Document MMzj962myxogYN5a3wGj0aDNk

If safety is to keep pace with today's rapidly advancing technology, we must continually have "new ideas." Each year, at the National Safety Congress, the ideas and experiences ofmany of the nation's top safety men are presented in-the various sessions. .Many of these ideas, devices and methods, first presented at a Congress session, later become generally accepted within their fields. In order to present tins information conveniently and at small cost, the Congress Transactions are published in volumes, one for each Section or Division, along with a General Sessions and Detailed Index to all volumes. The 34 volumes of the 1951 Congress Trans actions are listed on the last page of this volume. . Safety directors everywhere have found the. Congress Transactions a rueful aid in their accident prevention programs. In industry, for example, their judicious distribution to key personnel in management and supervision has proved to be of invaluable service. In preparing these Transactions, the proceedings of the Congress have been condensed and edited for reference purposes. Complete original manuscripts, with any charts or illustrations which were used, are available in National Safety Council files. . Views expressed at the Congress dr in this record are those of' the Congress participants and are not necessarily those of the National "Safety Council THE TEXTILE SECTIOR This volume b a record of the sessions held at the 1951 National -Safety Congress by the Textile Section. The conduct of these Congress sessions each year is only one of .the many cooperative activities which the Textile Section carries on in behalf of its mem bers, and for the benefit of accident prevention work in the textile industry generally.- The Section gives guidance, in .the. preparation of a great variety of technical and educational material useful in the day-to-day safety, programs of textile plains. The activities of the Section aTe under the direction of its Executive Committee, the members of which are listed at the close of this volume. . . V. 4 Textile Industry ------------You Musi Create Interest In Safety By W. BRATTON WILLIAMS Associate Professor of Weaving and Designing, Clemson College Textile School, Clemson, South Carolina Every year in the United States approxi mately 18,000 people are killed while at work: At the same time approximately 2,000,000 people receive some form of injury while at work. During the first year of die Korean war, we had approximately 9,000 men lolled in action, while our total casual ties killed, wounded, and missing in action totalled about 78,000. Also, during that first year here in the United States, in all forms of accidents, there were approximately 10,000,000 injured and 95,000 killed. According to these figures, it is safer to be on the Korean front than it is to be living within the peaceful bounds of the United States. Only last week I read in the papers, and this came from the National Safety Coun cil, there were 3,560 people killed in motor vehicle accidents in the United States dur ing the month of August This is the high est monthly toll on record for any one month with the exception of August, 1941, when almost 3,900 were killed. Highway safety has become one of the most serious problems facing us today. Will our killed and injured continue to increase in number or will we become better educated in safety? You must create interest in safety. You must educate your people in safety. Why should we be so vitally interested in accident prevention ? "Am I my brother's keeper?" The two baric reasons for acci dent prevention are the humane reason and, die economic reason. We do not like to witness physical human suffering, therefore, the baric reason for accident prevention is the humane basis. Accidents don't happen, they are caused. Then the way to eliminate accidents is to discover and eliminate the causes. We are taught in safety engineering that all acci dents fall .under three causes: 1. Unsafe conditions; 2. Unsafe acts of persons; and 3. Acts of God. The first two causes are man-made and can be controlled by man and 98 per cent of all accidents fall qnder die first two causes or a combination of both. The third cause, Acts of God, are responsible for about 2 per cent of our acci dents such as lightning, floods, tornadoes, and over these we have no control- What, then, is your part in accident prevention? Recognize and eliminate unsafe conditions and unsafe acts of persons. The second cause, unsafe acts of persons, is far more difficult and far more important. It is too late to eliminate unsafe acts of persons after the unsafe act has been per formed and the accident has occurred. It is far more important to train your people to be safety conscious and accident minded so that they will anticipate and not perform the unsafe acts. What is safety education? According to one .expert, it is the process of imparting knowledge of safe and unsafe conditions and of safe and unsafe acts of persons. Men in industry have responsibilities for production, cost, quality, waste; etc. During the past few years, men In industry have as sumed another responsibility, that of safety. This is becoming more and more important and I am glad to see more emphasis being placed on safety than ever before in the history of the country. Thousands are bring bom every day and these same thousands as they grow up, must receive public school education and training if they are to grow up to be useful citizens in this great land of ours. Public schools throughout our country teach health educa tion. The purpose of this is to help eliminate sickness and death from diseases. Likewise, I believe that it is just as important that public schools and colleges throughout the land should teach safety education. Is not this just as important as health education? You have heard of the three E's of safety: Engineering, Enforcement, and Education. You cannot create safety by mechanical guarding or by enforcing rules. You most educate for safety. You must create inter est and enthusiasm for safety. One of the first jobs of a successful teacher, regardless of his subject, is to cre ate in the minds of his pupils an enthusiasm for and an interest in that particular sub ject Likewise, if yon are to educate your adoes, What, ntion? dons second more cts of a per. It is Vie to Jed so xform ing to (arting ditions is. es for during ive as* safety, tortant being in the ly ^J itizens ichools educammate awise, it that ut the Is not ation? safely: cation, tanical i must inter- cessful to aren^qn r subs your Anthrax in the Textile Industry people in minds an enthusiasm for safety. You must .their sense of responsibility. Man is vain. make them want safety. When you have Therefore, when you place responsibility on done this the safety program in your plant him it also appeals to his vanity. The plac will have, become fairly well established. ing of an indifferent individual on die safety How are you going to get your people committee will often win him over and con- interested in safety? Certain of us have ` vert him to the> importance of plant safety. sensitive spots that are easily touched. These may be called motivating characteristics and some may be appealed to in one way while others may be appealed to in other, ways. Some methods'of appeal are as follows: There are many, ways by which you can sell safety'to your employees. It is your job and your responsibility* to analyze your own cases. Don't give up the struggle, even though the perfect goal will never be First, you may appeal to a majority of .readied. Aeddent frequency can be im people with emphasis on the idea of self proved in your plant It has been improved preservation, or. fear of personal injury. in many plants. It is being improved in This is the strongest motivating character many plants today. istic and will touch the majority of people. Second^ you may appeal to some .with the idea of personal or material gain, such as bonuses, personal gifts, days off, etc As a safety director in your plant I be lieve you should be interested in the safety of your employees outside the plant as well as in the plant You should give them in Third, others may be appealed to through struction and talk highway and home safety their sense of loyalty to their foreman or'to to the individual and to groups. This, 1 the company for which they work; such as, believe, from the humane standpoint is as effect of aeddent frequency on the. fore important as safety, within your individual man's record of cost, production, etc plant Anthrax in the Textile Industry By DR. ROGER CONANT Plant Surgeon, Mohawk Carpet Mills, Inc, Amsterdam, N. Y. Anthrax is primarily a disease of cattle will be obtained upon squeezing, but there and is transmitted to man by contaminated will be a small amount of clear fluid exuded hides, hair and wooL It is caused by a from the pimple - This fluid contains mil; microorganism which can be identified under lions of anthrax'baeflli. the microscope and belongs to a family of spore forming bacilli. In cattle it produces death fay blood poisoning, hi man the disease takes .several forms, the skin or cutaneous form bong the most common, resulting in death fay blood poisoning if left untreated. In a few days the blister, breaks down and a crater' is formed, the center of which becomes blade .This blackened area is. dead skin, killed fay the poisons liberated by the anthrax bacillus, and more blisters are formed around the-edges of the crater. At In man, it is believed that the organism this stage there is a slight swelling around gains a foot-hold in the skin thruougb an the base of the blister. insignificant cut or scratch. At the end of a few days, called, the incubation period, a typical lesion develops. By this time; the patient is apt to com plain that he doesn't feel welL He may have a fever, headache; and chilly sensations. At first there is a pimple; then a small' The locations of these anthrax lesions are blister is formed on the top of it This is usually on exposed portions of the body. surrounded - by a slightly reddened area. When the lesion is above the nipple line There is no pain, but it itches.. At .this, there is apt to be such a .rapid, spread of point the patient is apt to squeeze it a very the swelling that within 24 hours the swollen hazardous undertaking because it precipi face and head appear to merge with the tates spreading of the infection. No pus .chest, with little or no neck outline visible.- 6 Textile. Industry At this stage, treatment is exceedingly diffi- was goat hair in 74 ont of 82 analyzed cult Absorption of penicillin is impeded; cases. The origin oi most of the hair in respirations become rapid and. labored; tox- these cases was in India and. Pakistan. A idty increases; and a vicious cycle starts few came from China and South America.1 which, if not immediately broken up, will The Carpet Industry contributes by far be fatal the majority of anthrax cases which occur Occasionally the lesion will develop in a in this country, and the incident rate for most unexposed portion of the body. the past 10 years has increased threefold. Complications such as menengitis or pneu- The industry uses coarse wools obtained monia may develop. Local complications and mainly from the primitive areas of the permanent disability are rare; but one man world, such as North Africa, India, Paki- ended up with a disability of the shoulder sfan. and Western Aria, due to scar formation of the chest muscles. The Apparel Industry is singularly free which cost the company $3,000.00. from industrial anthrax at the present time. The anthrax organism belongs to a group An analysis of 365 cases showed that none of spore-formers of which lock-jaw and gas occurred in the apparel industry. It uses gangrene are members. This means that when wools nnn* finer " `JW size 40 and above, environmental conditions for its growth and obtained from sources where die art of propagation are unfavorable, it will change husbandry has been developed to a its shape to a round globular organism, highly high degree. Most of the wools used in the resistant to temperature changes and to bacte- upparel industry come from South Africa, riological chemicals. It is the spore form Australia, New Zealand, and some parts of which is present in contaminated wool, goat China.' However, it must be remembered hair, bristles, hides and skins, which, under that Argentina during the past 10 years favorable conditions of moisture and body shipped both coarse and fine wool to. this temperature, will change back to its vegeta- country in the ratio of 3 to 2. tive or bacillary form and produce the disease. Wolff and Heimann concluded after an In laboratory experiments the spore can exhaustive epidemiological study of Indus- be killed if it* is exposed to. live steam at ***** anthrax that the degree of anthrax risk 212 F. for 2 minutes. In actual practice "*> four^ categories, namely (a) very however, if the organisms are placed in a dangerous; (b) dangerous; (c) not without bundle of bristles, 2j" in diameter, and n*sk. (d> without risk, and suggest consular the bundle placed in a steam pressure vessel labeling of this type on bales of wool, at 15 pounds pressure resulting in a temper- We feel that such classification is only ature of 250 F., it will take 10 minutes to relative, of no value to the carpet industry, kill the spore. The reason for this apparent and such certification may often be unre discrepancy in the killing power of steam is liable: No peasant sheep herder in the far that considerable time is wasted in getting East is going to be too particular concerning the steam to penetrate the bundle.1 This the cleanliness of the wool he offers if the time lag is a very important element in the buyers are eager and the price is right The protesting of wools to render them' safe for temptation is too great to. keep from sal- handling. raging the remains of an animal killed by During the 10 year period between 1939 anthrax. One infected carcass can con- and 1949 a total of 764 cases of known an- `animate a whole shipment of wooL Dr. thrax were reported in the United States. Simpson treated a case of anthrax in 1930 The Hair and Wool Industry' accounted for " which the patient told him that the lesion 479, Hides and Skins 106, Agricultural 97, developed at the rite of a scratch, sustained others 63, and nonspedfied 213. A break- on the wire fastening, the consular certificate down of tiie figures showed that 82 per cent `o the bale of wool. of the industrial cases occurred in industries . The mortality of anthrax in animals processing hair, -wool or both. runs 75 to 100 per cent In our experience In the Hair industry the chief offender that mortality in human anthrax was 14 -------- < per .cent prior to the advent of pemallm. 1. SCHNEITER, R. and KOLB. It W.. "Heat Re- -------- sistaut Studies aridi Spores of Bacillus Anthracis." 2. WOLFF, A. aod HEIMANN. H.. "Industrial U. S. Public Health Service. Supplement No. 207. Anthrax . in the tl. S.." American Journal of Public-Health Service Reports, June 1948. Hjjiene, 53:1, January 1951, 80-109. - rly free ait time, tat none It uses d above, art of ed to a d in the Africa, paste of embered 0 years to. this ifter an t indusrax risk a) very without consular toL is^ly hd te the far iccming s if the ht The om salflled by an con10L Dr. in 1930 ie lesion nstained trtificate animals perience was 14 enidUin. 'Industrial aornal ot Anthrax in the Textile. Industry Since 1943; at Mohawk Carpet Mills, 46 incidence of anthrax in -the United States cases of anthrax developed and all were did not treated without a fatality. : - procedure consists of: - A word about treatment: We have not felt 1.. Removal without human contact, the confident enough to treat these patients on covering of wool .by machinery completely an ambulatory basis. They are all placed in encased and equipped with a dust extractor the hospital as soon as the direct smear of which breaks up the bale the lesion is reported "suspicious, of an thrax." This is usually within an hour or two of the patient's first appearance in the dispensary. A culture must be taken before treatment starts in order to further identify the organism. We have found in several instances that repeated cultures taken of the lesion after 24 hours of treatment are sterile and no growth on culture media can be obtained. Penicillin in large amounts given hypo dermically and intravenously is adminis tered so that -he will receive upwards of 1,000,000 U of penicillin the first 24 hours, by vein. This is continued until the second . 2. Two washings, followed by- a formal dehyde soak.' 3. Drying in hot air at 160. We have experimented-with a modification of this, procedure but discarded it because of the, excessive, ventilation necessary to disperse the fiimes and the hazard of formal dehyde dermatitis. The procedure of washing and scouring at Mohawk Carpet Mills since August 1950 is as follows: a. Three successive washings in soda ash with a pH 10-11 at l20M30 F. h. Two successive rinses, first--!10"-12bo day and longer if necessary. Second, wet for 1} minutes, second--warm water for penicillin pads 1:3000 solution are applied ' lfi minutes. continuously to die lesion. There is no c. Drying in hot air for 3} minutes at a further local treatment used. Needling; in temperature 82-260*F. Daring this drying cision and drainage, cauterizing and manipu period the wool is exposed for 1 minute at lation of the wound are to be condemned. a temperature of 194-260 F. We feel that We have discontinued the use of sulfa . this high temperature is an important factor drugs; and have used the anti-anthrax serum in lowering our incident rate since that date. in one case since 1943. The serum cannot Dr. Henry F. Smythe .chairman of the be procured any more in this country. We committee of Industrial Anthrax, Industrial .have not felt it necessary to use streptomycin - Hygiene Section of the American Public and aureomydn as our results have been Health Association, in his 1943.report made satisfactory without them. a strong plea to the United States Public The usual hospital stay has been 7 to -10 Health Service for the establishment of a days and the lost time from work averages disinfection plant in the United States. In about 2y2 weeks. The average hospital cost dustrial anthrax had increased 365 per exclusive of medical care amounts, to $200.00. cent, due mainly to-the importation of wools Permanent disability is mainly due to facial and because the cost of individual plant dis disfigurement and contraction of scar tissue infection of this! type was prohibitive, espe around the lesion. Such contraction is in cially if a competitive mill did not follow frequent. . . suit The prevention of anthrax may be grouped Relatively little interest was taken by the under three main headings: Environmental United' States.Public Health Service in a control and plant hygiene, personal hygiene, previous' recommendation and they sug and preventative medicine. gested appropriate industrial hygiene meas It would seem very ample to control en ures in the' industries involved, 'with no vironment when one knows that unprocessed, imported wools are the only source of infec further amplification of what measures to . use. In 1945, one m3lion out of a popula tion in this disease, by sterilizing the wools tion of . five million .sheep in Iran died of at the'port of entry. This would completely anthrax. This report did not come to the eliminate the hazard. attention of' the public until 1947.* . Since England adopted such a procedure in 1921 _3. DEtPY. i. P. and KAWEK, M., "Anthrax in and the United States was invited to partici - Animals and Man,*' Archives Inst. d'Hessardc. Teheran. 1941, 4:3 CAhst, Boll. Hyg., 1947, pate, but at the time it was decided.that the 22-117). ' V . /* \~~ - 8 Textile Industry that time, two articles have emanated from the United States Public Wealth one entitled "Heat Resistance Studies with Spores of Bacillus Anthrads," by Scbneiter and Kolb in 1948, and "A Report of Indus trial Anthrax in the United States," Wolff and Heimann in January 1951. Although the frequency of anthrax is greatest in the picker house, no department can be considered a 100 per cent safe area. The last case of this disease occurred in a milling machine operator who was making a new part for a ventilator fan from the Picker House undergoing repair. The fan housing and screening rested on the floor about six feet from the machine. The an thrax lesion developed on his forearm sev eral days after he inadvertently scratched it on a piece of screen. We have considered the use of ultra violet radiation over the blending tables but have been unimpressed with the statistical data offered by a leading manufacturer for sev eral reasons: 1. The equipment is designed primarily for air sterilization, and we feel that the infectious material is the unprocessed wool, itself, where penetration of the germicidal light is exceedingly limited. . 2. The efficiency of the ultra violet light tubes diminished very rapidly as dust col lects on the tubes, thereby requiring fre quent cleaning. 3. The total amount of ultra violet radia tion to be effective for air sterilization would introduce another hazard, that of dermatitis and irritation of the eyes. Plant construction plays a definite role in plant hygiene. AH floors, walls and ele vators and stairways should be of such con struction that they can be readily cleaned by wet sweeping or vacuum cleaning. Dry sweeping should be prohibited. Recently we have used a method of sterilizing walls, pillars, staircases, pipes etc by spraying an antiseptic paint, on these areas at regular intervals and actually burying and lolling the badlH and spores on contact. Wool processing should be conducted at the maximum temperature compatible with the process. The following is an outline of protective measures which can be employed to prevent anthrax: a. Isolation of all pre-scouring operations parts of the mill. This means that all trucks and dollies used in the department should not' be used in handling the -washed and disinfected wool. . b. All burlap wrappings should be steri lized before re-use. c Adequate ventilation of all dusty proce dures; either vacuum type with wet sludge receptacle, or exhaust to the outside air so that dust does not re-enter the mill. d. Prevention of "build ups" of local areas of high bacterial concentration which may develop along the processing line and spread infection to relatively' clean unwashed wool, or even to the finished product itself. e. Sterilization of all dust, dirt and lint recovered in the pre-wash operation before disposing of it. f. Provide separate lockers or places for hanging up street and work clothes. Individual Hygiene--This includes indoc trination of all personnel upon hiring of the necessity to: a. Report all cuts, scratches, abrasions or sores promptly to the . foreman and doctor or dispensary attendant for treatment No employee with any such lesion should handle unscoured wool unless the wound is care fully bandaged by a dispensary attendant d. Enforce washing of the face, neck, arms and hands before leaving the mill. Hot water, liquid soap, nail brushes, and paper towels should be provided. c. No lunch boxes should be permitted in the working area of the picker house and no eating should be permitted while em ployees are at work on the picker bouse floor or in the bins. Washing of the face and hands before eating should be enforced. d. Cotton trousers, shirts, gloves and caps should be worn on dusty operations. Shirt sleeves should not be rolled up. Such cloth ing should be laundered at least once a week, to prevent a build-up on contami nation. e. Furnish and require the wearing of ap proved respirators by all employees engaged in handling or sorting unscoured or scoured wool Medical Control consists of the prompt treatment of all cuts, scratches, abrasions 3 1 t 1 i 3 t 1 f i V s c i i: t a a a c h a t rations other trucks in } t steri- procesludge air so 1 areas h may spread l wool, nd lint before res for indoc* of the ions or doctor it No handle t caredant , neck. IL H-h *) tted in sc and le em- house te face forced, id caps Shirt . dothnice a mtami- of apngaged coured prompt radons Handling Solvents in the'Textile Industry 9 or sons by competent medical personnel. In all eases of infection where pected, smears of the lesion should be taken, and an immediate preliminary report ob tained. If the preliminary report is "sus- ized, a culture taken, and treatment instituted without delay. Handling Solvents in the Textile Industry By ROGER H. L. RUSSELL Special Hazards Engineer, Factory Insurance Association, Hartford, Conn. Science may some day produce a universal JLf a liquid remained a liquid, the problem solvent capable of dissolving anything. This of providing adequate protection and safe would both simplify and complicate its use guards would be elementary. Little or no in industry, amplify the problem of provid ventilation would be needed; explosion-proof ing adequate safeguards, but complicate the and vapor-tight electrical equipment would problem of developing means of holding not generally be needed; flame-arrestors on such an-universal solvent. Until such a sol storage facilities could be omitted; ground vent is found, we must safeguard the han ing against static would be unnecessary. dling of hazardous solvents whenever, wher Unfortunately liquids vaporize and the ever and however they are used. vapor can be more deadly don the liquid, in Virtually every liquid is capable of dis that at least the liquid is viable and bums solving and acting as a vehicle for one or only when the surface is freely exposed to more solids. For purposes of ..tins discus air. Though vaporizing and burning dose to sion, only the handling of solvents which are the surface, solvents in the liquid phase can hazardous, by virtue of their combustibility, be controlled or subdued by time tested fire mil be considered. fighting technics, well known to all of us. When the textile industry was limited to the production, weaving and finishing of yams produced from vegetable and animal fibers such as cotton, flax, wool and silk, the use of hazardous solvents was also very limited. Found essentially in dyeing and fin ishing, even then hazardous solvents did not appear in targe scale production until the Without in any way underestimating the fire potentialities of combustible liquids, nor the speed with which a small fire can become an uncontrollable inferno, given favorable con ditions, which exist more by nature than by circumstances, there is at least one vital fac tor on the side of fire control. That is the element of time. early thirties. With the ever increasing de There is time to summon assistance from velopment of and demand for synthetic inride or outride the' property when a small fibers, hazardous solvents now are to be fire occurs involving a flammable liquid. found in most synthetic fiber production, There is .time to shut off pomps, circulating which depends upon the use of one or more fans that may accelerate combustion, time solvents. The solvents are many and the for vacating a building if the emergency degree of hazard varied. requires and time to put into operation vari Without attempting to discuss the chem ous systems and attack procedures, set up istry or technic of synthetic fiber production, in advance to cope with the hazard. it will suffice to point out that carton disul All of this is true if the hazardous liquid phide makes possible viscose, acetone the or solvent is bunting fredy, whatever vapor acetates and vinyl resins, acrylonitrite the escaping at or above the liquid surface being acrylic resins, etc., all too numerous to consumed in its entirety. mention. However, the type of solvents herein dis-. Only through complete knowledge of the cussed and commonly found in the textile characteristics of solvents which make them industry, continue to throw off vapor under hazardous, can proper measures be prescribed j conditions of usage, the rate of vaporization and taken to neutralize or at least minimize bring a function of boiling point of the the potential danger attending their usage. liquid, the surrounding temperature, and to :; w f.\ w \ I ''< b-. . vxS -: ;. fit. . * r- V-`: 3? ?S-i I3n>i iljaS-#fl R- ilIa^&S?Vt. J7i K:*] iff i'"5: ; i-f If Ik'i t i ` j 10 Textile Industry a measure the atmospheric pressure and rela--rive-humidity. As the boiling point drops and as the surrounding temperature in creases, rite rate at which solvent passes from liquid to vapor phase increases. should be avoided; The experience wit plosions has established that the violence of an explosion is generally in proportion to the degree of its confinement It logicallv follows that the resulting damage may like Unless special shadowgraph equipment can wise be a very definite function of this con be used to study the path of travel of solvent finement vapors, they can be considered virtually While it is possible to build a vessel invisible.^ Practically without exception they capable of confining an explosion initiated are heavier than air, and normally fall at in a solvent - vapor-air mixture -at atmos ordinary temperatures. It is therefore pos pheric pressure, it is neither. practical nor sible and probable that a hazardous con posable within the sphere of Intelligent centration can exist near the floor level, even justifiable construction engineering.to erect to a considerable depth, -without knowledge a usable building, capable of totally con of the condition existing. fining a solvent vapor-air explosion. This is If there are trenches, tunnels, sumps, ele vator pits, depressions in the floor to accom modate process equipment or floor openings down through which' such vapors can travel because an internal explosion may produce upward of 100 lbs. per sq. inch or more than seven tons per sq. ft against the walls, roof and floor of a structure. into basements or shallow underfloor areas, In view of the foregoing, it is entirely there may these vapors come to rest This understandable why explosions in the past vapor accumulation awaits only a source of involving solvent vapors, occurring. under ignition, then to release in a fraction of a conditions of confinement as in basements second^ great quantities of heat energy or or below ground areas, without any means explosive force capable of reducing to nibble of explosion relief venting, have resulted the confining structure in total collapse of heavy structures and This insidious property of solvent vapors, wholesale death to occupants trapped therein. namely that of producing an explosion, in Thus, the reason why jurisdictional au stantaneously and virtually without warning, thorities protest against locating hazardous provides no time whatsoever to seek safety solvent handling'operations in the basement, or to reduce the extent of damage when must be very, very obvious. For the same the peril strikes. reason such authorities object -to piping It is a well known fact, established over years of loss experience, that more damage both to lives and property can take place handling flammable liquids being run in tun nels, plate or slab covered trendies. The key in designing structures or choos in the wink of an eye at the time of an ing locations to house solvent handling, is explosion, than can occur by many, many that of providing adequate explosion relief hours of an active fire taking place in the venting facilities, at the same time using same structure. either adequate detachment or substantial ex Specifically a substantial, reinforced con crete building of heavy, construction - can withstand a severe fire from within for at least four to five hours without serious plosion resisting construction in not more than three party walls to prevent, an explo sion communicating into an adjacent struc ture. structural failure, even in the absence of . Adequate detachment or isolation from automatic sprinklers. The extent of damage important structures is the best protection and tiie ultimate time of failure depends against explosion damage. Lacking space; if upon the extent, nature and distribution of solvent handling must be done.in a building combustibles within the structure and die addition, a heavy masonry or concrete blank effectiveness of hose streams. With effective wall separating the' area from the main automatic sprinkler operation, designed for structure should be effective. If - adequate the occupancy hazard, such a building will explosion relief venting is provided in the stand as long as the sprinklers-are supplied remaining walls, suitable use should be made with water. of additional blank wall construction, where If the real peril is that of an explosion there is .angle exposure. such as flammable liquids can produce, total Should it still be necessary that absolvent confinement by use of concrete and masonry handling area be integral with a main struc- tfSf'S.S . i Sf <$ ? 3 ST* ? 8 ef. . S &SS'g *8i.3 S ff 2 . 2.ST S T t i 5' e-ff c v .-w Handling Solvents in the Textile Industry 11 ith ex- I tore, the comer of the building, entirely at many vapor explosions inside of industrial rt best spotto choose. ovens which have been provided with spe Thosboth party walls can be'bniit to resist cial explosion relieving doors, equipped with possible residual explosion pressures while self-releasing latches or hardware. vessel litiated atmosal nor lligent, erect f conITiis is reduce more walls, ntirdy e past under anents means isulted s and lerdn. il autrdous ement, same piping n tun- ch?' " \ | using I al ex- I more I explo- I the other two exterior walls are constructed to relieve explosion pressures to the out doors. If the doors are too heavy or they bind or the self-releasing latches are dirty, cor roded or otherwise poorly maintained, the A faiir degree .of protection against severe doors may be blown as a unit dear off their structural 'damage from an explosion can hinges, and carried a considerable distance be accomplished by having three party walls down through the production area. Thus of concrete or heavy masonry with the. the inertia was so great as to defeat effec fourth .wall of light construction, this, the tive operation. exterior wall, with just as much explosion venting as can be obtained. ' ' If this single exterior wall is the narrow est of. a rectangular room, riot too modi can be expected front explosion venting facilities. If tins exterior wall is the longest of a rec tangular room, considerable value can be obtained. -"Choosing a hazardous solvent-handling area "inside of a large structure with no ex terior walls whatsoever, is .the ultimate in Therefore, in choosing construction ma terials to relieve a room explosion, every effort should'be made to use light materials, light fastenings with minimum inertia, re membering that explosion venting from one area, should not be directed so as to expose another. Next, let us study some of the methods of handling.hazardous solvents, both in stor age and in process. unsafe engineering Some authorities, how Except for huge scale users, handling ever, migjht consider die arrangement toler and storage of hazardous solvents in drum able; providing the roof of an interior area lots is. a common problem. Having con is specially' designed for explosion relief, structed a suitable area for drum storage, using lightly secured aluminum roof deck, detached if at all possible, automatic fire large special window venting facilities in protection consisting of sprinklers on extra skylights, monitors 'or' carefully engineered hazard schedule for small to moderate drum hatchfes " or panels. quantities or automatic water spray or auto Actually the effectiveness of so-called light roof construction and hatches may be questionable. First, these must he. capable of resisting damage or .dislocation during high winds, -which requires some degree of matic sprinklers in combination with auto matic carbon dioxide for large drum quanti ties, should be proivded, the amount of protection' depending upon the degree of hazard and of exposure. sccnrement Next; if such light construe- There is now available a mechanical foam don is loaded with a heavy snow, or free- suitable for use on both water soluble and dom of movement- is impaired even slightly non-water soluble liquids, which in special by ice, friction or corrosion, the confining .spray sprinklers may provide very effective walls may be expected to fail, before the . protection. stxnc- I roof venting facilities let go. It is vital that a .fire in solvent; having from ection Inertia plays an important part in ex1 plosion relief .venting. Any reluctance of I venting facilities to function almost instan escaped from a drum, be extinguished rap idly, if a more serious fire is to be avoided Otherwise, with low boding point solvents, ce, if I - taneonsly, has the effect of allowing the brief exposure to a surrounding fire will ihEng I pressure of an internal explosion to rise likely cause internal vapor pressures to de blank I almost instantly to a point many times above velop, a drum to let go, so spreading burning main I that which might otherwise be readied, if liquid about the area that other drums of squate I the venting facilities let go or at least get similar materials explode in -fairly rapid n' the I moving at the instant of the explosion. succession. I This is even-more noticeable; if- a solvent - Mechanical ventilation to prevent the ac w"ere vapor-air mixture is an optimum or perfect cumulation or pocketing of vapor from one mixture; when the - pressure developed and .or' more leaks is. likewise most necessary. ilvent I the rate of pressure rise are at a maximum, The .amoont of ventilation will depend upon struc- I This we. have seen to - be the pattern - of whether - drums are stored unopened or t. -m -i4 ?*.* x ^ li -- -i:* T'if i .if#-. 12 Textile Industry whether solvent is drawn off from a dram vapor-air mixture in the container. Static rack in the same area.----------------------------------or a flake of hot carbon from the compres- Remembering that solvent vapors are sor may be all that is needed to ignite the heavier than air, mechanical ventilation mixture. should be taken from just above the floor level, probably a couple of air changes an hour will be adequate if drums are not opened, but if fiammables are transferred to other containers to any extent, a complete Carbon disulphide is one of these liquids which absolutely cannot be transferred with compressed air because, with an autoignition temperature of about 212 F., the heat of compression alone is sufficient to explode a air change at least every five minutes is a vapor-air mixture good practice. Further, the electrical equip Normally liquids should be transferred by ment should conform to the National Elec direct pumping methods, whenever practical trical Code for Class I locations, which, incidentally, permits the use of squirrel cage induction motors, without arcing attach ments, if no drums whatsoever are opened the piping draining back to storage facilities. Further, so-called "dead man" control is rec ommended, whenever it can be used, this consisting of an arrangement whereby sol in the area. vent must be dispensed through a spring Wherever possible, solvents should be loaded or weighted discharge device or noz stored in tanks, preferably buried, but at zle with die transfer pump operated by a least substantially detached above ground. momentary spring loaded push button; or a Again, detachment distance is a function mechanism combining these functions in a of the largest tanks, the type of material single simultaneous operation. Should a fire and die degree of protection for the tank occur during the dispensing procedure; the form. operator upon leaving the station or draw off Suitable use of dikes, favorable ground point; causes the flow to stop instantly. terrain, and fixed foam protection, not for Liquids may also be transferred by water getting grounding against static and light displacement, if they are absolutely non- ning, are necessary. Incidentally, bulk trans misrible with water. Carbon disulphide is fer of solvents from tank car or tank trade one of those which absolutely must be trans to storage fadlities should be detached at ferred by water displacement or by use of least 100 feet from important buildings, die a specially designed inert gas system. probability of fire during such transfer bring In the process area, specially chosen and greater than when such material is in stor constructed for the purpose, care should be age. given to the selection, arrangement; installa Special grounding prior to and during un tion and maintenance of the automatic fire loading operations, against static hazard, is extinguishing system best suited for the exceedingly important Isolation of track hazard. Again, this may consist only of from siding and main line is also important, extra hazard automatic sprinklers. especially where the railroad is electrified, If the hazard is one where a great deal against stray currents, commonly associated of equipment must be kept cool to avoid with D.C electrification. severe damage or rupture from a bad floor In transferring solvent from tank farm or spill fire, deluge fine water spray, engi to a process area, such as in the dissolving neered and installed by a competent vendor, or reacting of raw stock, as in synthetics, may be the best answer. This is particularly or in the preparation of dyes, mildew- proof so, if the solvent is highly volatile and not ing or other similar mixing or preparation miscible with water. areas, gravity flow should definitely be Automatic carbon dioxide, particularly avoided. Likewise transfer by use of com double shot, is highly effective in extingush- pressed air can be exceedingly dangerous, ing solvent fires. Many authorities, however, and is not considered a safe practice. require sprinklers to provide the cooling Many common solvents vaporize so rap necessary for structure and equipment, so idly that the concentration above the liquid that reignition possibilities are reduced, when surface in a tank or vessel is too rich to quick extinguishment by carbon dioxide has support combustion. Introduction of aom- been effected. pressed air as a means of moving such The use of foam, particularly mechanical liquid can readily produce a highly explosive foam, provides another means of protection Static xunpres- i liquids red with ngnition heat of cplode. a erred by practical adfities. >1 is reced, this eby soli spring or noz:d by a an; or a os in a (d a fire urei the iraw off intly. iy water ly nonphide is e trans' use of a. sen and iould be installa- eat deal o avoid ad floor y, engivendor, ticnlariy and not ticnlariy tingushlowever, cooling nent, so d, when ride has chanical otecrion You, Too Can Present Off-the-Job Accidents 13 so long' as the foam selected will not break down in solvents used. There, is foam now available to handle practically any type of solvent While some solvents, particularly in the synthetic fiber industry, may enter into the reaction of fiber or filament production, the general purpose of a solvent has been served, when it has either dissolved a substance or acted as a vehicle for carrying .a dissolved substance or a pigment The process of driving the solvent from the product is one creating some severe problems in extraction, drying and recovery. When conventional ovens or dryers are used, the provision of adequate safety ven tilation, properly interlocked with stock con veyor travel and fuel input, is a special field of its own, requiring the very best that can be had in engineering talent A. dryer or oven, handling a solvent, vir tually can be considered an explosive gas generator, which by the application of suit able temperatures will produce from 1500 to 3000 cubic feet of a highly explosive mixture per gallon of solvent at 70* F. In the case of carbon disulphide one gallon evaporated will produce over 5400 cubic feet of an explosive mixture. Thus the engineering of adequate safety \ ^ntilation within such an infernal machine When it is realized that one cubic foot of vapor at 70* F., doubles its volume at 600 F., the maximum temperature factor likewise is vital in figuring adequate safety ventilation. It has further been established that the lower explosive limits of many solvents de crease rapidly with a rise in temperature of the vapor-air mixture, in some cases it being necessary to increase further the quantity of safety ventilation for ovens by another 40 per cent to compensate for this phenomenon. Solvent recovery is attracting more and more users and it very obviously involves a type of equipment which should be precision engineered and carefully installed only by a competent vendor, carefully choosing the areas where such equipment is to be housed, using the same discretion as previously dis cussed for locating a process having an in herent explosion hazard. The generous use of continuous operating and properly interlocked combustible gas analyzing devices, will go a long way toward maintaining a reasonably adequate safety factor, without haring to move more (Slating air than is necessary. You, Too, Con Prevent Off-the-Job Accidents By THOMAS J. BERK Assistant Director of Safety, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York I made a study of the off-the-job safety effort by industry several years ago, and at that time included in my survey about 400 representative industrial organizations in the United States and Canada, asking them spe cifically what they were doing in the way of "off-the-job" safety. Out of those 400 companies there were only 43 who claimed they were doing any thing about it Out of those.,400 companies I could count on the fingers of my two hands, organizations who were really doing something to alert their employees to the dangers of accidents while away from work. And yet all of these 400 companies had some one who was. responsible for accident pre vention activities among employees. 'S This information is offered as an indica tion that something should be and will have to be done if the safety engineer is to hold his place in these United States. As you know, New York has become the fourth state to give official recognition to the problem of off-the-job accidents through enacting legislation on employee disability occurring off the job. It is my understand ing that the State of Washington also has such a law pending. In the United States, there are over 140 million people who are watching and waiting to see what the 5,900 members of the Amer ican Society of Safety Engineers are going to do about providing adequate safety edn- r Wi Hr.- i H' JjSr S' ,"#Ar. L-:- feKM si a?3 5; ^jr* i: hfr fit -.t .*?- !( .' ft > 14 Textile Industry cation for about 60 million workers when some of his employees were involved. But, they are not in the plant. ____:,now such occurreni There are also those who are waiting and, * *PT { employees are implicated. although not properly trained or equipped, would welcome an opportunity to step into the field of accident prevention, particularly if the job that is required is not being ade quately performed by us. They are. watching for a chance to point out where the safety' engineer has been lax in his accepted duties of preventing accidents wherever they occur. You cannot afford to confine your safety activities to our plant You must become more active in community projects that are designed to reduce accidents. There always will be a place for an accident-prevention -specialist on community welfare committees. If we are to be successful in preventing accidents wherever they might occur, we must adjust our methods and approach. The safety engineer must change with the times. Any law that affects ~acddeht prevention and the work of the safety engineer is a part of the off-the-job safety program. Ac cordingly, you must as individual safety men, as a member of the Textile Section, Na tional Safety Council, as well as citizens of your own home town keep informed regard ing any legislation that might affect you, those whom you love; and your jobs as a safety engineer. While it has been proved that production is affected by the possibility of an accident, up to now that area of possibility has been restricted to our place of business. Now those encompassing circles caused by the rock thrown into the millpond have extended beyond our plant into the street, into the home, and even out of the home. They con tinue to follow our employees throughout 24 hours of the day. We can no longer concern ourselves only with industrial accidental injuries; we must prevent all accidents wherever they may occur. In addition, we may have to con duct a program of health education that goes far beyond the scope of duties previously demanded or expected of a safety engineer. The job we have before us in controlling accidents in and out of the plant is a stu pendous one. The challenge has been flung at us by disability benefits laws now becom ing so popular. In the past, an epidemic or catastrophe has not necessarily affected the industrialist's insurance premium, even if From this aspect we can look upon the new disability law as a blessing. I sincerely believe that real business men arid business organizations are going to support to a greater degree community safety and health campaigns. They will find that such projects will in the long run be beneficial to them because of safer and healthier citizens in the community. They are going to apprec iate to a greater degree such organizations as the National Safety* Council and its various sections. Up to now we have had to consider safetyonly as an established by'-product of indus trial procedures. From now' on it will be an around-the-clock interest, and we will have to walk outside our plants into the streets, into the homes, into the play* areas, and instill safety* in the minds of everyone; not only in the minds of our present em ployees, but in the minds of potential em ployees as well. And this includes the students in our schools. Our schools arc doing a great deal more in accident prevention education than they ever did, but we still hear the cry that there is not enough room in the curriculum. Our economic well-bong in the years to come is dependent on the school chili Safety and health must be accepted as part of our drily fife from the cradle to the grave Unless we take this attitude an increasing number of persons will fill our graves and hospitals unnecessarily' through accident^. Too many safety* men have been com placent about off-the-job accidental injuries incurred by employees under their surveil lance Some have been promising to do something about this problem. -You have no choice now; it has become essential for you to include in your industrial safety* program activities that will effect the elimination of off-the-job accidents. Management has had its attention drawn to the seriousness of the situation by state disability benefits laws. .Management -will demand action on your part in the .preven tion of off-the-job accidents and rightfully will require you to show results. The Disabifity Benefits Law offers the best opportunity the safety engineer has ever had to demonstrate that he can success fully perform the functions of providing ) rived. But, ticnlarly if ted. V )`he 1 s<cerely lid business iport to a and health ch projects a] to them citizens in to apprecganizations 3 and its iider safety t of Indusit will he d we will s into the play areas, everyone; resent emlential emdudes the deal more than the}* : cry that rurriculum. : years to tild. Safety art of our e grave, ip'--'asing gr. )and icdacntk been comal injuries ir surveiling to do w have no at for you y program lination of ion drawn n by state snent will he.prevenrightfuUy offers the sineer has in successproviding You, Too Can Prevent Off-the-Job Accidents 15 protection from oif-the-job .injuries. Those employee interest in the prevention , of acci safety engineers who have awril?established dents : in his home, on the street, and program are in an enviable position because experience has. shown that the fundamentals necessary for eliminating accidents are the same' whether the* attack is toward the pre vention of industrial accidents or oif-the-job accidents.. elsewhe.re*.. * :*The.` management of many organizations has recognized the effect of off-the-job acci dents . on output and morale, but due to schedules of production and lack of person nel, the broadening of.an existing safety pro In plant safety, many organizations are gram to include employee safety while away prepared to offer suitable educational mate from work has been sacrificed in order to rials on accident prevention in the home, on direct attention to circumstances easier to the Streets and highways, and . in recreation control--industial acridents. These become areas. You will need to have facte concern easier to control because normally only one- ing the causes of accidents to your employ third of a day is spent within the confines ees. Such data can be collected through of the plant reports from employees concerning their disability. But the efficient accident-preven In our approach to the problem, we must not overlook the tremendous effect off-the- tion specialist knows that it is . too late to . job safety training will have on the families prevent an acridgnt.after it occurs. He will of our employees. Such activities will help want to put into effect a program of pre to eliminate the suffering caused by acci vention before the occurrences of an accident dental injuries to many persons besides the The situation faced by all safety riqpneers employee: Because of the nature of the who are required to prevent off-the-job acci problem, the approach to the employee most dents is similar to the one that exists in .the be sufficiently broad in its appeal to arouse prevention of industrial accidents. They his interest in preventing accidents to those know that the more serious acridents will be lie loves. publicized and that definite action will be Suggestions and programs will have to be demanded. The greatest problem, as you presented in such a manner as to make the well realize, will, be with those' acridents worker receptive and to encourage his re where-the- lost time incurred is of short sourcefulness in practicing thinking safety. duration. . We have been doing something to reduce the thousands of lives lost in'industry, now let us.do something to reduce the fatalities occurring to our workers off the job. Until .. recently, theemployer had not been in any way financially liable for accidents to.cm-, ployees while they were not at work. Now he. is, and as a safety engineer, you have mnch. more to offer management in this important problem than the fact that off-the- We shall have to realize, and make our workers realise that acridents which occur off (fatty are of concern to both the em ployee and" the company. We shall have to accept the fact that' management has no direct control over* rite behaviour -or the practices- followed by an employee when engaged in his own personal activities. In setting up and. maintaining a program, tins fact must-be given proper consideration. job acridents, as well as industrial acridents, One approach to the employee is to empha seriously interfere. with normal. production size the personal losses that result from an and may deprive the employer, either tem accident Certainly, we cannot tell a father porarily or permanently, or the services of that he must not lift his young son up on valuable employees. - his shoulder while playing, but we can tell Duiing last year, 32,000 American workers were killed in off-the-jofi accidents. Indus trial management can and docs exerrise. a him how and what to lift when he is under our supervision and guidance and where we ' can-observe and correct' certain degree of control over the occurrence - There should be no distinction between of accidents on the. job. Generally, manage^ preventing accidents that occur on or off the ment is not in a position to.exerrise com job. If employees are properly educated in parable control over .off-the-job -'accidents, J safety consciousness, they will use safe but experience has shown that activities can. practices at all times. be developed as a supplement to.industrial Because off-the-job safety benefits every accident prevention activities to. stimulate - person concerned--management, employees,. i: *> ri 1 V:t 16 Textile Industry the families of employees, and the oommn- A good idea is to study or learn what the ------ nity--the program must be a cooperative other fellow is doing to stop off-the-job one, backed by a labor-management commit accidents. In addition it is well to solicit tee if one exists, top management, and the the assistance of safety councils and other labor organization. safety-minded units, and use their offerings In the last analysis the success of an off- as a basis of assistance in your own pro the-job program depends upon the efforts of gram. the individual employee, upon the members of Sixth--As in industrial accident preven his family, and the general public. Industry tion, an active and continued program to is not the only one that benefits from off-thejob safety, the greatest beneficiaries are the employees and their dependents, since the}' maintain the interest of employees in safetyoff the job will be needed. The type of material used in the program should be suffer directly from accidents on or off the selected so that the message will be educa job through physical injury and in some in tional and suggestive rather than mandatory. stances a long-term or complete loss of The use of the proper method and program, earning power. the correct materials, and the continuous rec My first study of off-the-job accidents was ognition of the existence of the problem will made several years ago; at the present time, result in conducting a worthwhile and I am collecting further information and effective off-the-job safety program. shortly will prepare a report. Among the conclusions I have derived from a review of these studies is the fact that any type or size organization can effectively .carry out an "off-the-job" accident prevention pro gram. I realize, of course, that the type of the organization and the policies of the management _ will determine the procedure best suited to a specific safety program. No doubt all of you when you were youngsters threw rods into water, a pond, a lake, or even a river. Some, the "scalers," used to skip here and there, touching the surface of the water every so often and finally sink without leaving a trace. Then there were the other kinds of stones--the solid land, the land that left something that you could see, something you could almost According to my findings the following feel when you threw them into the water. are considered essential for creating and The concentric circles from the center spread maintaining an off-the-job safety program. out across the surface until the effect of First--The program must have the interest and approval of management and the desig nation of a department or individual who mil be responsible for off-the-job safety that rock entering the water was felt for quite a distance. T should like you to consider yottr own safety programs in a similar fashion. There activities. Second--Such a department or individual should establish information and statistical data on the subject for the purpose of de termining the activities required to combat and solve the problem effectively. Forms for reporting and recording the infomation of value in planning the necessary program will be needed. ___ Third--Regular reports should- be pre pared on the company experience and sent to interested parties. The cost factor should be included in such reports. Fourth--As part of the reports and rec ords, a comparison of the on-the-job and off-the-job experience should be given, al though some may prefer to maintain sepa rate records. is that of the "scalers"--a hit or miss sort of an affair; that where though the stone travels further, it has failed to cover the whole surface, and many do not receive the safety message. Finally, we take the solid safety program, the one that has a good foundation, that is wdl-planned, that readies everyone everywhere. Then I should like to have you visualize the center of that solid rock as the plant safety program. From that center the effect of employee safety education emanates. Think of die first circle as covering pe destrians within the plant area; the second, traffic safety within the plant area; the third, pedestrians just outside the plant; the fourth, traffic safety outside the plant; the fifth, safety in the homes of the employees; the sixth, employees outside activities and so Fifth--Special programs designed to solve on as each circle encompasses another em the particular problem: should be conducted. ployee activity. what the to^k'dt ui( Jier offerings awn pro- t prevenrgram to in safetv type of hould be ie educaandatory. program, nous recblem will bile and u ou were , a pond, "scalers," fling the ften and x. Then ones--the hing that d almost le water, er spread effect of felt for ottrpwn n. jre i&. Jan he stone over the : receive take the it has a red, that visualize he plant iter the manates. ring pet second, he third, e fourth, he fifth, ees`; the and so her em- You, Too Cm Prevent Off-the-Job Accidents 17 When we have that solid type of safety - that is not a challenge, bat a check-up on thing worthwhile. And unless that is the type of program we have, we are not doing our job as safety engineers. Unless we do that job tins challenge of off-th^ job acci dents will not be met, and management as well as the public will call ns on our in ability to meet this challenge--a challenge interest all the time--off-the-job accidents. Too many are working "at safety" Tather than "for safety." If we are to continue to do the good work of accident prevention that we have been doing, we shall have to apply ourselves more diligently to the job of preventing off-the-job accidents. U. Officers of the NATIONAL SAFETY C O UNO IL 51-5 2 General Chairman--NEIL NELSON, District Engineering Manager, American Mutual Liability Insurance Company, Manchester, N. H Vice-Chairman for Membership--ROBERT I. BARR,' Safety Supervisor,. Industrial Rayon Corporation, PainesviUe, Ohio. Membership Associates--LEWIS P. SORRELL, Deputy Commissioner, North Carolina Department of Labor, Raleigh, N. C.; HAROLD F. HAYDEN, Safety Training & Medical Director, Columbian Rope Compmiy, Auburn, N. Y. Secretary--CHARLES L. TROMMER, Chief, Safety Branch, Personnel Department, Mohawk Carpet Mills, Amsterdam, N. Y. News Letter and Publicity Editor--ARTHUR A. KINSMAN, Safety Director, Crown Manufacturing Company, Pawtucket, R I. Associate Editor--RICHARD G. MORRIS, Robert' F. Coleman, Inc, New Yotk City. Statistical and Contest Committee--J. W. STEWART, Assistant Manager, Industrial Relations Division, Carter Operating Group, J. P. Stevens & Company, Inc, Greens boro, N. C. Program Committee--H. S. BAUCOM, Safety Director, North Carolina Industrial Com mission, Raleigh. N. C. Off-the-Job Committee--FRANCES BETHUNE, R.N., Employers 'Mutual Liability Insurance Co, Charlotte, N. C Health Committee--DR STANLEY SPRAGUE, Medical,Director, J .& P 'Coats, Inc, Pawtucket, R I. Visual Education Committee--]OSEPH A. WINKLER Assistant Southern Division Manager, American Mutual Liability Insurance Company, Atlanta, Ga. Engineering Committee--\VILLIAM G. ENNIS, Deputy Commissioner, Department of Labor, Hartford, Conn. Engineering Associate--E. L. PERMENTER Supervisor Loss Prevention Dept, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Spartanburg, S^C.. Synthetic Fibre Committee--GLENN G. FLEMING, Safety Director, Celanese Corpora tion of America, New York, N. Y. , Wool and Worsted Committee--*JOHN J. BURGER Safety Director, W. J. Dickety & Sons, Oella, Baltimore County, Md. Trade Associations Committee--P. M. WELPTON, Vice-President, The .American Thread Company, New York, N. Y.; A. WATSON COCROFT, Berkshire Fmd Spinning Associates, Inc, Providence^ R L ,, - ,- Cotton Committee--FOREST N. PETTY, Safety Director, Dan River Mills, Danville, Va. ltua! .trial ifina & ncnt, own Department of Labor, Providence, R, L; *BL E. WILLIAMS, Safety Director, Fieldcrest Mills, Division of Marshall Field & Company, Inc, Spray, N. C; *E. 6. PADGETT, Safely .Engineer, Employers Mutual1 liability Insurance Company of Wisconsin^ Charlotte, N. G; *FRANCES BETHUNE, RN, Employers Mutual Lia bility Insurance Company of Wisconsin, Charlotte, N. G;.JT. D. BROWN, Safety Director, American EnkaCorp., Enka, N. G; T. B. IPOCK, JR^ Director Industrial Relations, Firestone Textiles, Gastonia, N. G; SARAH VAN SANT, ILN, Super vising Nurse, GiamtevQle Company, Graniteville, S. G Staff Representotnw--ARTHUR S. KELLY, National Safety Council, Chicago, I1L 'fast Geoetml Chifman ' trial *nsbm(Uity inr ision t.of erty oray& ican Find Va; s afll '-i+S HI: m .iM Si m ill \i Other Volumes in this Series Users o this volume will find much value in its companion volumes. Here is' the list: TITLE VOLUME No. General Sessions and Detailed Index to all Volumes.......................................... ........... 1 Aeronautical Industries.................................................................................... 2 Air Transport Industry............................................................................................................. 3 Automotive and Machine Shop Industries................................................................ ............. Cement and Quarry Industries.............................................................. Chemical Industries .........................................................................................................;____ Coal Mining Industry .............................................................................................................. 4 5 6 7 Construction Industry ............. :............................................................................................... R Electrical Equipment Industry.................................................................................................. 9 Farm Safety................................................................................................................................. 10 Food Industry (Including Proceedings of Refrigeration Safety Meetings.)....................... 11 Glass and Ceramics Industry......................................................................................................12 Home Safety ............................................................................................... 13 Industrial Nursing ...................................................................................................................14 Industrial Subject Sessions (Sponsored by ASSE)............................................................... 15 Maritime Industries (Marine Section)................................... .*............................................. 16 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries.............................................................. 17 Metals Industry............................................................ ;........................................................ 18 Mining Industry ........................................................................................................................ 19 Motor Transportation Industry (Commercial Vehicle Section)............................. 20 Petroleum Industry .............................................. ;................................................................. 21 Power Press and Forging Operations..................................................................... 22 Printing and Publishing Industry.............................................................................................. 23 Public Employment (Public Employees Safety Committee)................................................ 24 Public Utilities Industries.............................................................................................................25 Pulp and Paper Industry.............................................................................................................26 Railroad Industry........................................................................................................................27 Rubber Industry .................................................... .*.................................. ...................-..........28 School and College Safety............................................................................................ ;......... 29 Textile Industry ..........................................................................................................................30 Traffic Safety ....................................................................................................... 31 Transit Industry ..........................................................................................................................32 Wood Products Industries............................................................................. 33 Human Understanding--A Two-Way Communication (Early Morning Sessions)..........34 PRICES OF EXTRA COPIES OP INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES. TO MEMBERS VOLUME 1 to 9 copies SIZE Each Less than 24 pages-- $029 24 to 48 pages-- 25 49 to 96 pages-- .46 Over 96 pages-- .69 _ 10 to 99 copies Each $023 29 .40 .63 100 to 999 copies Each $0.17 23 25 28 1000 ormore Each . $0.17 23 25 28 Complete set of Transactions (34 vols.)--$6.90 (1 to 9 copies), 6.30 (10 to 99 copies), 5.70 (100 or more copies). NON-MEMBER prices are double member prices, except volumes 10, 13, 29 and 31. HATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE. CHICAGO II. ILL num m 20 1300--252--VHP