Document MVZgEJ0GGr23g2G6YZgaJ3gz

piClina i p ami hoUinc food in owe free hand. I k also w.ditie* fom.nds rth or bo'h h..i>dl louchtit;: merfiinijins o'jjofli but not providing u>M>.nivr> support for the body, lie nmKii ik DKiv(t owf `liint liuUUK.t wirh both furdntihs ratted ami oul'-'.ieKhcd above hit head. When w.uMI'n;'. on wet floor, he slides hit knuckle allin| wr-u mi front and without Imrkmjt conltict v.-ilh the sub-lrat,-. At oor fowl swing* fiHt i Ji, the kwd is Urfl almost ctdusiscly on liic contralateral foot Md haunch. When moving rapidly oh a dry substrate, he raises into a Kini-rira (inailiurcdil position. lie places Ins hands in 111 wattinf p.Ktum wtieicin the (infers etc lightly IkitJ ami rttt skin on the dortunt of p;u\inval piudanget II V makes con* Iwt with the substrate 1 he hindlimbs arc extended ami the tachiat tutwrmmes are well above tbe soIrarate. The back and head are inclined forwards. The load it b*tne not only on the lateral aspects of the ftet but abo on the It os as the subject net a "dUgonal-scquemo. diagonal coophis cab'*1. lie morses rapidly on a v. et floor with aberrate steps of the hitdlimbt hut without raising hit bill from the substrate. Once he briefly did his rij-.hi hand forwards to a knuckle walking posture while his tell hand remained a fist. The right hand bote only a mrJttr'c portion or the load because the forcltmbt remained protracted throughout the episode and the body did not pass over the hands. When leaning forwards to investigate or to pick up orally objects on the floor and when descending head Am from low etmrions, he consistently places hb hands in Iat walking postures. In summary, although Fella often places his hands in knuckle walking po-iuios, hr rarely support' a major portion of hit body weight on knuckle walking h:u>ds. Instead, lie places his hands in list walking postures when support is inquired for loads that are significantly greater Ilian the wotgin of the foreiimlw themselves. fly fist walking he probably avoids stressing metacarpophalangeal joints II-V whoth. in orangutans, lack special moipltukitkal idii^aliom for knuckle walking of the kind possessed by gorillas nnd ihunparuces* before 1967. the primatotojical and anthropological liieraHire was confusing and misleading about the lenrstral hand postures of pre*t apes btcatm some authorities uncritically and sometimes erroneously designated orangutans, as well as chimpanzees and gorillas, "knuckle walkers"*. One of u*(R T.) recently described and classified* the variety of fund posture* often used by captive orangutans during Mmuriil locomotion, and concluded that only chimpanzees aad gorillas dtouhl be designated knuckle walkers. He stated that 'onuijutunt do not and. moreover, cannot assume the ditHtigrade hand posture of the African Opes"*. This statement should now be qualified and restricted to comparisons be tween great ape* enjaped in semi-crcct quadrupedal proficspioit with "tr.K" and "diagonal sequence, di.-tsmt.d cottpkti" gan>' on nou-tubric'.it'.d substrate*. Although I'clis I .at not been oS.'i id to kiwcLk walk like an African apt or to ptnc Ids hands in knuckle walkin'" postures durini: "crutch walkim;" St do chimpanzees .Khl ;<>iill.i*, lie frerttwnlly icsls his luinlt OU the middk* Mgntrutx of llte fingrrs and Ihcieby supports on tltcnt the wcu:hi of In. lorelunhs and perhaps also a piwtion of his lived ami tipper liirsii wriphl. Oevause a bi ddy advanced i boreal climber anJ arm swinery hke an pran':utan is ahfc to place bis hand. in knuckle wall,mj po.iurcx iui'.v>i> that Ike mkcikiit of iha African apes nuylit Imc Ken smnl.irly. to > greater extent, predisposed to knmkic v id,inr. by their .. spocial ,til**real hcrilape. Id .til. too. nltcti rvs4> li.x Ac ted iMincrs in t. n. nil n five knuckle w att.mi' po-lii-t x. gs may b. itiiessx-xl in evil u> pii! Jte speakers and to- ib ill l .icsiiwn AlttuHiyli lb. llitunb is usually iisi.t pi i.min' - if *y .1. a sii|>tM-rl'iij strul ilium/. human kiiuil. w.ilLii'". pi'.iui'-s, lhe l'i| ttsat tnau has a psixlispnsilKei foi -. i ll pi-,, 'url of n...nii.il di 'il. II V may l*: at lost c.s proVis .'Inc I- i idiilion.ilr lol' i. mm a the Incubative kraickl.* v ill iii : < I .m man ail.m It may lhu be argued that nsa passed ihr.-v^h (of arboreal <limbing and suspensory pmuih^ some - .< in. .e advanced than the arubr.u-hialii'-iists ami tn-hf.,. haw a^nilted into tlierr models*-'. Anorl .i uption.il ni..Jti would evolve man. orangutans, or both from knock).- i. ilkma ****- tuck a theoretical posiibflty lannnt bv on. a mt on the bada of available cxideiKC but we do not e ir subscribe to it. Wclhani IViRiam OavrsandLctandl ahramr i>rifH < l . xyu Zoological Park hrr their assistatw* with vnlci<i,.;n photography. Thij work vra* suppurted by th>- |\ fi.0-ui Science I uuitdaiiori nnd by PIIS rescarub c.trrer ib-'e; i,tn award from the National Institutes of Health. flrpvtaiW of Anthropology, Commoktet of Lrolnikxury Biology, and Biology CoBtfUtte Pinliisr. 112d Kao S9th Strott, UotmiUy of Ctirogo, CMnv*. Wools 106)7 . Russlli To i nt Ckkogo Zoological Bark, tk -if tt Btnuamin U Bm . Moots *U, ami Biology CoUcgiott Orriswa, Uahcrsity of Chicago Raceivtd September TO, 1971. * HMcbrand. M , Amtr. 1. rhys. .whcixf.. I* ll^ (tvr.71 * Tuttle, K. H., Amrr J. Pi>r. Amhropol.. 10. 171 tl'Au) * Turile, R. II., Srirwr. IM. VS) (190V). * Tuttle, R. Il,, tu TV (amipwRcre (edit, by flourne, C It >. J. is; (Karpcr. Bele;Nw York. 1*10). * StraUS, w L. Amrr. J. /%) i Amhropol. 17. 199 (ISMOl * Tullle, R. II., Amrr J. Unit. Aitlhropol., U, 171 (mo?) ' Tuttle. R. H., Sri. J., SA. No. }, M (1999) Interpretation of Persistence and Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Birds PcakaM ami I .incer' suygesl that polychlorinatrd bi ih>-Ty!t IRCts) found in nature are derived only from hichly ihlo'in "vl eommcrcijt mixtur.s inch ns "Aroclor l?VP Ursuli.^s >..f loner clilorinated uiixtures have not been rvp< -ini in xp.ie of ibrir predominant industrial use. This may be (Ini t'lh i to uliliraiion in on-.ioseil systems or to more inpnl iis.-iat-- or exirction. To dcrnisn-.li.ile which n snt.i. n-ia.im u( .r PCIl feeding, pip,eons (Cohnnhin /inn) ami j.-j-m. . m "l ICotnrnlx nAnrnix j.ipotitdi) hue hcen b'd Aro.l >r' mum' s. Twenty-fimr separately caged feral i' : 1 i mt h'hitum for 21 da) s with wheat dressed with 'no p r.. ; n't tor 1241'. Sis control piiteons were fed whe n At it.i i < J : rh.- feeding periud six lest birds were kilWd by rmu.il .In' - .lum and the remainder iciurnvd to diet of mixul fy ;'"d K.*forc Kinj killed in batches of S* al ?< '(S ami I'.s dan FigliU'cit 4 week old female Japacu'M.' <|i til it' i > j.d in halclKS of sir. Orw batch wai ful of Himurn for ^tl il.ns "Ub 'Arockir 174*' dieswd food at ppm, .:.i*iii-:r "na `Arutiot IJJV ilrcwd fHd at 2M) p p m. and the iv nu" e hatch kfl as controls All Iwidt wvrr kill.d 24 li at f nli- drii'..I ul drcsxctl lmd. Ilns reguiKii alio*.' i m. r >i i > n with other quail feeding expcirtncnis'. Ini<i.idi.iiil> amr death, breast imiwlc, li*r. brain andinuen! t I >t s i '" "> n' temoievl limn pi '.eor' Similar samples were i. n.i ,d iium Quail with ilie suhAiluliim of bear! fur brv.isl nius.tv A DSW 032710 STLCOPCB4016672 NATUflt VOt jy MARCH 3 1I7J fhMv 1 Mt<n FCt ftasidu** (ppm.}. tound m Uuai Ihsias Vaoelar 1142"and'Arottar 1154at 214) ft pn. tat 20 Day* likuc IKor NrMl tain OwPtl bi Aroclot C-IT JJiO.7 7.1* l.l III 4 17 Arm lor 1234* an 7.* 1M t.l 7.7 *2.3 l)l A> Igum ai t ttwaw of tt> hitth .e. 16 partlna 0f liver t taken Tor preparation of microtomes* 0*4 detenainatin* of cytochrome P4>* and nttcroaarml protein*. The nmuMlnt livrt end the other tissues tcrc amend ty the method of Taj lor rf W.' before pu-Bquid dkrontaiographic analysis using a 3-foot `Apirm* L' rotor*** pure The complex nature of 'Aroclor' mixtures makes the crpmdM of resuht diflicull. Because gross changes have taken pin in our experiment w hare chosen the mctlrod of Resbtotqh* from those publrslied and compared the sum total of peak heiphts with a l,l-dK4-chlorophriiyl)-2,2-dichlornncthytciie (DOE) standard, which in turn was related to a known weight f 'Arodor 1242'. The mean results oUained from the belches of pigeons arc shown in Fig. I and from quad in Tabic I. Regular checks made on excreta revatled no gross andion of unchanged nvaierial. The presentation of change's in the gas-liquiJ chromalofMgftfc pattern of TCB isomers is also difficult. Most workers have preferred lu suggest that (he patterns which they have tlphtd resemble one of the cnriuncicial mixtures, leading to th cral conclusion that PCBs remain unaltered in the bio sphere. Since we wished to determine whether birds are able SO mrlabolirr PCBs we adopted the following method of preaentation for gat-liquid chromatographic data. A siagfct peak occurring in all chromatograms from fed turds wats selacfed aril represented arbitrarily ns 100 units. Ihe mean af peak height for each relative retention time from each batch f Mrdt was normalised to this peak. By this method an average residue "spectrum" can be presented in the form of a Ha i M, .in intnl les*|s of Pt II it pi|Yiin tissues ftAmuq* lii.tii'H ill AimU l.*4.V M id |l |' in ui 4wl An !ll He. 2 Cas liquid chromatographic "spectra". normalised to a common peak (Mipplrd column) of 'Arodor 1242' standard and mean pigeon liver residues following feeding at SCO p p m. in diet for 21 days. line diagram. Fig. 2 shows line diagrams from the livers of pigeons fed 'Aroctor 1242', and Fig. 1 (hose from quail fed 'Arodor 1234*. Other tissues gave similar result*. Total PCB residues immediately after withdrawal of treated food show- a similar distribution between tissues to iIkkc la pigeons fed l.l-d(4-chlocofhciiyl>-2.2,2-tfichloroctlumc (DDT)*. Allowing for Ihe hiplxr feeding level in the DDT study initial FC'B tesidurs ore live to ten limes higlter In tire muscle and (at there if a steady logarithmic decay with lull- live>. by inspection. of 30days and 123 tlayx respectively . After an initial l.itgc drop in leveh the liver icsidne* also ii-llow a logarithmic decay with a half-life of NO days I Ix-u. Inures coni|jrc* whh a statistically computed lulf-hfc ol \S tl.tt * fi>r DDT In ad pn/erm lissocs (uncertainty in iim-Tpiciini: I't'li unalylirat results precludes statistical analysis). 1*01 residue* in llto hrain reach a maximum and thru decay loiMriilm k.itlj with a half-life: of Ml days, lire high liver residue kul immediately after wilhdiatval of lotxJ may he allrthu.iolc to lire rale at which liver receives freshly abtorlieil it'll. and live initial low hrain level ntay reflect the operation of ilie hitx j burn homer*. 'total rciduei in quail foi 'Aroclor 1242* (l.diU. I) arc higher than those in pii>-(XK in spite of a shorter fevihin* period 31 lulr Ihe k-td. Food etmsiimption pT unit wi-ifhl of viujit, however, is two to thrce-lold l.n;:cr than llv.il ot prions Ucsitluv* of *Aroclt*r J2Vf' arv i-vncialty twice iIhwc ttf `Aroctor 1242', sitntoding that tins mrslurv is nn>rc tlnlieull to mei.iNtlire or excrete. l ire standard 1242 mixture grew a paltem dominated by a few is,tiiier*. of low retention lime on tHir eas lniuiil hfomaltv. graph. Hhn is a ttffisnleiable th..i*c in pigeon lo.i re-nlm: patterns tl ij. 2l with peaks of low lelalive it-it nip >u linns .........1 > -* -r. 1. i.4Lwnf asks it j <4 SW 032711 STLCOPCB4016673 hwiihjlct) after NATUf'l VOI 73* MAlien 1 tp/g TfWt I Maan I.. VVroglu*. Miitinij'- >1 Pun > i . . ., i-rmi** fii Imii ami n<iv.dj* ta-v.ti i iod a., .. : :ij *i MO apm $nt n u.jy m) tun*u *i o j:i. ia **>j iu i*. >nu< u WxMik4 at UntM.ni fwit UUytio rtMlfc Cantrsf 24 54 IM Mean User Mkrmomal wcigM prt%in lit me t * kwi gl *012* .* 1 07 (O.TjjOtte 19. JO 7 1.90 I.7S 19^1 17 l * \ VI 9.741 0 91 IJ.47tl 72 kWfO.49 IJ.gl i 1 40 nniot k >** 2 40 0 IS 15 47 * | 70 It 00* | 46 7.44 v 0.6J A 7Jl0(l 1 t i i !\r t. si Jor\ r1 0 1 ' 1 s II. 0 } U<O| 1 s0: * AO genres are mean ef tit Uif4> tu TaMt 9 Man l>v< Waighta, Mie>ote<njt i'iai*in Levi t . i.,o<*-a P<H Ul wa anlia twh Iw Quill M AimloilHi .1 zuoctc. WM' at nOaan far 70 Oayt balm* Uhii. FI*. I Gan-kquid chrvUUlaerspMc "Jptclra". normalized l* I comamn prsk (tiippWd column) ef `Arodor 1254' uamlirJ m4 maw quail liver residue* following freding at 250 p.pm. for 30 day*. Mean User Micro**>mal Ovt.vhrom* I 1 : I. *- Oatnpouad weniht prutew H,,. nnJ ' i. --(Imw M U> mg a ' liter r ' hv( p n * Control l.2 * 0.23 * 25.01*2 2 7 34'rOfrl 0 'Arodnr 1242' 4JJ i0 J7 >1.62 * 1.27 7Mtt2.ll `Arocior IIW 5.09* 0.22 41.17 A I 41 47.21 * >.ll . t I 1 7 9 treated (bod and virtually absent by the end of the experiment. These ptalu teem to he readily removed from the body revealing Other minor or leu electron capturing conuitumli with a longer biological half-life We cannot yet be certain that all these peaks ere chlorinated hiphenyb preeenl in the original mixture; some may be metabolites. Peaks with a higher reten tion time are relatively enhanced over the experimental period. The pattern* obtained after feeding quail `Arodor 1242* have the Mine general feature* but `Arodor 1254* feeding produces lets aberration from the sttmdatd. The conclusion that the less chlorinated isomers ate more readily metabolired is also supported by two analyse* on a resolution capillary toluntn. A standard `Aroclor 1242' exhibited forty-four peaks end a considerable proportion could be assigned structures'*. An extr.u.1 of fat horn a pigeon killed immcdiatdv after withdrawal ef dressed food exhibited twenty nine peaks. Most of the fifteen peaks of lowest retention time (mainly dichloro and trichloro iwimcr*) were absent from the extract. IVaks of longer retention time (mainly tctrachlofO or higher chlorinated tsomm) were present in the pigeon and many were relatively enhanced These results agree with picvious work involving quail" amJ rats" The hepalie mkiovinal systems responsible for mctahollitan foreign compounds lire sensitise In indtKtion by chlorinated hydrocarbons. The signiticancc of induction is not yet understood but it van be used ms an inJicalor of the hioloeicaJ activity of a compound. Increases in microsomal protein and cytochrome Pit arc central to imcrr**omal induction and we have measured these to indk.no the interference by PCB residues in the normal physiology of tin: birds (Tables 2 and .1). Pigeon li .cr wenht* reniain elevated for at least two month* following withdrawal although lu-p.itie microsomal protein returns to uonnal In coutr.isl, cytnchiome I**,, t.vcl* are still at thi.- nine. the control level 6 nionlh* after ictwimng to norma) diet wlicn K`H level* are approxim itely 2 |pm. and compo*. d mainly of higher chlorinated ivonwrs, Mcr.'.csting lh.it cvlrcmk low level* l<l ppm.) of these iwm rv c iu*o sirnilk.int ctcvatHwv of niu rvwonul cn/ymex. IJu.iil h J citlH-r `Aro*lor 121J or '1254' show similar increases which are far larper th in iltu-c obtained from similar experiments noolwrvt f>1 ">f .iitvl IHll . 'Aro.hif I2M' produces cunsider.il l> more * All figures ere mssn of Us birds I cr Induction than `1342', eupixming (he suggestion above that the more highly chlorinated biphenyls are the nui potent inducers lit spile of analytical and Interpretive difficult"! we can conclude that pigeon* and quail metabolixe po.w hlormatcd blphcnyh at a rate generally dependent on the amount of chlorine in the molecule. Flintier work in our laboratory suggests that some lower chlorinated I'omrrt ere wcubohred extremely rapidly. This could account for the almost universal (biding of residues of `Arodor 1234' in spite of the majoi production of `1242'. But biHofUCjl activity depend* on the highly chlorinated isomers, which may need to be taken into account. W (hank Monsanto Cltctlticali Ltd for `Arixloi misiurrs and high resolution gas-liquid chromatography S It Vll I 1 P. i. lit `WAN flfsI bifetttom Ctmirol Laboratory, Ah'"'"I of Agth nhmr, Fithrritt am/ Food, lohrorih, Sturrjr DSW 032712 Received Suptemlvr 16; revised Qcluhn 7), IVM 1 Psekalt. n. It . and I inccr. J. I .. Ham...... . 711 yiMty'O) * Dunya*. F. i-, 'lowmend, M. t .end Ta)ku, A. (in ihc j'irv> * Omura. I.,emt S-ilo. C*.. , 2V. J7,i () it * lowiy, O II.. Kn*etvixieh, N. J,, lari. A I , and k n. t j 11. i( J J Hud. Uuu,.. 19.1. 2b9 (MSI). * Taylor. A ,Kea. It I ..wultUsty. f> Kae.-v iism, * tinwnons. ). II.. anJ Tutivut, 1 O'O . J ( hr,--. . 11 ?j> |tw.t. ' Bi.chitaich. H 'V.. in Clirmit ,,/ l,n' </ (c. la hylht. (. ( an* StitWi. M W.l. S IClt iik* I. Ihi.ituv. S|..... n.tj. tiinini* twq * Hi.lev. S.. Ilnny.in. P J . Knniwn. It t> . n-*d I l. . A Tawivf. Arv*/ /Vi., ifi.nv/ . la. |l ll'tv.t * IVikay. I... .ViuiitHi. 71'/.,1, til. J| 111 wa.1 *,.a*m, I . and U*lh. I> . 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