230 of which Government participa tion was $110,115. One contract from OME for lead and zinc was terminated. The Internationa] Lead-Zinc Study Group met in Geneva, Switzer land in plenary session March 15 to 21 at which time it was suspended to reconvene May 28 to 31, and October 24 to 26. Efforts were con tinued to evaluate means of bringing lead and zinc production and con sumption into better balance, and the working group adopted measures to improve the quality of Study Group World Statistics for lead and zinc. TABLE 1.--Salient lead statistics 1953-57 1958 1059 1960 1061 1962 (average) United States: Production: Domestic ores, recoverable lead content.. .short tons.. Value..............thousands.. Primary lend (refined): From domestic ores and base bullion short tons.. From foreign ores and base bullion short tons.. Antlmonlal lead (primary lead content)...short tons.. Secondary lead (lend content) short tons.. Imports, general: Lead In ores and mAlto short tons.. Lead In base bullion.. .do.. Lead Id pigs, bars, umi old.. short tons.. Exports of refined pig lend.do.. Stocks December 31 (lead con* tent): At primary smelters and reAncries.............. short tons.. At consumer plants...do___ Consumption of metal, primary and secondary........ short tons. Price: New York, common lend, average, cents per pound........ World: Production: Miile............................................ Smelter...................................... Price: London, common lend, average, cents per pound........... 339.426 $97,437 333,055 108.265 16,399 493,1.39 178.914 205 314,813 2,153 120,834 121,833 1,171,390 14.67 2,430,000 2,295,000 12.46 267. 377 $62,560 269.082 201.074 16, 446 401,787 201, 599 460 375.022 1,360 231. 290 122.900 986,387 12. 11 2.590.000 2,495,000 9. 13 255. 586 $58,785 225.270 1)5.061 12.402 451.387 138.834 80 271,695 2,756 171,079 126,496 1,091,149 12. 21 2, 560, ODD 2.410,000 8.88 240.660 $57,722 228,809 163.537 2,385 4G0.903 145,692 293 213.671 1,967 250,142 07,268 1,021. 172 11.95 2.015.000 2,560.000 9.04 261.921 $53,956 288,078 161,487 24,966 452,702 147,180 422 261.704 2, 133 2G2.102 99.140 1,027,216 10. 87 2,625,000 2.665.000 8.03 230.956 $43,602 245,645 130.418 27,383 444,202 138,900 4, 599 259.522 2,108 190.601 93.496 l. 109,635 9.63 2.705.000 2.665.000 7. 08 eaccwi ' LEAD Fio u h e 1.--Trends in the lead Industry In the U tion Includes primary refined, antlmonlal, a pigments made directly from ore. Imports a of the lead content of ores, mattes, and conc bars, base bullion, and scrap. DOMESTIC PRODU MINE PRODUCT Mines in the United States produced 23 25,000 tons less than that produced in 19 that produced in 1900; it was also the l Production was normal for recent years strike closed all Missouri mines. The st St. Joseph Lead Co. lasted the remainde 1963, resulting in zero output from that strike. Missouri had long been the pri but this prolonged strike caused it to dro The four largest lead producing Sta Missouri, 61,000 tons; Utah, 38,200 ton Mines from these four States produced the total U.S. output. The remaining 15 having a combined production of 36,300 756 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1062 TABLE 2.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, by States (Short tons) State 1953-57 1958 1959 1960 1901 1902 (average) Arizona......................................... California..................................... Colorado....................................... Idaho............................................. Illinois ......................................... Kansas.......................................... Kentucky............................. . Missouri....................................... Montana....................................... Nevada................................ .. Now Mexico................................ New York.................................... Oklahoma.................................... Utah.............................................. Virginia........................................ Washington................................. Wisconsin..................................... Total................................... 10, 414 fi. 471 19,248 G8.807 3, 504 4,954 lf>4 125, 337 16. 748 4.613 3. 002 1,387 6 11,433 46,194 3. 256 11, 147 1,957 15 339, 426 11,890 140 14, 112 53,003 1. 610 1, 2U9 610 1J3,123 8.434 4, 150 1, 117 579 3.092 40.355 2, 934 9,020 800 3 267, 377 9, 999 38 227 12. 907 02,395 2, 570 481 400 105, 165 7, 072 1.357 829 481 601 36,630 2, 770 10,310 745 255, 580 8,405 440 18. 080 42. 907 3, <XH) 781 58 111,948 4,879 987 1, ODO 775 424 936 39.398 2.152 7, 725 1,165 23 240,009 5,937 103 17. 755 71.470 3, 430 1, 449 650 98, 785 2,043 1,791 2, 332 879 318 980 40,894 3, 733 8,053 680 27 201,921 0, 966 455 17.411 84,058 3. 010 970 743 60, 982 6,121 771 1, 134 1.003 219 2,710 38.199 4,059 0, 033 1,394 68 230, 950 Major mines in these less productive States, with a combined total of 29,500 tons that represented 12 percent of the total output, were located in Washington, Arizona, Virginia, Illinois, Montana, and Oklahoma. Mines in New Mexico, New York, Wisconsin, Kansas, and Nevada produced 5,300 tons or 2 percent of the total, and 1 percent came from the 6 remaining States. By area, the Western States supplied 68 percent of the total pro duction, the West Central States 27 percent, and the States east of tho Mississippi, 5 percent. The 25 leading lead-producing mines accounted for 91 percent of total domestic mine output; the 10 leading mines yielded 74 percent, and the 4 largest mines 46 percent. Southeast Missouri continued to be favored by more lead explora tion activity than any other mineral area in the United States. Most of the major U.S. mining companies were actively engaged in leasing and exploring in Missouri. Exploration results were encouraging, but no plans for new Missouri, mine production were announced. A unitized development contract was signed between the St. Joseph Lead Co. and the U.S. Department or the Interior for integrating mining development on 14,173 acres comprised of 6,000 acres of fed erally owned and 8,173 acres of privately owned land. Two Kennccott Copper Corp. subsidiaries started exercising their options on land containing a lead deposit in Reynolds and Shannon Counties in Mis souri. No developments or production plans were announced. Lead production from mines in Idaho was 18 percent higher than that in 1961. This higher production, uninterrupted by strikes, con trasted with the prolonged closure of mines in Missouri, enabled Idaho to become lirst in lead production. Most mines in the Coeur d'Alene district contributed to this record production, exceeded only once (in 1950) since 1942. Day Mines, Inc., closed the Day rock leadsilver mine in September after 40 years of continuous operation. T A B L E 3.-- Ores y ie ld in g lead a n d z in c in th e U n ite d States in 1962 ' (S hort toDs) Lead ore | Zinc ore i L e a d -z in c ore C o p p e r-le a d , copperz in c , a n d co p p e r- 1 le a d -z in c ores A il o th e r sources 1 | T o ta l LEAD 211 3NV 13 3 okgS .O9 3 3 8-C O bf f o .3 N S 3 o be og .9 N 3 3 o be of 32,888 322 43.351 62.865 127.413 WHBOOnNH to saTM S'0' oonNnoneinNN oo o --cb to oo ^ e- S -,!2SS!aS?Sco co -!<-* tej o o co cd s 3 iSS ;^o I*S i?- III-1 -O lOM 1C* jeo'd* iCO 9t- MN ia !o 1 ( 04 lOH ICO iv 'ol 04* Sf eo i o co iINso O l ^4 i P o is iCt ii n! i 3 III 11m I 1i I * ! !(Mill ~ sto o* IS : ; : i i i i s 0P0- -<CtOo rO-l t-j v- wt OO 00 OO coiA r-8 05 SpOOiwIOOto co co to cto B S So S5g 8 I i a> * 1 mi1 d i IVH I - 3.943 1,172 I 2,792 ! 37,678 3No 3s aS O bf o'g o .9 N s 3 c be O* S 3 tn r~oi -h --1 i 1 i wj -- r~ixdlO cito 04 a o>* tiiil; IiQJoIHeHf i w 1 C") OJ is |S; r s mi05 oo i i k Tc 4 _t i d-^vi ,i n 1-10 I J 05 sj; ir-v is 1V 1 lO i8 1O lo 1 04 CO CB CO 04* CS to oo m CO s' S NsAoNo | 11 e* r I 1 3g sN cJ co i i --' N Ol 1 t C4 u ;yj- :: : hM a\ihil B^2rj5 758 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 1902 TABLE 4.--Mine production of recoverable lend in the United States, by months (Short tons) Month isei 1962 M onth inf.i 1902 23.305 20 948 24 081 22.098 22.807 10,605 22, 720 23 675 23.943 24.984 21,179 Total................................. 23 Oil 20 R22 21.327 20. 406 19, 792 201,921 10.041 13.932 15.092 14.284 14,651 . 236,956 TABLE 5.--Twenty-five leading lead-producing mines in the United States in 1962, in order of output Rank Mine District or region State Operator Source of load United 8tatcs & Lark. 3 4 (Bingham). Utah............... souri. Cocur d'Alene____ Ine. Refining and Mining Co. St, Joseph Lead Co__ Lend Mines Co. I .end-zinc ore. Lead-zinc, gold- silver ore. Lead ore. Do. 5 souri. St. Joseph Lead Co.... Do. 6 Star and Morning Coeur d'Alene____ Uult. and Hccla Mining Lead-zinc ore. Co. St. Joseph Lead Co... I.cad ore. souri. 8 Upper San Mi Idarado Mining Co.... Copper-lcad-zlnc guel. ore. 6 souri. St. Joseph Lead Co... 10 Coeur d'Alene____ Bead-zinc ore. and Refining Com pany. 11 Shalt tick Dcnn Min- Do. Ing Corp. 12 United Park City. Utah................ United Park City Do. Mines Co. 13 Washington.. Do. and Metnls Co. 14 Summit Valley___ pany. 15 Virginia......... Tne New Jersey Zinc Zlne-leiul ore. Ivnnhoc Mines. Co. 16 Red CHIT (Baltic Colorado........ Lead-zinc, cop- Mountuln). per ore, 17 Ophlr.................. Utah............... United States Smelt- Lead-zinc ore. Inc, Refining and Mining Co. 18 Sunshine Mining Co.. Silver ore. 19 Ernpcrlus Mining Co. r.end-rjnc ore. 20 Dcardorll Group.. Upjier Mississippi Ozark-Mahonlng On.. Fluorspar-load- Valley. 7.lne ore. 21 Balmat................... St. Lawrenco New York... St. Joseph Lead Com- Zlnc-lcad ore. County. pany. 22 Diggings. 23 Flux........................ 24 Upper Mississippi Valley. Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa). Nash A McFarland... Camp Bird Colorado, Inc. Flnorspnr-leftdzinc ore. Lend-zlnc ore. Do. 25 Blue Goose No. J. Pichcr-Cnrdln....... Oklahoma... 'I he Eagle-Plehcr Co.. Zinc-lead ore. Ijead production of Utah was slightly less than in 19G1 even though production continued uninterrupted. United States Smelting, Refin ing and Mining Co. started to reopen the Butterfield mine of Kennecott Copper Corp. Mine, access was through the United States and Lark mine; it was expected that the ore body area would be reached during 1963. A new 400-ton-per-day differential flotation mill was LEA built to treat ore from the Mayflo Mining Co. and operated by Ilecla begin soon from Buigin mine, Tintic where exploration proved 1.5 millio output in Utah was about 7 percen Output of lead from mines in C development program for the Wellin being built and production was expe Co. announced that its mine at Cre nitcly at yearend. Principal lead p The Eagle mine of The New Jersey Mining Co., and Creede mine of the of Rico Argentine Mining Co., an Bird Colorado, Inc. Production from lead-producing to come mainly from the Metaline Oreille Mines and Metals Co. and A Co. There was some exploration an County and on the Spokane Ind Uranium Co. took action to boos Gladstone Mountain. Washington percent. . The principal lead-producing min Iron King of Shattuclc Denn Minin Montana mine production of lead This increase was due largely to cop and stockpiles of The Anaconda C New Mexico lead production decr burg mine and the Hanover mine o indefinitely late in 1962. SMELTER AND REFIN Refined lead was produced at prim foreign source ore and base bullion, small quantities of scrap. Primary nial lead. The principal product o nial lend, and the major source of s scrap. Refined pig lead, and antim alloys, accounted for 27 and 73 perce lead recovery. Three smelters, five combination fineries comprised the domestic prim list of major secondary smelting fir Mines was published in the Lead c book. All domestic primary smelte Smelters: American Smelting and Refining Com East Helena, Mont. El Paso, Tex. International Smelting & Refining Co 760 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1962 Smelter-reflneries: American Smelting and Refining Company Selby, Calif. Perth Amboy, New Jersey The Bunlter Hill Co., Kellogg, Idaho St. Joseph Lend Co., Herculaneum, Mo. The Eagle-l'icher Co., Galena, Kansas Refineries: ' United States Smelting Lend Refinery, Inc., East Chicago, Ind. American Smelling and Refining Company, Omaha, Ncbr. Schuylkill Products Co., Baton Rouge, La. Refined Lead--Primary and Secondary.--Domestic primary lead smelt ers and refiners produced 377,000 tons of refined lead and 31,100 tons of lead in nntimonial lead. The lead content of primary raw materials consumed for this production was 420,800 tons, and that of scrap ma terial was 6,400 tons. Domestic ores yielded 65 percent of the refined lead produced from primary sources compared with 64 percent in 1061. Foreign ores and bullion were the sources of the remainder. Primary lead smelters also produced 1,842 tons of refined lead from scrap, but secondary smelters produced 01,600 tons. Refined lead, plus remelt lead produced from all sources, totaled 118,500 tons. Antimonial Lead--Primary and Secondary.--Total antimonial lead production at both primary and secondary smelters was 273,100 tons with a lead content of 256,800 tons; 33,300 tons from primary smelters and 239,800 tons from secondary smelters. Scrap was the source of 11 percent of the primary smelter output; domestic ores furnished 49 percent and foreign ores, 40 percent. Battery scrap accounted for 65 percent of the total lead-base scrap melted. The major product from smelting scrap was antimonial lead. TABLE 6.--Refined lead produced at primary refineries in the United States, by source material (Short tons) 1053-57 (average) 1058 1059 I960 1001 1002 Refined lead: From primary sources: Domestic ores and base bullion... Foreign ores and base bullion........ 333,655 168.265 269.082 201.074 Total................................................. 501,920 470.156 4.138 2,338 Calculated value of primary refined lead 506.058 472.494 $0.143 $0,117 $143,640 $110,017 225,270 115,661 340.031 1.104 342.125 $0,115 $78, 414 228.899 153.537 382.436 4,776 387.212 $0,117 $89,490 288.078 101.487 449.505 1.569 451.134 $0.103 $92,010 245.645 130.418 376,083 1,842 377.905 $0.093 $69,948 i Excludes value of refined lead produced from scrap at primary refineries. Other Secondary Lead.--Lead-base, copper-base and tin-base scrap were source materials from which 444,200 tons of secondary lead was recovered. Secondary production decreased 2 percent. Secondary lead smelters recovered 92 percent of the total in 220 plants; primary smelters, 1 percent in 5 plants; and manufacturers, foundries, and sec ondary copper smelters, 7 percent. LEAD TABLE 7.--Antimonial lead produced at prim State* Year Produc tion (short tons) A ntlwony conten Short tons Percen 1053-57 (average)........................... 1958................................................... 1959.................................. . . _ 10G0.................................................... 1901................................................... 1902................................................... 61.180 60,246 37,487 30,230 35,080 33.325 3,605 2,803 1,924 1.676 1,894 2,249 6.0 6.6 5.1 6. 6.4 6.7 TABLE 8.--Stocks and consumption of new a States in 1962 (Short tons, gross we Class of consumers and type of scrap Stocks Receipt Jon. 1 < Smelters and refiners; Soft lend...... ........................ Hard lead............................ Cable lead............ .............. Battery-lead plates.......... Mixed common babbitt.. Solder and tinny lead___ Type raetali....................... Drosses and residues........ Total.. Found rJcs mid olhor manufacturers: Soft leud____ __________ _________ Hard lead______ _______________ Cable lead........................................ Battery-lead plates...................... . Mixed common babbitt.............. . Soldej and tinny lead................ . Type metals........ .......................... . Drosses and residues.............. ...... Total. Qrand total; 6oft lead...... ........................ Hard lead......................... . Cable lead........................ Battery-lead plates........... Mixed common babbitt.. Solder and tinny lead___ Type metals...................... Drosses and residues-..-.. Total.. Revised figures. 2,645 1,344 1,003 16,118 375 230 1,297 16,103 40,106 48.19 16,41 24,87 384,68 83,10 , 44 26,02 63,14 673,78 100 203 102 166 270 8 281 1,140 32 17 30 8,78 27 2,751 1,547 2,005 16,284 654 233 1,207 16,474 41,245 48,61 16,68 24,87 384,98 11,80 8,71 25,02 63,14 683, 73 707-020--03- 49 762 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1962 TABLE 8.--Secondary metal recovered 1 from lead and tin scrap in the United States in 1962, by type of products (Short tons, gross weight) Lead Tin Antimony Other Total Total........................................................ 93, 406 25.062 118,468 Load And tin alloys: Totol......................................................... 229,392 17,074 80 23,508 30.055 16.295 1,479 317,883 2,991 343 3,334 385 905 293 5,336 1,742 6 704 9,371 13,700 1.620 26 314 3,610 165 21 19. 302 93,406 25,062 118,468 2,991 343 3,334 140 243,023 74 19,573 10 409 18 29,176 10 36,417 3 16,469 93 2,297 348 346,964 436,351 972 13,677 19,362 972 348 469,738 * Most of the figures herein represent actual reported recovery of metal from scrap. TABLE 10.--Secondary lead recovered in the United States (8hort tons) 1953-67 1958 1969 1960 1961 1962 (average) As refined metal: 4,133 122,835 Total......................................................... 120,973 In antlinonlAl lead: 44,17G 198,990 Total......................................................... 243.166 123,000 Grand total: 493,139 $141,690 2, 338 113,719 116,057 1,194 124,185 125,379 4, 776 143,443 148,219 30,097 151,956 182, 053 102,777 23,101 181,185 204, 346 121,662 26,270 179,217 205, 487 116,197 401,787 451,387 469.003 $94,018 $103,819 $109,657 1,669 139,100 140,669 8.220 197,349 205,569 106,654 452, 792 $93, 275 1,842 116,626 118,468 3, 093 225,699 229.392 96,342 444,202 $82,622 LEAD TABLE 11.--Lead recovered from scrap proc of scrap and form o (8bort tons) Kind of scrap 1961 1962 New scrap-. Lead-hose___ Coppcr-boso. TJn-basc........ Total. Old scrap: Battery-lead plates. All othor Icnd-boso.. Coppcr-baso.............. Tin-base..................... Total............. Grand total.. 56.808 4,981 466 62, 254 240,896 132, 406 17,142 6 390,638 462.702 44, 803 6,686 529 50,918 252,593 124,277 16,409 6 393,284 444,202 In a In o In c In > Includes 8,220 tons of lead recovered In antlmonial lead f and 3,603 tons In 1002. '* CONSUMPTION Load metal production at primary 113,000 tons, about 8,000 tons less th tion in 1961, the second quarter drop quarter to 90,000 tons, and the fourth q Secondary lead production was at 1901 amounting to 444,200 tons. Prim totaled 847,600 tons compared with 9 stocks decreased moderately in the firs and fourth quarters theso stocks dr to 196,700 tons from the record high tons -in 1961. Consumer stocks als moderately. At yearend, producer (refined, in antimonial ana other al tons from 303,400 tons on January during 1962, reaching a low of 9.50 to 10.00 cents November 1 after con for several months. Consumption in classifications of Bureau of Mines sta creased in two of the three largest us in red lead and litharge, 6 percent; gasoline antiknock additives. Soft lead, primary and secondary, total consumed, 27 percent was lead was in alloys, 1.3 percent was in cop in scrap that went directly into an en recovered from ore in producing lea ments. Consumption ranged from a 79,600 tons to a high of 105,100 tons sumption trend was downward for it increased sharply and continued at of 1962 as battery and antiknock de was more than for any year since 1957 764 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1962 Of the lead consumed during 1962, 72 percent was used in metal products; the major item was storage batteries which accounted for 38 percent of all lead consumed. Gasoline antiknock additives, 98 percent of the general classification chemicals, accounted for 15 per cent. of the total lead consumption. Load pigments used 9 percent of the total lead, and 74 percent of that was for the manufacture of red lead and litharge. Two items of consumption related to the auto mobile industry, batteries and gasoline antiknock additives, repre sented 53 percent of total lead consumption. The Association of Battery Manufacturers, Inc., reported the ship ment of 30.5 million replacement battery units and total battery ship ments of 38.9 million units, an increase of 8 percent and 11 percent, respectively. Battery shipments were at a record high. Nine States accounted for 73 percent of the total lead consumed (excluding scrap) as follows: New Jersey, 14 percent; Louisiana and Texas together, 12 percent; Illinois, 11 percent; California, 10 per cent; Indiana, 10 percent; Pennsylvania, 7 percent; New York, 5 percent; and Missouri, 4 percent. TABLE 12.--Lead consumption in the United States, by products (Short tons) Product 19G1 1902 Product 1961 1002 Metal products: 45,837 17,757 $7, 458 Foil ' ................................ Pipes, traps, and bends.. 6. 873 11.220 2.9(58 19,098 28.102 54, 838 Antlmonlal lead.......... 180,028 181,070 965 20,093 727. 300 Figments: White lead................. ......... Red lend and litharge____ 72.022 47,779 16,472 56]676 7, 355 11,972 3,720 10,819 28. 540 06,873 217,525 202,381 1,402 20, 700 800, 520 11,0'.Jl 70,325 Pigments--Continued 11,273 *4,383 * 95, 293 11,000 3,802 102, 968 Gasoline antiknock addl* Miscellaneous chemicals.. 100,802 * 2,119 1 171,921 Miscellaneous uses: 5, 000 1,444 213 8, 890 15,613 Other, unclassified uses............ 17,050 Grand total *................... 1,027,210 108,026 2,715 171,641 5. 300 1.146 230 10,330 17.018 17,479 1, 100,035 1 Includes loud content of leaded zinc oxide and other pigments and chemicals. * Revised figures. J Includes load which went directly from scrap to fabricated products. TABLE 13,--Lead consumption in the United States, by months (Short tons) Monlh 1001 1902 Mouth 1001 1902 January................................... February................................ March...................................... April........................................ May......................................... June......................................... July.......................................... 83, 570 79, 586 83, 206 78. 201 89,079 80, 520 72,312 93.828 88,415 91,040 86.059 04,035 89,088 79,507 August................................. September........................... October................................ November........................... December............................ Total....................... 01.150 89.735 93.504 90.020 89.604 1. 027,216 - 06,393 91. 122 105,145 96. 293 91,500 1,109,635 i Includes lead content of leaded tine oxide and other plginonts and lead which went directly from scrap to fabricated products. (LEA TABLE 14.--Lead consumption in the Uni and types ot (Short t 60ft lead Mclal products... 8toragc batteries.. Pigments............... Chemicals.............. M Iscellnneous___ Unclassified.......... Total.. 211,315 211,128 90,184 171,641 0,931 11,890 715,080 1 Excludes 35,797 tons of lead that went directly from contained Ln leaded zinc oxide and other pigments and TABLE 15.--Lead consumyp (Short t Reflncd soft lead California.................................................. Colorado.................................................... Connecticut............................................. District of Columbia............................. Florida...................................................... Illinois.........t............................................. Indiana...................................................... Kansas........................................................ Kentucky.................................................. Maryland.................................................. Massachusetts.......................................... Michigan................................................... Missouri..................................... _............ Nebraska................................................... New Jersey............................................... New York................................................. Ohlo.....\................................................ Pennsylvania........................................... Rhode Island........................................... Tennessee.................................................. Vlrgtnla................................. .................... Washington............................. ............... West Vlrginlo.......................................... Wisconsin................................................. Alabama,* Georgia, Mississippi.......... Arkansas and Oklahoma.................. Hawaii and Oregon................................ Iowa and Mlnnosota............................. Louisiana and Texas............................. Montana and Idaho.............................. New Hampshire, Maine, Delaware.. North and South Carolina................. . Utah, Nevada, Arizona........................ Undistributed........................................ . Total.. 77,207 1,879 12,928 100 1,868 72,488 61,030 8,358 42 6,683 5,802 15,329 30,134 4,927 119,271 36,674 13,496 46,500 2,767 177 2,387 7,804 16,332 698 33,299 3,631 684 1,718 107,773 11,146 3,081 646 112 329 716,0 Excludes 35.797 tons of lead which went directly lead contained In loaded zinc oxide and other nonspccl * These and following States aro grouped to avoid dis 766 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1962 LEAD PIGMENTS4 Production of lead pigments increased slightly. Activity of indus tries consuming the largest amount of lead pigments varied as follows: Automobile and truck manufacture increased 24 percent, the value of public and private construction increased 6 percent, paint sales in creased 5 percent, use in tho production of natural and synthetic rubber increased 11 percent, and lead battery production rose 14 percent. . Production.--Lead consumed by manufacturers to produce lead pig ments was 287,000 tons, compared with 270,300 tons in 1901. All the white lead, red lead, and litharge pigments, as well as 101,000 tons of black oxide (battery oxides) were made from refined lead and represented 99 percent of the load used for pigment pur poses. The remaining 1 percent was consumed as lead ore to produce leaded zinc oxide. Production data for basic lead sulfate is withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. Lead sili cate, a derivative of litharge, is included with litharge. Consumption and Uses--White Lead.--Shipments of white lead de creased less than 1 percent. The paint industry used 74 percent of the white lead, and the ceramic industry used 1 percent. A sub stantial part of the remaining 25 percent also was used in the paint industry, and other uses for white lead included chemicals, greases, plasticizers, and stabilizers for plastics. Basic Lead Sulfate.--Most lead sulfate was used in making leaded zinc oxide, but production figures were withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. Red Lead.--Fifty-four percent of the red lead was consumed by the paint industry compared with 00 percent in 1901. Other use categories were colors, lubricants, petroleum, rubber, and miscel laneous small uses. Orange Mineral.--No consumption was reported. Litharge.--To avoid disclosing company confidential data, a large percentage of litharge shipped to industry was included in the group classification "Other.'' Within other uses, battery makers were the largest consuming group; chemicals, chrome pigments, driers, floor covering, friction material, ink, insecticides, and miscellaneous uses accounted for the remainder. Battery makers produced 101,000 tons of leaded litharge, known to the battery trade as black oxide or grey suboxide; this material was the basic ingredient of the lead paste filling of lead-acid battery plates. Prices.--The quoted price of white lead was 10.5 cents per pound ($330 per ton) in carlots throughout 1902. The average value of shipments of dry white lead was $400 per ton; white lead in oil averaged $470 per ton. The quoted price of red lead ranged from 13.25 cents per pound to 14.00 cents, or $205 per ton to $280 per ton, in less than carlots; the average value of red lead shipments decreased $7 to $285 per ton. The quoted price of litharge ranged from 12.75 cents to 13.25 cents per pound, or $255 to $205 per ton, in less than carlots; averaged value of shipments decreased $10 to $231 per ton. Prepared by Richard N. Spencer, commodity specialist, and Esther B. Miller, statistical assistant, Division of Minerals. (LEAD TABLE 16.--Production and shipments of lead p States Except for basic lead sulfate, figures withheld to avoid disc At plant, exclusive of container. Weight of white lead only, but value of paste. TABLE 17.--Lead content of lead and zinc pig by domestic manufacturers (8hort tons) 1661 Pigment Lead In pigments produced from-- Ore Domestic Foreign Pig lead Total lead In White lead................. .................. .................. Red lead.......... Litharge................. lllack oxide........... .................. .................. Leaded zinc oxide 2,717 1.071 Total.. 2,717 1.071 12,667 20,664 61,600 140,673 266,634 12.667 20,66 61,600 140,673 3,783 270,32 1 Excludes lead in basic lead sulfate; figures withheld to av tial data. TABLE 18,---Distribution of white lead (dry an (Short tons) Iodustry 1953-67 (average) 1858 1 Paints........ Ceramics.. Other___ _ 20,206 611 4,461 25,327 16,288 268 '2,804 18,360 1 > * Excludes basic lead sulfate; figures withheld to avoid discl > Figures for plasticizers and stabilizers withheld to avoid disc 768 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1962 TABLE 19.--Distribution of red lead shipments, by industries (Short tons) Industry 1053-57 (average) 1958 1959 JOGO 1001 Pnlnts............................................ Rtornge batteries........................ Commies...................................... Other............................................. Total.................................. 14,364 < > < ) 14.194 28.548 13.720 0) C) 8.200 21,902 12.098 0) V) 9,807 21.905 12. 003 C) 328 9.400 22,631 12.805 (') C) 9.001 22.856 * Included with "Other." TABLE 20.--Distribution of litharge shipments, by industries (Short tons) Industry 1953-67 (average) 1058 1959 I960 19G1 Ceramics...................................... Chrome pigments....................... Floor covering............................. Insecticides.................................. Oil refining................................... Rubber.......................................... Storage batteries......................... Varnlsb......................................... Other............................................. Total....................... .......... 20, niR 5.330 to 0) 3.771 1,902 0) 4.016 101,198 136,244 C) 3,731 e> C) 2. 598 1.247 <'> 3,223 81.300 02,165 16.340 4.082 C) 0) 3,006 1,808 0) 4.725 76. 362 100,013 16.763 C) 0) C) 2,371 1.373 C) 3.471 75.072 98,040 14.393 C) 0) C) 2. 147 1.243 V) 3,394 77.773 98.950 1902 13,716 < ) 037 11,104 25.517 1902 17,762 <>) f) 0) 2.404 1,792 0) 4,083 77.366 103.397 Included with "Other." Foreign Trade.--Imports of lead pigments and salts decreased ]3 percent, in valuo but increased 5 percent in quantity over imports during 1961. White lead imports increased 26 percent, red lead imports increased 21 percent, litharge imports increased 1 percent, and imports of other lead compounds increased 1 percent. Exports of lead pigments decreased 22 percent in value and 17 percent in quantity, and exports of lead arsenate increased 36 percent in value and 53 percent in quantity. TABLE 21.--U.S. imports for consumption of lead pigments and compounds Kind 1961 1002 Short tons Value Short tons Value (thousands) (thousauds) Other lead compounds....................... .................... .............. 1,872 457 15,390 430 18,155 $535 88 2,701 HI 3.498 2,301 555 15,597 31 439 18,986 $578 83 2,229 13 124 3,027 Source: Bureau of tho Census. (LEAD TABLE 22.--U.S. exports of lead pig Kind Sho Total................ *................................................................ ' Includes white lead, rod lead, and litharge. Source: Bureau of the Census. STOCKS Stocks of refined lead at primary throughout 1962, but from August 1 tons for an average monthly rate of 9, refined and antimonial lead decreased a end inventory of 142,500 tons. Total physical inventories at primary plants not including material in process or compared with 262.100 tons at the close o Stocks reported by the American Bure an additional 17,700 tons of bullion was refineries, and about 18,600 tons of or making a total of 233,000 tons of prim these plants, 75,100 tons less than at year Consumer and secondary smelter sto January 1, 104,300 tons March 31, 106 September 30, and 93,500 tons Decem were 6 percent less than at the close of 19 On December 31 the total lead inven piles was 1,386,000 tons, comprised of (strategic) stockpile, and 336,000 ton Administration (DPA), CCC, and Sup ment lead stockpile inventories on De over maximum stockpile objectives. TABLE 23.--Stocks of lead at primary sme States, Deo. 3 (Short tons) Stocks 1953-57 (average) Refined pic lead.......................... Lead In sutlmonla! lead............ Lend In base bullion.................. Lead In ore and matte.............. Total................................... M, 063 11,714 12.812 42,255 120,834 1968 170.008 11,811 9,485 36.890 234.290 1230 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1962 Papers described the processing and coating,10 annealing,11 auto matic gage control,13 and automatic classification 13 of steel strips. The physical properties and applications of columbium-tin super conducting alloys were studied.*1* . , ,. . Additions of tin in cast iron for engine blocks resulted in more uni form hardness and better machinability.13 , . Tin had little effect on the hot workability, yield, strength, or tensile strength of three stainless steels.10 Sheets of glass, without scratches with high transparency, and free from distortions, were made by moulding the glass on molten tin.1 n McArthur, D. A. Strip Processing. Iron and Steel Eng., v. 89, No. 2, February 1902, PPi, Biahopf'Tom. British Study New Method lor Annealing Strip. Metal Prog., v. 82, Nu BVinT TbomaaT, 8aVd4Paul ,L. McMath^ Automatic B78fr Tbla T'n` Blast Furnace and Steel Plant".TM; No. JO. <October 1962. PP.fO-eit, 978 Metal Industry (London). Automatic Classification of Tinplate. V. 101. No. 28, D*M Amerlca'nPSieta?'Mar'ket G.B. Claim. Computer Device With Cryogenic Circuit. V. 'wUUam19fl1.9FreScP;iit1j: Milford and 8>>'TMoo^. wtt Statu, of Super- conductivltv. Batteile Tech. Bev., V. 11, No. 9, September 1902, pp. 2-11. . _,, The following articles appeared In the IBM Journal of Heaeurch and Development, v. 0, 1 Ejecta of Electron Concentration and Mean Free Path on the Supercon- dUOoo^m^nlIaB.0B* The Magnetic behavior of Superconductor, of Negative Surface En- er?fapo^Ser*8D?TB. Thermodynamic Conaletency of Magnetic and Calorimetric Measure ments on Superconductore. Pp. 77-81. ,,, __ , ,_ , Meissner, Hans. Surface Energy at the Boundary Between a Superconductor and a Normal Conductor. Pp. 71-74. __ ,,,, Moree, B. W. Ultrasonic Attenuation In Superconductor*. Pp. 88-02. Seraphim, D P., and P. M Marcus. Flrst-And-Second-Order Stress Effects on the Superconducting Transitions of Tantalum and Tin. Pp. 94-111. , w, n..--. Swenson, C. A. The Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Critical Field Curves. Pd 82--88 ' Chemical and Engineering News. Chrysler Switches to Tin for Alloying. V. 40, No. 85, A*uMg.ch2i7lec,il 1v9J\0;2-B, _ rpp. 44, 40, 47. "M E. Potter, and .E.....C_....._R..u.d..o..lp...h.y......T..h..e. _E_f_.f.e.c..t .o..f..T..in. ..o.n...th. e. Properties ,,,lrf Stainless Steels. Trans. AIME. v. 224 (Met. Soc.l, 1062, np. 680-003. 1TT!n and Its Uses. Molten Tin Is tbs Mould for Float Glass. No. 56, 1962, pp. 1--4. Titanium By John W. Stamper ONSUMPTION of 7,100 short tons of C was about the same as in 1961. Howeve metal resulted in an 11 percent increas ingot to 10,400 tons. Mill product outpu m the 16-year history of the titanium meta Umenite production of 808,000 tons was 3 1961 and rutile output increased 10 percent to dioxide pigment production, which utilized m a near-record, 4 percent higher than in 1961. were 5 percent higher than m 1961. World production of 2.3 million tons of ilm used chiefly for making titanium pigment b the United States and foreign countries, Was s high of 196-li World output of rutile rose 17 most of which was used in welding-rod coati tamum metal. New plants under constructio for production of titanium pigment from rutile were expected to require about 100,000 tons o operating at capacity. LEGISLATION AND GOVERNMENT Barter agreements for titanium sponge m Department of Agriculture, Commodity Cred and Japanese producers expired in January. of sponge metal frora Japan during the yea under the contracts. Deliveries under the prog IndUotr7 Co., Ltd. (Japan), the total and Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. (Japan),3 1 Commodity specialist, Division of Minerals. 1232 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1962 TABLE 1.--Salient titanium statistics 1953-57 1958 1959 1960 1901 1062 (average) United States: ,. Ilmenite concentrate: Mine shipments.short tons.. Value . ____ thousands.. Imports short tons.. Consumption................ do.... Titanium slag: Consumption do___ Rutilo concentrator Mlno shlpmonts...........do-----Vntiin . .. thousands.. Imports.................short tons.- Consumption....... .........do------ Sponge metal: Production..................... do------ Imports for consumption Consumption................ do-- Prlco: Orude A-I, Dec. 31 por pound.. World production: llmenlte concentrate.short tons.. Rutilo concontrato............... do-- Spongo metal.......... .--do-- 027,125 $12,173 346,927 762,872 665,164 $11,155 348.144 731,424 637,263 $12,106 371.087 917,747 789,237 $14,055 205,615 808,080 782,629 $13,312 207.151 020.147 117,611 117,581 143,329 120,402 130,184 9,134 $1,107 * 30.806 33,968 1,803 $210 36.563 21.077 8,048 $877 23.228 23,741 9.433 $879 29,235 24.229 7.604 $778 27,407 20,648 0,371 4,585 3.808 6,311 0,727 6, 409 2,073 4,147 1,503 3,053 2,231 5,487 2,490 6,001 $3.60 $1.82 $1.00 $1.00 $1.G0 1,500,500 02.300 12,071 1,710.200 103,200 7.700 >1.937,900 106.400 7,900 2,235.500 114,200 0,200 2,326.000 128.000 0,800 800,037 $13,974 100.434 944,707 138.205 8.033 $033 35.066 31,740 0,730 925 7.136 $1.50 2,295.100 150,900 8,000 Includes s mixed product containing rutile, leucoxene, and altered llmenlte. Revised figure. '< Kdra'3eatonTrutllicontent ofzirconium ore as reported to the Bureau of Mines by Importers. < 18M-57 only. Data for previous years not available. THOUSAND SHORT TONS-ESTIMATED TIOj CONTENT 700 ---- 1---- 1---- 1 | I | ( I T 600 500 400 300 200 100 .0 1941 1944 1947 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 Fig u r e 1.--Domestic production, Imports, and consumption of llmenlte (Includes titanium slags and mixed product), 1941-62. TITANIUM DOMESTIC PRODUC Concentra.tes.--A record 808;000 tons of i. New York, Florida, and Virginia. Rutile p Virginia of 10,000 tons was the highest sinc opened a new ilmenite mine atLakehurst, N.J Ilmenite production was reported by A Piney River, Va.; E. I. du Pont de Nemou Lawtey, Fla.; M & T Chemicals, Inc., Hanov Lead Co., Tahawus, N.Y.; The Glidden Co nium Alloy Manufacturing Division, Nati Fla.; and The Florida Minerals Co., Vero B Co., and Porter Brothers Corp. shipped ilm Boise and Lowman, Idaho. Rutilo producers were as follows: M & T Dam, Va.; Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co., Skinner, Fla.; and The Florida Minera Metal.--Production and consumption of ti about the same as in 1961, but increased uti metal resulted in a high output of titanium in National Distillers & Chemical Corp. beca nium production, melting, and fabricating p Inc., at Ashtabula and mles, Ohio. The sp at Ashtabula were under U.S. Industrial C the melting and fabricating plant at Niles ment of Bridgeport Brass Co. (Reactive Divisions of National Distillers. Bridgep a $1.2 million modernization program for the 1234 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1962 TABLE 2.--Production and mine shipments of titanium concentrates from domestio ores In the United States Year Shipments Production, short tons (gross weight) Short tons 8hort tons (gross weight) TIOi content Value (thousands) ILMENITE 1958............................................................................... 1959 ............................................................................... 1901................................................................................. 617,317 663,338 634.886 786,372 782,412 807,726 RUTrLE 027,125 665,164 637,263 789,237 782,620 800,037 324,080 207,021 342,746 417,202 '410.101 420,000 $12,173 11,165 12,106 14,655 13.312 13,074 1958................................................................................. 1959................................................................................ 1960................................................................................. 1961..............-................................................................. 1962................................................................................. 9,090 7,406 9,466 8,808 0,045 0,881 9,134 1,863 8,648 9,433 7,004 8,033 8,571 1,804 8,148 0,006 7,261 7,017 1,107 210 877 870 778 033 1 Includes a mixed product containing rutile, Icucoxeuc, and altered llmenlte. * Revised figure. Harvey Aluminum, Inc., expected to put into production a new titanium bar and rod rolling mill early in the year. The new mill was to be installed in a separate building at the main plant at Torrance, Calif., and was to be capable of turning out titanium rod % inch to 6 inches in diameter and all intermediate sizes. Titanium Metals Corp. of America (TMCA), completed a $2 mil lion expansion at its Toronto, Ohio, plant, enabling the company to ' produce seamless titanium tubing and welded and redrawn tubing in diameters up to 3 inches and lengths up to 30 feet. The company also began construction, at the same site, of a new $14 million mill, that would produce titanium sheet and strip in widths up to 48 inches and thicknesses down to 0.01 inch on a continuous basis. TMCA also reported development of a casting technique using permanent metal molds and indicated that up to 100 pours per mold could be made with good surfaces and section sizes as thin as % inch. The process lent itself to the casting of complex shapes where disposable cores were not required. Commercial producers of titanium sponge were as follows: E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Newport, Del.; USI, Ashtabula, Ohio; and TMCA, Henderson, Nev. j Du Pont and TMCA used magnesium to reduce titanium tetrachloride to titanium; USI used sodium. Titanium melters were Harvey Aluminum, Inc., Torrance, Calif.; Bridgeport Brass Co. (Reactive Metals Products), Niles, Ohio; Ore gon Metallurgical Corp., Albany, Oreg.; Crucible Steel Company of America, Midland, Pa.; Republic Steel Corp., Massillon and Canton, Ohio; and TMCA, Henderson, Nev. Oregon Metallurgical Corp. produced ingots and castings. The other companies produced and processed ingots into mill products TrrANroM TABLE S.--Titanium-metal (Short to &) 1968 1969 8ponge moUl: Production........................... ......... ........ Imports for consumption..................... Industry stocks................. ........................ Government stocks (DPA Inventories). Consumption............... .. Scrap-metal consumption.................. Ingot: Production . Consumption........... .............. Mil) shana production . .... . 4,686 2,073 1.000 22, 463 4.147 1.336 6,406 4,971 2,694 3,898 1.663 1.160 22.474 3,963 1,600 e.oi7 0.064 3,211 1 Revised figure. 11ncludes alloy. constituents.. 1 Rureau of the Census and Business and Defense Services Admi Borles BDSAF-283 (63). 4 Net shipments derived by subtracting the sum of producers' rec ry's gross shipments of that shape. Data not comparable With pre # such as sheet, strip, plate, forging billets, a num, Inc., produced titanium castings in products. Ladish Co., Cudahy, Wifl., proc products. The Babcock & Wilcox Co., Beaver Falls Tube Division of Calumet & Heclft, Inc., All titanium pipe, tubing,and extrusions. Pigments.--On a gross-weight basis, produ pigments increased 4 percent and shipments the levels of 1961. Data on domestic prod table 4 are based on TiO, content. Titanium pigments wereproduced by t American Cyanamid Co., Piney River, V The Glidden Co., Baltimore, Ma.; E. I. du Inc.. Edge Moor, DeL Baltimore, Md., and National Lead Co., St. Louis, Mo., and S New Jersey Zinc Co., Gloucester City, N.J Cabot Corp., Boston, Mass., and Rubero formed a new titanium pigment company to Corp. Cabot Titania, of which two-tnird and one-third by Ruberoid, planned to comp ities for producing 20,000 tons of titanium d bula, Ohio, by mid-1963. Additional exp year was also planned. A chloride process, de Produits Chimiques de Thann et de Mul was to be used. Cabot reportedly reached 50,000 tons of rutile with an Australian Mining Co. Ptv., Ltd., and purchased facil rutile at Ashtabula, Ohio, from National Di Du Pont announced that construction had per-year titanium dioxide plant at Antioch, tion was expected in the fall of 1963. The c used. Du Pont had agreements with Rutile Castle), Ltd., an Australian producer, for 50 1236 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 10 62 TABLE 4.--Titanium pigment data (Ti03 content) Year Production (short tons) Shipments Quantity Value, f.o.b. (short tons) (thousands) 1968........................................................................................................... 1969............................................................................................................. 1960............................................................................................................. 1961............................................................................................................. 1962............................................................................................................. 407,626 403.867 606.334 465,683 602.879 623.201 393. 819 425. 766 481.930 468,228 491,122 (*) $105,481 269, 944 252,835 262,265 (*) i Includes Interplant transfers. * Data not available. Source: Facts for Industry and Current Industrial Roports scries, M10A and M28A, Inorpanle Chemicals, Bublished Jointly by the Bureau of the Census and Business and Defense Services Administration, U.8. department of Commerce. Welding-Rod Coatings.--A total of 231,000 tons of welding rods, con taining titaniferous materials in their coatings, was produced. Of the total output, 43 percent contained rutile; 17 percent, ilmenite; 15 percent, a mixture of rutile and manufactured titanium dioxide; 14 percent, manufactured titanium dioxide; 8 percent, slag; and 3 percent, miscellaneous mixtures. CONSUMPTION AND USES Concentrates.--Consumption of ilmenite, which is used principally for making titanium dioxide pigments, increased 2 percent to 945,000 tons. Titanium slag consumption, also used chiefly for pigment production, rose 6 percent above that of 1961. Rutile consumption, exclusive of that used for making pigment and other uses not reported in table 5, was 7 percent more than that in 1961. Metal.--The consumption of 7,100 tons of titanium sponge metal was about the same as in 1961. However, increased use of titanium scrap resulted in production of a near-record 10,400 tons of titanium ingot. Use of titanium mill products, as gaged by shipments, was at the highest level in the lG-year history of the titanium metal industry. As m past years, approximately 60 percent of the mill products went into manned military aircraft, according to one large producer. About 25 percent went into missiles and spacecraft, 10 percent went into commercial aircraft, and the remaining 5 percent was used in the chemical processing industry. The following estimated distribution of titanium mill product consumption in 1961 also was reported:2 Application Military Jet engines 55 Military airframes 13 Missiles and spacecraft 10 Commercial aircraft 13 Chemical processing equipment 3 OonitimpHon, Percent Total -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100 Finlay, Walter L. TltaDlum la Amerlcnn Ordnance, Weapons Technology, American Ordnance Association. October 1962, pp. 15-24. TITANIUM TABLE 5.--Consumption of tltanlnm concentrates I (Short tom) i Includes a mixed product containing rutile, leuooxene, and al metal. i Includes ilmenite that was upgraded to a product containing m pigments and the losses of Ilmenite Incurred In upgrading the ilm Figure withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company c Included with "Pigments" to avoid disclosing Individual com Includnri with "Miscellaneous" to avoid disclosing Individua Includos consumption for obomlcsls and experimental purpos The performance of the A3J Vigilante airplane, was reportedly increased by ins titanium for directing air at 750 F over th use of titanium instead of stainless steel s and was said to make construction simp elasticity of titanium permitted its use wi aluminum substructure. _ A new helicopter blade-retention syst tiittaanniiuum straps to achieve a com.pact, .ligh Titanium alloys, on a strength-to-weigh steel or glass as potential materials for motor cases, according to a Defense M study.4 _ __ An 8-foot-diameter, 24-foot-long titaniu drogen was built as part of an Air Force tested successfully with 7,000 gallons of pressure." 'Materials In Design Engineering. Titanium St V. 60, No. 7. December 1662, pp. 132-183. Acbbacb, W. P., and R. J. Runck. An Evaluat Cases based on Minimum Weight Concepts. Battell 147. March 1002, 30 pp. * American Metal Market. Large Titanium Alloy T Light. V. 60, No. 163, Aug. 0, 1062, p. 11. 1238 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1082 The use of titanium in the chemical and electrochemical processing industries was reviewed." About 50 percent of the titanium tubing employed in the process industries was for cooling wet chlorine. Other uses included anodizing racks, chlorine dioxide mixers, and pulp and paper processing equipment. Titanium was used in solu tions of sodium hypochlorite, chlorate, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and brine. Total annual use of titanium in these industries was expected to grow from an estimated 200 tons in 1962 to 3,000 tons by 1973. A total of 36 titanium heat exchangers (plate-type, 83 inches long by 18 inches wide) was used to heat solutions of sodium perchlorate and ammonium chloride in the production of ammonium perchlorate.7 A 120-foot-high titanium-lined stack exposed to fumes of hydro chloric acid and ferric and cupric chlorides at 180 to 1,000 F re placed an unlined stack that had failed in 8 months. The titaniumlined stack cost $36,000 compared with $17,000 for the unlined stack.8 Titanium wire plated with copper, nickel, solder, or gold became commercially available.* It was said to be possible to manufacture fine thread screws from it by the economical method of thread rolling, because of the good drawing characteristics of the copper-plated wire. Soviet engineers reportedly tested steam-turbine blades of titanium for use in a 1.5-million-kilowatt generator.10 TABLE 6.--Distribution of titanium-pigment (hlpments, by Industries1 (Percent) Industry 1953-67 (aver* 1968 1969 1960 1961 1962 age) Distribution by gross weight; Paints, varnishes, and lacquers............ ..................... Floor coverings (linoleum and felt base)....... ........... Rubber........................................................................... Coated fabrics and textiles (oilcloth, shade clotb, artificial leather, etc.).................................................. Printing Ink...................................................................... Other...............-............................................ -.................. Total................................................................................ Distribution by titanium dioxide content: Paints, varnishes, and lacquers.............. ............ Floor ooverlngs (linoleum and felt base)........... ....... Rubber................................................. ....................... . Coated fabric* and textiles (ollclotb, shade clotb, artificial leather, eta)................................................. Printing Ink.................................................................... . Other....-------- ----------------------------------------------------- Total............................................................................... 66.4 10.2 4.4 a. 4 2.6 1.3 12.7 100.0 67.7 13.9 6.1 4.4 3.4 1.7 13.8 100.0 66.8 11.6 6.0 8.9 2.9 1.6 9.4 100.0 69.1 16.2 6.4 6.1 3.7 1.9 8.6 100.0 64.8 11.7 4.9 4.2 3.1 1. 7 9.6 100.0 68.2 16.1 6.8 6.4 3.9 2.2 8.9 100.0 66.1 11.3 4.8 4.0 2.8 1. 3 10.7 100.0 68.6 14.6 6.2 4.9 8.6 1.7 10.6 100.0 63.4 12.5 4.6 4.1 3.3 1.6 10.6 100.0 67.0 16.7 6.6 6.1 4.1 2.0 10.6 100.0 61.0 13.0 4.7 4.2 3.3 1.7 11.2 100.0 65.3 16.2 6.8 6.2 4.0 2.1 11.4 100.0 i Data based on figures supplied to tbe Bureau of Mines by producers. Chemical Week. Titanium. V. 91. No. 15. Oct. 13, 1062. pp. 123-130. T Titanium Metals Corporation of America, Technical Service Department. Titanium Data for Chemical Process Industry: How Titanium Plate Heat Exchangers Succeed Where Other Metals Pall to Perchlorate Process. New York, 1962, 4 pp. "Steel. Titanium Lining Extends Life of Steel Stack. V. 151, No. 16, Oct. 15, 1962, p. 98. "American Metal Market. Orbit Electric Displays Plated Titanium Wire at Metal Show In New York. V. 69, No. 210, Oct. 81, 1902, p. 14. ` Metalworking News. Titanium Blade Soviet Turbine Undergoes Teste. V. 3, Whole No. 91, July X 1992, p. 10. TITAOTOM Pigments.--Consumption of titanium weight and using shipments as a gage, Consumption of pigments not separate use in plastic, roofing granules, weldin ceramics. STOCKS Industry stocks of rutile decreased about 2.5 years' supply at the 1962 co stocks of rutile on December 31 totale tons was in the national (strategic) sto Production Act (DPA) inventories; a mental stockpile. Ilmenite stocks als inventories increased. Yearend stocks of titanium sponge h semi fabricators totaled 1,300 tons, com at the end of 1961. In addition, the in DPA inventories and 9,021 tons .i for a total of 31,477 tons. ......... Titantium metal scrap held by m yearend was 3,300 tons, the same as at th TABLE 7.--Stock, of titanium concentrate. (Short tons) Year and stock Ilmenite Gross weight TIOi content, estimated 1961: Mine_______ Distributor. Consumer... Total.. 1902 Mine............ . Distributor.. Consumer... Total. 1 30,483 303 676,062 l 706,788 114,381 177 1377,046 1391,604 29,121 264 672,071 Ml, ,18 14,387 149 313,604 828,040 1 RevisedOgure. PRICES . Concentrates.--The price quoted for Mineral Markets remained unchanged percent TiO,, f.o.b. Atlantic seaboard). The quoted price of rutile (94 per board) increased from $80 per short to short ton at the end of 1962. Manufactured Titanium Dioxide.--Th0 frades of manufactured titanium diox ase titaniuxd pigments Wert unchange 1240 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1862 price was given topurchasers of large lots. The following prices were quoted in the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter at yearend: Price per pound Anatase, chalk-resistant, regular and ceramic, carlots, delivered--------- Less than carlots, delivered .265 Rutile, nonchalking, bags, carlots, delivered East_________________________ Less than carlots, delivered East1 Titanium pigment, calclura-rutlle base, 30 percent TiOj, bngs, carlots, delivered 00375 Less than carlots, delivered_____________________________________________ $0,255 . 275 .285 . 09875 Metal.--Prices per pound for various grades of titanium sponge metal at the beginning of 1962 ranged from $1.34 to $1.85 and at the end of the year from $1.32 to $1.60. Quoted prices of most titanium mill shapes declined during the year. Prices per pound of mill shapes (f.o.b. mill, commercially pure grades, in lots of 10,000 pounds) were quoted in January and December as follows: Jan. 1,1963 Dec. 31, 1963 Sheet $7. 25-$8. 00 Strip ___________________________ ___________ __________________ 6. 75- 7. 50 Plate 5.25- 6.00 Wire -_______ ___________________________________ _____________ 5. 55- 0. 05 Forgingbillets-________________________________________________ 1 3. 00- 3. 30 Hot-rolledbars1 3.15- 3. 35 $4. 00-$0.10 4. 90- 5.10 3.80- 4.00 3. 50- 3. 80 2. 40- 2. 55 3.15- 3. 35 1 Revised figure. Ferrotitanium.--Nominal prices at yearend for various grades of ferrotitanium were quoted in E&MJ Metal and Mineral Markets as follows: Low-carbon : 1 ' Price Titanium, 40 percent; carbon, 0.10 percent maximum$1. 35 Titanium, 25 percent; carbon, 0.10 percent maximum-------------------------------- 1. 50 Medium-carbon: * Titanium, 17 to 21 percent; carbon, 3 to 5 percent 375 High-carbon: * Titanium, 15 to 19 percent; carbon, 6 to 8 percent 310 1 Price per pound contained titanium In 1-ton lots or more, lump < %-Incl), plus) packed ; f.o.b, destination Northeastern United States. * Trice per short ton, carload lots, lump, packed ; f.o.b. destination Northeastern United States. FOREIGN TRADE 11 Imports.--Imports of ilmenite and titanium slag decreased for the third successive year. Slag containing 70 percent titanium dioxide was imported from Canada. Rutile imports rose 31 percent. Imports of titanium metal were only 925 tons, 63 percent below 1961, as a result of the cessation of barter contracts with Japanese producers. Titanium imports included 270 tons from Japan brought in free for the Government under the CCC barter agreements. About 11 tons of metal was imported from the United Kingdom and Canada and clas sified free under certain public laws. The remainder was dutiable. During the first 6 months of the year, 5,979 tons, classified as "titani um potassium oxylate and all compounds and mixtures containing u Figure on Imports and export* compiled by Mae B. Price and Elsie D. Jackson, DMbIo q of Foreign Activities, Bureau of Mines, from records of the U S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Ceoaus. TITANIUM titanium," was imported. Beginning pigments and compounds were classifi titanium pigments," and "titanium com classified)." In the last 6 months of the classification totaled 10,678 tons of titan 143 tons of titanium compounds, n.e.c. TABLE 8.--U.8. import, for oomnmption of tit (Short tons) Country 1963-57 (average) 1968 Ilmonlto: Australia....... ................. Canada1...... ....................... . India..................................... Malaya, Federation of.... Other countries.._______ 60 166,667 176.066 6,229 16 22,736 112.674 212,479 1 1 Total: Short tons... 346.927 Value........... ................. * *7,400,636 Rutile: Australia................................ South Africa, Republic of........................................ Other countries.................... 36,836 ..........Ti 348,144 $6,766.391 36,607 3 37,9 Total: Short tons............ 36,866 36,663 Value..................... ............. 34,818,046 34,612,937 32,9 * Classified as "ore" by the Bureau of the Census. < Chiefly titanium slag averaging about 70 percent TiO*. * Revised figure. * Buroau of the Census shows less than 1 pound, valued at 3 of Mines. * Data known to be not comparable with other years. * Excludoa 36 tons rutile content of zirconium ore as reporte table 8, 1001 Mlnorals Yearbook should read excludes 67 tons ' Effective Jan. 1,1962; formerly Uoloo of South Africa. Source: Bureau of the Census. Finland, France, and Japan were the materials. Other suppliers were Canada dom, the Netherlands, Belgium-Dux Switzerland, Spain, and Italy. Exports.--Titanium dioxide and pigm sixth successive year. Canada; as m pa of most of the pigments, receiving 12,80 received 1,000 tons or more were as follo 1,900; the Netherlands, 1,700; France, 1 gium-Luxembourg, 1,200. Exports of 1,224 tons of ores and con Canada, 165 tons to Hong Kong, 115 to Iran. Small quantities were sent to C many, the United Kingdom, Belgium-Lu and the Philippines. Titanium sponge and scrap exports 818 tons exported, 583 tons were sent to t to West Germany; 60 tons to France; a Peru, Sweden, the Netherlands, Be Switzerland, Italy, and India. 707--fi2fl--S3------- 7# 1242 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1962 TABLE 9.--TT.S. exports of titanium prodnoti, by olasses Year Ores and Motal and Primary forms concentrates alloys In crudo n.e.c.1 form and scrap 1 Ferroalloys Dioxide nnd pigments Short Value Short Value Abort tons tons tons Value Bhort Value 6hort tons tons Value 1953-67 (average)-- 1068 .................. 1059................... 1000................... 1961................... 1962.................... 1,406 $105,657 1.240 172, 481 4, 656 280. 607 1,200 166,686 1.430 190, 480 1, 224 166,987 20 $258.683 97 172,285 406 543,104 879 868,846 88G 920, 783 818 925, 496 316 $4,661, 171 336 6, 227,932 499 6,161,074 426 3.237,649 384 2. 702.322 561 4.102,113 267 $86,441 65, HO $10,035,010 323 138,431 37,016 11,346, 051 321 145,621 36, 282 10,558. 287 245 157,419 33,666 10,000,881 212 93,380 31. 104 9,215, 839 130 06, 265 20,096 8,636,350 i Beginning Jan. 1, 1056, classified ns sponge and scrap. > Beginning Jan. I, 1055, classified os Intermediate mill shapes and mill products,n.e.c. (notelsewbero classified). Sourco: Bureau of the Census. Exports of primary forms of titanium metal products increased 46 percent to 561 tons. Of this total 441 tons went to Canada, 64 tons to France, and most of the remainder to Italy and West Germany. Of the 130 tons of ferroalloys exported Canada received 116 tons, Italy received 7 tons, and most of the remainder went to BelgiumLuxembourg, Australia, and Liberia. WORLD REVIEW12 The United States continued to be the free world's principal source and consumer of ilmenite, and the chief market for rutile. As in previous years, Australia was the leading rutile producer, account ing for 88 percent of the world total. In addition to the announce ments of titanium dioxide pigment plants to be built in the United States (see Domestic Production), plans for expansion of capacity also were reported in Canada, Argentina, Italy, Norway, and Japan. New titanium dioxide plants began operating in the Netherlands and the Republic of South Africa. NORTH AMERICA Canada.--The Department of Mines and Technical Surveys pub lished a review of the titanium industry in 1961.13 Data in table 11 on the 1959 consumption of titanium pigments were included in the report.. Quebec Iron & Titanium Corp. (QIT) continued to smelt ilmenitehematite ore, but output of titanium slag decreased markedly owing to a strike which shut down the plant for 3 months in the latter half of the year. Capacity of the Canadian Titanium Pigments, Ltd., titanium pig ment plant was expanded from 16,000 to 25,000 tons per year in u Values In this section are U.S. dollars based on the average rate of exchange by the Federal Reserve Board unless otherwise specified. . "Schneider, V. B; Titanium. Canada. Dept, of Mines and Tech. Sorreys, 1961, 0 pp. TITANIUM TABLE 10.--World produotloa of titanium co countries11 (Short tons) Country 1963-67 (averago) 1968 Ilmenite: Australia (shipments)............ Canada1............................................. Ceylon................................................ Finland............................................... Gambia............................................... India.......... . .................................... Japan (titanium slag)..................... Malagasy Jtopubllc (Madagas car)............. ..................................... Malaya (exports)............ .......... Mexico............................................. Mozambique....... .................. ..... . Norway................ -......... -.............. Portugal............................................. Senegal.............................................. . South Africa, Republic of............. Spain....................... ........... .............. Thailand............................................ United Arab Republic (Egypt Region)........................................ . Urfltcd 8tatcs *......... -.................... . 17,121 186,100 76,682 4,128 299, 792 6,913 75,968 4 184, 268 648 21,610 1,380 5; 226 1,200 3.336 617,317 78.842 161,312 "117,384 31.861 346, 260 . 3,932 1,161 ' 83,806 166 233, 685 ' 606 36.900 29,011 18,161 922 * 3,000 563,338 World total Ilmenite (cstf- mate)*......................... 1, 600,600 1,710.200 Rutile: Australia........................................... Brazil................................................. Cameroon. Federal Rcpubllo of. India.................................................. Norway......................................... . Senegal.............................................. South Africa, Republic of______ United Arab Republic (Egypt). United States.................................. 82,440 181 76 308 12 179 i82 9,000 93,327 269 603 1, 157 652 7,400 World total rutile (estimate)1 *. 02,300 103,200 i Titanium concentrates arc produced la Brazil and the no estimates are Inoludcd In tbe total. ' This table Incorporates some revisions. Data do not a wbero estimated figures are Included In the detail. . * Represents titanium slug containing approximately 70 p * Average annual production 1964-67. Exports. Average annual production 1955-57. Estimate. Average annual production 1950-57. * Includes a mixed product containing llmonite, leucoxen o 1 year only, as 1957 was the first year of commercial pro Complied by Pearl J. Thompson, Division of Foreign Ac TABLE 11.--Consumption of titanium diox pigments In Cana Refined titanium dioxide (TlOj); Polishes and dressings___;...................................................... Pulp aod paper.......................................................................... Miscellaneous nonmetalllc minerals.................................... Total______________________ _ _ ___ ________ i Estlmated'TlOi content 4,600 tool, * *' 1244 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1962 TABLE 12.--Quebec Iron & Titanium Corp. imeltlng operatloni (Short tons) 1053-67 (average) 1068 1069 1060 1061 1063 Oro smeltod..................................... Titanium sing produced.............. Estimated TfOt content....----- Value or slag produced................. Desulfurlted iron produced........ 416, m 181,024 120.713 $5,0.13,012 133,230 420,032 101.312 110.160 $0, 676,077 117,878 620.310 007,373 243.700 380. 039 176.464 278.380 $8,609,140 $14,257,292 163,600 248,678 1,165,077 403. 301 333, 620 (') 310,300 746,753 301,448 217,048 () 207.190 i Data sot available. 1961. Its operations were described.14 A new pigment plant at Villede-Tracy, Quebec, with a 22,000-ton capacity was scheduled to be completed in 1962 by British Titan Products (Canada), Ltd. SOUTH AMERICA Argentina.--American Cyanamid Co., a titanium pigment producer in the United States, reportedly reached an agreement with Hafen S.A. to build a titanium pigment plant near Buenos Aires. The plant . was expected to cost $11 million and produce 10,000 tons per year.15 EUROPE Finland.--Automatic continuous analysis of magnetite and titanium dioxide in ilmenite concentrate produced at the titanium mine at Otanmaki was described.15 The concentration of Otanmaki ore was by wet magnetic separation of magnetite, flotation of pyrite, and finally flotation of ilmenite. The automatic analyzer system was installed to permit improved control of the process. Italy.--An 8,000- to 12,000-ton-per-year titanium dioxide plant at Gallipoli Lecce in Apulia was planned by the Societa Metalchimica Merodionale Finanziaria Breda, a new company formed by the Societa Finanziaria Ernesto Breda S.p.A. of Milan and S.p.A. Solbar of Milan.17 Completion of the plant was expected in 1964. Netherlands.--Titaandioxydefabriek N.V. opened its 12,000-ton-avear titanium pigment plant near Rotterdam.18 The plant, reportedly built at a cost of $11.2 million, used a process licensed from Glidden International. Annual consumption of titanium dioxide was reported at 18,000 tons. The company was owned by N.V. Billiton Maatschappij (55 percent), Iioninkliike Nederlandse Zoutindustries (22.5 per cent), and Cyprus Mines Corp. (22.5 percent). Norway.--Titan Co. A/S, planned to build a 15.000-ton-per-year titanium pigment plant at Fredrikstad.1* Titan A/S and Titania* * 14 Levine, Sidney. Canadian Titanium Pigments Expands for Rapidly Growing Markets. NonmetallJc Minerals Processing, v. 3. No. 2. February 1962, pp. 21-23. u Chemical Week. Titanium DIoxlde/Argentina. V. 90, No. 26, June 30, 1962, p. 23. Chemical Trade Journal and Chemical Engineer (London). V. 161, No. 3942, Dec. 21, 1962, p. 1279. * Mining Journal (London). Continuous Assaying of Magnetite and Ilmenite Pulps. V. 269, No. 6639. Nov. D, 1962, p. 436. " Chemical Trade Journal and Chemical Engineer (London). Third Tltanla Plant for Italy. V. 161, No. 8942, Dec. 21, 1962, p. 1279. . 14 OH, Paint and Drug Reporter. Titanium Dioxide Installation Officially Opened In Holland. V. 182, No. 20, Nov. 12, 1962, p. 60. > Engineering and Mining Journal. National Lead Will Build Titanium Plant In Norway. V. 163, No. 10, October 1962, n. 112, Chemical Week, Titanium Pigment/Norway. T. 91, No. 14, Oct 6, 1962, p. 77. TITANIU A/S, both owned by National Lead C from deposits at Tellnes and Sokndal ASIA Ceylon.--Ceylon Mineral Sands Co ilmenite to Japan.80 Ilmenite produ opened in 1961, was expected to be ab mate capacity was expected to be 6 were reported sufficient to last 40 yea India.--Travancore Minerals, Ltd., Quilon, Kerala, and one in southwes a rate equivalent to 80 percent of th of the rutile totals for the year. F. duced the remainder." Japan.--Sumitomo Light Metals Ind Ltd., and Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd grades of titanium mill products, 80 form." Annual capacity on a one-s commercially pure titanium mill pr reported as follows: Kobe Steel Works. Ltd,__~iL'80d Sumitomo Light Metals Industries, Ltd Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd The output of 70,000 tons of titanium high. The completion of expanded fa ide plants and the expansion plans Industry expansion was expected to tons by 1965 and to 140,000 tons by 197 to reach 45,000 tons in 1963, 55,000 t 1970." TABLE 13.--Japan: Titanium meta (Short tons 1068 Titanium metal: Production. Exports___________________ _______ _ 8tock. Dec. 31_____ _ Titanium dioxide: Production................ ... ................. Exports........ .............. . .. 8tocks. Deo. 31 . 1,812 1,962 677 33,286 16,223 2,764 Foreign Trade (Ottawa, Canada). Ilmenite "Minniinnge Jourrnal (London). Shipments From Sept. 21, 1862, p. 273. ' '' "U.B. Consulate General. New Delhi. India. July 31, 1902, U.S. Coonnsulate General. Tokyo. Japan. St 1962. 14Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter. TiO* and Ja V. 183, No. 2, Jan. 14,1963, p. 7. 1246 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 196i AFRICA South Africa, Republic of.--South African Titan Products (Pty.), Ltd., began producing titanium dioxide in its new 10,000-ton-per-ycar plant at UmDogintwini.23 OCEANIA Australia.--Associated Minerals Consolidated, Ltd., entered into an agreement with American Potash & Chemical Corp. (U.S.A.) for 110,000 tons of rutile and an option to purchase an additional 100,000 tons. Deliveries were planned over a 10-year period to begin in 1963.23 'Cable, Ltd. at Bunbury, Western Titanium, N.L. at Capel, and Western Oil, Ltd. at Yoganup produced ilmenite concentrate in West Australia. A fourth producer; .Western Mineral Sands (Pty.) was scheduled to start production in 1964 from a mine at Capel. Esti mated capacity of the four producers was expected to bo 370,000 tons per year.27 TABLE 14.--Australia: Exports of ilmenite concentrates by countries (Short tons) Destination 1958 1059 1960 1961 1962 > Other countries.................................................. 3.228 6. 730 10,848 3,305 13. 693 22, 738 3. 300 62,002 3 G, 274 9,9G9 34 354 60,108 146 70,887 2.011 25,500 698 35,159 20,377 612 84,357 4,603 31,799 12. 533 76. 813 35,334 24A 101,290 0) > 70,890 i January through Juno, Inclusive. 1 Countries of destination not available for 1062. Compiled from Customs Returns of Australia by Virginia Q. Huguley aud Corra A. Barry, Division o Foreign Activities. TABLE 15.--Australia; Exports of rutile concentrates by countries1 (Short tons) Destination 1958 1969 1960 10G1 1962* Belgium................. France................... Germany, West.. Italy....................... Japan.................... Netherlands......... Sweden.................. United Kingdom. United States___ Other countries... Total......... . 2. 632 5,400 4, 114 3, 203 2,020 10,570 3,087 13.026 29.365 9,714 84,689 1,390 7,482 10,037 3.510 7,067 12, 243 2, 824 9, 600 25, 241 10. 258 00,061 1,314 0.076 10, 646 4.636 9,042 11,091 3. 771 14, 243 29.360 11,372 104,950 2,846 8,084 9, 865 0,030 13.705 13, 690 4,013 15, 080 26,357 11,081 111,610 (*> (c*i) (V (*> 10.247 () 7.087 9,687 31,922 * 68,943 > This table Incorporates somo revisions. 1 January through June, Inclusive, i Data not separately recorded. Compiled from Customs Returns of Australia by Virginia G. Ifuguley and Corra A. Barry, Division of Foreign Activities. "Sulphur. South Africa's First Titanium Dioxide Plant. No. 40, June 1002, p. 30. *8teel and Coni (London). Australian Rutile for U.S. Company. V. 185, No. 4020, Nov. 2, 1902, p, 664. "Chemical Trade Journal and Chemical Engineer (London), W. Australian Ilmenite. V. 151, No. 3940* Dec. 7,1002, p. 1157. TITANIU The formation and physiographic deposits in Queensland were described in the area were estimated as follows t Rutile ------------------------------------------------------ Ilmenite _________________--.. ZlrCOU --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Monazite------------------------------------------------------- Over three-fourths of these resour grade deposits on North Stradbroke Is At the annual conference of the Au Metallurgy, 15 papers on the technic mineral sands industry in Eastern Au TECHNOL The development of a process for ma from titanium tetrachloride (TiCl) c but little information on the practica lished. The method consisted of c material (usually rutile) with carbo acted as a vapor with oxygen to yield generated in the reaction is recycled t A patent was granted for a process ride and oxygen in a vertical reacto dioxide was formed substantially o surfaces.*1 The Bureau of Mines investigated ium slags prepared from ilmenite con County, Idaho; Trail Ridge, Fla.; Ai A slag made from titaniferous magne also was evaluated. The tests were m 4 inches and 36 inches in diameter. a 40-millimeter bench-type unit. The South Carolina ilmenites were chlorin 70 to 80 percent of the titanium in the tetrachloride. In a given chlorinator TiCh was made from slags as from Wyoming slags, that contained nesium and calcium oxides, were n chlorinators.82 Finely divided titania (1 to 50 mic percent efficiency.33 Dust losses of on --------------- "Mining Journal (London). The Beach Sa 0040, Nov. 23, 1902, pp. 488-480, 401. "Paterson, O. D. The Search for Deposits Eastern Australia--Paper No. 1, The Australian 10 Chemical Engineering. TlO* Technology Kee July 23, 1062, pp. 62-04. . .. Nelson, Earl W. (assigned to American Cy Titanium Tetrachloride With Oxygen. U.S. Pat. 13 Perkins. E. C., H. Dolezal, H. Leltcb, and Slags: A Study of the Moving Bed Technique. * Cole. S. S.. and L. W. Rowe. Flash Chlorina Trans. AIME (Met. Soc.) V. 224, No. 1, February " 1248 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19 62 by conducting the reaction in a fluidized restraining bed of coarse grained rutile. , A report described the method used at a West German titanium plant for recovering sulfuric acid and ferrous oxide from byproduct copperas (FeSO,-7H20) .3* The copperas was converted to the monohydrate (FeS0,-II20) in a fluidized bed furnace at about 800 C. Dissociation of the monohydrate was conducted by burning sul fur at 1,000 to 1,100 C. and passing the resulting sulfur dioxide through the monohydrate in a hearth-type furnace. The sulfur di oxide produced by burning the sulfur and dissociating the monohy drate was then used conventionally to make sulfuric acid for the pigment plant. A fluidized bed furnace for carrying out the disso ciation step at 1,100 to 1,200 C. was expected to be on stream in 1962. . ... M & T Chemicals, Inc. rutile and aplite mine in Hanover County, Va. was described." Raw ore was crushed wet in a swing hammer mill, ground to 20 mesh in a closed-circuit rod mill, and deslimed in cyclones. Gravity separation was in three stages--two stages of spirals followed by taming. The aplite was separated in the first- stage spirals and processed for use as a source of alumina in glass and other industrial products. Concentrate from the tables was dried and treated by nightension and magnetic separators, yielding a granular rutile of approximately 97 percent titanium dioxide and an ilmenite concentrate. Some of the rutile was sold in the granular form, but most of it was ground to approximately 325 mesh in a con tinuous dry ball mill for use in ceramics. Ilmenite produced at the plant was marketed principally for titanium-alloy production. Sepa ration techniques and possible commercial applications for titanite, which also occurs in the deposit, were under development. The equilibrium relationship between titanium dichlorides and sodium dissolved in molten sodium chloride was determined from measurements of the potential difference between a titanium electrode and a reference electrode in molten sodium chloride containing the lower chloride of titanium or sodium." Dry chlorine gas will rapidly attack titanium; however, the pres ence of a trace of water (about 0.1 percent) is normally adequate to inhibit corrosion by stabilizing the resistant surface oxide film. In a preliminary investigation of the cause of unexpected corrosion of titanium in wet chlorine gas in a production installation, Crucible Steel Company of America concluded that titanium had a tendency to corrode in wet chlorine in deep crevices. Slow dehydration below the critical moisture level was believed to occur in stagnant crevices having a large metal-area to gas-volume ratio.87 A two-stage process for reducing titanium tetrachloride with so dium was patented.88 The process, developed by the Bureau of Mines,* 1 ** Sulphur. Sulphuric Acid From Ferrous Sulphate. No. 40, June 1002, pp. 27-28. Doud, D. E., nod W. W. Coffeen. Unique Mlulnff Operation Yields RutUe and Aplite. Min. Eng., v. 14. No. 10. October 1062, pp. 50-02. "Boozenny, Alex. Na*-TICIr-TICIa Equilibrium In NaCl Melts. Trans. AIME, Met. Boc.,v. 224. No. 6. October 1062, pp. 050-656. 1 Crucible Steel Company of America. Tltnulum Review. V. 10, No. 1, August 1002, pp. 1-5. 31 Raker, Don TI., Jr., and Vernon E. Ilomme (nsslgned to the U.S. Department of toe Interior). Production of High Purity Titanium by Metallic Sodium Reduction of Titanic Halide. U.S. Pat. 8,089,255, Dec. 18,1062. TITANIUM involved a partial reduction of titanium t form lower valent chlorides which were a separate compartment. Titanium with as low as 49 was produced by the process. The titanium-iridium alloy system was and 2,400 C.8" The phase diagram of 100 atomic percent titanium was construct tion of two intermetallic compounds, Ti mediate solid solution centered about the composition. The alloys containing eith pounds were extremely brittle, but alloys percent iridium were less brittle and som neutron cross section and melting point of temperature applications. Tlie physical properties and homogen alloys in ingot and sheet form were ev variations in the melting and casting pro trode' melting was used, arc current ana fu varied, and ingots were formed both by m cooled copper mold and by skull melting graphite mold. Alloying metal addition (1) 8 percent manganese, (2) 6 percen vanadium, (3) 6 percent molybdenum an (4) 16 percent vanadium and 2.8 percent Physical and mechanical properties of titanium nitride were evaluated.41 The magnetism, corrosion and abrasion resis dendritic weld structure of titanium nitri alloys indicated a possible use of wrou tanium nitride-base alloys in nonmagnetic as hard tools. The Bureau of Mines described a sp determining 19 impurity elements in titanium oxides, ana titanium halides.48 to titanium dioxide before analysis. Det studied in the concentration range of 0 to different determination limits were foun The procedure was quantitative for 18 e for beryllium. ** Croenl, J. O., C. E. Arruantrout, and H. Kato BuMlnes Rept. of Inv. 6079, 1002, 15 pp. Culvert, E. D., P. C. Magnussoo, M. D. Carver, Mechanical Properties of Selected Cold-Mold and S Rept. of Inv. 6014, 1002. 26 pp. * Buehler, W. j.p and R. C. Wiley. TINi-Ductlle In v. 55. 1062, pp. 260-276. Wells, JL Robert, and Lloyd Carpenter. Spec Titanium. BuuMMllnneeas RReepntt,. noff IInnvv. A61lf0t5il, 11Q06622, 928ft pnpn. 132G MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1902 ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Production of zinc pigments and salts increased 3 percent over 1961 production. The output of natural and synthetic rubber, a major zinc-pigment-consuming product, increased 11 percent; paint, varnish, and lacquer industries, also using large quantities of zinc pigments, increased 5 percent in value of shipments. Production.--Output of lead-free zinc oxide increased 8 percent, but production of leaded zinc oxide declined to 14,400 tons. Zinc chloride (50 Baume) and zinc sulfate production increased 2 and 4 percent, respectively. t nousand shor t t ons Pigments and salts were made from various zinc-bearing materials, including ore, slab zinc, scrap, and residues. Zinc contained in pig ments and salts made directly from ore, both domestic und foreign, exceeded 89,000 tons; zinc in zinc oxide and zinc chloride from slab zinc exceeded 18,000 tons; and the zinc derived from secondary ma terials in zinc pigments and salts exceeded 39,000 tons. Lead-free zinc oxide was made by several processes; 66 percent was made from ores and residues by the American process, 19 percent from metal by the French process, and 15 percent from scrap residues and secondary materials by other processes. Leaded zinc oxide was made from ores; zinc chloride was made from slab zinc and secondary zinc materials; and zinc sulfate was made from ores and secondary materials. _. . Four grades of leaded zinc oxide, classified according to lead con tent, were produced. Only a very small quantity of 5 percent or less ZINC I: TABLE 20.--Production and shipments of zinc pigmen United States 1961 Pigment or salt Produc tion (abort tons) Shipments Short tons Total Produc tion (short tons) Average per ton 20,336Zinc oxJde *......................... 147,655 Leaded zinc oxide 1.......... Zinc chloride, B *___ 62. 479 Zinc sulfatq....... ................ 29,269 145, 208 *33.219,370 18,007 4,204,066 63,099 28,891 (<>) $299 233 3 158,844 14,377 53, *33 30,639 * Excludes lithopone; figure withheld to avoid disclosing Individual com * Vnluo at plant, oxclijslvo of container. 1 Zinc oxide containing 5 percent or more lead is classed as leaded zinc o * Includes zinc chloride equivalent of zinc ammonium chloride and chro * Fignro withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company confidential d loaded zinc oxide was produced; the more than 5 constituted most of the production. Small qu than 35 through 50 percent and over .60 percent g Lithopone, a coprecipitate of zinc sulfide and produced, but figures are withheld to avoid d company confidential data. ' TABLE 21.--Zinc content of zino pigments1 and salts manufacturers, by sources (Short tons) .. 1961 Pigment or salt Zinc in pigments and salts produced from-- Oro Domes Foreign tic Slab zinc Sec ondary mate rial Total zinc in plgraonts and salts Zinc In pr Ore Domes F tic Zinc oxide..................... 03. 872 Lcuded zinc ox Ido___ 7, 006 Total pigments. 71,637 Zinc chlorldo *............. c> 10,306 17, 930 4, 762 16,067 17, 036 <>) (> 26,039 117, 752 03,505 12,417 6,232 26, 039 130,109 08,797 2 11,410 (*> 11,410 10,667 '"(I)-- 1 Excludes zinc sulfideand lithopone; flguros withheld to avoid disclosing In data. * Includes zinc content of zinc ammonium chlorldo and chromated zinc c * Fignro withhold to avoid disclosing Individual company confidential da Consumption and Uses.--Shipments of lead-fre percent greater than in 1961. The quantity cons paint, and ceramic industries increased, and the counted for79 percent of the total 154,800 tons ship The paint industry accounted for 95 percent of shipped. 1328 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1962 TABLE 22.--Distribution of zinc oxide shipments, by industries (Short tons) Industry 1953-57 (overage) 1958 1959 19G0 1961 1062 Rubber................................................................ Faints.................................................................. Ceramics............................................................. Coated fabrics and textiles 1.......................... Floor coverings................................................. Total........................................................ 79,675 32,420 0,-418 7.074 1,790 21.763 152,735 68,170 33,335 9,095 2, 327 971 22,087 135,991 79,505 33,708 10,480 2,125 1.207 27, 203 154, 234 75,120 31,610 9,840 1,331 1,316 25, 501 144,778 71,534 30, 405 10. 058 1.185 1,174 30, 852 146,208 80,247 31,381 11,002 202 457 31,470 164.840 * Includes the following tonnages for rayon: 1057--2,838; 1058--1,140. Figures for 1059, 1050, 1001, and 1052 withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company confidential data. TABLE 23.--Distribution of leaded zinc oxide shipments, by industries (Short tons) Industry 1053-57 1958 1950 1900 100] 1002 (average) 31,174 } 3G8 Total......................................................... 31,542 23,021 207 23,288 20,748 1,878 22,626 17,616 1,662 19, 278 16,533 1,474 18,007 14,059 735 15, 694 Lit.hopone was used in paint, varnish, and lacquer, coated fabrics and textiles, rubber, and floor covering. The principal uses of zinc chloride were for battery making, gal vanizing, vulcanizing fiber, preserving wood, and refining oil, as well as for fungicides, solder, and tinning fluxes. The chief uses of zinc sulfate were in rayon and agriculture. Ollier uses were in glue manufacture, flotation reagents, rubber, and medi cine. TABLE 24.--Distribution of zinc sulfate shipments, by industries (Short tons) Year Rayon Gross weight Dry basis Agriculture G ross weight Dry basis Other Gross weight Dry basis Total Gross weight Dry basis 1053-57 (average)___ 1058.............................. 1950............................... 1960............................... 1001............................... 1962............................... 13,468 10,790 20.062 15,727 12,284 C) 11,900 17,747 23,354 14,007 11,007 <0 7,779 1l,525 5.2(52 4.320 5,073 8,544 6.735 0,819 4.696 3.848 5,080 7.313 4,939 2,4)0 9,346 8.749 10.934 22, G87 3.912 2,10! 7.428 7,882 9,026 20,359 26,186 33,737 40.670 28. 790 28.891 31,231 22,517 29,757 35,478 25.827 26.019 27,072 i Figure withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company confidential data, Included with `'Other." Prices.--American-process zinc oxide was quoted at 13.00 cents per pound in carlots throughout 196`2. Leaded zinc oxide, of the 35 per cent grade was quoted at 13.875 cents per pound for carlots throughout 1962. ' ZINC Quotations for Red-seal, Green-seal, and Whitezinc oxide in carlots remained unchanged at 14 14.75 cents, and 15.00 cents, respectively. Zinc chloride (50 Baume) was quoted at 5. throughout 1962. Zinc sulfate (Monohydrate, 36 carlots was quoted at 9.00 cents per pound but in in May and remained at this level. Foreign Trade.--Imports of zinc pigments and sa cent in quantity but only 10 percent in value ove ports of zinc oxide increased to 12,900 tons and t chloride. TABLE 25.--U.S, Imports tor consumption of zlno pi Kind 1901 Short tons Va (thous 10,222 353 74 800 1,169 12,60$ $ l i Rcviscil figure. * Less than $1,000. Source: Bureau of tho Census. Exports of zinc oxide were 2,100 tons valued a pone exports were 350 tons valued at $68,000. TABLE 26.--U.S. exports of zino pigme Kind 1901 Short tons Va (thous Total.................................................................................... 2,183 008 2,791 Source: Bureau of the CeDsus. < STOCKS Nati.onal Stockpi.le.--There was 1,257,000 tons o (strategic) stockpile and 324,000 tons in the sup at the end of the year; a total of 1.581,000 tons at y Producer Stocks.--Smelter stocks of slab zinc the beginning of 1962. By the end of March, inve to 139,000 tons, but thereafter they gradually tons by the end of September. At the yearend 144,700 tons.