Document MRdkw6g1p81Jq92xXked0y6V

-- natMiwmiWfin ' insects In wartifne, reached peak the food chain, long retention in fatty 1 ,. agricultural ua* In 1989. ` 1 body tfMMMnd death 9f wttdllte, co co 00 8yftthatk> mx hormone 0E8, for Cartenogenlcflyto animal teste aaearte dlethytt&beatro|, waa used Increasingly u 1936 was Ignored.In 1871 young 1 from the 1040's. particularly alter,190jA woman whoa# mothers had bean Qtvsn M prsaorlptlon drug for pregnant DE8 In pregnancy began appearing women to deter spontaneous abortion; with uterine cancan, leading to the ( and In yaterlnary medicine, from 1049 (Heooverynotonlyofalavatedoanoer . until It waa banned in 1070. aa a rlaka among the pregnantwomen ' llveatooK end poultryoMnh atimtijsnt, ,tpua entering the,toott tihalm4;' treated with DESbut alto among their ; female offapclng. This led togueatlonlna > ' l T Vy. ' " gfOESInWeetookfeed. , The moat eertoua exposure leveta came aa a reault of the wldeepread oral administration of DE8 aa a drug taken by pregnant woman. DES In maat and poultry axpoaed tha antlre U.8. population to low lavela through 1070,f The E.PA. eatimatee that DE8 la atill . prescribed for600,000 people annually, moatiy man being treated for proetatic cancer. Since 1977 the F.D.A. haa rulad preacrlptlon formulatlona inadvisable for pregnant women and haa required pedal product labeling and "educational" literature In package* on fcancer rlaka for any uae. In 1070 the, F.D.A. forbade tha uae of DES In foodproducing animal*. The lateet N.T.P. reporton cardnogana says that tha risk of continuous lowlevel axpoaura in meat and poultryhaa been "completely removed" and that "educational materials*' nowrequired In packages for prescription uae Moral "both the patient and thedocicrcfthe risks." Dioxin Hot g product In Itself. An unwanted, unavoidable oohtafoinent m the menufeeture of some herbiddea end defollenta *uch aa Agent Orange, used In Vietnam from 1092 to 1070, and . 2,4,6-T, a World War H substance later widely used oommarolaHy aa a|weed Uller on U.8. peature and rang# land. Cfaoiiup t*Ttmai paocli There were flndinge of dloxln'e aoute non-oenoertoxicity m laboratory guinea plga and repoiia of non-cancer Hneta among production workers axpoaed In the 1960'*to accidental apUta of2,3,5. T.But dioxin waa not Isolated as a ' carcinogen In rata until 1077. There la eofer no evidence of tha cerolnogenlolty of dioxin In humane or of death from any dloxJn-f*l*ted cause Inman. " ,\M. More than BOO plant workers and 67,000 naarby realdenta worldwide have been exposed through apilia; also reaJdants of Tlmaa Baach, Mo., and Midland, Mloh., a manufacturing aha. American sarvlcamsn axpoaed may . total tona ofthousands. Consumer exposure at l*rge through food and water contamination haa not bean > estimated, Birth defects In animals exposed to 2.4,6-T led the Agriculture Department I In 1070 to suspend moat uaea. In 1070 the E.PA banned 2,4,6-T except on range land and rice fields. Attar Dioxin contamination was found at Times Beach, the E.PA. Imtted wests disposal to Hoenaad landfills. The E.PA recently proposed water quality criteria for dloxin-oontamlnated products. I Dioxin itself remains unregulated; debate continues overthe extent oflei danger to humans, and litigation . continues over health effects of Agant Orange on axpoaed war veterans. EDB Formaldehyde i/'i * A. vrV;\hvt;.;V-:, ' i 1 tv.* >' i ^ t . k. .. " i' ,r ; K* EDB, for ethylene dlbromlde, is chiefly in 1076 end 1077 the National Canoer used as a chemical additive and Institute published evidence of EDB- scavenger of lead oxide residues from ' the combustion pf gasoline In automotive engines using leaded fuel, but alto as a pesticide and preplanting toll fumigant In agriculture, principally In ottrue. rstt^ifpfod^M/rcmltedoo T. - i induosdeanoer in laboratory animals, in 1080en&PAatudy of EDB disclosed poaelbiy peralatent contamination of / fruit and grain fumigated In storage. By 1063 serious ground water contamination waa reported In Georgia, California, Hawaii and Florida. , ' ! M| i A ooioriees, pungent gea moat widely used, in a water solution eatied formalin, In plastics and In aueh building materials aa particle board, plywood - and foaming homo Inaulatioo products. 'Also In automotive parte, textiles, Toxic effects end formaldehyde's 1 characteristic ea strong sensitizer?-- promoting acute reactions In axpoaed persons-*-were observed when Itwent Into wide production after 1 WO. After 1976 epfdentioiogieet studies disclosed embalming fluid, room deodorants, i Increased camera among such fungicides and ae a fingernail hardener occupetioneliy exposed groups as and preservative In cosmetics. beauticiansand morticians. NIOSH estimated that 227,000 In September 1983the EPA. banned production and process worker* were use of EDB for sod fumigation. On Feb. potentially exposed. In 1077 it estimated i .3 the E.PA banned fumigation of grain that 860,000 geaotine stations workers and sat limit* on EDB residues In were exposed to leaded gasoline, but consumer baking mixes, cereals and use of leaded baaotine containing EDB it snack foods. On March 2 It ordered a declining. Most of the population haa limit of 30 parts per billion on EQB been exposed to lrt*Mevel risk, over tha residues In fruit. All uaea of EDB era to shortterm, from food products. be banned 8apt1. On March 2.1084, the E.PA It ordered a Hmit of 30 parte per billion on EDB residues in fruit, end aU uaea ofEDB are to be banned Sept 1 to guard against potential long-term risk of exposure. V NIOSH estimates 8,000 workers are potentially axpoaed to Inhalation or akin absorption in direct production and that up to 1.7 milUon othars may be potentially exposed In the manufacture, installation and use of end product*. EPA. estimates 27.7 million people living near manufacturing plant* coukl racaivt Ipw ambiant axpoaure. 08HA In 1060 limited occupational axpoaure In tgpneldehyde manufacture for reasons pUoxJelty other than cancer. The Consumer 8afaty Product Commission requires a label warning as* a "strong sensltlzar" on torn* household products. In 1082 tha Commission banned the use of urea- ; formaldehyde home Insulation. F.DA regards tha content In cosmetics as too small to regulate. Although the Insulation ben waa overtumad last year on appeal to the oourta, llttie of this product la now i . believed to ba marketed. PmnUMlArit huh* fti/gm Permanent dyes are used largely at home-In 1977 tests suggeattd a link between 4 . ' .. * v by millions of women end unknown tha widely used compound 4-methoxy- I.' numbere of men. Beeuticlane are step m-phanytenedtamln* (4-MMPD) and '. exposed. No risk has been preyed inhair rinses, i, > r , canoer of the breast and bladder. The F.DA, waa petitionad for a warning label. Manufacturers voluntarily1 withdrew tome components. The National Canoer Institute began totting Ingr#dlarrtsln1873. Kepone v A pestleIdeated chiefly against Art ants In a?uhtlo health detective storythat - and in cockroach traps, began In the summer of 1976, a Virginia , doctor tent Mood samples to tha U.S. Centers for Disease Control takan from ; '.i- Kepon* production workers he waa , i: seeing as patients, Tha patientshad a . ii < variety of severe neurologioal \ ,< i - ' symptoms. Hurried animal testa of > ' MnHnoBMlolty wtra tagun. Used by 33 million women, largely In home applications. 1 In 1970 tha F.DA, after being petitioned by the Environmental Dafensa Fund to regulate heir dyes, proposed e iyle requiring a warning label on preparations containing the suspected carcinogen 4-MMPO. The regulation was challengedIn court and a stay was Issued. The rule la not yet In effect. r* By 1976 the Allied Chemical Company, the only maker of Kepone, quit production and turned the process over to a smell concern In Virginia, where ome workers became ill. it la not known bow many people were exposed to Kepone ea reault of Illegal dumping . Into the Jamas River or by eating contaminated flah. Production stopped In July 1976. In 1976 a NIOSH study disclosed that Kepone la carcinogenic In rats. Kepone was banned In 1977. Under a consent agreement with manufacturer* In 1980, tha F.DA. has withheld tha label requirement pending a formal study assessing tha risks. 8oms manufacturers have voluntarily withheld 4-MMPD from their products. , Residues In tha Jamas River remain an environmental hazard. Nickel ! s- . V; r.ln a wW# range of metal alloy* in the In 1932 British Investigators found . shipbuilding, aerospace and other cenoere of the Ipng and nasal paaaegae heavy Industries, and in a yartety of > among ntokal workers in Wales. , eleoiropfatinfl, ohemioai and catalyst applications. In oereiploe, dyea, paints, magnate, wtMlng> h NI08H estimate* one mlUlon U.8. workers are exposed to organic nickel i in the workplace. An estimated 720,000 <P*optetk*withln13.6mlleaofnlcltel . plant*. Tha E.PA says tha entire . population may be exposed to low lavala In air, food and water. Some regulatory limits on nickel oontent of workplace air were eat in 1962, preceding OSHA. Water effluent standards were added in 1976, and hazardous waste disposal standard* - ware aat In 1980. Oecislona on regulatorycontrol of emissions In the environment, particularly by ooal-bumlng etectric power plants, are undar study by the ERA *